get-browser-fingerprint 5.1.1 → 5.2.0

package/README.md

@@ -1,60 +1,130 @@
 # get-browser-fingerprint
 
-A single and fast (<50ms) asynchronous function returning a browser fingerprint, without requiring any permission to the user.  
-Live [example here](https://damianobarbati.github.io/get-browser-fingerprint/).  
+A single asynchronous function that returns a browser fingerprint (8‑char hex) without requiring any user permission.
+
+Live [example here](https://damianobarbati.github.io/get-browser-fingerprint/).
+
+## Return value
+
+- **`fingerprint`** — MurmurHash3 (32-bit, hex) of the stable stringified payload.
+- **`elapsedMs`** — Execution time in milliseconds.
+- All collected signals are also spread on the returned object (e.g. `timezone`, `canvasID`, `webglID`, `languages`, …).
+
+## Collected signals
+
+- **UA / platform:** `vendor`, `platform`, `userAgentHighEntropy` (UA Client Hints: architecture, bitness, platformVersion, model, fullVersionList).
+- **Locale / Intl:** `languages`, `timezone`, `timezoneOffset`, `numberingSystem`, `intlCalendar`, `hourCycle`, `intlSupportedCalendars`.
+- **Preferences:** `reducedMotion`, `colorScheme`, `prefersContrast`, `prefersReducedTransparency`, `forcedColors`.
+- **Screen:** `devicePixelRatio`, `pixelDepth`, `colorDepth`, `screenOrientation`; on mobile: `width`, `height`, `aspectRatio`, `maxTouchPoints`.
+- **Network:** `connectionType`, `effectiveType`, `saveData` (when available).
+- **Device:** `hardwareConcurrency`, `deviceMemory`, `touchSupport`.
+- **Media / codecs:** `mediaCodecs` (canPlayType for common MIME types), `canvasID`, `webglID`, `webgpuID`, `audioID`.
+- **Other:** `fonts` (detected list), `pdfViewerEnabled`, `webdriver`, `permissionsState` (geolocation, notifications).
+
+Signals that fail or are unavailable are set to `null` (no throw).
 
 ## Assumptions
 
-The function is targeting stock installations of the following browsers (no extensions or add-ons installed):
+The function targets stock installations of:
+
 - Google Chrome (desktop and Android)
-- Mozilla Firefox (desktop, default tracking protection, no custom privacy flags enabled)
+- Mozilla Firefox (desktop, default tracking protection)
 - Microsoft Edge (desktop and Android)
 - Apple Safari (macOS)
 - Safari on iOS / iPadOS
 
-Explicit assumptions:
-- No privacy-focused extensions or add-ons installed.
-- Browser privacy settings left at factory defaults (no manual changes to fingerprint resistance features).
-- No hardened, anti-detect or heavily modified browser variants.
+Assumptions:
 
-Under these conditions the collected signals retain meaningful entropy in February 2026:
-- Canvas rendering (stable on Chrome, Edge, Firefox default; noisy or low-entropy on iOS Safari and partially on macOS Safari)
-- WebGL unmasked vendor and renderer (strong on desktop, more uniform on mobile)
-- Offline audio context (useful on Chrome, Edge, Firefox; heavily restricted on Safari)
-- WebGPU properties (if available; low but increasing entropy)
-- Locally installed fonts (valuable mainly on desktop Windows and macOS)
-- Passive signals (hardwareConcurrency, deviceMemory, screen, timezone, languages, etc.)
+- No privacy-focused extensions or add-ons.
+- Browser privacy settings at factory defaults.
+- No hardened or anti-detect browser variants.
 
-On browsers with strong default fingerprint resistance (Safari iOS, certain Firefox modes) entropy and stability decrease significantly.  
-The script does not attempt to bypass intentional randomization or hardening.
+Under these conditions the signals keep useful entropy; on Safari iOS or strict Firefox modes entropy can be lower. The script does not try to bypass intentional randomization or hardening.
 
