ifct2017 2.0.15 → 2.1.0

package/codes/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import { type SetupTableOptions } from "@nodef/extra-sql";
+/** Uniquely identifiable code for each food. */ export interface Code {
+  /** Food Name. */ name: string;
+  /** Food Code. */ code: string;
+}
+/**
+ * Load the codes corpus from the file.
+ * @returns codes corpus
+ */ export declare function loadCodes(): Promise<Map<string, Code>>;
+/**
+ * Get the path to the codes CSV file.
+ * @returns CSV file URL
+ */ export declare function codesCsv(): string;
+/**
+ * Obtain SQL command to create and populate the codes table.
+ * @param tab table name
+ * @param opt options for the table
+ * @returns CREATE TABLE, INSERT, CREATE VIEW, CREATE INDEX statements
+ */ export declare function codesSql(tab?: string, opt?: SetupTableOptions): Promise<string>;
+/**
+ * Find matching codes of an name/code query.
+ * @param txt name/code query
+ * @returns matches `[{name, code}]`
+ * @example
+ * ```javascript
+ * codes('mango green');
+ * codes('Raw mango');
+ * // → [ { name: 'Mango, green, raw (Common)', code: 'D057' } ]
+ *
+ * codes('what is food code of atta?');
+ * codes('atta code');
+ * // → [ { name: 'Atta (H., P.)', code: 'A019' },
+ * // →   { name: 'Gahama atta (O.)', code: 'A019' },
+ * // →   { name: 'Wheat flour, atta (Common)', code: 'A019' } ]
+ * ```
+ */ export declare function codes(txt: string): Code[];

package/codes/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2025-26 Subhajit Sahu
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See LICENSE for full terms
+import * as csv from "@std/csv";
+import lunr from "lunr"; // @deno-types="npm:@types/lunr@2.3.7"
+import { setupTable } from "@nodef/extra-sql";
+//#endregion
+//#region GLOBALS
+let corpus = null;
+let index = null;
+//#endregion
+//#region FUNCTIONS
+/**
+ * Load the codes corpus from CSV file.
+ * @param file CSV file path
+ * @returns codes corpus
+ */ async function loadFromCsv(file) {
+  const map = new Map();
+  const data = await (await fetch(file)).text();
+  const records = csv.parse(data, {
+    skipFirstRow: true,
+    comment: "#"
+  });
+  for (const r of records)map.set(r.name, r);
+  return map;
+}
+/**
+ * Setup the lunr index for the codes corpus.
+ * @returns lunr index
+ */ function setupIndex(corpus) {
+  return lunr(function() {
+    this.ref('key');
+    this.field('name');
+    this.field('code');
+    this.pipeline.remove(lunr.stopWordFilter);
+    for (const r of corpus?.values() || [])this.add({
+      key: r.name,
+      name: r.name.replace(/\W+/g, ' '),
+      code: r.code
+    });
+  });
+}
+/**
+ * Load the codes corpus from the file.
+ * @returns codes corpus
+ */ export async function loadCodes() {
+  if (corpus) return corpus;
+  corpus = await loadFromCsv(codesCsv());
+  index = setupIndex(corpus);
+  return corpus;
+}
+/**
+ * Get the path to the codes CSV file.
+ * @returns CSV file URL
+ */ export function codesCsv() {
+  return import.meta.resolve('./index.csv');
+}
+/**
+ * Obtain SQL command to create and populate the codes table.
+ * @param tab table name
+ * @param opt options for the table
+ * @returns CREATE TABLE, INSERT, CREATE VIEW, CREATE INDEX statements
+ */ export async function codesSql(tab = "codes", opt = {}) {
+  return setupTable(tab, {
+    name: "TEXT",
+    code: "TEXT"
+  }, (await loadCodes()).values(), Object.assign({
+    pk: "name",
+    index: true,
+    tsvector: {
+      name: "A",
+      code: "B"
+    }
+  }, opt));
+}
+/**
+ * Find matching codes of an name/code query.
+ * @param txt name/code query
+ * @returns matches `[{name, code}]`
+ * @example
+ * ```javascript
+ * codes('mango green');
+ * codes('Raw mango');
+ * // → [ { name: 'Mango, green, raw (Common)', code: 'D057' } ]
+ *
+ * codes('what is food code of atta?');
+ * codes('atta code');
+ * // → [ { name: 'Atta (H., P.)', code: 'A019' },
+ * // →   { name: 'Gahama atta (O.)', code: 'A019' },
+ * // →   { name: 'Wheat flour, atta (Common)', code: 'A019' } ]
+ * ```
+ */ export function codes(txt) {
+  if (index == null) return [];
+  const a = [];
+  txt = txt.replace(/\W/g, ' ');
+  const mats = index.search(txt);
+  let max = 0;
+  for (const mat of mats)max = Math.max(max, Object.keys(mat.matchData.metadata).length);
+  for (const mat of mats)if (Object.keys(mat.matchData.metadata).length === max) a.push(corpus?.get(mat.ref) || {});
+  return a;
+} //#endregion
+//# sourceMappingURL=data:application/json;base64,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

package/codes/index.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Indian Food Composition Tables 2017
+T. Longvah, R. Ananthan, K. Bhaskarachary and K. Venkaiah
+
+Copyright © 2017 by National Institute of Nutrition
+Indian Council of Medical Research
+Department of Health Research Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
+Jamai Osmania (PO), Hyderabad – 500 007
+Telangana, India Phone: +91 40 27197334, Fax: +91 40 27000339, Email: nin@ap.nic.in
+
+FOOD CODES
+- Food Name
+- Food Code

package/columndescriptions/build.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import * as path from "@std/path";
+import * as csv  from "@std/csv";
+
+
+
+async function writeCorpus(outfile: string, records: Record<string, string>[]) {
+  let a = `var CORPUS = new Map([\n`;
+  for (const r of records)
+    a += `  ["${r.code}", ${JSON.stringify(r)}],\n`;
+  a += `]);\n`;
+  a += `module.exports = CORPUS;\n`;
+  await Deno.writeTextFile(outfile, a);
+}
+
+
+export async function build(corpus='corpus.js') {
+  if (!corpus) return;
+  const file = path.join(import.meta.dirname || "", "index.csv");
+  const data = await Deno.readTextFile(file);
+  const records  = csv.parse(data, {skipFirstRow: true, comment: "#"});
+  await writeCorpus(corpus, records);
+}

package/columndescriptions/index.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+code,name,shortdesc,longdesc
+code,Food Code,Unique identifier for food items.,"A system of codes used to identify specific food items, often used in dietary assessment and food composition databases. It helps in standardizing food identification for nutritional analysis and research. For the human body, this code itself has no direct impact, but the food it represents does."
+name,Food Name,Common name of the food.,"The common name of a food item. This is how food is generally identified in everyday language. For the human body, the food name itself has no direct impact, but the nutritional content of the food it represents does."
+scie,Scientific Name,Taxonomic classification of the food source.,"The formal scientific name (genus and species) of the food source (plant or animal). This provides precise identification. For the human body, the scientific name itself has no direct impact, but the nutritional properties of the organism it identifies do."
+lang,Local Name,Regional/cultural name for the food.,"The name of a food item in a local language or dialect. This aids in regional identification. For the human body, the local name itself has no direct impact."
+grup,Food Group,"Category (e.g., grains, dairy) for dietary classification.","A classification of foods based on similar nutritional properties or biological classifications (e.g., fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy). Food groups help in planning a balanced diet to ensure adequate intake of various nutrients essential for human health."
+regn,No. of Regions,Geographic prevalence of the food.,Indicates the number of geographical regions where the food item is typically found or consumed. This is more of a data descriptor and has no direct impact on the human body.
+tags,Tags,"Keywords (e.g., gluten-free, fermented) for filtering.","Descriptive keywords or labels associated with the food item, which can relate to its characteristics, culinary use, or nutritional aspects."
+water,Moisture,"Hydration, cellular function. Low moisture impacts food preservation.","The amount of water present in a food item. Water is essential for all forms of life. In the human body, it constitutes a majority of body weight (around 60% in adult males) and is crucial for regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients, flushing waste, acting as a shock absorber, forming saliva, and lubricating joints."
+protcnt,Protein,"Tissue repair, enzyme/hormone synthesis. Excess strains kidneys.","A macronutrient composed of amino acids. Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and supporting immune function. They are a critical component for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs."
+ash,Ash,Inorganic residue (minerals) after combustion. Indicates mineral content.,"The inorganic residue remaining after the combustion of a food sample. Ash content represents the total mineral content in a food. These minerals are vital for various bodily functions, including bone health, nerve function, and fluid balance."
+fatce,Total Fat,"Energy storage, insulation. Excess trans fats harm heart health.","A macronutrient that is a concentrated source of energy. Fats are essential for absorbing fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), insulating the body, protecting organs, and forming cell membranes. Dietary fats include saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats. Excessive intake, especially of saturated and trans fats, can increase the risk of heart disease."
+fibtg,Dietary Fiber,Digestive health: soluble (cholesterol/blood sugar) vs. insoluble (bowel regularity).,"A type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. Dietary fiber promotes bowel health by adding bulk to stool and preventing constipation. It can also help lower cholesterol, stabilize blood sugar levels, and aid in weight management. It's found in plant-based foods."
+fibins,Insoluble Dietary Fiber,Adds bulk to stool; excess causes bloating.,"A type of dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water. It adds bulk to the stool and helps food pass more quickly through the stomach and intestines, aiding in the prevention of constipation."
+fibsol,Soluble Dietary Fiber,Lowers LDL cholesterol; binds to glucose for slower absorption.,A type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel-like material. It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels by slowing down digestion and nutrient absorption.
+choavldf,Carbohydrate,Primary energy source. Refined carbs spike blood sugar.,"A macronutrient that is the body's primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which fuels cells, tissues, and organs. They include sugars, starches, and fiber. Choosing whole grains and fiber-rich carbohydrates is beneficial for health."
+enerc,Energy,Calories from macronutrients. Imbalance affects weight/metabolism.,"The capacity to do work, provided to the body by carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food, measured in calories or joules. Energy is required for basal metabolism (basic life functions), physical activity, metabolic response to food, growth, pregnancy, and lactation."
