gofront 1.7.0 → 1.8.0

package/src/backend/wasm/index.js

@@ -1,1892 +1,91 @@
 // src/backend/wasm/index.js
 // WASM Backend compiler entry point: lowered AST + types -> Module IR -> binary / WAT.
 
-import { Lexer } from "../../lexer.js";
-import { lower } from "../../lower/index.js";
-import { Parser } from "../../parser/index.js";
-import { TypeChecker } from "../../typechecker/index.js";
+import { lower, lowerFunction } from "../../lower/index.js";
+import {
+	getOrCreateIteratorFuncLit,
+	isIteratorRangeFor,
+} from "../../lower/range.js";
 import {
 	addBoundaryHelpers,
 	collectBoundaryMeta,
 	generateFacade,
 	scanBoundaryImports,
-	wTypeKey,
 } from "./boundary.js";
-import { foldConstExpr } from "./const-fold.js";
 import { FunctionEmitter } from "./emit.js";
 import { encodeModule, isGoFrontWasm } from "./encode.js";
+import {
+	_collectPackageConsts,
+	_collectPackageGlobals,
+	_makeGlobalInitFunc,
+	_makeInterfaceDispatcher,
+} from "./globals.js";
+import { desugarMethodExprs } from "./method-expr.js";
+import { ModuleEmitter } from "./module-emitter.js";
 import { hasGenerics, monomorphise } from "./monomorph.js";
 import { hasNativeWasmOpt, optimizeWasm } from "./optimize.js";
-import { BINARY_MATH_IMPORTS } from "./stdlib/index.js";
 import {
-	anonIfaceName,
-	ERROR_STRUCT,
-	getFuncSignature,
-	getInterfaceMethodList,
-	getMapKeyValTypes,
-	getReceiverTypeName,
-	goTypeKey,
-	isInterfaceType,
-	isMapType,
-	isNonEmptyInterface,
-	isTestingT,
-	toWasmType,
-} from "./types.js";
-import { emitWat } from "./wat.js";
-
-export { hasNativeWasmOpt, isGoFrontWasm, optimizeWasm };
-
-const ERROR_PRODUCING_PKGS = new Set([
-	"errors",
-	"fmt",
-	"strconv",
-	"path",
-	"path/filepath",
-	"io",
-	"strings",
-	"bytes",
-	"time",
-	"sync",
-	"crypto/rand",
-	"rand",
-	"crypto/sha256",
-	"sha256",
-	"encoding/binary",
-	"binary",
-	"encoding/hex",
-	"hex",
-	"encoding/base64",
-	"base64",
-]);
-// Packages whose calls lower to the `env.*` imports in STDLIB_IMPORTS (the
-// matching JS lives in WASM_STDLIB_JS).  Only modules importing one of them
-// declare the imports and ship that JS block.
-const STDLIB_ENV_PKGS = new Set([
-	"strings",
-	"strconv",
-	"unicode/utf8",
-	"fmt",
-	"testing",
-	"unicode",
-	"math/rand",
-	"path",
-	"path/filepath",
-	"html",
-	"bytes",
-	"io",
-	"time",
-	"sync",
-	"crypto/rand",
-	"rand",
-	"crypto/sha256",
-	"sha256",
-	"encoding/binary",
-	"binary",
-	"encoding/hex",
-	"hex",
-	"encoding/base64",
-	"base64",
-]);
-
-function importsAnyOf(programs, pkgs) {
-	const has = (p) => (pkgs instanceof Set ? pkgs.has(p) : pkgs.includes(p));
-	return (programs ?? []).some((p) =>
-		(p.imports ?? []).some((decl) =>
-			(decl.imports ?? [decl]).some((imp) => has(imp.path)),
-		),
-	);
-}
-
-function hasErrorUsage(programs) {
-	return (programs ?? []).some((p) => {
-		let found = false;
-		const scan = (n) => {
-			if (!n || found || typeof n !== "object") return;
-			if (Array.isArray(n)) {
-				for (const x of n) scan(x);
-				return;
-			}
-			if (
-				(n.kind === "Ident" ||
-					n.kind === "TypeName" ||
-					n.kind === "basic" ||
-					n.kind === "interface") &&
-				n.name === "error"
-			) {
-				found = true;
-				return;
-			}
-			for (const k of Object.keys(n)) {
-				if (!k.startsWith("_")) scan(n[k]);
-			}
-		};
-		scan(p);
-		return found;
-	});
-}
-
-// [name, params, results] for `env.*` imports backing stdlib calls; the JS
-// side lives in WASM_STDLIB_JS (boundary.js).  All are registered eagerly
-// (when any STDLIB_ENV_PKGS package is imported) because the import table is
-// locked before function bodies are emitted.
-const S = "externref";
-const STDLIB_IMPORTS = [
-	// strings
-	["str_trim", [S, S], [S]],
-	["str_trim_left", [S, S], [S]],
-	["str_trim_right", [S, S], [S]],
-	["str_trim_prefix", [S, S], [S]],
-	["str_trim_suffix", [S, S], [S]],
-	["str_cut", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_cut_before", [], [S]],
-	["str_cut_after", [], [S]],
-	["str_cut_prefix", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_cut_suffix", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_replace", [S, S, S, "i32"], [S]],
-	["str_contains_rune", [S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["str_contains_any", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_index_byte", [S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["str_index_rune", [S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["str_index_any", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_last_index_byte", [S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["str_last_index_any", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_title", [S], [S]],
-	["str_split", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_split_n", [S, S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["str_split_after", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_split_after_n", [S, S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["str_fields", [S], ["i32"]],
-	["str_part", ["i32"], [S]],
-	["str_replacer_init", [S], []],
-	["str_replacer_add", [S, S], []],
-	["str_replacer_run", [], [S]],
-	// strconv
-	["strconv_atoi", [S], ["i64"]],
-	["strconv_parse_int", [S, "i32", "i32"], ["i64"]],
-	["strconv_parse_float", [S], ["f64"]],
-	["strconv_parse_bool", [S], ["i32"]],
-	["strconv_err", [], [S]],
-	["strconv_err_kind", [], ["i32"]],
-	["strconv_format_float", ["f64", "i32", "i32", "i32"], [S]],
-	["strconv_format_int", ["i64", "i32"], [S]],
-	["strconv_format_uint", ["i64", "i32"], [S]],
-	["strconv_parse_uint", [S, "i32", "i32"], ["i64"]],
-	["strconv_quote", [S], [S]],
-	["strconv_unquote", [S], [S]],
-	// unicode/utf8
-	["utf8_rune_count", [S], ["i32"]],
-	["utf8_rune_len", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["utf8_valid_string", [S], ["i32"]],
-	["utf8_decode_rune", [S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["utf8_decode_size", [], ["i32"]],
-	["utf8_full_rune", [S], ["i32"]],
-	// fmt (arguments travel through the testing_arg_* buffer)
-	["fmt_sprintf", [S], [S]],
-	["fmt_printf", [S], []],
-	["fmt_format_v", [S], [S]],
-	["fmt_sscan_init", [S, "i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["fmt_sscanf_init", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["fmt_sscan_has_err", [], ["i32"]],
-	["fmt_sscan_err_msg", [], [S]],
-	["fmt_sscan_token_str", ["i32"], [S]],
-	["fmt_sscan_token_i64", ["i32"], ["i64"]],
-	["fmt_sscan_token_f64", ["i32"], ["f64"]],
-	["fmt_sscan_token_bool", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	// testing.T.Run: the harness calls back into the exported __testing_run_cb
-	["testing_run", [S, S, "anyref"], ["i32"]],
-	// unicode
-	["unicode_is_letter", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_digit", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_space", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_upper", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_lower", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_punct", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_control", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_print", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_is_graphic", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_to_upper", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	["unicode_to_lower", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	// html
-	["html_escape", [S], [S]],
-	["html_unescape", [S], [S]],
-	// path
-	["path_base", [S], [S]],
-	["path_dir", [S], [S]],
-	["path_ext", [S], [S]],
-	["path_is_abs", [S], ["i32"]],
-	["path_clean", [S], [S]],
-	["path_split", [S], []],
-	["path_split_dir", [], [S]],
-	["path_split_file", [], [S]],
-	["path_join_init", [], []],
-	["path_join_push", [S], []],
-	["path_join_run", [], [S]],
-	["path_match", [S, S], ["i32"]],
-	["path_match_has_err", [], ["i32"]],
-	["bytes_trim", [S, S, "i32", "i32"], []],
-	["bytes_trim_start", [], ["i32"]],
-	["bytes_trim_end", [], ["i32"]],
-	// time
-	["time_now_ms", [], ["f64"]],
-	["time_timezone_offset", ["f64"], ["i32"]],
-	["time_parse", [S, S], ["f64"]],
-	["time_parse_err", [], [S]],
-	["time_parse_offset", [], ["i32"]],
-	[
-		"time_format",
-		["i32", "i32", "i32", "i32", "i32", "i32", "i32", "i32", "i32", S],
-		[S],
-	],
-	["time_duration_string", ["i64"], [S]],
-	// raw binary buffer for crypto/rand, crypto/sha256, hex, base64
-	["raw_bytes_init", ["i32"], []],
-	["raw_bytes_push", ["i32"], []],
-	["raw_bytes_len", [], ["i32"]],
-	["raw_bytes_get", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	// crypto/rand
-	["crypto_rand_fill", ["i32"], ["i32"]],
-	// crypto/sha256
-	["crypto_sha256_sum", [], ["i32"]],
-	// encoding/hex
-	["hex_encode_to_string", [], [S]],
-	["hex_decode_string", [S], ["i32"]],
-	["hex_get_err", [], [S]],
-	// encoding/base64
-	["base64_encode_to_string", ["i32"], [S]],
-	["base64_decode_string", ["i32", S], ["i32"]],
-	["base64_get_err", [], [S]],
-];
-
-class ModuleEmitter {
-	constructor(checker, lowerResult = null, programs = [], options = {}) {
-		this.checker = checker;
-		this.lowerResult = lowerResult;
-		// Local package names whose code is linked into this module; selectors
-		// like `mathx.NewVec3` are de-qualified to `NewVec3` by the emitter.