 ## Usage
 
-Get browser fingerprint:
 ```js
-import getBrowserFingerprint from 'get-browser-fingerprint';
-const { fingerprint } = await getBrowserFingerprint();
-console.log(fingerprint);
+// Import the default async function
+import getBrowserFingerprint from 'get-browser-fingerprint'
+
+// Call once; result holds fingerprint, elapsedMs, and all collected signals
+const result = await getBrowserFingerprint()
+// Log the 8-char hex fingerprint
+console.log(result.fingerprint)
+// Log execution time in milliseconds
+console.log(result.elapsedMs)
+
+// Or destructure to get only the fingerprint
+const { fingerprint } = await getBrowserFingerprint()
+console.log(fingerprint)
 ```
 
-Options available:
-- `debug` (default `false`): log data used to generate fingerprint to console and add canvas/webgl/audio elements to body.
+Options:
+
+- **`debug`** (default `false`): append canvas / WebGL / audio debug elements to `document.body` and include extra debug output.
+
+```js
+const result = await getBrowserFingerprint({ debug: true })
+```
+
+### CDN
+
+Load as ESM from a CDN:
+
+```html
+<script type="module">
+  import getBrowserFingerprint from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/get-browser-fingerprint/+esm'
+  const { fingerprint, elapsedMs } = await getBrowserFingerprint()
+  console.log(fingerprint, elapsedMs)
+</script>
+```
+
+Or with a version pin:
+
+```html
+<script type="module">
+  import getBrowserFingerprint from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/get-browser-fingerprint@latest/+esm'
+  const result = await getBrowserFingerprint()
+  console.log(result.fingerprint)
+</script>
+```
 
 ## Development
 
-To test locally:
+Install and run tests:
+
 ```sh
-fnm install # nodejs from .nvmrc
+fnm install
 npm install -g corepack
-corepack enable # package manager from package.json
-corepack install # package manager from package.json
-pnpm install # install deps
+corepack enable
+corepack install
+pnpm install
 pnpm exec playwright install chromium
 pnpm exec playwright install firefox
 pnpm test
 ```
 
-To run the example locally:
+Run the demo locally (serve `src/`):
+
 ```sh
 pnpm serve -p 80 ./src
+# or
+npm run serve
 ```
+
+Then open `http://localhost/index.html` (or port 80 if using `-p 80`).
+
+## References
+
+- [Fingerprinting (MDN Glossary)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Fingerprinting)
+- [HTTP Client hints (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Guides/Client_hints)
+- [Intl.DateTimeFormat.resolvedOptions() (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/DateTimeFormat/resolvedOptions)
+- [Intl.supportedValuesOf() (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl/supportedValuesOf)
+- [Mitigating Browser Fingerprinting (W3C)](https://w3c.github.io/fingerprinting-guidance/)
+- [Navigator (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Navigator)
+- [NavigatorUAData.getHighEntropyValues() (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NavigatorUAData/getHighEntropyValues)
+- [NetworkInformation (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NetworkInformation)
+- [Permissions API (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Permissions_API)
+- [Screen (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Screen)
+- [User-Agent Client Hints API (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/User-Agent_Client_Hints_API)
+- [Window.devicePixelRatio (MDN)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/devicePixelRatio)

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "get-browser-fingerprint",
-  "version": "5.1.1",
+  "version": "5.2.0",
   "author": "Damiano Barbati <damiano.barbati@gmail.com> (https://github.com/damianobarbati)",
   "repository": "https://github.com/damianobarbati/get-browser-fingerprint",
   "license": "MIT",
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@
     "test": "node --test --test-reporter=spec --test-reporter-destination=stdout"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@biomejs/biome": "^2.4.0",
+    "@biomejs/biome": "^2.4.8",
     "@playwright/test": "^1.58.2",
-    "serve": "^14.2.5"
+    "serve": "^14.2.6"
   }
 }

package/src/index.d.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ export interface FingerprintOptions {
 
 export type FingerprintResult = {
   fingerprint: string;
-} & Record<string, string>;
+  elapsedMs: number;
+} & Record<string, unknown>;
 
 export default function getBrowserFingerprint(options?: FingerprintOptions): Promise<FingerprintResult>;
 