+thia,Thiamine (B1),Converts carbs to energy; supports nerve function. Deficiency: beriberi.,A B-vitamin that helps the body convert food into energy and is essential for nerve function and overall nervous system health. Deficiency can lead to conditions like beriberi.
+ribf,Riboflavin (B2),"Energy metabolism, skin/eye health. Deficiency: cheilosis (mouth cracks).","A B-vitamin that helps the body convert food into energy, metabolize fats and protein, and works as an antioxidant. It's important for healthy skin, eyes, hair, liver, and nerve function, as well as red blood cell production."
+nia,Niacin (B3),"DNA repair, metabolism. Deficiency: pellagra; excess: liver damage.","A B-vitamin that the body uses to turn food into energy and helps keep the nervous system, digestive system, and skin healthy. Prescription niacin can be used to manage cholesterol levels, but high doses can cause side effects."
+pantac,Pantothenic acid (B5),Synthesizes coenzyme A (fatty acid metabolism). Rarely deficient.,"A B-vitamin (also known as pantothenic acid) necessary for synthesizing coenzyme A (CoA), which is vital for energy generation, hormone synthesis, and maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. Deficiency is rare."
+vitb6c,Total B6,"Neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function. Excess: neuropathy.","A B-vitamin involved in over 100 enzyme reactions, primarily concerning protein metabolism. It helps make antibodies, maintain normal nerve function, produce hemoglobin (carrying oxygen in red blood cells), and keep blood sugar in normal ranges. Deficiency can cause anemia, confusion, and depression."
+biot,Biotin (B7),"Metabolizes fats/amino acids. Deficiency: hair loss, dermatitis.","A B-vitamin (also known as Vitamin H) that acts as a coenzyme for several carboxylases involved in metabolic processes like the breakdown of food into glucose. It's often promoted for hair and nail growth, though strong evidence for this is limited. Deficiency is rare but can cause skin and neurological issues."
+folsum,Folates (B9),"DNA/RNA synthesis, fetal neural development. Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia.","A B-vitamin crucial for red blood cell formation, healthy cell growth, and function. It's particularly important during early pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus. Folate deficiency can lead to anemia and other health problems."
+vitc,Ascorbic acids (C),"Collagen production, antioxidant. Deficiency: scurvy (bleeding gums).","An essential vitamin and antioxidant that protects cells, maintains healthy skin, blood vessels, bones, and cartilage, and aids in wound healing. It also improves iron absorption. Lack of Vitamin C can lead to scurvy."
+retol,Retinol,"Vision (retinal), immune function. Excess: hypervitaminosis A (toxic).","A form of Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin essential for normal vision (especially night vision), immune function, reproduction, cell growth, and the health of skin and mucous membranes. It comes from animal sources."
+ergcal,Ergocalciferol (D2),Plant-derived vitamin D; enhances calcium absorption.,"A form of Vitamin D, obtained from plant sources and supplements. It helps the body absorb calcium, which is crucial for bone health. It's used to treat hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D resistant rickets, and vitamin D deficiency."
+chocal,Cholecalciferol (D3),Sunlight-derived vitamin D; regulates bone health.,"A form of Vitamin D, synthesized in the skin upon sun exposure and found in some animal foods and supplements. It's essential for calcium absorption, bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and immune system support."
+doh25,25-OH-D3,Active vitamin D form; biomarker for deficiency (osteoporosis risk).,"25-hydroxyvitamin D3, the major circulating form of vitamin D in the blood. Its levels are measured to assess an individual's vitamin D status. It is a precursor to the active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and plays a key role in bone health and immune function."
+tocpha,α-Tocopherol,Primary antioxidant vitamin E; protects cell membranes.,"The most biologically active form of Vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from damage by free radicals. It boosts the immune system and helps prevent blood clots."
+tocphb,β-Tocopherol,Less active vitamin E form; contributes to antioxidant activity.,"A form of Vitamin E with antioxidant properties, though less biologically active than α-tocopherol. It contributes to the overall Vitamin E activity in the body, protecting cells from oxidative damage."
+tocphg,γ-Tocopherol,Anti-inflammatory vitamin E form; neutralizes nitrogen radicals.,"A common form of Vitamin E found in the US diet, particularly in soybean and corn oils. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may be more effective at trapping certain types of free radicals than α-tocopherol. It's metabolized to γ-CEHC, which may have natriuretic effects."
+tocphd,δ-Tocopherol,Minor vitamin E variant; supports lipid oxidation prevention.,"A form of Vitamin E with antioxidant properties, found in smaller amounts in plant-based foods. It contributes to the overall Vitamin E activity and is considered a good antioxidant, offering protection during food processing and storage."
+toctra,α-Tocotrienol,"Vitamin E isomer; neuroprotective, cholesterol-lowering effects.","A form of Vitamin E belonging to the tocotrienol family. It possesses powerful antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties that are often not exhibited by tocopherols. It can alleviate symptoms of α-tocopherol deficiency."
+toctrb,β-Tocotrienol,Antioxidant; may reduce cancer/heart disease risk.,"A form of Vitamin E (tocotrienol) with antioxidant, antineoplastic (anti-cancer), and apoptosis-inducing properties. It's less common in nature but has shown potent anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer cells in studies."
+toctrg,γ-Tocotrienol,Potent antioxidant; supports brain/cardiovascular health.,"A form of Vitamin E (tocotrienol). Its metabolite, γ-CEHC, is identified as a natriuretic factor (promotes sodium excretion in urine), suggesting γ-tocotrienol may have a hormone-like function in regulating sodium balance, especially under high-salt conditions."
+toctrd,δ-Tocotrienol,Rare vitamin E form; anti-inflammatory properties.,"A form of Vitamin E (tocotrienol) with antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. It is considered the most potent vitamin E compound in some studies, particularly against pancreatic cancer, by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth. It is orally bioavailable in humans."
+vite,α-Tocopherol equivalent (E),Total vitamin E activity measure; combats oxidative stress.,"The total Vitamin E activity in food, expressed primarily as α-tocopherol equivalents because α-tocopherol is the most active form utilized by the human body. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage."
+vitk1,Phylloquinones (K1),Blood clotting (activates prothrombin). Deficiency: bleeding disorders.,"The primary dietary form of Vitamin K, found mainly in green leafy vegetables. It's essential for blood clotting (coagulation) and plays a role in bone health by helping the body use calcium."
+vitk2,Menaquinones (K2),Bone/heart health; activates osteocalcin (calcium regulation).,"A group of Vitamin K compounds, primarily produced by bacteria in the gut, also found in some animal products and fermented foods. K2 is important for bone health (directing calcium to bones) and heart health (preventing calcium buildup in arteries), and also contributes to blood clotting."
+lutn,Lutein,Eye antioxidant; filters blue light (prevents macular degeneration).,"A carotenoid and antioxidant found in green leafy vegetables and egg yolks. It's concentrated in the macula of the eye and helps protect eye tissues from sunlight damage and oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts."
+zea,Zeaxanthin,Protects retina; works synergistically with lutein.,"A carotenoid and antioxidant, often found alongside lutein in foods like corn, egg yolks, and leafy greens. It accumulates in the eye's macula and retina, acting as a light filter and protecting against sunlight-induced damage and age-related macular degeneration."
+crypxb,β-Cryptoxanthin,"Provitamin A (orange pigments); antioxidant, supports immunity.","A provitamin A carotenoid found in fruits like papayas, oranges, and tangerines. The body can convert it into vitamin A (retinol). It has antioxidant properties and may have an anabolic effect on bone, potentially delaying osteoporosis."
+lycpn,Lycopene,Tomato-derived antioxidant; reduces prostate cancer risk.,"A bright red carotenoid pigment and antioxidant found in tomatoes, watermelon, and other red fruits. It helps protect cells from damage by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and has been linked to a reduced risk of certain cancers and heart disease."
+cartg,γ-Carotene,Provitamin A; less common than β-carotene.,"A carotenoid pigment and a provitamin A, meaning the body can convert it into vitamin A. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of beta-carotene from lycopene. It contributes to the overall vitamin A intake and has antioxidant properties."
+carta,α-Carotene,"Provitamin A; antioxidant, supports skin health.","A type of carotenoid and a provitamin A, found in yellow-orange vegetables like carrots and pumpkins. The human body can convert it into vitamin A, which is essential for vision, immune function, and skin health. It also acts as an antioxidant."
+cartb,β-Carotene,Converts to vitamin A; immune/vision support. Excess: carotenodermia (harmless).,"A prominent red-orange pigment found in many fruits and vegetables (like carrots and sweet potatoes). It's the most potent precursor of vitamin A (retinol) in humans and also functions as an antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Associated with lower risk of heart disease and certain cancers."
+cartoid,Carotenoids,Pigments with antioxidant/provitamin A activity. Protect against chronic disease.,"A class of yellow, orange, and red pigments produced by plants, algae, and some bacteria. Some carotenoids (like beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin) are provitamin A, meaning the body can convert them to vitamin A. Others (like lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene) have antioxidant properties and are linked to various health benefits, including eye health and reduced risk of chronic diseases."
+al,Aluminium (Al),"Trace mineral; excess linked to neurotoxicity (e.g., Alzheimer's).","A metal found in the earth's crust; exposure is usually not harmful in small amounts. Found in some foods, water, and consumer products like antacids and antiperspirants. High levels of exposure, especially in workers or individuals with kidney disease, can lead to lung problems, nervous system issues, and potentially bone or brain diseases. Its link to Alzheimer's disease is not definitively proven."
+as,Arsenic (As),Toxic carcinogen; disrupts cellular respiration. Avoid contaminated water/foods.,"A highly toxic metalloid, especially in its inorganic form. Exposure mainly occurs through contaminated drinking water, food prepared with contaminated water, or irrigation of food crops. Long-term exposure can cause cancer (skin, lung, bladder), skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, and developmental problems."