-		this.bundledPackages = options.bundledPackages ?? new Set();
-		this.constCache = new Map(); // name -> BasicLit (package-level literal consts)
-		this.nonLiteralConsts = new Set(); // package-level consts the backend cannot evaluate yet
-
-		this.types = []; // type entries
-		this.typeCache = new Map(); // signature string -> index
-		this._openRec = null; // rec group receiving new types while structs are resolved
-
-		this.structTypes = new Map(); // name -> struct info
-		this.boxTypes = new Map(); // wType key -> box info
-		this.ifaceBoxTypes = new Map(); // key -> iface box info
-		this.arrayTypes = new Map(); // wType key -> array info
-		this.sliceTypes = new Map(); // wType key -> slice info
-		this.sliceTypesByIndex = new Map(); // typeIndex -> slice info
-		this.mapTypes = new Map(); // wType key -> map info
-		this.mapTypesByIndex = new Map(); // typeIndex -> map info
-		this.mapBucketsType = null; // shared (array (mut i32))
-		this.closureTypes = new Map(); // key -> closure info
-		this.envTypes = new Map(); // key -> env info
-
-		this.elements = []; // declarative elements for ref.func
-		this.elementSet = new Set();
-
-		this.imports = []; // import entries
-		this.importCache = new Map(); // key -> func index
-
-		this.tags = []; // exception tags
-		this.globals = []; // global entries
-		this.globalCache = new Map(); // name -> index
-
-		this.funcs = []; // internal func definitions
-		this.funcMap = new Map(); // name -> global func index
-		this.funcParamTypes = new Map(); // name -> param types array
-		this.funcParamGoTypes = new Map(); // name -> param Go types array
-		this.funcReturnTypesByIdx = new Map(); // global func index -> result wasm types
-
-		this.exports = []; // export entries
-		this.stringTable = []; // string literals
-		this.stringCache = new Map();
-
-		// `errors.New` / `fmt.Errorf` / strconv parse failures allocate the
-		// runtime's own error struct; it joins the struct rec group so the
-		// `error.Error` dispatcher can `ref.test` it like any user type.
-		this.hasErrorType =
-			importsAnyOf(programs, ERROR_PRODUCING_PKGS) || hasErrorUsage(programs);
-		this.usesStdlibEnv = importsAnyOf(programs, STDLIB_ENV_PKGS);
-
-		if (programs && programs.length > 0) {
-			this.initTypes(programs);
-		}
-
-		this._importsLocked = false;
-		this._initRuntimeImports();
-	}
-
-	initTypes(programs) {
-		const progs = Array.isArray(programs) ? programs : [programs];
-		const rawStructs = [];
-		const seen = new Set();
-		const aliases = []; // qualified key (pkg.T) -> unqualified struct name
-
-		if (this.hasErrorType) {
-			seen.add(ERROR_STRUCT);
-			rawStructs.push({
-				name: ERROR_STRUCT,
-				structType: {
-					kind: "struct",
-					fields: new Map([
-						["msg", { kind: "basic", name: "string" }],
-						["cause", { kind: "basic", name: "any" }],
-					]),
-				},
-			});
-		}
-
-		for (const p of progs) {
-			for (const d of p.decls ?? []) {
-				if (d.kind === "TypeDecl" && d.type?.kind === "StructType") {
-					if (!seen.has(d.name)) {
-						seen.add(d.name);
-						rawStructs.push({
-							name: d.name,
-							astFields: d.type.fields ?? [],
-							pkgName: p.pkg?.name ?? "main",
-							pkgTarget: p.target ?? "wasm",
-						});
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (this.checker?.types) {
-			for (const [key, t] of this.checker.types.entries()) {
-				if (t.kind === "named" && t.underlying?.kind === "struct") {
-					const name = t.name ?? key;
-					if (!seen.has(name)) {
-						seen.add(name);
-						rawStructs.push({ name, structType: t.underlying });
-					}
-					if (key !== name) aliases.push([key, name]);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (rawStructs.length === 0) return;
-
-		// Field resolution may create array/slice/box types; they join this rec
-		// group so struct indices (base + i) stay valid and may be referenced
-		// from the auxiliary types in any order.
-		const base = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const structEntries = rawStructs.map(() => ({
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [],
-		}));
-		this.types.push({ form: "rec", types: structEntries });
-		this._openRec = structEntries;
-
-		for (let i = 0; i < rawStructs.length; i++) {
-			const s = rawStructs[i];
-			this.structTypes.set(s.name, {
-				name: s.name,
-				typeIndex: base + i,
-				fields: [],
-				fieldIndexMap: new Map(),
-				embeds: [],
-				pkgName: s.pkgName ?? null,
-				pkgTarget: s.pkgTarget ?? "wasm",
-			});
-		}
-		// `mathx.Vec3` resolves to the same struct info as `Vec3` once linked.
-		for (const [key, name] of aliases) {
-			if (!this.structTypes.has(key))
-				this.structTypes.set(key, this.structTypes.get(name));
-		}
-
-		for (let i = 0; i < rawStructs.length; i++) {
-			const s = rawStructs[i];
-			const info = this.structTypes.get(s.name);
-			const resolvedStruct =
-				s.structType ?? this.checker?.types?.get(s.name)?.underlying;
-
-			const fields = [];
-			const fieldIndexMap = new Map();
-			const embeds = [];
-
-			if (s.astFields && s.astFields.length > 0) {
-				let fIdx = 0;
-				for (const f of s.astFields) {
-					const names = f.embedded
-						? [f.type.name]
-						: f.names?.length
-							? f.names
-							: f.name
-								? [f.name]
-								: [];
-					for (const n of names) {
-						const wType = toWasmType(f.type, this.checker, this);
-						fields.push({
-							name: n,
-							goType: f.type,
-							wType,
-							embedded: Boolean(f.embedded),
-						});
-						fieldIndexMap.set(n, fIdx);
-						if (f.embedded) {
-							embeds.push({
-								name: n,
-								fieldIndex: fIdx,
-							});
-						}
-						fIdx++;
-					}
-				}
-			} else if (resolvedStruct?.fields) {
-				let fIdx = 0;
-				for (const [fName, fType] of resolvedStruct.fields.entries()) {
-					const wType = toWasmType(fType, this.checker, this);
-					fields.push({ name: fName, goType: fType, wType });
-					fieldIndexMap.set(fName, fIdx);
-					fIdx++;
-				}
-				if (resolvedStruct?._embeds) {
-					for (const embed of resolvedStruct._embeds) {
-						const embedName = embed.kind === "named" ? embed.name : null;
-						if (embedName && fieldIndexMap.has(embedName)) {
-							embeds.push({
-								name: embedName,
-								fieldIndex: fieldIndexMap.get(embedName),
-							});
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			info.fields = fields;
-			info.fieldIndexMap = fieldIndexMap;
-			info.embeds = embeds;
-
-			const typeEntry = structEntries[i];
-			typeEntry.fields = fields.map((f) => ({ type: f.wType, mutable: true }));
-			info.typeEntry = typeEntry;
-		}
-
-		this._openRec = null;
-	}
-
-	_pushType(typeEntry) {
-		(this._openRec ?? this.types).push(typeEntry);
-	}
-
-	getStructType(name) {
-		return this.structTypes.get(name) ?? null;
-	}
-
-	getAnonStructType(fields) {
-		const key = fields.map((f) => `${f.name}:${goTypeKey(f.goType)}`).join(";");
-		const name = `__anon_${key.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/g, "_")}`;
-		if (this.structTypes.has(name)) {
-			return this.structTypes.get(name);
-		}
-		const fieldWTypes = fields.map((f) =>
-			toWasmType(f.goType, this.checker, this),
-		);
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: fieldWTypes.map((t) => ({ type: t, mutable: true })),
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		const info = {
-			name,
-			typeIndex,
-			typeEntry,
-			fields: fields.map((f, i) => ({
-				name: f.name,
-				wType: fieldWTypes[i],
-				goType: f.goType,
-				fieldIndex: i,
-			})),
-			fieldIndexMap: new Map(fields.map((f, i) => [f.name, i])),
-			embeds: [],
-			pkgName: null,
-			pkgTarget: "wasm",
-			isAnon: true,
-		};
-		this.structTypes.set(name, info);
-		return info;
-	}
-
-	getBoxType(goType) {
-		const key = goTypeKey(goType);
-		if (this.boxTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.boxTypes.get(key);
-		}
-		const wType = toWasmType(goType, this.checker, this);
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [{ type: wType, mutable: true }],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		const boxInfo = { key, typeIndex, typeEntry, wType, goType };
-		this.boxTypes.set(key, boxInfo);
-		return boxInfo;
-	}
-
-	getIfaceBoxType(goType) {
-		const key = goTypeKey(goType);
-		if (this.ifaceBoxTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.ifaceBoxTypes.get(key);
-		}
-		const wType = toWasmType(goType, this.checker, this);
-		const tagIndex = this.ifaceBoxTypes.size;
-		const tagTypeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const tagFields = [];
-		for (let i = 0; i < tagIndex; i++) {
-			tagFields.push({ type: "i32", mutable: false });
-		}
-		this._pushType({
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: tagFields,
-		});
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [
-				{ type: wType, mutable: true },
-				{
-					type: {
-						kind: "ref",
-						nullable: true,
-						typeIndex: tagTypeIndex,
-					},
-					mutable: false,
-				},
-			],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		const boxInfo = { key, typeIndex, typeEntry, wType, goType, tagTypeIndex };
-		this.ifaceBoxTypes.set(key, boxInfo);
-		return boxInfo;
-	}
-
-	getArrayType(elemGoType) {
-		const elemWType = toWasmType(elemGoType, this.checker, this);
-		const key =
-			typeof elemWType === "string" ? elemWType : JSON.stringify(elemWType);
-		if (this.arrayTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.arrayTypes.get(key);
-		}
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "array",
-			elemType: elemWType,
-			mutable: true,
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		const arrInfo = { typeIndex, typeEntry, elemWType, elemGoType };
-		this.arrayTypes.set(key, arrInfo);
-		return arrInfo;
-	}
-
-	getSliceType(elemGoType) {
-		const elemWType = toWasmType(elemGoType, this.checker, this);
-		const key =
-			typeof elemWType === "string" ? elemWType : JSON.stringify(elemWType);
-		if (this.sliceTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.sliceTypes.get(key);
-		}
-		const arrInfo = this.getArrayType(elemGoType);
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [
-				{
-					type: {
-						kind: "ref",
-						nullable: true,
-						typeIndex: arrInfo.typeIndex,
-					},
-					mutable: false,
-				},
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: false }, // offset
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: false }, // len
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: false }, // cap
-			],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-
-		const emptyGlobalIndex = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: {
-				kind: "ref",
-				nullable: true,
-				typeIndex,
-			},
-			mutable: false,
-			init: [
-				{ op: "ref.null", heapType: arrInfo.typeIndex },
-				{ op: "i32.const", value: 0 },
-				{ op: "i32.const", value: 0 },
-				{ op: "i32.const", value: 0 },
-				{ op: "struct.new", typeIndex },
-			],
-		});
-
-		const sliceInfo = {
-			typeIndex,
-			typeEntry,
-			arrInfo,