+cd,Cadmium (Cd),Kidney/lung toxicant; accumulates over time. Found in cigarettes/contaminated crops.,"A toxic heavy metal present in the environment from industrial processes and found in some foods (e.g., shellfish, organ meats, some plants grown in contaminated soil). It accumulates in the body, particularly in the kidneys and liver, and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and respiratory problems. It is a classified human carcinogen."
+ca,Calcium (Ca),"Bone mineralization, muscle contraction. Deficiency: osteoporosis.","The most abundant mineral in the human body, essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a vital role in muscle function, nerve transmission, blood clotting, and hormone secretion. Most of the body's calcium is stored in bones."
+cr,Chromium (Cr),Enhances insulin sensitivity. Deficiency: impaired glucose tolerance.,"An essential trace mineral, particularly trivalent chromium (Cr III), which helps regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism by enhancing the action of insulin. It is important for normal glucose function."
+co,Cobalt (Co),Component of vitamin B12; excess toxic (heart damage).,"An essential trace element and a central component of Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Vitamin B12 is crucial for red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Cobalt itself can be toxic in large doses or prolonged exposure outside of its role in B12."
+cu,Copper (Cu),"Iron metabolism, enzyme cofactor. Deficiency: anemia; excess: Wilson’s disease.","An essential trace mineral that is a cofactor for several enzymes (cuproenzymes) involved in energy production, iron metabolism, connective tissue synthesis (collagen and elastin), neuropeptide activation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. It also plays a role in immune function and antioxidant defense."
+fe,Iron (Fe),Hemoglobin synthesis (oxygen transport). Deficiency: anemia; excess: organ damage.,"An essential mineral vital for growth and development. Its primary role is in the formation of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body, and myoglobin, which supplies oxygen to muscles. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function. Deficiency leads to anemia."
+pb,Lead (Pb),Neurotoxin; impairs cognition (especially in children). No safe level.,"A highly toxic heavy metal with no known beneficial function in the human body. Exposure, even at low levels, can cause severe health problems, particularly affecting the brain and nervous system development in children. It can also harm kidneys, bones, and the cardiovascular system. Lead accumulates in bones and teeth over time."
+li,Lithium (Li),Trace mineral; therapeutic for bipolar disorder. Excess: toxicity.,"A light alkali metal. While present in trace amounts in biological systems, it has no established essential metabolic function in humans. However, lithium salts are used as mood-stabilizing drugs in the treatment of bipolar disorder and other psychiatric conditions."
+mg,Magnesium (Mg),"Muscle/nerve function, ATP production. Deficiency: cramps/arrhythmia.","An essential mineral involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It's crucial for normal nerve and muscle function, supporting a healthy immune system, keeping the heartbeat steady, maintaining strong bones, and regulating blood glucose levels. It also aids in energy and protein production."
+mn,Manganese (Mn),"Bone formation, antioxidant enzyme cofactor. Excess: neurotoxicity.","An essential trace mineral that acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in various metabolic processes, including amino acid, cholesterol, glucose, and carbohydrate metabolism. It plays a role in bone formation, blood clotting, connective tissue formation, sex hormone production, and reducing inflammation."
+hg,Mercury (Hg),Neurotoxin (methylmercury in fish); harms fetal development.,"A highly toxic heavy metal with no known beneficial function in the human body. It exists in various forms (elemental, inorganic, organic like methylmercury), all ofwhich have different toxic effects on the nervous, digestive, and immune systems, as well as lungs, kidneys, skin, and eyes. Exposure is often through contaminated fish (methylmercury) or industrial sources."
+mo,Molybdenum (Mo),Detoxifies sulfites; cofactor for enzymes. Rarely deficient.,"An essential trace mineral that is a component of several important enzymes, including sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase. These enzymes are involved in metabolizing sulfur-containing amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines, and detoxifying certain compounds. Deficiency is rare but can cause severe neurological problems."
+ni,Nickel (Ni),Trace role in enzyme function; excess causes dermatitis/respiratory issues.,"A trace metal found in the environment. While essential for some microorganisms and plants, its essentiality for humans is debated, though it may play a role in some enzyme functions. Large doses or prolonged contact with nickel can be toxic, causing skin allergies (contact dermatitis) and potentially genotoxicity, hematotoxicity, and carcinogenicity with chronic high exposure."
+p,Phosphorus (P),"Bone/teeth structure, ATP/DNA component. Imbalance disrupts calcium metabolism.","The second most abundant mineral in the body after calcium. About 85% is found in bones and teeth, where it works closely with calcium to build strength. Phosphorus is also essential for energy metabolism (as part of ATP), cell membrane structure (phospholipids), DNA and RNA synthesis, and maintaining acid-base balance."
+k,Potassium (K),Electrolyte for nerve/muscle function. Deficiency: hypokalemia (weakness).,"An essential mineral and electrolyte that is vital for many bodily functions. It helps maintain fluid balance, nerve signals, and muscle contractions, especially heart muscle function. It's the main electrolyte within cells (intracellular fluid) and plays a role in regulating blood pressure."
+se,Selenium (Se),Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase); supports thyroid. Excess: selenosis.,"An essential trace mineral that functions as an antioxidant, particularly when combined with vitamin E, by being a component of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. It plays a role in thyroid hormone metabolism, immune function, and reproduction. Low levels are associated with increased risk of some diseases."
+na,Sodium (Na),"Fluid balance, nerve signaling. Excess: hypertension.","An essential mineral and electrolyte. It plays a key role in maintaining fluid balance (being the main electrolyte in extracellular fluid), nerve function (transmitting nerve impulses), and muscle function. While essential, excessive sodium intake is linked to high blood pressure."
+zn,Zinc (Zn),"Immune function, wound healing. Deficiency: growth retardation.","An essential trace mineral found in cells throughout the body. It is crucial for immune system function, cell division, cell growth, wound healing, the breakdown of carbohydrates, and the senses of smell and taste. It's a cofactor for many enzymes."
+cho,Available CHO,Digestible carbohydrates (immediate energy source).,"Available Carbohydrates refers to the portion of carbohydrates that can be digested and absorbed by the human body to provide energy, primarily as glucose. This typically excludes dietary fiber. They are a primary energy source, help control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, and participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism."
+starch,Starch,Complex carb; slow glucose release. Excess refined starch: blood sugar spikes.,"A complex carbohydrate made up of long chains of glucose molecules. It is a primary source of energy for humans, found in foods like potatoes, rice, pasta, and grains. The body breaks starch down into glucose, which fuels cells, tissues, and organs."
+frus,Fructose,Fruit sugar; metabolized in liver. Excess: fatty liver disease.,"A simple sugar (monosaccharide) found naturally in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. It is metabolized primarily in the liver, where it's converted to glucose, glycogen, lactate, and a small amount to fatty acids. Excessive intake, especially from added sugars, can be detrimental to health."
+glus,Glucose,Primary blood sugar; immediate energy. Regulated by insulin.,A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is the body's primary source of energy. It comes from the breakdown of carbohydrates in food and is transported in the bloodstream to cells for energy or stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen for later use. Blood glucose levels are regulated by insulin and glucagon.
+sucs,Sucrose,Table sugar (glucose + fructose). Excess: obesity/dental caries.,"Commonly known as table sugar, it is a disaccharide composed of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule linked together. It's a non-reducing sugar found naturally in many plants, like sugarcane and sugar beets, and is a primary mode of sugar transfer in plants. It's broken down in the body into glucose and fructose for energy."
+mals,Maltose,Malt sugar; breakdown product of starch. Rapid energy source.,"Also known as malt sugar, it is a disaccharide formed from two glucose units linked together. It's produced during the breakdown of starch (e.g., in germinating grains like barley) and is found in malted foods and beverages. In the body, the enzyme maltase breaks it down into glucose for absorption and energy."
+fsugar,Free Sugars,Added sugars; linked to obesity/diabetes. WHO recommends <10% of calories.,"Includes monosaccharides (like glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (like sucrose, maltose) added to foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook, or consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices, and fruit juice concentrates. They are not inside the cells of the food. High intake is linked to obesity, tooth decay, and increased risk of chronic diseases."
+lactose,Lactose,Milk sugar; requires lactase enzyme. Intolerance causes digestive issues.,"The main sugar (disaccharide) found in milk and dairy products, composed of glucose and galactose. The enzyme lactase breaks it down into these simpler sugars for absorption. It provides energy, especially for infants, and galactose plays roles in neural and immunological processes. Lactose can also act as a prebiotic."
+f4d0,Butyric acid (C4:0),Short-chain fatty acid; colon health/energy for gut cells.,"A short-chain saturated fatty acid with a 4-carbon backbone. It's produced in the colon when dietary fibers are fermented by gut bacteria. Butyrate serves as a primary energy source for colonocytes (cells lining the colon) and has anti-inflammatory properties, playing a role in gut health."
+f6d0,Caproic acid (C6:0),Medium-chain fatty acid; rapid energy source. Found in coconut oil.,A medium-chain saturated fatty acid with a 6-carbon backbone. It's found naturally in some animal fats and plant oils. It is a human and plant metabolite with a characteristic unpleasant odor. It provides energy and can be metabolized by the body.
+f8d0,Caprylic acid (C8:0),Antimicrobial MCT; used in ketogenic diets.,"A medium-chain saturated fatty acid with an 8-carbon backbone, also known as octanoic acid. Found in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and mammalian milk. It's involved in the acylation of ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates hunger. It can be used as an energy source and has some antimicrobial properties."
+f10d0,Capric acid (C10:0),MCT with immune-boosting properties; metabolized quickly.,"A medium-chain saturated fatty acid with a 10-carbon backbone, also known as decanoic acid. Found in coconut oil, palm kernel oil, and goat's milk. It's used as an energy source by the body and has been studied for potential benefits related to obesity, cholesterol, and antimicrobial activity."
+f11d0,Undecanoic acid (C11:0),Rare saturated fat; minor role in lipid metabolism.,"A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid. It is found in body fluids and has antifungal properties. It acts as a human metabolite and can be derived from the breakdown of larger fats."
+f12d0,Lauric acid (C12:0),MCT; raises HDL/LDL cholesterol. Found in coconut oil.,"A medium-chain saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon backbone, abundant in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. It is metabolized in the liver primarily for energy. Lauric acid has antimicrobial properties and its impact on serum cholesterol is complex, with some studies suggesting it raises HDL (good) cholesterol more than other saturated fats."
+f14d0,Myristic acid (C14:0),Saturated fat; increases LDL cholesterol. Common in dairy.,"A long-chain saturated fatty acid with a 14-carbon backbone, found in nutmeg, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and butterfat. In the human body, it can be synthesized from other fatty acids or obtained from the diet. High intake of myristic acid has been associated with increased LDL (bad) cholesterol levels."
+f15d0,Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0),Odd-chain saturated fat; biomarker for dairy intake.,"An odd-chain saturated fatty acid with a 15-carbon backbone, found in dairy fat and some fish. It's considered an essential fatty acid by some recent research, with broad activities relevant to protecting cardiometabolic, immune, and liver health, potentially by activating AMPK and inhibiting mTOR pathways."
+f16d0,Palmitic acid (C16:0),Common saturated fat; excess linked to heart disease.,"The most common saturated fatty acid in animals and plants, with a 16-carbon backbone. It can be obtained from the diet (e.g., palm oil, meat, dairy) or synthesized endogenously. It's a key component of cell membranes, involved in protein palmitoylation and PEA biosynthesis. Excessive accumulation, especially with high carbohydrate intake, can be detrimental."
+f18d0,Stearic acid (C18:0),Saturated fat; neutral effect on cholesterol (converted to oleic acid).,"A long-chain saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone, found in animal fats (like beef) and some plant fats (like cocoa butter). Unlike some other saturated fats, stearic acid generally has a neutral effect on blood cholesterol levels. It can signal via a dedicated pathway to regulate mitochondrial morphology and function."
+f20d0,Arachidic acid (C20:0),Long-chain saturated fat; minor dietary component.,"A very long-chain saturated fatty acid (VLCSFA) with a 20-carbon backbone, found in peanut oil, corn oil, and macadamia nuts. It's a precursor to eicosanoids and is a component of phosphatidylglucoside, found in neutrophils and the brain. Higher circulating levels are associated with a lower risk of some cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes."
+f22d0,Behenic acid (C22:0),Very long-chain saturated fat; found in peanuts/canola oil.,"A very long-chain saturated fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone, found in ben oil (from Moringa oleifera seeds), rapeseed (canola), and peanut oil. It is poorly absorbed by the human body and is considered a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid despite its low bioavailability."
+f24d0,Lignoceric acid (C24:0),Long-chain saturated fat; component of sphingolipids.,A very long-chain saturated fatty acid with a 24-carbon backbone. It is synthesized in the developing brain and is a component of myelin. Accumulation of lignoceric acid due to impaired metabolism is characteristic of certain genetic disorders like adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome.
+f14d1cn5,Myristoleic acid (C14:1),Rare monounsaturated fat; anti-inflammatory potential.,A monounsaturated omega-5 fatty acid with a 14-carbon backbone. It's found in some animal fats (like beef tallow and butter) and plant sources. It's a component of adipose tissue triacylglycerol in humans. Some research suggests it may have cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells.
+f16d1cn7,Palmitoleic acid (C16:1),Omega-7 MUFA; may improve insulin sensitivity.,"A monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone, synthesized from palmitic acid. Found in macadamia nuts, sea buckthorn oil, and animal fats. Described as a lipokine, it may increase insulin sensitivity, support β-cell proliferation, and have anti-inflammatory effects, though its role in humans is still being researched."
+f18d1cn9,Oleic acid (C18:1n9),Heart-healthy MUFA (olive oil); lowers LDL cholesterol.,"A monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone. It's the most common fatty acid in human adipose tissue and is abundant in olive oil, canola oil, and avocados. It can be synthesized by the body. Replacing saturated fats with oleic acid can help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and may reduce the risk of heart disease."
+f18d1tn9,Elaidic acid (C18:1n9t),Trans fat; industrial hydrogenation byproduct. Raises heart disease risk.,"The principal trans isomer of oleic acid, an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid. It's a major trans fat found in industrially hydrogenated vegetable oils and in small amounts in dairy and meat from ruminants. Consumption of elaidic acid is associated with increased LDL (bad) cholesterol and decreased HDL (good) cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease."
+f20d1cn9,Eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9),Monounsaturated fat; found in fish/rapeseed oil.,"A monounsaturated omega-9 or omega-11 fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone (gondoic acid is 20:1n-9, gadoleic acid is 20:1n-11). Found in some fish oils, jojoba oil, and nuts. It contributes to the body's pool of fatty acids and can be an energy source. Some forms may help lower bad cholesterol and reduce inflammation."
+f22d1cn9,Erucic acid (C22:1n9),Controversial (mustard oil); high doses toxic to heart.,"A monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone, found in high concentrations in rapeseed and mustard oils (traditional varieties). High dietary intake of erucic acid has been associated with adverse health effects in animal studies, particularly myocardial lipidosis (fat accumulation in the heart muscle), leading to regulations limiting its content in edible oils."
+f24d1cn9,Nervonic acid (C24:1n9),Supports nerve myelination; found in fish/seeds.,"A very long-chain monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid with a 24-carbon backbone. It is enriched in nervous tissue, particularly in the sphingolipids of myelin sheaths. Its production can be impaired in demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis. Dietary supplementation is being researched for such conditions."
+f18d2cn6,Linoleic acid (C18:2n6),Essential omega-6 PUFA; excess promotes inflammation.,"An essential polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone and two double bonds. The body cannot synthesize it, so it must be obtained from the diet (e.g., vegetable oils, nuts, seeds). It's crucial for maintaining skin barrier function, cell membrane structure, and is a precursor to other omega-6 fatty acids and eicosanoids (signaling molecules involved in inflammation)."
+f20d2n6,Eicosadienoic acid (C20:2),Omega-6 PUFA; precursor to inflammatory eicosanoids.,An omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone and two double bonds. It is produced from linoleic acid and can be converted into other polyunsaturated fatty acids like DGLA and arachidonic acid. It's found in human milk and animal tissues and can modulate PUFA metabolism and macrophage responsiveness to inflammation.
+f22d2n6,Docosadienoic acid (C22:2),Long-chain omega-6; minor role in cell membranes.,"A long-chain omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and two double bonds. It is part of the metabolic pathway of omega-6 fatty acids, derived from linoleic acid through elongation and desaturation processes. Its specific roles are less well-defined than other major fatty acids but contributes to the overall fatty acid pool."
+f18d3n3,α-Linolenic acid (C18:3n3),Essential omega-3 PUFA; anti-inflammatory (flaxseeds).,"An essential polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid with an 18-carbon backbone and three double bonds. The body cannot synthesize it, so it must be obtained from plant-based foods (e.g., flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, canola oil). It's a precursor to longer-chain omega-3s like EPA and DHA and is associated with improved lipid profiles, reduced inflammation, and cardiovascular benefits."
+f20d3n6,Eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n6),Omega-6; marker of essential fatty acid deficiency.,"Also known as Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone and three double bonds. It's formed from gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). DGLA is a precursor to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (like PGE1) and can also be converted to arachidonic acid. (Note: Eicosatrienoic acid can also refer to Mead acid (20:3n-9) which is formed during EFA deficiency, or Eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-3) which is an omega-3. The code f20d3n6 specifically points to the omega-6 version DGLA.)"
+f20d4n6,Arachidonic acid (C20:4n6),Omega-6; precursor to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids.,"An omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone and four double bonds. It's found in animal fats, eggs, and can be synthesized from linoleic acid. It's a key component of cell membranes and a precursor to a wide range of eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation, blood clotting, and other physiological processes. While essential, an excess or imbalance with omega-3s can promote inflammation."
+f20d5n3,Eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3),Anti-inflammatory omega-3 (fish oil); supports heart/brain.,"An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 20-carbon backbone and five double bonds, commonly known as EPA. Found primarily in cold-water fatty fish and fish oil supplements. EPA has anti-inflammatory effects, helps reduce blood triglyceride levels, and may prevent blood from clotting too easily, contributing to cardiovascular health and potentially benefiting conditions like depression."
+f22d5n3,Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n3),"Omega-3; brain health, anti-inflammatory.","An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and five double bonds, commonly known as DPA. It is an intermediate between EPA and DHA, found in fatty fish and red meat. DPA has anti-inflammatory properties, inhibits platelet aggregation, and may act as a reservoir for other omega-3s, contributing to cardiovascular and overall health."
+f22d6n3,Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3),Critical for brain/retina development (infants).,"An omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with a 22-carbon backbone and six double bonds, commonly known as DHA. It's a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina. Crucial for brain and eye development and function, especially during pregnancy and early life. DHA has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties."
+fasat,Saturated Fatty acids,Raise LDL cholesterol; limit to <10% of calories (heart health).,"Fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain, meaning they are saturated"" with hydrogen atoms. They are typically solid at room temperature and found in animal fats (meat)."
+fams,Monounsaturated Fatty acids,"Heart-healthy (olive oil, avocados); lower LDL.","Fatty acids that have one double bond in their hydrocarbon chain. They are typically liquid at room temperature but start to harden when chilled. Found in foods like olive oil, canola oil, avocados, and nuts. Replacing saturated and trans fats with MUFAs can help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease."
+fapu,Polyunsaturated Fatty acids,Includes omega-3/6; essential for cell membranes/hormones.,"Fatty acids that have more than one double bond in their hydrocarbon chain. They are typically liquid at room temperature and include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Essential for brain function, cell growth, and can help lower LDL (bad) cholesterol. Found in fatty fish, vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds."
+cholc,Cholesterol,Cell membrane/hormone precursor. Dietary excess raises LDL (atherosclerosis).,"A waxy, fat-like substance made by the liver and found in all cells of the body. It's essential for making hormones (like estrogen and testosterone), vitamin D, and substances that help digest fatty foods. The body makes all the cholesterol it needs. Dietary cholesterol comes from animal foods. High levels of LDL (""bad"") cholesterol can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing heart disease risk, while HDL (""good"") cholesterol helps remove it."