-			elemWType,
-			elemGoType,
-			emptyGlobalIndex,
-		};
-		this.sliceTypes.set(key, sliceInfo);
-		this.sliceTypesByIndex.set(typeIndex, sliceInfo);
-		return sliceInfo;
-	}
-
-	getSliceTypeByIndex(typeIndex) {
-		return this.sliceTypesByIndex?.get(typeIndex) ?? null;
-	}
-
-	getMapType(keyGoType, valGoType) {
-		const keyWType = toWasmType(keyGoType, this.checker, this);
-		const valWType = toWasmType(valGoType, this.checker, this);
-		const key = `${wTypeKey(keyWType)}:${wTypeKey(valWType)}`;
-		if (this.mapTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.mapTypes.get(key);
-		}
-
-		if (!this.mapBucketsType) {
-			const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-			this._pushType({
-				form: "array",
-				elemType: "i32",
-				mutable: true,
-			});
-			this.mapBucketsType = { typeIndex };
-		}
-
-		const entryTypeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		this._pushType({
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [
-				{ type: keyWType, mutable: true }, // 0: key
-				{ type: valWType, mutable: true }, // 1: val
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 2: next (bucket chain)
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 3: order_prev (insertion order)
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 4: order_next (insertion order)
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 5: active (1 = active, 0 = deleted)
-			],
-		});
-
-		const entriesTypeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		this._pushType({
-			form: "array",
-			elemType: { kind: "ref", nullable: true, typeIndex: entryTypeIndex },
-			mutable: true,
-		});
-
-		const mapTypeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		this._pushType({
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [
-				{
-					type: {
-						kind: "ref",
-						nullable: true,
-						typeIndex: this.mapBucketsType.typeIndex,
-					},
-					mutable: true,
-				}, // 0: buckets
-				{
-					type: {
-						kind: "ref",
-						nullable: true,
-						typeIndex: entriesTypeIndex,
-					},
-					mutable: true,
-				}, // 1: entries
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 2: len
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 3: cap
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 4: count
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 5: head
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 6: tail
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 7: free_head
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: true }, // 8: num_buckets
-			],
-		});
-
-		const suffix = key.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/g, "_");
-		const mapInfo = {
-			key,
-			suffix,
-			typeIndex: mapTypeIndex,
-			entryTypeIndex,
-			entriesTypeIndex,
-			bucketsTypeIndex: this.mapBucketsType.typeIndex,
-			keyWType,
-			valWType,
-			keyGoType,
-			valGoType,
-			wType: { kind: "ref", nullable: true, typeIndex: mapTypeIndex },
-			makeFuncName: `__map_make_${suffix}`,
-			getFuncName: `__map_get_${suffix}`,
-			getOkFuncName: `__map_get_ok_${suffix}`,
-			setFuncName: `__map_set_${suffix}`,
-			deleteFuncName: `__map_delete_${suffix}`,
-			lenFuncName: `__map_len_${suffix}`,
-			clearFuncName: `__map_clear_${suffix}`,
-			keysFuncName: `__map_keys_${suffix}`,
-			valuesFuncName: `__map_values_${suffix}`,
-			cloneFuncName: `__map_clone_${suffix}`,
-		};
-		this.mapTypes.set(key, mapInfo);
-		this.mapTypesByIndex.set(mapTypeIndex, mapInfo);
-		return mapInfo;
-	}
-
-	getMapTypeByIndex(typeIndex) {
-		return this.mapTypesByIndex?.get(typeIndex) ?? null;
-	}
-
-	getClosureType(goType) {
-		const sig = getFuncSignature(goType, this.checker);
-		const paramWTypes = sig.params
-			.map((p) => toWasmType(p, this.checker, this))
-			.filter(Boolean);
-		const returnWTypes = sig.returns
-			.map((r) => toWasmType(r, this.checker, this))
-			.filter(Boolean);
-
-		const key = `${paramWTypes.map((p) => (typeof p === "object" ? JSON.stringify(p) : p)).join(",")}=>${returnWTypes.map((r) => (typeof r === "object" ? JSON.stringify(r) : r)).join(",")}`;
-		if (this.closureTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.closureTypes.get(key);
-		}
-
-		// 1. Function signature type index: (param anyref, ...paramWTypes) -> (...returnWTypes)
-		const funcTypeIndex = this.getTypeIndex(
-			["anyref", ...paramWTypes],
-			returnWTypes,
-		);
-
-		// 2. Closure struct type index: struct { fn: (ref funcTypeIndex), env: anyref }
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [
-				{
-					type: {
-						kind: "ref",
-						nullable: false,
-						typeIndex: funcTypeIndex,
-					},
-					mutable: false,
-				},
-				{
-					type: "anyref",
-					mutable: true,
-				},
-			],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-
-		const closureInfo = {
-			typeIndex,
-			typeEntry,
-			funcTypeIndex,
-			paramWTypes,
-			returnWTypes,
-			sig,
-		};
-		this.closureTypes.set(key, closureInfo);
-		return closureInfo;
-	}
-
-	getEnvType(fieldTypes) {
-		const key = fieldTypes
-			.map((f) =>
-				typeof f.wType === "object" ? JSON.stringify(f.wType) : f.wType,
-			)
-			.join(",");
-		if (this.envTypes.has(key)) {
-			return this.envTypes.get(key);
-		}
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: fieldTypes.map((f) => ({ type: f.wType, mutable: true })),
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		const envInfo = { typeIndex, typeEntry, fieldTypes };
-		this.envTypes.set(key, envInfo);
-		return envInfo;
-	}
-
-	addRefFuncElement(funcIdx) {
-		if (!this.elementSet.has(funcIdx)) {
-			this.elementSet.add(funcIdx);
-			this.elements.push(funcIdx);
-		}
-	}
-
-	_getTotalTypeCount() {
-		let count = 0;
-		for (const entry of this.types) {
-			if (entry.form === "rec") count += entry.types.length;
-			else count += 1;
-		}
-		return count;
-	}
-
-	_initRuntimeImports() {
-		this._initPanicTag();
-		this._initPanicGlobal();
-		this.getPanicImportIndex(); // env.panic
-		this.internString("runtime error: index out of range");
-		this.internString("runtime error: slice bounds out of range");
-		this.internString("assignment to entry in nil map");
-
-		// String built-ins
-		this.getStringImportIndex(); // env.str
-		this.getStringLenImportIndex(); // env.str_len
-		this.getStringConcatImportIndex(); // env.str_concat
-		this.getStringCmpImportIndex("=="); // env.str_eq
-		this.getStringCmpImportIndex("!="); // env.str_ne
-		this.getStringCmpImportIndex("<"); // env.str_lt
-		this.getStringCmpImportIndex("<="); // env.str_le
-		this.getStringCmpImportIndex(">"); // env.str_gt
-		this.getStringCmpImportIndex(">="); // env.str_ge
-		this.getStringGetImportIndex(); // env.str_get
-		this.getStringSliceImportIndex(); // env.str_slice
-		this.getStringFromCodePointImportIndex(); // env.str_from_code_point
-		this.getStringCodePointAtImportIndex(); // env.str_code_point_at
-		this.getStringHashImportIndex(); // env.str_hash
-		this.getStringToUpperImportIndex();
-		this.getStringToLowerImportIndex();
-		this.getStringTrimSpaceImportIndex();
-		this.getStringContainsImportIndex();
-		this.getStringHasPrefixImportIndex();
-		this.getStringHasSuffixImportIndex();
-		this.getStringIndexImportIndex();
-		this.getStringLastIndexImportIndex();
-		this.getStringRepeatImportIndex();
-		this.getStringReplaceAllImportIndex();
-		this.getStringEqualFoldImportIndex();
-		this.getStringCountImportIndex();
-		this.getStrFromI64ImportIndex();
-		this.getStrFromI32ImportIndex();
-		this.getStrFromF64ImportIndex();
-		this.getIsStringImportIndex(); // env.is_string
-		this.getStrToBytesImportIndex();
-		this.getStrByteAtImportIndex();
-		this.getBytesToStrInitImportIndex();
-		this.getBytesToStrPushImportIndex();
-		this.getBytesToStrFinishImportIndex();
-		this.getTestingCallImportIndex();
-		this.getTestingNameImportIndex();
-		this.getTestingFlagImportIndex();
-		for (const t of ["i32", "i64", "f32", "f64", "externref", "anyref"]) {
-			this.getTestingArgImportIndex(t, false);
-		}
-		this.getTestingArgImportIndex("i32", true);
-		this.getFmtNewArrayIndex();
-		this.getFmtArrayPushIndex();
-		this.getFmtNewMapIndex();
-		this.getFmtMapSetIndex();
-		this.getFmtNewStructIndex();
-		this.getFmtStructSetIndex();
-		this.getFmtBoxI32Index();
-		this.getFmtBoxI64Index();
-		this.getFmtBoxF64Index();
-		this.getFmtBoxBoolIndex();
-		this.getFmtNewBoxIndex();
-		if (this.usesStdlibEnv) {
-			for (const [name, params, results] of STDLIB_IMPORTS) {
-				this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", name, params, results);
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Logging built-ins
-		this.getPrintlnEmptyIndex(); // env.println_empty
-		const logTypes = ["i32", "i64", "f32", "f64", "externref", "anyref"];
-		for (const t of logTypes) {
-			this.getLogImportIndex(t, false, false); // env.print_*
-			this.getLogImportIndex(t, true, false); // env.println_*
-		}
-		this.getLogImportIndex("i32", false, true); // env.print_bool
-		this.getLogImportIndex("i32", true, true); // env.println_bool
-
-		// Math built-ins
-		const unaryMath = [
-			"sin",
-			"cos",
-			"tan",
-			"asin",
-			"acos",
-			"atan",
-			"exp",
-			"log",
-			"log2",
-			"log10",
-			"round",
-			"cbrt",
-		];
-		for (const m of unaryMath) {
-			this.getMathImportIndex(m, false);
-		}
-		for (const m of BINARY_MATH_IMPORTS) {
-			this.getMathImportIndex(m, true);
-		}
-	}
-
-	_initPanicTag() {
-		// Type: (externref) -> ()
-		const typeIdx = this.getTypeIndex(["externref"], []);
-		// Tag 0
-		this.tags.push({ typeIndex: typeIdx });
-		// Export tag 0 as "panicTag"
-		this.exports.push({ name: "panicTag", kind: "tag", index: 0 });
-	}
-
-	getPanicNodeTypeIndex() {
-		if (this.panicNodeTypeIndex !== undefined) {
-			return this.panicNodeTypeIndex;
-		}
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "rec",
-			types: [
-				{
-					form: "struct",
-					fields: [
-						{
-							type: "anyref",
-							mutable: true,
-						},
-						{
-							type: "i32",
-							mutable: true,
-						},
-						{
-							type: {
-								kind: "ref",
-								nullable: true,
-								typeIndex,
-							},
-							mutable: true,
-						},
-					],
-				},
-			],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		this.panicNodeTypeIndex = typeIndex;
-		return typeIndex;
-	}
-
-	_initPanicGlobal() {
-		const pType = this.getPanicNodeTypeIndex();
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: { kind: "ref", nullable: true, typeIndex: pType },
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "ref.null", typeIndex: pType }],
-		});
-		this.panicGlobalIndex = gIdx;
-		this.exports.push({ name: "__panic", kind: "global", index: gIdx });
-	}
-
-	getPanicGlobalIndex() {
-		return this.panicGlobalIndex;
-	}
-
-	// `__deferArmed` is set to 1 immediately before a deferred closure is
-	// invoked and cleared by that closure's prologue.  recover() only takes
-	// effect when the current frame observed the flag, which gives Go's
-	// "recover must be called directly by the deferred function" rule.