+his,Histidine,Essential amino acid; precursor to histamine (immune response).,"An essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot produce it and it must be obtained from the diet. It's a precursor for histamine (involved in immune responses, digestion, and sleep-wake cycles) and other important molecules like carnosine. Histidine is crucial for growth and repair of tissues, the maintenance of myelin sheaths, and the production of blood cells."
+ile,Isoleucine,"BCAA; muscle repair, blood sugar regulation.","An essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that must be obtained from the diet. It's involved in muscle metabolism, hemoglobin formation (oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells), blood sugar regulation, and boosting energy and endurance. It aids in healing injured muscle and supports muscle development."
+leu,Leucine,BCAA; stimulates muscle protein synthesis.,"An essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that must be obtained from the diet. It plays a critical role in protein synthesis, muscle repair and growth, regulation of blood sugar levels, and wound healing. Leucine is particularly important for stimulating muscle protein synthesis."
+lys,Lysine,Essential for collagen/carnitine; deficiency causes fatigue.,"An essential amino acid, meaning the human body cannot synthesize it and it must be obtained through diet. It's crucial for protein synthesis, growth, tissue repair, and the production of enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Lysine also plays a role in calcium absorption and collagen formation."
+met,Methionine,Sulfur-containing AA; antioxidant (glutathione) precursor.,"An essential sulfur-containing amino acid that must be obtained from the diet. It's important for protein synthesis, metabolism, and detoxification. Methionine is a precursor to other sulfur-containing molecules like cysteine and taurine, and the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which is involved in DNA modification and neurotransmitter synthesis."
+cys,Cysteine,Sulfur-containing AA; synthesizes glutathione (detox).,"A non-essential (conditionally essential) sulfur-containing amino acid, meaning the body can usually synthesize it from methionine. Cysteine is a component of the antioxidant glutathione and plays a role in protein synthesis, detoxification, and various metabolic functions. It may become essential in infants, the elderly, or those with certain metabolic diseases."
+phe,Phenylalanine,Precursor to tyrosine (neurotransmitters). PKU patients must avoid.,"An essential amino acid that must be obtained from the diet. The body converts phenylalanine into tyrosine, another amino acid used to synthesize proteins, brain chemicals (neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine), and thyroid hormones. It's also involved in the production of the skin pigment melanin. Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) cannot metabolize phenylalanine properly."
+thr,Threonine,Supports immune function (antibody production).,"An essential amino acid that must be obtained from the diet. It's important for protein synthesis, collagen and elastin formation (key components of skin and connective tissue), tooth enamel, and liver function (helps prevent fat buildup). It also supports the central nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems."
+trp,Tryptophan,Precursor to serotonin/melatonin; regulates mood/sleep.,"An essential amino acid that must be obtained from the diet. The body uses tryptophan to produce serotonin (a neurotransmitter that regulates appetite, sleep, mood, and pain), melatonin (a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle), and niacin (vitamin B3, important for energy metabolism and DNA production)."
+val,Valine,"BCAA; muscle metabolism, tissue repair.","An essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) that must be obtained from the diet. It's involved in muscle growth and repair, tissue regeneration, energy production, and nitrogen balance. Valine works with leucine and isoleucine to promote these functions."
+ala,Alanine,Non-essential AA; glucose production (gluconeogenesis).,"A non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it. It plays a key role in glucose metabolism (converting sugar into energy), supporting the immune system, and providing energy for muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system. Alanine is a building block of proteins."
+arg,Arginine,Conditionally essential; nitric oxide precursor (vasodilation).,"A conditionally essential amino acid, meaning the body can usually synthesize it, but sometimes needs it from the diet, especially during illness or stress. Arginine plays a role in protein building, wound healing, immune function, cell division, and the release of hormones. It's a precursor to nitric oxide, a vasodilator that helps relax blood vessels and improve circulation."
+asp,Aspartic acid,Neurotransmitter; involved in urea cycle.,"A non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it. It plays a role in the synthesis of other amino acids and biochemicals in the citric acid and urea cycles. Aspartic acid is involved in energy production and nervous system function, and is a building block for proteins."
+glu,Glutamic acid,Neurotransmitter; brain function. Excess: excitotoxicity.,"A non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it. In the body, it often exists as glutamate. Glutamate is a key neurotransmitter in the brain involved in learning and memory. It's also used to form proteins and is involved in various metabolic pathways."
+gly,Glycine,Collagen component; anti-inflammatory/neurotransmitter roles.,"A non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it. It's a building block for proteins (especially collagen), and is involved in transmitting chemical signals in the brain, DNA and RNA synthesis, and the production of glutathione (an antioxidant) and creatine (for muscle energy). It may help improve sleep quality and support liver health."
+pro,Proline,Collagen synthesis; wound healing.,"A non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it. It's a major component of collagen, the main structural protein found in skin, bones, tendons, and cartilage. Proline is crucial for maintaining the strength and structure of these tissues, wound healing, and supporting joint health."
+ser,Serine,Phospholipid/neurotransmitter synthesis.,"A non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it. It plays a role in protein synthesis, fat metabolism, immune function, and the formation of phospholipids and other amino acids like glycine and cysteine. D-serine, made from L-serine, acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain."
+tyr,Tyrosine,Precursor to dopamine/epinephrine; regulates stress.,"A non-essential amino acid that the body synthesizes from phenylalanine. Tyrosine is a precursor to important neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine), thyroid hormones, and melanin (skin/hair pigment). It's involved in stress response and helps in the function of hormone-producing organs."
+oxalt,Oxalates,"Anti-nutrient (spinach); binds calcium, forms kidney stones.","Natural compounds found in many plant-based foods. In the human body, oxalates can bind to calcium and form calcium oxalate crystals. If these crystals become concentrated in the urine, they can lead to the most common type of kidney stone. High oxalate intake can be a concern for individuals prone to kidney stones."
+oxals,Soluble Oxalate,Enhances kidney stone risk; reduces mineral absorption.,"The fraction of oxalate in food that is dissolved in water (e.g., sodium or potassium oxalate). Soluble oxalates are more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract compared to insoluble oxalates. Higher absorption of soluble oxalate can contribute to increased urinary oxalate levels, a risk factor for calcium oxalate kidney stones."
+oxali,Insoluble Oxalate,Less bioavailable; still contributes to stone risk.,"The fraction of oxalate in food that is not dissolved in water, typically calcium oxalate. Insoluble oxalates are generally less absorbed by the body than soluble oxalates because they are already bound to minerals like calcium. Consuming calcium-rich foods with oxalate-containing foods can promote the formation of insoluble calcium oxalate in the gut, reducing oxalate absorption."
+caconac,Cis-Aconitic acid,TCA cycle intermediate; minor dietary role.,"An organic acid that is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), a key metabolic pathway that generates energy in cells. It is formed from citric acid and then converted to isocitric acid. It exists in all living species and is involved in cellular energy production."
+citac,Citric acid,Enhances mineral absorption; preservative/antioxidant.,"A weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits. It's an important intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), a central pathway for energy production in cells. Citric acid can act as a preservative, improve digestion, protect kidneys (can prevent kidney stones by making urine less acidic), and has antioxidant properties."
+fumac,Fumaric acid,TCA cycle intermediate; used in food acidulation.,"An organic acid that is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), essential for cellular energy production. It's found naturally in some plants and fungi. Fumaric acid and its esters have been studied for various therapeutic properties, including anti-psoriatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects."
+malac,Malic acid,Apple-derived; supports energy production (Krebs cycle).,"An alpha-hydroxy organic acid found naturally in fruits (like apples) and wines. It's an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, contributing to energy production. Medically, it's used for dry mouth (stimulates saliva), and sometimes for skin conditions due to its exfoliating properties. It might cause skin/eye irritation when applied topically."
+quinac,Quinic acid,Coffee component; antioxidant properties.,"An organic acid found in cinchona bark, coffee beans, and other plants. It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of some aromatic compounds. Studies suggest quinic acid can modulate intracellular calcium homeostasis, activate mitochondrial function, and enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, potentially offering benefits for metabolic health."
+sucac,Succinic acid,TCA cycle intermediate; flavor enhancer.,"An organic dicarboxylic acid that is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), crucial for cellular energy production. Extracellular succinate can also act as a signaling molecule by binding to the GPR91 receptor, influencing processes like lipolysis, liver homeostasis (can contribute to fibrogenesis in hypoxic conditions), retinal neovascularization, and cardiomyocyte viability (long-term exposure can lead to hypertrophy)."
+tarac,Tartaric acid,"Grapes/wine; antioxidant, adds sourness.","An organic acid naturally occurring in many fruits, particularly grapes, bananas, and tamarinds. It's used as a food additive for its antioxidant properties and sour taste. In the human body, tartaric acid is a muscle toxin in high doses as it can inhibit malic acid production; however, amounts typically consumed in food are safe."
+dhbenzac34,"3,4-Dihydroxy Benzoic acid",Antioxidant phenolic acid; anti-inflammatory.,"Also known as Protocatechuic acid (PCA). A dietary polyphenol and a hydroxybenzoic acid found in fruits and vegetables. It is a metabolite of complex polyphenols like anthocyanins. PCA possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, neuroprotective, and potential chemopreventive properties by inhibiting carcinogenesis and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells."
+hbenzal3,3-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde,Minor phenolic compound; antimicrobial potential.,"An organic compound, an isomer of hydroxybenzaldehyde. It's a colorless solid that may appear tan. It has been shown to exhibit vasculoprotective effects by lowering vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial cell inflammation. It is also used in the synthesis of monastrol, an anticancer agent."
+pcathac,Protocatechuic acid,Antioxidant; reduces oxidative stress.,"Also known as 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid. A phenolic compound found in many plants, fruits, and vegetables, and is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols like anthocyanins and procyanidins. It exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. It can inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis."
+vanlac,Vanillic acid,Vanillin derivative; antioxidant/anti-inflammatory.,"A benzoic acid derivative and a flavoring agent, found as an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid. It possesses a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It can counteract LPS-induced neurotoxicity by regulating specific cellular pathways."
+gallac,Gallic acid,Polyphenol (tea); anticancer/antimicrobial effects.,"A phenolic acid found in various fruits, vegetables, nuts (like gallnuts), and tea. It has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Gallic acid neutralizes free radicals, reduces oxidative stress, and can inhibit cancer cell growth and promote apoptosis. It may also offer cardiovascular benefits."
+cinmac,Cinnamic acid,Precursor to flavonoids; UV protection in plants.,"An organic aromatic carboxylic acid found in cinnamon and other plants. It and its derivatives exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Cinnamic acid can terminate radical chain reactions and its biological efficacy can be modified by various substituents."
+coumaco,o-Coumaric acid,Antioxidant; less common than p-coumaric acid.,"(ortho-Coumaric acid) A hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound derived from cinnamic acid. It is one of three isomers of coumaric acid. Found in vinegar. It participates in phenylalanine metabolism. Its specific direct roles in human health are less well-defined compared to p-coumaric acid, but as a phenolic compound, it may possess some antioxidant properties."
+coumacp,p-Coumaric acid,Polyphenol; antioxidant/anti-inflammatory.,"(para-Coumaric acid) A common hydroxycinnamic acid found in various plants, cereals, fruits, and vegetables. It is a major component of lignin. p-Coumaric acid and its derivatives possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and neuroprotective properties, among others. It can be incorporated into foods and pharmaceuticals."
+caffac,Caffeic acid,Coffee component; reduces oxidative stress.,"A phenolic compound (hydroxycinnamic acid) synthesized by all plants, present in coffee, wine, tea, and propolis. It has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities. It can prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, induce DNA oxidation in cancer cells, and reduce tumor cell angiogenesis."
+chlrac,Chlorogenic acid,Antioxidant (coffee); lowers blood pressure.,"A polyphenolic compound found in coffee beans, fruits, and vegetables. It's formed from caffeic acid and quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor properties, and can help regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, offering liver and kidney protection. Its bioavailability involves absorption and metabolism by gut microflora."
+ferac,Ferulic acid,Cell wall component; anti-inflammatory/photo-protective.,"A phenolic acid derived from cinnamic acid, found in cereals, fruits, and vegetables. It's a potent antioxidant that protects skin against oxidative stress and premature aging by neutralizing free radicals. It also has brightening and soothing properties and can help maintain collagen integrity. Often used in cosmetics."
+apigen,Apigenin,Flavonoid (celery); anti-anxiety/anticancer potential.,"A natural flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs (like chamomile and parsley). It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties. Apigenin can inhibit CD38 (an NAD+-consuming enzyme), potentially impacting aging and sleep. It's been studied for its calming effects and role in improving sleep quality."
+apigen6cgls,Apigenin-6-C-gluoside,Glycosylated apigenin; enhanced bioavailability.,"Also known as Isovitexin. A flavonoid glycoside, a form of apigenin bound to a glucose molecule. Found in various medicinal plants and food items. It has shown potential in ameliorating metabolic associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by selectively agonizing adiponectin receptor 2. It may also stimulate osteoblast differentiation and improve bone mass."
+apigen7onshps,Apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside,Citrus flavonoid; bitter taste modifier.,"Also known as Rhoifolin. A naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It's used in dietary supplements and functional foods and is being researched for its potential in natural remedies against oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases. It may enhance the bioavailability of other compounds."
+luteol,Luteolin,Antioxidant flavonoid; anti-allergic/neuroprotective.,"A common flavonoid found in many plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs. It possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis-inducing, and chemopreventive activities. Luteolin scavenges free radicals, protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage, and can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and suppress metastasis."
+kaemf,Kaempferol,Flavonoid (kale); anticancer/anti-inflammatory.,"A natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, found in various plants like tea, broccoli, kale, beans, and Ginkgo biloba. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Kaempferol can modulate several signaling pathways involved in inflammation and cell survival, and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases."
+querce,Quercetin,Antioxidant (onions); antiviral/antihistamine effects.,"A plant pigment (flavonoid) found in many plants and foods, such as onions, apples, berries, tea, and red wine. It has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin may help protect against heart disease and cancer, stabilize histamine-releasing cells (antihistamine effect), reduce blood pressure, and alleviate allergy symptoms."
+querce3bdgls,Quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside,Bioavailable quercetin form; enhances absorption.,"Also known as Isoquercitrin. A glycosidic form of quercetin, meaning quercetin bound to a glucose molecule. Found in various plants, vegetables, and fruits. It possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. It has shown antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines and may improve conditions like Alzheimer's disease in animal models."
+querce3ortns,Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside,Rutin; strengthens capillaries/anti-inflammatory.,"Commonly known as Rutin. A flavonoid glycoside composed of the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose. Found in citrus fruits, apples, onions, tea, and buckwheat. Rutin has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective (strengthens blood vessels), and antithrombotic properties. It may help improve circulation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases."
+querce3bgls,Quercetin-3-β-galactoside,Quercetin derivative; antioxidant.,"Also known as Hyperoside. A flavonol glycoside, which is quercetin attached to a galactose sugar. It's found in various plants, including Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort). Like other quercetin glycosides, it is expected to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potentially cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects, though its specific actions might differ from quercetin aglycone due to bioavailability."
+isormt,Isorhamnetin,Flavonoid (ginkgo); anti-inflammatory/antiviral.,"A flavonoid (an O-methylated flavonol) derived from quercetin, found in medicinal plants like sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). It exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and organ-protective (especially cardiovascular) properties. It can inhibit apoptosis and inflammation in endothelial cells, suggesting benefits for coronary heart disease."
+myrct,Myricetin,Antioxidant (berries); may lower blood sugar.,"A flavonoid (a type of polyphenol) commonly found in vegetables, fruits (berries, grapes), nuts, tea, and herbs. It exhibits strong antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Myricetin can chelate iron and protect against oxidative stress."
+rsvrtol,Resvertrol,Red wine polyphenol; anti-aging/heart-protective.,"A natural polyphenol found in grapes (especially red grape skins), berries, peanuts, and red wine. It has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects. Resveratrol has been studied for its potential to protect against chronic diseases like cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease."
+hespt,Hesperetin,Citrus flavonoid; improves vascular health.,"A flavanone, the aglycone form of hesperidin, found predominantly in citrus fruits like oranges and lemons. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hypolipidemic (cholesterol-lowering), vasoprotective, and potential anticarcinogenic actions. It may help lower cholesterol by inhibiting its synthesis and secretion."
+narng,Naringenin,Grapefruit flavonoid; antioxidant/cholesterol-lowering.,"A flavanone, a type of flavonoid, found abundantly in citrus fruits (like grapefruit, oranges), tomatoes, and figs. It's often present as its glycoside, naringin. Naringenin exhibits antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic, and cardioprotective effects. It plays a central role in flavonoid biosynthesis."
+hespd,Hesperdin,Hesperetin glycoside; enhances bioavailability.,"A flavanone glycoside (hesperetin bound to rutinose) found abundantly in citrus fruits, especially oranges and lemons. It has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties. After ingestion, it's hydrolyzed to hesperetin, which is then absorbed and exerts various health benefits, including potential improvements in cardiovascular health and diabetes management."
+daidzn,Daidzein,Soy isoflavone; phytoestrogen (may reduce menopause symptoms).,"An isoflavone, a type of phytoestrogen, found primarily in soybeans and other legumes. Its chemical structure is similar to mammalian estrogens, allowing it to interact with estrogen receptors. Daidzein may offer protection against hormone-related conditions (like breast cancer, osteoporosis), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. It also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects."
+gnstein,Genistein,Soy isoflavone; anticancer/osteoporosis prevention.,"An isoflavone and phytoestrogen found in soy products. It binds to and inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase, disrupting signal transduction and inducing cell differentiation. Genistein also inhibits topoisomerase-II, leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, and exhibits antioxidant, antiangiogenic, and immunosuppressive activities. It's studied for its potential in cancer prevention and treatment."
+epicatec,(-)-Epicatechin,Cocoa flavonoid; improves blood flow/cognitive function.,"A flavonoid (flavan-3-ol) found in foods like cocoa (dark chocolate), tea (especially green tea), apples, and berries. It has potent antioxidant properties and is known to promote skeletal muscle differentiation, counteract protein degradation pathways, and may improve cardiovascular health by enhancing nitric oxide production and blood flow. It may also support mitochondrial biosynthesis."
+epicategc,(-)-Epigallo catechin,Green tea catechin; antioxidant/anticancer.,"A type of catechin (flavan-3-ol), a polyphenol found abundantly in green tea. It is a potent antioxidant. While less studied individually than EGCG, it contributes to the overall health benefits of green tea, including anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects. It helps protect cells from oxidative damage."
+epicatgc3gal,(-)-Epigallo catechin 3-gallate,EGCG (green tea); potent antioxidant/metabolism booster.,"Commonly known as EGCG, it is the most abundant catechin in green tea and a potent antioxidant. EGCG has been extensively studied for its wide range of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer (inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis), and neuroprotective properties. It can modulate various cellular signaling pathways."
+catec,(+)-Catechin,Tea/apple flavonoid; cardiovascular benefits.,"A flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol and antioxidant, found in various plants, including tea, fruits (like apples, berries), and cocoa. It helps protect cells from damage by free radicals. In the human body, catechins can inhibit certain enzymes, have bactericidal properties, and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease, by modulating cellular processes and reducing inflammation."
+galcatecgal,(-)-Gallocatechin gallate,Less studied catechin; antioxidant properties.,"Abbreviated as GCG, it is a type of catechin (a flavonoid) found in high concentrations in green tea. It's structurally related to EGCG and possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. GCG has been shown to have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in brain cells."
+galcatec,(-)-Gallocatechin,Green tea catechin; supports immune function.,"A flavan-3-ol, a type of catechin, found in green tea and other plants. It has antioxidant properties and contributes to the health benefits associated with tea consumption. Studies suggest it may have neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting pathways involved in cell death."
+syrgac,Syringic acid,Antioxidant; found in berries/red wine.,"A phenolic acid (O-methylated trihydroxybenzoic acid) found in various plants like sage, wheat, açaí palm, and grapes. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential antidiabetic and anticancer properties. It can control inflammatory cells and markers, suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS), and may have pro-oxidant effects in cancer cells, inducing apoptosis."