-	getDeferArmedGlobalIndex() {
-		if (this.deferArmedGlobalIndex !== undefined) {
-			return this.deferArmedGlobalIndex;
-		}
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "i32",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "i32.const", value: 0 }],
-		});
-		this.deferArmedGlobalIndex = gIdx;
-		return gIdx;
-	}
-
-	getRandStateGlobalIndex() {
-		if (this.randStateGlobalIndex !== undefined) {
-			return this.randStateGlobalIndex;
-		}
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "i64",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "i64.const", value: 1n }],
-		});
-		this.randStateGlobalIndex = gIdx;
-		return gIdx;
-	}
-
-	getStrconvErrGlobalIndex(field) {
-		if (!this.strconvErrGlobals) this.strconvErrGlobals = new Map();
-		if (this.strconvErrGlobals.has(field)) {
-			return this.strconvErrGlobals.get(field);
-		}
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "anyref",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: "any" }],
-		});
-		this.strconvErrGlobals.set(field, gIdx);
-		return gIdx;
-	}
-
-	getPathErrGlobalIndex(field) {
-		if (!this.pathErrGlobals) this.pathErrGlobals = new Map();
-		if (this.pathErrGlobals.has(field)) {
-			return this.pathErrGlobals.get(field);
-		}
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "anyref",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: "any" }],
-		});
-		this.pathErrGlobals.set(field, gIdx);
-		return gIdx;
-	}
-
-	getIoErrGlobalIndex(field) {
-		if (!this.ioErrGlobals) this.ioErrGlobals = new Map();
-		if (this.ioErrGlobals.has(field)) {
-			return this.ioErrGlobals.get(field);
-		}
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "anyref",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: "any" }],
-		});
-		this.ioErrGlobals.set(field, gIdx);
-		return gIdx;
-	}
-
-	getIoDiscardGlobalIndex() {
-		if (this.ioDiscardGlobalIndex !== undefined) {
-			return this.ioDiscardGlobalIndex;
-		}
-		this.getStructType("io.discard");
-		const gIdx = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "anyref",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: "any" }],
-		});
-		this.ioDiscardGlobalIndex = gIdx;
-		return gIdx;
-	}
-
-	getDeferNodeTypeIndex() {
-		if (this.deferNodeTypeIndex !== undefined) {
-			return this.deferNodeTypeIndex;
-		}
-		const deferClosureSig = { kind: "Signature", params: [], results: [] };
-		const deferClosureInfo = this.getClosureType(deferClosureSig);
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "rec",
-			types: [
-				{
-					form: "struct",
-					fields: [
-						{
-							type: {
-								kind: "ref",
-								nullable: true,
-								typeIndex: deferClosureInfo.typeIndex,
-							},
-							mutable: false,
-						},
-						{
-							type: {
-								kind: "ref",
-								nullable: true,
-								typeIndex,
-							},
-							mutable: true,
-						},
-					],
-				},
-			],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		this.deferNodeTypeIndex = typeIndex;
-		return typeIndex;
-	}
-
-	getTypeIndex(params, results) {
-		const key = `${params.map((p) => (typeof p === "object" ? JSON.stringify(p) : p)).join(",")}=>${results.map((r) => (typeof r === "object" ? JSON.stringify(r) : r)).join(",")}`;
-		if (this.typeCache.has(key)) {
-			return this.typeCache.get(key);
-		}
-		const idx = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		this._pushType({ form: "func", params, results });
-		this.typeCache.set(key, idx);
-		return idx;
-	}
-
-	internString(str) {
-		if (this.stringCache.has(str)) {
-			return this.stringCache.get(str);
-		}
-		const idx = this.stringTable.length;
-		this.stringTable.push(str);
-		this.stringCache.set(str, idx);
-		return idx;
-	}
-
-	getOrAddFuncImport(module, name, params, results) {
-		const key = `${module}.${name}`;
-		if (this.importCache.has(key)) {
-			return this.importCache.get(key);
-		}
-		if (this._importsLocked) {
-			throw new Error(`Unexpected import added after lock: ${key}`);
-		}
-		const typeIndex = this.getTypeIndex(params, results);
-		const globalFuncIdx = this.imports.filter((i) => i.kind === "func").length;
-		this.imports.push({
-			module,
-			name,
-			kind: "func",
-			typeIndex,
-		});
-		this.importCache.set(key, globalFuncIdx);
-		return globalFuncIdx;
-	}
-
-	getStringImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "str", ["i32"], ["externref"]);
-	}
-
-	// Panics are raised by a JS import that throws a plain `Error`, so wasm
-	// frames unwind without a wasm `throw` and the JS caller needs no
-	// try/catch guard around exports.  (V8 cannot inline JS→wasm calls made
-	// inside a try block, and a non-inlined call boxes every float argument.)
-	getPanicImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "panic", ["externref"], []);
-	}
-
-	getBoundsPanicFuncIndex() {
-		return this.resolveFuncIndex("__bounds_panic");
-	}
-
-	// `gofront/shared` buffers are `(base i32, len i32)` views over the single
-	// exported linear memory, bump-allocated by `__shared_new` during start.
-	getSharedType() {
-		if (this.sharedType) return this.sharedType;
-		const typeIndex = this._getTotalTypeCount();
-		const typeEntry = {
-			form: "struct",
-			fields: [
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: false }, // byte base
-				{ type: "i32", mutable: false }, // element count
-			],
-		};
-		this._pushType(typeEntry);
-		this.memory = { min: 1 };
-		this.exports.push({ name: "memory", kind: "memory", index: 0 });
-		const topGlobalIndex = this.globals.length;
-		this.globals.push({
-			type: "i32",
-			mutable: true,
-			init: [{ op: "i32.const", value: 0 }],
-		});
-		const wType = { kind: "ref", nullable: true, typeIndex };
-		this.sharedType = { typeIndex, typeEntry, wType, topGlobalIndex };
-		return this.sharedType;
-	}
-
-	getSliceBoundsPanicFuncIndex() {
-		return this.resolveFuncIndex("__slice_bounds_panic");
-	}
-
-	getPrintlnEmptyIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "println_empty", [], []);
-	}
-
-	getFmtNewArrayIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "fmt_new_array", [], ["externref"]);
-	}
-
-	getFmtArrayPushIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_array_push",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			[],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtNewMapIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "fmt_new_map", [], ["externref"]);
-	}
-
-	getFmtMapSetIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_map_set",
-			["externref", "externref", "externref"],
-			[],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtNewStructIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_new_struct",
-			["anyref", "i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtStructSetIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_struct_set",
-			["externref", "i32", "externref"],
-			[],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtBoxI32Index() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_box_i32",
-			["i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtBoxI64Index() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_box_i64",
-			["i64"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtBoxF64Index() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_box_f64",
-			["f64"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtBoxBoolIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"fmt_box_bool",
-			["i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getFmtNewBoxIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "fmt_new_box", [], ["externref"]);
-	}
-
-	// `*testing.T` method calls: args are pushed one by one to a JS-side
-	// buffer, then `testing_call(t, methodNameStrIdx)` invokes the method.
-	getTestingArgImportIndex(wType, isBool = false) {
-		if (isBool)
-			return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "testing_arg_bool", ["i32"], []);
-		const suffix =
-			wType === "externref" ? "str" : wType === "anyref" ? "any" : wType;
-		if (!["i32", "i64", "f32", "f64", "str", "any"].includes(suffix)) {
-			throw new Error(
-				"only primitive, string, error and any arguments are supported for fmt and testing.T calls in wasm packages (format slices/structs field by field)",
-			);
-		}
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			`testing_arg_${suffix}`,
-			[suffix === "str" ? "externref" : suffix === "any" ? "anyref" : wType],
-			[],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getTestingCallImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"testing_call",
-			["externref", "i32"],
-			[],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getTestingNameImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"testing_name",
-			["externref"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getTestingFlagImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"testing_flag",
-			["externref", "i32"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getLogImportIndex(wType, isLast = false, isBool = false) {
-		const prefix = isLast ? "println" : "print";
-		if (isBool) {
-			return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", `${prefix}_bool`, ["i32"], []);
-		}
-		switch (wType) {
-			case "i32":
-				return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", `${prefix}_i32`, ["i32"], []);
-			case "i64":
-				return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", `${prefix}_i64`, ["i64"], []);
-			case "f32":
-				return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", `${prefix}_f32`, ["f32"], []);
-			case "f64":
-				return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", `${prefix}_f64`, ["f64"], []);
-			case "externref":
-				return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-					"env",
-					`${prefix}_str`,
-					["externref"],
-					[],
-				);
-			default:
-				if (typeof wType === "object") {
-					return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-						"env",
-						`${prefix}_any`,
-						["anyref"],
-						[],
-					);
-				}
-				return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", `${prefix}_i32`, ["i32"], []);
-		}
-	}
-
-	getStringLenImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "str_len", ["externref"], ["i32"]);
-	}
-
-	getStringConcatImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_concat",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringCmpImportIndex(op) {
-		const opMap = {
-			"==": "str_eq",
-			"!=": "str_ne",
-			"<": "str_lt",
-			"<=": "str_le",
-			">": "str_gt",
-			">=": "str_ge",
-		};
-		const fn = opMap[op] ?? "str_eq";
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			fn,
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringGetImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_get",
-			["externref", "i32"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringSliceImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_slice",
-			["externref", "i32", "i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringFromCodePointImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_from_code_point",
-			["i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringCodePointAtImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_code_point_at",
-			["externref", "i32"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getIsStringImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "is_string", ["anyref"], ["i32"]);
-	}
-
-	getStringHashImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "str_hash", ["externref"], ["i32"]);
-	}
-
-	getStringToUpperImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_to_upper",
-			["externref"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringToLowerImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_to_lower",
-			["externref"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringTrimSpaceImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_trim_space",
-			["externref"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringContainsImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_contains",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringHasPrefixImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_has_prefix",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringHasSuffixImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_has_suffix",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringIndexImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_index",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringLastIndexImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_last_index",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringRepeatImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_repeat",
-			["externref", "i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringReplaceAllImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_replace_all",
-			["externref", "externref", "externref"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringEqualFoldImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_equal_fold",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStringCountImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_count",
-			["externref", "externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStrFromI64ImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_from_i64",
-			["i64"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStrFromI32ImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_from_i32",
-			["i32"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStrFromF64ImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_from_f64",
-			["f64"],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStrToBytesImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"str_to_bytes",
-			["externref"],
-			["i32"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getStrByteAtImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "str_byte_at", ["i32"], ["i32"]);
-	}
-
-	getBytesToStrInitImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "bytes_to_str_init", ["i32"], []);
-	}
-
-	getBytesToStrPushImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("env", "bytes_to_str_push", ["i32"], []);
-	}
-
-	getBytesToStrFinishImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport(
-			"env",
-			"bytes_to_str_finish",
-			[],
-			["externref"],
-		);
-	}
-
-	getMathImportIndex(jsName, isBinary = false) {
-		const params = isBinary ? ["f64", "f64"] : ["f64"];
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("Math", jsName, params, ["f64"]);
-	}
-
-	getMathRandomImportIndex() {
-		return this.getOrAddFuncImport("Math", "random", [], ["f64"]);
-	}
-
-	// Imports from the STDLIB_IMPORTS table (strings/strconv/utf8/fmt/testing.Run).
-	getStdlibImportIndex(name) {
-		const idx = this.importCache.get(`env.${name}`);
-		if (idx === undefined) throw new Error(`Unknown runtime import: ${name}`);
-		return idx;
-	}
+	_scanFuncSigInterfaces,
+	_scanImportsInBody,
+	_scanInterfaceCallNodes,
+	_scanInterfaceTypeDecls,
+	_usesAnyEq,
+	_usesFmtAny,
+	_usesTestingCleanup,
+	_usesTestingRun,
+	importsAnyOf,
+} from "./prescan.js";
+import {
+	ERROR_STRUCT,
+	getMapKeyValTypes,
+	isInterfaceType,
+	isMapType,
+	toWasmType,
+} from "./types.js";
+import { desugarVariadics } from "./variadic.js";
+import { emitWat } from "./wat.js";
 
-	getTimezoneOffsetImportIndex() {
-		return this.getStdlibImportIndex("time_timezone_offset");
-	}
+export { hasNativeWasmOpt, isGoFrontWasm, optimizeWasm };
 
-	// Closure type of `func(*testing.T)` (the t.Run body).
-	getTestingRunClosureType() {
-		return this.getClosureType({
-			kind: "func",
-			params: [{ kind: "pointer", base: { kind: "named", name: "testing.T" } }],
-			returns: [],
+// Body of `__index_panic(i i64, n i32)`: builds Go's message with the string
+// imports and raises it like any other runtime panic.
+function emitIndexPanicBody(mod, emitter) {
+	const str = (text) => {
+		emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "i32.const", value: mod.internString(text) });
+		emitter.pushInstruction({
+			op: "call",
+			funcIndex: mod.getStringImportIndex(),
 		});
-	}
-
-	resolveFuncIndex(name) {
-		return this.funcMap.get(name) ?? null;
-	}
-
-	getFuncParamTypes(name) {
-		return this.funcParamTypes.get(name) ?? [];
-	}
-
-	getFuncParamGoTypes(name) {
-		return this.funcParamGoTypes.get(name) ?? [];
-	}
-
-	resolveGlobal(name) {
-		return this.globalCache.get(name) ?? null;
-	}
-
-	resolveConst(name) {
-		return this.constCache.get(name) ?? null;
-	}
-
-	isNonLiteralConst(name) {
-		return this.nonLiteralConsts.has(name);
-	}
-
-	// Interface method dispatch is a `ref.test` chain over every concrete type
-	// that declares `methodName` (no itabs); the static interface type is not
-	// needed to build the candidate list.
-	findInterfaceCandidates(_ifaceType, methodName) {
-		const candidates = [];
-		const seenKeys = new Set();
-
-		// 1. Struct types
-		for (const [sName, sInfo] of this.structTypes.entries()) {
-			const directMethodName = `${sName}.${methodName}`;
-			if (this.funcMap.has(directMethodName)) {
-				const fIdx = this.resolveFuncIndex(directMethodName);
-				const paramGoTypes = this.getFuncParamGoTypes(directMethodName);
-				const paramWTypes = this.getFuncParamTypes(directMethodName);
-				const recvGoType = paramGoTypes[0];
-				const isPtrRecv = recvGoType?.kind === "pointer";
-
-				if (isPtrRecv) {
-					const key = `ptr:${sName}`;
-					if (!seenKeys.has(key)) {
-						seenKeys.add(key);
-						candidates.push({
-							recvTypeName: sName,
-							testTypeIndex: sInfo.typeIndex,
-							isBoxedValue: false,
-							needsValueDeref: false,
-							embedPath: null,
-							funcIndex: fIdx,
-							targetParamTypes: paramWTypes,
-							structInfo: sInfo,
-						});
-					}
-				} else {
-					// Value receiver: both *sName and sName match
-					const ptrKey = `ptr:${sName}`;
-					if (!seenKeys.has(ptrKey)) {
-						seenKeys.add(ptrKey);
-						candidates.push({
-							recvTypeName: sName,
-							testTypeIndex: sInfo.typeIndex,
-							isBoxedValue: false,
-							needsValueDeref: true,
-							embedPath: null,
-							funcIndex: fIdx,
-							targetParamTypes: paramWTypes,
-							targetRecvWType: paramWTypes[0],
-							structInfo: sInfo,
-						});
-					}
-					const box = this.getIfaceBoxType({ kind: "named", name: sName });
-					const valKey = `val:${sName}`;
-					if (box && !seenKeys.has(valKey)) {
-						seenKeys.add(valKey);
-						candidates.push({
-							recvTypeName: sName,
-							testTypeIndex: box.typeIndex,
-							isBoxedValue: true,
-							needsValueDeref: false,
-							embedPath: null,
-							funcIndex: fIdx,
-							targetParamTypes: paramWTypes,
-							targetRecvWType: paramWTypes[0],
-							structInfo: sInfo,
-						});
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Promoted methods on sName
-			if (sInfo.embeds && sInfo.embeds.length > 0) {
-				for (const embed of sInfo.embeds) {
-					const embedMethodName = `${embed.name}.${methodName}`;
-					if (this.funcMap.has(embedMethodName)) {
-						const fIdx = this.resolveFuncIndex(embedMethodName);
-						const paramGoTypes = this.getFuncParamGoTypes(embedMethodName);
-						const paramWTypes = this.getFuncParamTypes(embedMethodName);
-						const isPtrRecv = paramGoTypes[0]?.kind === "pointer";
-						const embedSInfo = this.getStructType(embed.name);
-
-						const ptrKey = `ptr:${sName}`;
-						if (!seenKeys.has(ptrKey)) {
-							seenKeys.add(ptrKey);
-							candidates.push({
-								recvTypeName: sName,
-								testTypeIndex: sInfo.typeIndex,
-								isBoxedValue: false,
-								needsValueDeref: !isPtrRecv,