+sinpac,Sinapinic acid,Polyphenol (mustard); antioxidant/anti-inflammatory.,"A phytochemical (hydroxycinnamic acid derivative) found in spices, citrus fruits, vegetables, cereals, and oilseed crops like rapeseed. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimutagenic, antiglycemic, neuroprotective, and antibacterial properties. It can neutralize free radicals and may attenuate various chemically induced toxicities."
+ellgac,Ellagic acid,Anticarcinogenic (berries); detoxifies carcinogens.,"A natural polyphenol found in many fruits (berries, pomegranates), nuts (walnuts, pecans), and seeds. It is formed from the hydrolysis of ellagitannins. Ellagic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Its metabolites, urolithins (formed by gut microflora), may have estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity and contribute to its health benefits, including reducing gut inflammation and potentially slowing aging."
+polyph,Polyphenols,Diverse antioxidants; reduce chronic disease risk.,"A large group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants, including fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, and wine. They are characterized by multiple phenol units. Polyphenols have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, and potential anticancer and neuroprotective properties. They can help prevent or reduce symptoms of metabolic diseases by improving endothelial function, blood pressure, and glucose homeostasis."
+rafs,Raffinose,Oligosaccharide; causes gas (gut fermentation). Prebiotic in moderation.,"A trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose. It is found in beans, cabbage, broccoli, and other vegetables. Humans lack the enzyme (α-galactosidase) to digest raffinose in the small intestine. It passes to the large intestine where it's fermented by gut bacteria, producing gas (flatus) but also beneficial short-chain fatty acids. It's considered a prebiotic."
+stas,Stachyose,Indigestible oligosaccharide; prebiotic but may cause bloating.,"A tetrasaccharide composed of two galactose units, one glucose unit, and one fructose unit. Found in green beans, soybeans, and other legumes. Like raffinose, humans cannot digest stachyose in the upper gastrointestinal tract due to a lack of the α-galactosidase enzyme. It is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, which can cause gas but also contributes to gut health by acting as a prebiotic."
+vers,Verbascose,Gas-producing oligo; fermented by gut bacteria.,"A pentasaccharide, a type of complex sugar (oligosaccharide) found in legumes like soybeans, lentils, and chickpeas. It consists of three galactose units, one glucose, and one fructose. Humans cannot digest verbascose in the small intestine; it is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, producing short-chain fatty acids and gases. It acts as a prebiotic, promoting beneficial gut bacteria, but can cause flatulence in some individuals."
+ajgs,Ajugose,Rare oligosaccharide; minimal dietary role.,"A hexasaccharide (composed of four galactose, one glucose, and one fructose unit), belonging to the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). Found in some plants. Like other RFOs, it is likely not digested in the human small intestine but fermented by gut bacteria in the large intestine, acting as a prebiotic and potentially causing gas."
+camt,Campesterol,Phytosterol; lowers cholesterol absorption.,"A phytosterol (plant sterol) found in nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Its structure is similar to cholesterol. When consumed, campesterol competes with cholesterol for absorption in the intestines, thereby helping to lower blood LDL (bad) cholesterol levels. It's often added to foods like margarine for its cholesterol-lowering effects."
+stgstr,Stigmasterol,Plant sterol; competes with cholesterol for absorption.,"An unsaturated phytosterol (plant sterol) found in various plants, including soybeans, calabar beans, and rapeseed oil, as well as in some nuts and seeds. It has been shown to have cholesterol-lowering effects by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. Stigmasterol also exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties in studies."
+stostrb,β-Sitosterol,Common phytosterol; reduces LDL cholesterol.,"One of the most common phytosterols (plant sterols) found in plants, nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. It has a chemical structure similar to cholesterol and helps lower blood cholesterol levels by reducing cholesterol absorption in the intestines. It may also have benefits for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and immune function."
+phytac,Phytate,Anti-nutrient (grains); binds minerals. Soaking/fermentation reduces effects.,"Also known as phytic acid or inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), it is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially seeds, grains, and legumes. Phytate can bind to minerals like iron, zinc, and calcium in the digestive tract, potentially reducing their absorption (acting as an anti-nutrient). However, phytate also has beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anticancer properties, and may help prevent kidney stones and reduce pathological calcifications."
+sapon,Saponins,"Bitter compounds; immune-boosting/cholesterol-lowering (e.g., quinoa).","A diverse group of naturally occurring glycosides found in many plants (e.g., legumes, quinoa, ginseng). They have a soap-like foaming quality. Saponins can have various effects on the human body: they may lower cholesterol by binding to it in the gut, boost the immune system, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and potentially exhibit anticancer properties. However, some saponins can also be toxic or interfere with nutrient absorption if consumed in very high amounts."
+vitb,Vitamin B,B-complex group; supports metabolism/energy production.,"A group of 8 essential water-soluble vitamins (including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12) crucial for overall health. They primarily help convert food into energy, support nervous system function, aid in the formation of red blood cells and DNA, and are vital for healthy skin, eyes, and brain function. Each B vitamin has specific roles, from energy metabolism to cell production and repair."
+vitd,Vitamin D,Combined D2/D3; regulates calcium for bone health.,"A fat-soluble vitamin essential for good health, primarily known for helping the body absorb calcium, which is critical for building and maintaining strong bones and preventing osteoporosis. Vitamin D also plays a role in muscle movement, nerve communication, and supporting the immune system to fight off bacteria and viruses. While deficiency can lead to bone issues, excessive intake can be harmful."
+vitk,Vitamin K,K1/K2 for blood clotting/bone metabolism.,"A group of fat-soluble vitamins essential for blood clotting, which helps wounds heal properly. Vitamin K also contributes to bone health by aiding in calcium regulation and may help prevent calcification of arteries and other soft tissues. The body stores it in the liver, so daily intake isn't strictly necessary if stores are adequate."
+tocph,Tocopherols,Vitamin E family; lipid-soluble antioxidants.,"A class of chemical compounds, many of which have vitamin E activity. They are lipid-soluble antioxidants that protect cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals (oxidative stress). Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form. Tocopherols play a role in immune function, cell signaling, gene expression regulation, and may help prevent chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease."
+toctr,Tocotrienols,Vitamin E isomers; potent antioxidants with neuroprotective effects.,"A group of chemicals part of the vitamin E family, related to tocopherols but with an unsaturated side chain. Tocotrienols exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially stronger than tocopherols in some aspects. They are studied for benefits in heart health, neuroprotection, anti-cancer effects, and managing conditions like dyslipidemia and osteoporosis."
+amiace,Essential Amino acids,"9 AAs must be ingested (e.g., lysine, leucine).","Amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize on its own and therefore must be obtained from the diet. There are nine essential amino acids: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. They are vital for numerous bodily functions, including protein synthesis, tissue repair, muscle growth, and the production of enzymes and neurotransmitters. Deficiency can lead to various health problems."
+amiacce,Conditionally essential Amino acids,"AAs required during illness/stress (e.g., arginine).","Amino acids that are normally synthesized by the body (non-essential) but become essential under certain conditions, such as illness, injury, stress, or specific developmental stages (e.g., infancy, pregnancy). During these times, the body's demand for these amino acids exceeds its capacity to produce them, requiring dietary intake. Examples include arginine, glutamine, cysteine, glycine, proline, and tyrosine."
+amiacne,Non-essential Amino acids,"AAs body can synthesize (e.g., alanine).","Amino acids that the human body can synthesize on its own, meaning they don't strictly need to be obtained from the diet. However, they are still crucial for overall health and bodily functions, including protein building and various metabolic processes. Examples include alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and serine."
+amiac,Amino acids,Building blocks of proteins; diverse metabolic roles.,"Organic compounds that serve as the fundamental building blocks of proteins. They are essential for numerous biological processes, including building and repairing tissues (like muscles), producing enzymes and hormones, supporting immune function, and nutrient transport. Amino acids contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Some are synthesized by the body (non-essential), while others must be obtained from the diet (essential)."
+orgac,Organic acids,"Acidic compounds (e.g., citric acid); flavor/preservation roles.","A broad class of organic compounds with acidic properties, commonly found in foods, contributing to their flavor (e.g., citric acid in lemons, malic acid in apples, lactic acid in yogurt, acetic acid in vinegar). In the body, many organic acids are intermediates in metabolic pathways (like the citric acid cycle for energy production). Some can influence gut pH and microbial balance, or act as antioxidants. Excessive intake of certain organic acids might cause digestive discomfort in sensitive individuals."
+fauns,Unsaturated Fatty acids,Includes MUFAs/PUFAs; heart-healthy fats.,"Fats that are typically liquid at room temperature, found predominantly in plant-based foods (like vegetable oils, nuts, seeds) and fish. They are considered beneficial fats as they can help improve blood cholesterol levels, reduce inflammation, stabilize heart rhythms, and provide energy. They include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids."
+faess,Essential Fatty acids,Omega-3/6; must be obtained from diet.,"Polyunsaturated fatty acids that the human body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet. They are crucial for health, playing vital roles in cell membrane structure and function, brain development, vision, inflammation regulation, and as precursors to important signaling molecules. The primary essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (an omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3)."
+facn3,Cis ω-3 Fatty acids,"Anti-inflammatory (ALA, EPA, DHA); critical for brain/heart.","A type of polyunsaturated essential fatty acid characterized by a double bond at the third carbon atom from the methyl end (omega end) and a 'cis' configuration of hydrogen atoms at the double bonds. Key omega-3s include ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) found in plant oils, and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) found in fatty fish and algae. They are crucial for brain function, vision, reducing inflammation, heart health (e.g., lowering triglycerides), and fetal development."
+facn6,Cis ω-6 Fatty acids,Pro-inflammatory in excess (linoleic/arachidonic acid). Balance with ω-3.,"A family of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids with a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position (sixth bond from the methyl end) and 'cis' configuration. Linoleic acid is the primary omega-6. They are vital for brain function, normal growth and development, skin and hair growth, bone health, metabolism regulation, and reproductive system maintenance. While essential, a balanced ratio with omega-3s is important, as excessive omega-6 intake relative to omega-3s can promote inflammation."