-								embedPath: [
-									{
-										parentTypeIndex: sInfo.typeIndex,
-										fieldIndex: embed.fieldIndex,
-									},
-								],
-								funcIndex: fIdx,
-								targetParamTypes: paramWTypes,
-								targetRecvWType: paramWTypes[0],
-								structInfo: embedSInfo,
-							});
-						}
-
-						if (!isPtrRecv) {
-							const box = this.getIfaceBoxType({ kind: "named", name: sName });
-							const valKey = `val:${sName}`;
-							if (box && !seenKeys.has(valKey)) {
-								seenKeys.add(valKey);
-								candidates.push({
-									recvTypeName: sName,
-									testTypeIndex: box.typeIndex,
-									isBoxedValue: true,
-									needsValueDeref: false,
-									embedPath: [
-										{
-											parentTypeIndex: sInfo.typeIndex,
-											fieldIndex: embed.fieldIndex,
-										},
-									],
-									funcIndex: fIdx,
-									targetParamTypes: paramWTypes,
-									targetRecvWType: paramWTypes[0],
-									structInfo: embedSInfo,
-								});
-							}
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// 2. Named non-struct types
-		for (const [fnName, fIdx] of this.funcMap.entries()) {
-			if (fnName.endsWith(`.${methodName}`)) {
-				const rName = fnName.slice(0, fnName.length - methodName.length - 1);
-				if (!this.structTypes.has(rName)) {
-					const box = this.getIfaceBoxType({ kind: "named", name: rName });
-					const key = `named:${rName}`;
-					if (box && !seenKeys.has(key)) {
-						seenKeys.add(key);
-						const paramWTypes = this.getFuncParamTypes(fnName);
-						candidates.push({
-							recvTypeName: rName,
-							testTypeIndex: box.typeIndex,
-							isBoxedValue: true,
-							needsValueDeref: false,
-							embedPath: null,
-							funcIndex: fIdx,
-							targetParamTypes: paramWTypes,
-						});
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		return candidates;
-	}
-
-	getTypesImplementingInterface(ifaceType) {
-		const candidates = [];
-		const seen = new Set();
-		const ifaceResolved =
-			this.checker?.resolveType?.(
-				ifaceType?.kind === "named" ? ifaceType.underlying : ifaceType,
-			) ?? ifaceType;
-
-		// 1. Struct types
-		for (const [sName, sInfo] of this.structTypes.entries()) {
-			const namedType = this.checker?.types?.get(sName) ?? {
-				kind: "named",
-				name: sName,
-			};
-			const ptrType = { kind: "pointer", base: namedType };
-
-			// Check pointer to struct
-			if (this.checker?.implements?.(ptrType, ifaceResolved)) {
-				if (!seen.has(sInfo.typeIndex)) {
-					seen.add(sInfo.typeIndex);
-					candidates.push({ name: `*${sName}`, typeIndex: sInfo.typeIndex });
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Check struct value (boxed)
-			if (this.checker?.implements?.(namedType, ifaceResolved)) {
-				const box = this.getIfaceBoxType(namedType);
-				if (box && !seen.has(box.typeIndex)) {
-					seen.add(box.typeIndex);
-					candidates.push({ name: sName, typeIndex: box.typeIndex });
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// 2. Named non-struct types that have methods
-		if (this.checker?.types) {
-			for (const [tName, tVal] of this.checker.types.entries()) {
-				if (
-					tVal?.kind === "named" &&
-					tVal.underlying?.kind !== "struct" &&
-					tVal.underlying?.kind !== "interface"
-				) {
-					if (this.checker.implements(tVal, ifaceResolved)) {
-						const box = this.getIfaceBoxType(tVal);
-						if (box && !seen.has(box.typeIndex)) {
-							seen.add(box.typeIndex);
-							candidates.push({ name: tName, typeIndex: box.typeIndex });
-						}
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		return candidates;
-	}
+	};
+	const concat = () =>
+		emitter.pushInstruction({
+			op: "call",
+			funcIndex: mod.getStringConcatImportIndex(),
+		});
+	str("runtime error: index out of range [");
+	emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "local.get", index: 0 });
+	emitter.pushInstruction({
+		op: "call",
+		funcIndex: mod.getStrFromI64ImportIndex(),
+	});
+	concat();
+	emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "local.get", index: 0 });
+	emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "i64.const", value: 0n });
+	emitter.pushInstruction("i64.lt_s");
+	emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "if", blockType: "externref" });
+	str("]");
+	emitter.pushInstruction("else");
+	str("] with length ");
+	emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "local.get", index: 1 });
+	emitter.pushInstruction({
+		op: "call",
+		funcIndex: mod.getStrFromI32ImportIndex(),
+	});
+	concat();
+	emitter.pushInstruction("end");
+	concat();
+	emitter.pushInstruction("any.convert_extern");
+	emitter.emitPanicThrow();
 }
 
 function peepholeOptimize(instructions) {
@@ -1963,10 +162,17 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 		const mono = monomorphise(progs, checker);
 		progs = mono.programs;
 		resolvedChecker = mono.checker;
-		resolvedLowerResult = lower(progs, resolvedChecker);
-	} else if (!resolvedLowerResult) {
+		resolvedLowerResult = null;
+	}
+	// Variadic parameters become slices (after monomorphisation: concrete types).
+	// Method expressions become method calls or forwarding func literals,
+	// before variadics so a variadic method's forwarder packs its arguments.
+	const methodExprs = desugarMethodExprs(progs, options.bundledPackages);
+	if (desugarVariadics(progs) || methodExprs || !resolvedLowerResult) {
 		resolvedLowerResult = lower(progs, resolvedChecker);
 	}
+	checker = resolvedChecker;
+	lowerResult = resolvedLowerResult;
 
 	const mod = new ModuleEmitter(resolvedChecker, resolvedLowerResult, progs, {
 		bundledPackages: options.bundledPackages,
@@ -2029,6 +235,13 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 			for (const item of node) scanClosures(item, rootFn);
 			return;
 		}
+		if (isIteratorRangeFor(node)) {
+			const yieldFuncLit = getOrCreateIteratorFuncLit(node);
+			scanClosures(yieldFuncLit, rootFn);
+			// A func literal ranged over directly is a closure of its own.
+			scanClosures(node.cond?.expr ?? node.init?.rhs?.[0]?.expr, rootFn);
+			return;
+		}
 		if (node.kind === "FuncLit") {
 			closureCounter++;
 			const closureName = `_closure$${closureCounter}`;
@@ -2045,6 +258,8 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 				returnType: node.returnType,
 				body: node.body,
 				_isClosure: true,
+				_isYieldClosure: Boolean(node._isYieldClosure),
+				_iterStateName: node._iterStateName ?? null,
 				_funcLit: node,
 				_rootFuncDecl: rootFn,
 				_srcFile: rootFn?._srcFile ?? null,
@@ -2148,7 +363,15 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 		pendingInits.length > 0 || initNames.length > 0
 			? _makeGlobalInitFunc(pendingInits, initNames)
 			: null;
-	if (globalInitFn) funcDecls.push(globalInitFn);
+	if (globalInitFn) {
+		// Func literals in package-level initializers are lifted like any other.
+		globalInitFn._rootFuncDecl = globalInitFn;
+		// Captured variables of those literals need the same analysis.
+		lowerFunction(lowerResult, globalInitFn);
+		const before = closures.length;
+		scanClosures(globalInitFn.body, globalInitFn);
+		funcDecls.push(globalInitFn, ...closures.slice(before));
+	}
 
 	const boundsPanicFn = {
 		kind: "FuncDecl",
@@ -2160,6 +383,30 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 	};
 	funcDecls.push(boundsPanicFn);
 
+	// Go's index panic: `index out of range [i] with length n`, or
+	// `index out of range [i]` for a negative index.
+	funcDecls.push({
+		kind: "FuncDecl",
+		name: "__index_panic",
+		params: [
+			{ name: "i", type: { kind: "basic", name: "int64" } },
+			{ name: "n", type: { kind: "basic", name: "int32" } },
+		],
+		returnType: null,
+		_isIndexPanic: true,
+	});
+
+	// Target of the per-function `nil` block (`_openNilBlock` in emit.js).
+	funcDecls.push({
+		kind: "FuncDecl",
+		name: "__nil_panic",
+		params: [],
+		returnType: null,
+		_isRuntimePanic: true,
+		_panicMsg:
+			"runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference",
+	});
+
 	const sliceBoundsPanicFn = {
 		kind: "FuncDecl",
 		name: "__slice_bounds_panic",
@@ -2405,6 +652,7 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 
 	// 1e3. Runtime helpers: error values, interface equality, t.Run callback.
 	mod.usesTestingRun = funcDecls.some((fn) => _usesTestingRun(fn.body));
+	mod.usesTestingCleanup = funcDecls.some((fn) => _usesTestingCleanup(fn.body));
 	mod.usesAnyEq = _usesAnyEq(funcDecls, mod);
 	const ANY_T = { kind: "basic", name: "any" };
 	const STR_T = { kind: "basic", name: "string" };
@@ -2531,7 +779,25 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 			),
 		);
 	}
+	if (mod.usesTestingCleanup) {
+		funcDecls.push(
+			helper(
+				"__testing_cleanup_cb",
+				[{ name: "fn", type: ANY_T }],
+				null,
+				"testing_cleanup_cb",
+				{ _forceExport: true },
+			),
+		);
+	}
 	_registerIoSyntheticMethods(funcDecls, mod, STR_T, progs);
+	// `__any_fmt` turns an `any` operand of fmt into the host value; its body
+	// is emitted last-but-one so every type registered by user code is seen.
+	if (_usesFmtAny(funcDecls, mod)) {
+		funcDecls.push(
+			helper("__any_fmt", [{ name: "a", type: ANY_T }], STR_T, "any_fmt"),
+		);
+	}
 
 	// 1f. Boundary metadata (exported surface of wasm packages)
 	const boundaryMeta = options.boundary
@@ -2626,7 +892,9 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 	// 4. Emit function bodies
 	for (const fn of funcDecls) {
 		const emitter = new FunctionEmitter(mod, fn, fn._globalFuncIndex);
-		if (fn._isRuntimePanic) {
+		if (fn._isIndexPanic) {
+			emitIndexPanicBody(mod, emitter);
+		} else if (fn._isRuntimePanic) {
 			const strIdx = mod.internString(fn._panicMsg);
 			const funcIdx = mod.getStringImportIndex();
 			emitter.pushInstruction({ op: "i32.const", value: strIdx });
@@ -2743,619 +1011,6 @@ export function compileWasmModule(
 	};
 }
 
-// Package-level `const` declarations (iota is already substituted by the
-// parser).  Literals and expressions the folder can reduce become BasicLits in
-// `constCache`; whatever is left is recorded in `nonLiteralConsts` and later
-// becomes a global initialised by the start function.
-function _collectPackageConsts(progs, mod, checker = null) {
-	const entries = [];
-	for (const p of progs) {
-		for (const d of p.decls ?? []) {
-			if (d.kind !== "ConstDecl") continue;
-			for (const spec of d.decls ?? []) {
-				for (let i = 0; i < spec.names.length; i++) {
-					if (spec.value?.[i])
-						entries.push({
-							name: spec.names[i],
-							expr: spec.value[i],
-							filename: p._filename,
-							source: p._source,
-						});
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	const resolve = (name) => mod.constCache.get(name) ?? null;
-	// Iterate to a fixpoint so a constant may refer to one declared later.
-	let pending = entries;
-	let progress = true;
-	while (progress && pending.length > 0) {
-		progress = false;
-		const rest = [];
-		for (const entry of pending) {
-			let lit = null;
-			try {
-				lit = foldConstExpr(entry.expr, resolve);
-			} catch (err) {
-				if (checker?.err) {
-					const savedFile = checker._currentFile;
-					const savedSource = checker._currentSource;
-					if (entry.filename) checker._currentFile = entry.filename;
-					if (entry.source) checker._currentSource = entry.source;
-					checker.err(err.message, entry.expr);
-					checker._currentFile = savedFile;
-					checker._currentSource = savedSource;
-				} else {
-					throw new Error(
-						`Constant expression error for '${entry.name}': ${err.message}`,
-					);
-				}
-				continue;
-			}
-			if (lit) {
-				mod.constCache.set(entry.name, lit);
-				progress = true;
-			} else {
-				rest.push(entry);
-			}
-		}
-		pending = rest;
-	}
-	for (const entry of pending) mod.nonLiteralConsts.add(entry.name);
-}
-
-// Depth-first search over AST nodes (skipping `_`-prefixed annotations).
-function _someNode(node, pred) {
-	if (!node || typeof node !== "object") return false;
-	if (Array.isArray(node)) return node.some((n) => _someNode(n, pred));
-	if (pred(node)) return true;
-	for (const key of Object.keys(node)) {
-		if (key.startsWith("_")) continue;
-		if (_someNode(node[key], pred)) return true;
-	}
-	return false;
-}
-
-function _usesTestingRun(node) {
-	return _someNode(
-		node,
-		(n) =>
-			n.kind === "CallExpr" &&
-			n.func?.kind === "SelectorExpr" &&
-			n.func.field === "Run" &&
-			isTestingT(n.func.expr?._type),
-	);
-}
-
-// `__any_eq` is only needed when some `==`/`!=` (or switch case) compares
-// anyref operands, a struct with an anyref field is compared, or the error
-// runtime (`errors.Is`) is present.  `_emitAnyEq` throws if this misses a
-// site, so a gap surfaces as a compile error rather than a bad module.
-function _usesAnyEq(funcDecls, mod) {
-	if (mod.hasErrorType) return true;
-	for (const info of mod.mapTypes.values()) {
-		if (isInterfaceType(info.keyGoType, mod.checker)) return true;
-	}
-	for (const info of mod.structTypes.values()) {
-		if (info.fields?.some((f) => f.wType === "anyref")) return true;
-	}
-	const isAnyRef = (n) =>
-		Boolean(n?._type) && toWasmType(n._type, mod.checker, mod) === "anyref";
-	return funcDecls.some((fn) =>
-		_someNode(fn.body, (n) => {
-			if (n.kind === "BinaryExpr" && (n.op === "==" || n.op === "!="))
-				return isAnyRef(n.left) || isAnyRef(n.right);
-			if (n.kind === "SwitchStmt" && n.tag) return isAnyRef(n.tag);
-			return false;
-		}),
-	);
-}
-
-function _scanImportsInBody(node, mod) {
-	if (!node || typeof node !== "object") return;
-
-	if (node.kind === "CallExpr") {
-		const { func, args } = node;
-		if (
-			func.kind === "Ident" &&
-			(func.name === "print" || func.name === "println")
-		) {
-			const isPrintln = func.name === "println";
-			if (args.length === 0 && isPrintln) {
-				mod.getPrintlnEmptyIndex();
-			}
-			for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
-				const arg = args[i];
-				const isLast = i === args.length - 1 && isPrintln;
-				const isBool =
-					arg._type?.name === "bool" ||
-					(arg.kind === "BasicLit" && arg.litKind === "BOOL");
-				const wType = toWasmType(arg._type, mod.checker);
-				mod.getLogImportIndex(wType, isLast, isBool);
-			}
-		} else if (
-			func.kind === "SelectorExpr" &&
-			func.expr?.name === "math" &&
-			func.field
-		) {
-			const jsMathMap = {
-				Sin: "sin",
-				Cos: "cos",
-				Tan: "tan",
-				Asin: "asin",
-				Acos: "acos",
-				Atan: "atan",
-				Atan2: "atan2",
-				Pow: "pow",
-				Mod: "mod",
-				Hypot: "hypot",
-				Cbrt: "cbrt",
-				Exp: "exp",
-				Log: "log",
-				Log2: "log2",
-				Log10: "log10",
-				Round: "round",
-				Sinh: "sinh",
-				Cosh: "cosh",
-				Tanh: "tanh",
-			};
-			if (jsMathMap[func.field]) {
-				const isBinary = BINARY_MATH_IMPORTS.has(jsMathMap[func.field]);
-				mod.getMathImportIndex(jsMathMap[func.field], isBinary);
-			}
-		} else if (
-			func.kind === "SelectorExpr" &&
-			isTestingT(func.expr?._type) &&
-			func.field
-		) {
-			mod.internString(func.field);
-			if (func.field === "Name") mod.getTestingNameImportIndex();
-			else if (func.field === "Failed" || func.field === "Skipped")
-				mod.getTestingFlagImportIndex();
-			else if (func.field === "Run") {
-				// closure type for func(*testing.T) must exist before bodies are emitted
-				mod.getTestingRunClosureType();
-			} else {
-				mod.getTestingCallImportIndex();
-				for (const arg of args) {
-					mod.getTestingArgImportIndex(
-						toWasmType(arg._type, mod.checker),
-						arg._type?.name === "bool" ||
-							(arg.kind === "BasicLit" && arg.litKind === "BOOL"),
-					);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (node.kind === "BasicLit" && node.litKind === "STRING") {
-		mod.getStringImportIndex();
-		const strVal = String(node.value ?? "");
-		mod.internString(strVal);
-	}
-
-	// Recurse child properties
-	for (const key of Object.keys(node)) {
-		if (key.startsWith("_")) continue;
-		const child = node[key];
-		if (Array.isArray(child)) {
-			for (const item of child) _scanImportsInBody(item, mod);
-		} else if (child && typeof child === "object") {
-			_scanImportsInBody(child, mod);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-export function compileWasm(source, options = {}) {
-	const filename = options.filename ?? "main.go";
-	const tokens = new Lexer(source, filename).tokenize();
-	const ast = new Parser(tokens, filename, source).parse();
-
-	const checker = new TypeChecker();
-	checker.target = "wasm";
-	checker.pkgName = ast.pkg?.name ?? "main";
-
-	const errors = checker.check(ast);
-	if (errors.length > 0) {
-		return { wasm: null, errors };
-	}
-
-	const lowerRes = lower([ast], checker);
-	const res = compileWasmModule([ast], checker, lowerRes, {
-		...options,
-		exportAll: options.exportAll ?? true,
-	});
-
-	if (checker.errors?.length > 0) {
-		return { wasm: null, errors: checker.errors };
-	}
-
-	return { ...res, errors: [] };
-}
-
-function _isPointerGoType(t, mod) {
-	if (!t) return false;
-	if (t.kind === "pointer" || t.kind === "PointerType" || t.kind === "StarExpr")
-		return true;
-	// `type P *T` used as a field type: look through the name.
-	const named =
-		t.kind === "named" || t.kind === "TypeName" || t.kind === "Ident";
-	const under = named
-		? (t.underlying ?? mod.checker?.types?.get(t.name)?.underlying)
-		: null;
-	return under ? _isPointerGoType(under, mod) : false;
-}
-
-// Constant-expression zero value of a struct global. Nested struct values are
-// built in place: a null ref would trap on the first field access.
-function _zeroStructConst(structInfo, mod) {
-	const out = [];
-	for (const f of structInfo.fields) out.push(..._zeroFieldConst(f, mod));
-	out.push({ op: "struct.new", typeIndex: structInfo.typeIndex });
-	return out;
-}
-
-function _zeroFieldConst(f, mod) {
-	const w = f.wType;
-	if (w === "i64") return [{ op: "i64.const", value: 0n }];
-	if (w === "f32" || w === "f64") return [{ op: `${w}.const`, value: 0 }];
-	if (w === "externref") return [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: "extern" }];
-	if (w === "anyref") return [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: "any" }];
-	if (typeof w !== "object" || w === null)
-		return [{ op: "i32.const", value: 0 }];
-	const ti = w.typeIndex;
-	const slice = typeof ti === "number" ? mod.getSliceTypeByIndex(ti) : null;
-	if (slice) return [{ op: "global.get", index: slice.emptyGlobalIndex }];
-	if (typeof ti === "number" && !_isPointerGoType(f.goType, mod)) {
-		for (const s of mod.structTypes.values())
-			if (s.typeIndex === ti) return _zeroStructConst(s, mod);
-	}
-	return [{ op: "ref.null", heapType: ti ?? "any" }];
-}
-
-function _collectPackageGlobals(progs, mod, checker) {
-	const pending = []; // non-constant initializers, run by the start function
-	const pendingConsts = []; // unfoldable consts; they run before any var
-	for (const p of progs) {
-		for (const d of p.decls ?? []) {
-			const isConst = d.kind === "ConstDecl";
-			if (d.kind !== "VarDecl" && !isConst) continue;
-			for (const spec of d.decls ?? d.specs ?? [d]) {
-				const names = spec.names ?? (spec.name ? [spec.name] : []);
-				const values = spec.value ?? (spec.init ? [spec.init] : []);
-				for (let i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
-					const name = names[i];
-					// Foldable consts live in `constCache`, not in a global.