+facn9,Cis ω-9 Fatty acids,"Non-essential (body can produce); e.g., oleic acid.","A family of monounsaturated fatty acids characterized by a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-9 position (ninth bond from the methyl end) and 'cis' configuration. Oleic acid (found in olive oil, avocados, nuts) is the most common. While the body can produce them, dietary intake is still beneficial. They can help reduce LDL ('bad') cholesterol, raise HDL ('good') cholesterol, and may have anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to cardiovascular health."
+facn5,Cis ω-5 Fatty acids,Rare; minor roles in skin/cell membrane health.,"A group of less common polyunsaturated fatty acids with a double bond at the omega-5 position and typically a 'cis' configuration (though punicic acid is a conjugated linolenic acid isomer which has a mix of cis and trans bonds in its conjugated system). Punicic acid, found primarily in pomegranate seed oil, is the most well-known omega-5. It exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer properties. It's studied for neuroprotective effects and benefits against various chronic diseases."
+facn7,Cis ω-7 Fatty acids,Palmitoleic acid; metabolic health benefits.,"A class of monounsaturated fatty acids with the double bond at the seventh carbon from the omega end and 'cis' configuration. Palmitoleic acid is a common example. They are not essential as the body can synthesize them. Omega-7s are linked to improved skin health (moisture, elasticity), metabolic health (insulin sensitivity, fat metabolism), reduced inflammation, and better cardiovascular markers (lower LDL, higher HDL). Sources include sea buckthorn oil and macadamia nuts."
+facis,Cis Fatty acids,Natural unsaturated fats; bend in structure (healthier than trans).,"Unsaturated fatty acids where the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms of a double bond are on the same side of the molecule. This 'cis' configuration results in a kink or bend in the fatty acid chain, which increases cell membrane fluidity. Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids (like omega-3s, omega-6s, and many omega-9s) are in the cis form. They are generally considered healthier than trans fatty acids."
+fatrn,Trans Fatty acids,Industrial trans fats (partially hydrogenated oils) raise heart disease risk.,"Unsaturated fatty acids where hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond (trans configuration). Small amounts occur naturally in some animal products, but most are industrially produced via partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Artificial trans fats are detrimental to health, significantly increasing the risk of heart disease by raising LDL (bad) cholesterol and lowering HDL (good) cholesterol. They also contribute to inflammation, insulin resistance, and other health problems. Generally recognized as having no health benefits."
+olsac,Oligosaccharides,"Prebiotics (e.g., raffinose); feed gut bacteria but may cause gas.","Carbohydrates composed of a small number (typically 3 to 10) of simple sugar (monosaccharide) units linked together. Many oligosaccharides are not digestible by human enzymes and thus function as prebiotics, selectively feeding beneficial bacteria in the colon. This promotes gut health, improves digestion, enhances nutrient absorption (like calcium), and can boost immune function. Common examples include fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)."
+phystr,Phytosterols,Plant sterols; lower cholesterol by blocking absorption.,"Naturally occurring compounds found in plants (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts) that have a chemical structure similar to cholesterol. They help lower blood cholesterol levels, particularly LDL ('bad') cholesterol, by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive system. Consuming phytosterols as part of a healthy diet can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. They may also offer protection against obesity, diabetes, and certain cancers."
+mnrleq,Essential Quantity Minerals,"Macrominerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium) needed in grams.","Minerals that the human body requires in relatively large amounts (typically more than 100 milligrams per day) for proper functioning and overall health. Also known as major minerals, they include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur. They are essential for various vital roles such as bone and teeth structure, muscle contraction, nerve function, fluid balance, energy metabolism, and as components of enzymes and hormones."
+mnrlet,Essential Trace Minerals,"Microminerals (e.g., iron, zinc) needed in milligrams.","Essential minerals that the human body requires in very small amounts (typically less than 100 milligrams per day, often in microgram quantities) for various physiological functions. Also known as microminerals, they include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, and fluoride. They often act as cofactors for enzymes, are involved in hormone function, oxygen transport, immune response, and antioxidant defense, playing critical roles in growth, development, and overall health."
+mnrlpet,Possibly essential Trace Minerals,"e.g., boron; roles under investigation.","Trace minerals for which evidence suggests they may play a role in human health and nutrition, but their essentiality has not been definitively established or the exact requirements are unclear. Research is ongoing for elements like boron, silicon, nickel, and vanadium. They might be involved in processes like bone health, enzyme function, or metabolism, but more studies are needed to confirm their status as essential nutrients for humans."
+mnrlnet,Non-essential Trace Minerals,"e.g., lithium; no known biological role.","Trace minerals that are found in the human body, often due to environmental exposure or diet, but for which no specific biological function or dietary requirement has been established. Their absence from the diet does not lead to deficiency symptoms. Some non-essential trace minerals can accumulate and become toxic at higher concentrations, while others may be largely inert. Examples might include elements like aluminum (in certain contexts, though it's also listed as toxic), tin, or barium, depending on the specific definitions and concentrations considered."
+mnrltx,Toxic Minerals,"Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury; harmful even in traces.","Minerals that can cause adverse health effects or toxicity in humans, even at relatively low levels of exposure. They have no known beneficial role in human nutrition and can interfere with normal physiological processes, damage organs, or increase the risk of diseases like cancer and neurological disorders. Common examples include lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and aluminum (Al in high amounts). Exposure is typically through contaminated food, water, or environment."
+carot,Carotenes,"Provitamin A pigments (e.g., β-carotene); antioxidants.","A class of organic pigments found in plants, algae, and some fungi, responsible for yellow, orange, and red colors. They are a type of carotenoid. Important carotenes include alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and gamma-carotene. Some carotenes (like beta-carotene) are provitamin A, meaning the body can convert them into vitamin A. Carotenes also function as antioxidants, protecting cells from damage by free radicals."
+xantp,Xanthophylls,"Oxygenated carotenoids (e.g., lutein); eye protection.","A class of yellow pigments and a type of carotenoid that contain oxygen atoms, distinguishing them from carotenes (which are hydrocarbons). They are found in the leaves of most green plants, algae, and certain bacteria. Xanthophylls, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, function as accessory light-harvesting pigments in photosynthesis and protect against photo-oxidative damage. In humans, they act as antioxidants and are particularly important for eye health (concentrated in the macula)."
+cartbeq,β-Carotene equivalents,Measure of vitamin A activity from carotenoids.,"A measure used to express the total vitamin A activity of various provitamin A carotenoids in food, relative to the activity of beta-carotene. Since different carotenoids (like alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) convert to vitamin A at different efficiencies compared to beta-carotene, equivalents are used to standardize their contribution to vitamin A intake. This helps in assessing the overall vitamin A value of a diet containing multiple carotenoid sources. Often, this concept is now incorporated into Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)."
+vita,Vitamin A,Retinol/carotenoids; vision/immune function.,"A fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision (especially in low light), immune function, reproduction, cell growth, and the maintenance of healthy skin, teeth, skeletal tissue, and mucous membranes. It exists in two main forms: preformed vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters, found in animal products) and provitamin A carotenoids (like beta-carotene, found in plant foods), which the body converts to vitamin A."
+vit,Vitamins,Organic compounds essential for metabolism/health.,"A group of organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for normal cell function, growth, development, and overall health. The body cannot synthesize most vitamins in sufficient amounts, so they must be obtained through the diet. There are 13 essential vitamins, broadly classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex vitamins and C). Each vitamin has specific functions, and deficiencies can lead to various health problems."

package/columndescriptions/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { type SetupTableOptions } from "@nodef/extra-sql";
+/** Code, name, short, and long description of a column. */ export interface ColumnDescription {
+  /** Column Code. */ code: string;
+  /** Column Name. */ name: string;
+  /** Short description. */ shortdesc: string;
+  /** Long description. */ longdesc: string;
+}
+/**
+ * Load the column descriptions corpus from the file.
+ * @returns column descriptions corpus
+ */ export declare function loadColumnDescriptions(): Promise<Map<string, ColumnDescription>>;
+/**
+ * Get the path to the column descriptions CSV file.
+ * @returns CSV file URL
+ */ export declare function columnDescriptionsCsv(): string;
+/**
+ * Obtain SQL command to create and populate the columns table.
+ * @param tab table name
+ * @param opt options for the table
+ * @returns CREATE TABLE, INSERT, CREATE VIEW, CREATE INDEX statements
+ */ export declare function columnDescriptionsSql(tab?: string, opt?: SetupTableOptions): Promise<string>;
+/**
+ * Find matching columns of an code/name/shortdesc/longdesc query.
+ * @param txt code/name/shortdesc/longdesc query
+ * @returns matches `[{code, name, shortdesc, longdesc}]`
+ * @example
+ * ```javascript
+ * ifct2017.columnDescriptions('vitamin c');
+ * ifct2017.columnDescriptions('c-vitamin');
+ * // → [ { code: 'vitc',
+ * // →     name: 'Ascorbic acids (C)',
+ * // →     shortdesc: 'Collagen production, antioxidant. Deficiency: scurvy (bleeding gums).',
+ * // →     longdesc: 'An essential vitamin and antioxidant that protects cells, maintains healthy skin, blood vessels, bones, and cartilage, and aids in wound healing. It also improves iron absorption. Lack of Vitamin C can lead to scurvy.' },
+ * // → ... ]
+ *
+ * ifct2017.columnDescriptions('what is butyric acid?');
+ * ifct2017.columnDescriptions('c4:0 stands for?');
+ * // → [ { code: 'f4d0',
+ * // →     name: 'Butyric acid (C4:0)',
+ * // →     shortdesc: 'Short-chain fatty acid; colon health/energy for gut cells.',
+ * // →     longdesc: 'A short-chain saturated fatty acid with a 4-carbon backbone. It's produced in the colon when dietary fibers are fermented by gut bacteria. Butyrate serves as a primary energy source for colonocytes (cells lining the colon) and has anti-inflammatory properties, playing a role in gut health.' },
+ * // → ... ]
+ * ```
+ */ export declare function columnDescriptions(txt: string): ColumnDescription[];