-					if (isConst && !mod.isNonLiteralConst(name)) continue;
-					const rawType = spec.type ?? values[i]?._type;
-					const wType = toWasmType(rawType, checker, mod);
-					const gIdx = mod.globals.length;
-					let initInsts = [{ op: `${wType}.const`, value: 0 }];
-					if (wType === "i64") initInsts = [{ op: "i64.const", value: 0n }];
-					else if (wType === "f32" || wType === "f64")
-						initInsts = [{ op: `${wType}.const`, value: 0.0 }];
-					else if (
-						wType === "externref" ||
-						wType === "anyref" ||
-						typeof wType === "object"
-					) {
-						const sliceInfo =
-							typeof wType === "object" && typeof wType.typeIndex === "number"
-								? mod.getSliceTypeByIndex(wType.typeIndex)
-								: null;
-						if (sliceInfo) {
-							initInsts = [
-								{ op: "global.get", index: sliceInfo.emptyGlobalIndex },
-							];
-						} else if (
-							typeof wType === "object" &&
-							typeof wType.typeIndex === "number" &&
-							rawType?.kind !== "pointer"
-						) {
-							const structInfo = Array.from(mod.structTypes.values()).find(
-								(s) => s.typeIndex === wType.typeIndex,
-							);
-							if (structInfo) {
-								initInsts = _zeroStructConst(structInfo, mod);
-							} else {
-								initInsts = [
-									{ op: "ref.null", heapType: wType.typeIndex ?? "any" },
-								];
-							}
-						} else {
-							initInsts = [
-								{
-									op: "ref.null",
-									heapType:
-										typeof wType === "object"
-											? (wType.heapType ?? wType.typeIndex ?? "any")
-											: wType.replace("ref", ""),
-								},
-							];
-						}
-					}
-
-					let litNode = values?.[i];
-					let sign = 1;
-					if (
-						litNode &&
-						litNode.kind === "UnaryExpr" &&
-						litNode.op === "-" &&
-						litNode.operand?.kind === "BasicLit"
-					) {
-						litNode = litNode.operand;
-						sign = -1;
-					}
-
-					let isConstInit = false;
-					if (litNode && litNode.kind === "BasicLit") {
-						if (litNode.litKind === "INT") {
-							isConstInit = true;
-							const s = String(litNode.value);
-							const clean = /^0[0-7]+$/.test(s) ? `0o${s.slice(1)}` : s;
-							initInsts = [
-								wType === "i64"
-									? {
-											op: "i64.const",
-											value: BigInt(sign) * BigInt(clean),
-										}
-									: {
-											op: "i32.const",
-											value: (sign * Number(clean)) | 0,
-										},
-							];
-						} else if (litNode.litKind === "FLOAT") {
-							isConstInit = true;
-							initInsts = [
-								{
-									op: `${wType}.const`,
-									value: sign * Number(litNode.value),
-								},
-							];
-						} else if (litNode.litKind === "BOOL") {
-							isConstInit = true;
-							initInsts = [
-								{
-									op: "i32.const",
-									value: litNode.value === "true" ? 1 : 0,
-								},
-							];
-						}
-					}
-					if (values[i] && !isConstInit && names.length === values.length) {
-						(isConst ? pendingConsts : pending).push({
-							name,
-							expr: values[i],
-						});
-					}
-					mod.globals.push({
-						type: wType,
-						mutable: true,
-						init: initInsts,
-					});
-					mod.globalCache.set(name, {
-						index: gIdx,
-						type: wType,
-						goType: rawType,
-					});
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return [..._orderConstInits(pendingConsts), ...pending];
-}
-
-// Orders runtime-initialised consts so each runs after the consts it
-// references (Go allows a constant to use one declared later).
-function _orderConstInits(entries) {
-	const byName = new Map(entries.map((e) => [e.name, e]));
-	const ordered = [];
-	const state = new Map();
-	const visit = (entry) => {
-		if (state.has(entry.name)) return;
-		state.set(entry.name, true);
-		_someNode(entry.expr, (n) => {
-			if (n.kind === "Ident" && byName.has(n.name)) visit(byName.get(n.name));
-			return false;
-		});
-		ordered.push(entry);
-	};
-	for (const e of entries) visit(e);
-	return ordered;
-}
-
-// Synthesises `__init_globals()` assigning every non-constant package-level
-// initializer in declaration order and invoking package `init()` functions;
-// registered as the module start function.
-function _makeGlobalInitFunc(pending, initNames = []) {
-	const stmts = pending.map(({ name, expr }) => ({
-		kind: "AssignStmt",
-		lhs: [{ kind: "Ident", name, _type: expr._type }],
-		op: "=",
-		rhs: [expr],
-	}));
-	for (const initName of initNames) {
-		stmts.push({
-			kind: "ExprStmt",
-			expr: {
-				kind: "CallExpr",
-				func: { kind: "Ident", name: initName },
-				args: [],
-			},
-		});
-	}
-	stmts.push({ kind: "ReturnStmt", values: [] });
-	return {
-		kind: "FuncDecl",
-		name: "__init_globals",
-		params: [],
-		returnType: null,
-		body: { kind: "Block", stmts, list: stmts },
-		_isGlobalInit: true,
-	};
-}
-
-function _scanInterfaceCallNodes(node, interfaceCalls, checker) {
-	if (!node || typeof node !== "object") return;
-	if (Array.isArray(node)) {
-		for (const item of node)
-			_scanInterfaceCallNodes(item, interfaceCalls, checker);
-		return;
-	}
-	if (node.kind === "CallExpr" && node.func?.kind === "SelectorExpr") {
-		const recvType = node.func.expr?._type;
-		if (isNonEmptyInterface(recvType, checker)) {
-			const ifaceName = getReceiverTypeName(recvType, node.func.expr) || "anon";
-			const methodName = node.func.field;
-			const key = `${ifaceName}.${methodName}`;
-			if (!interfaceCalls.has(key)) {
-				interfaceCalls.set(key, {
-					ifaceName,
-					ifaceType: recvType,
-					methodName,
-					callNode: node,
-				});
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	for (const key of Object.keys(node)) {
-		if (!key.startsWith("_"))
-			_scanInterfaceCallNodes(node[key], interfaceCalls, checker);
-	}
-}
-
-function _scanInterfaceTypeDecls(progs, interfaceCalls, checker) {
-	for (const p of progs) {
-		for (const d of p.decls ?? []) {
-			if (d.kind !== "TypeDecl") continue;
-			const resolved = checker?.types?.get(d.name) ?? d.type;
-			const underlying =
-				resolved?.kind === "named"
-					? resolved.underlying
-					: d.type?.kind === "InterfaceType"
-						? d.type
-						: resolved;
-			if (!isNonEmptyInterface(underlying, checker)) continue;
-			const methods =
-				underlying.methods instanceof Map
-					? Array.from(underlying.methods.entries())
-					: Array.isArray(underlying.methods)
-						? underlying.methods.map((m) => [m.name ?? m, m])
-						: [];
-			for (const [mName, mSig] of methods) {
-				const key = `${d.name}.${mName}`;
-				if (!interfaceCalls.has(key)) {
-					interfaceCalls.set(key, {
-						ifaceName: d.name,
-						ifaceType: resolved,
-						methodName: mName,
-						methodSig: mSig,
-					});
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-function _makeInterfaceDispatcher(info, checker) {
-	let methodSig = info.methodSig;
-	if (!methodSig) {
-		const ifaceResolved =
-			checker?.resolveType?.(
-				info.ifaceType?.kind === "named"
-					? info.ifaceType.underlying
-					: info.ifaceType,
-			) ?? info.ifaceType;
-		if (ifaceResolved?.methods instanceof Map) {
-			methodSig = ifaceResolved.methods.get(info.methodName);
-		}
-	}
-
-	const params = [{ name: "__recv", type: { kind: "basic", name: "any" } }];
-	if (methodSig?.params) {
-		for (let p = 0; p < methodSig.params.length; p++) {
-			params.push({ name: `__arg${p}`, type: methodSig.params[p] });
-		}
-	} else if (info.callNode?.args) {
-		for (let p = 0; p < info.callNode.args.length; p++) {
-			params.push({
-				name: `__arg${p}`,
-				type: info.callNode.args[p]._type ?? {
-					kind: "basic",
-					name: "any",
-				},
-			});
-		}
-	}
-
-	let returnType = info.callNode?._type ?? null;
-	if (methodSig?.returns) {
-		returnType =
-			methodSig.returns.length === 1
-				? methodSig.returns[0]
-				: methodSig.returns.length > 1
-					? { kind: "tuple", types: methodSig.returns }
-					: null;
-	}
-
-	return {
-		kind: "FuncDecl",
-		name: `__dispatch_${info.ifaceName}_${info.methodName}`,
-		params,
-		returnType,
-		body: { kind: "Block", stmts: [], list: [] },
-		_isInterfaceDispatcher: true,
-		_ifaceName: info.ifaceName,
-		_ifaceType: info.ifaceType,
-		_methodName: info.methodName,
-		_rootFuncDecl: null,
-	};
-}
-
-function _scanFuncSigInterfaces(
-	progs,
-	funcDecls,
-	interfaceCalls,
-	checker,
-	mod,
-) {
-	const scanType = (t) => {
-		if (!t) return;
-		if (t.kind === "InterfaceType" || (t.kind === "interface" && !t.name)) {
-			const mList = getInterfaceMethodList(t);
-			if (mList.length === 0) return;
-			const ifaceName = anonIfaceName(t, checker, mod);
-			for (const m of mList) {
-				const key = `${ifaceName}.${m.name}`;
-				if (!interfaceCalls.has(key)) {
-					interfaceCalls.set(key, {
-						ifaceName,
-						ifaceType: t,
-						methodName: m.name,
-						methodSig: {
-							kind: "func",
-							params: m.params,
-							returns: m.returns,
-						},
-					});
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	};
-	for (const fn of funcDecls) {
-		for (const p of fn.params ?? []) scanType(p.type);
-		scanType(fn.returnType);
-	}
-	for (const p of progs) {
-		for (const d of p.decls ?? []) {
-			if (d.kind === "FuncDecl") {
-				for (const param of d.params ?? []) scanType(param.type);
-				scanType(d.returnType);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 function _collectInterfaceDispatchers(progs, funcDecls, mod, checker) {
 	const interfaceCalls = new Map();
 	for (const fn of funcDecls) {
@@ -3686,6 +1341,56 @@ function _registerIoSyntheticMethods(funcDecls, mod, strType, programs) {
 			),
 		);
 	}
+	const hasOs = importsAnyOf(progs, ["os"]);
+	if (hasOs && mod.structTypes.has("os.File")) {
+		const fPtr = {
+			kind: "pointer",
+			base: { kind: "named", name: "os.File" },
+		};
+		funcDecls.push(
+			ioHelper(
+				"os.File.Write",
+				[
+					{ name: "f", type: fPtr },
+					{ name: "p", type: BYTE_SLICE_T },
+				],
+				INT_ERR_RET,
+				"os_file_write",
+				{ _isMethod: true, _recvTypeName: "os.File", _methodName: "Write" },
+			),
+			ioHelper(
+				"os.File.WriteString",
+				[
+					{ name: "f", type: fPtr },
+					{ name: "s", type: strType },
+				],
+				INT_ERR_RET,
+				"os_file_write_string",
+				{
+					_isMethod: true,
+					_recvTypeName: "os.File",
+					_methodName: "WriteString",
+				},
+			),
+			ioHelper(
+				"os.File.Read",
+				[
+					{ name: "f", type: fPtr },
+					{ name: "p", type: BYTE_SLICE_T },
+				],
+				INT_ERR_RET,
+				"os_file_read",
+				{ _isMethod: true, _recvTypeName: "os.File", _methodName: "Read" },
+			),
+			ioHelper(
+				"os.File.Close",
+				[{ name: "f", type: fPtr }],
+				ERR_T,
+				"os_file_close",
+				{ _isMethod: true, _recvTypeName: "os.File", _methodName: "Close" },
+			),
+		);
+	}
 	const hasSha256 = importsAnyOf(progs, ["crypto/sha256", "sha256"]);
 	if (
 		hasSha256 &&