package/src/index.js

@@ -1,297 +1,104 @@
-const murmurHash3 = (key, seed = 0) => {
-  let h = seed ^ key.length;
-
-  let i = 0;
-  const len = key.length;
-
-  while (i + 3 < len) {
-    let k = (key.charCodeAt(i) & 0xff) | ((key.charCodeAt(i + 1) & 0xff) << 8) | ((key.charCodeAt(i + 2) & 0xff) << 16) | ((key.charCodeAt(i + 3) & 0xff) << 24);
-    k = Math.imul(k, 0xcc9e2d51);
-    k = (k << 15) | (k >>> 17); // ROTL32(k, 15)
-    k = Math.imul(k, 0x1b873593);
-    h ^= k;
-    h = (h << 13) | (h >>> 19); // ROTL32(h, 13)
-    h = Math.imul(h, 5) + 0xe6546b64;
-    i += 4;
-  }
-
-  // tail
-  let k1 = 0;
-  switch (len - i) {
-    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noFallthroughSwitchClause: ignore
-    case 3:
-      k1 ^= (key.charCodeAt(i + 2) & 0xff) << 16;
-    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noFallthroughSwitchClause: ignore
-    case 2:
-      k1 ^= (key.charCodeAt(i + 1) & 0xff) << 8;
-    case 1:
-      k1 ^= key.charCodeAt(i) & 0xff;
-      k1 = Math.imul(k1, 0xcc9e2d51);
-      k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >>> 17);
-      k1 = Math.imul(k1, 0x1b873593);
-      h ^= k1;
-  }
-
-  h ^= h >>> 16;
-  h = Math.imul(h, 0x85ebca6b);
-  h ^= h >>> 13;
-  h = Math.imul(h, 0xc2b2ae35);
-  h ^= h >>> 16;
-  h = h >>> 0; // force unsigned 32 bit
-
-  const result = h.toString(16).padStart(8, '0');
-  return result;
-};
-
-const safe = async (fn) => {
-  try {
-    return await fn();
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-};
-
-const stableStringify = (obj) => {
-  // handle null, string, number, boolean
-  if (obj === null || typeof obj !== 'object') return JSON.stringify(obj);
-  // handle arrays recursively
-  if (Array.isArray(obj)) return `[${obj.map(stableStringify).join(',')}]`;
-
-  const keys = Object.keys(obj).sort();
-  const parts = [];
-  for (const key of keys) {
-    const value = obj[key];
-    if (value !== undefined) parts.push(`${stableStringify(key)}:${stableStringify(value)}`);
-  }
-
-  return `{${parts.join(',')}}`;
-};
-
-const isMobile = () =>
-  navigator.userAgentData?.mobile === true ||
-  /Mobi|Android|iPhone|iPad|iPod|webOS|BlackBerry|Windows Phone/i.test(navigator.userAgent) ||
-  (navigator.maxTouchPoints > 0 && matchMedia('(pointer:coarse)').matches && innerWidth <= 1024);
-
-/** @type {import('./index.d.ts').getBrowserFingerprint} */
-const getBrowserFingerprint = async ({ debug = false } = {}) => {
-  // software
-  const fonts = await safe(() => getFonts());
-  const numberingSystem = await safe(() => new Intl.NumberFormat(window.navigator.languages?.[0] || 'en').resolvedOptions().numberingSystem);
-  const languages = window.navigator.languages ? Array.from(window.navigator.languages).join(',') : window.navigator.language || null;
-  const timezone = Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().timeZone;
-  const timezoneOffset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();
-  const reducedMotion = window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches ? 'reduce' : 'no-preference';
-  const colorScheme = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches ? 'dark' : 'light';
-
-  // hardware
-  const forcedColors = window.matchMedia('(forced-colors: active)').matches ? 'active' : null;
-  const { pixelDepth, colorDepth } = window.screen;
-  const touchSupport = 'ontouchstart' in window || window.navigator.maxTouchPoints > 0;
-  const canvasID = await safe(() => getCanvasID(debug));
-  const webglID = await safe(() => getWebglID());
-  const webgpuID = await safe(() => getWebgpuID(debug));
-  const audioID = await safe(() => getAudioID(debug));
-  const aspectRatio = window.screen.width && window.screen.height ? (window.screen.width / window.screen.height).toFixed(4) : null;
-
-  const data = {
-    // SOFTWARE
-    vendor: window.navigator.vendor || null, // vendor
-    platform: window.navigator.platform || null, // os
-    fonts, // stable default os setting
-    numberingSystem, // stable default os setting
-    languages, // stable user locale/setting
-    timezone, // stable user locale/setting
-    timezoneOffset, // stable user locale/setting
-    reducedMotion, // stable user locale/setting
-    colorScheme, // stable user locale/setting
-    // HARDWARE
-    hardwareConcurrency: window.navigator.hardwareConcurrency || null, // cpu
-    deviceMemory: window.navigator.deviceMemory || null, // ram
-    forcedColors, // display
-    pixelDepth, // display
-    colorDepth, // display
-    touchSupport, // display
-    canvasID, // gpu
-    webglID, // gpu
-    webgpuID, // gpu
-    audioID, // audio
-  };
-
-  const mobileData = {
-    aspectRatio,
-    width: window.screen.width,
-    height: window.screen.height,
-    maxTouchPoints: window.navigator.maxTouchPoints,
-  };
-
-  if (isMobile()) Object.assign(data, mobileData);
-
-  const payload = stableStringify(data);
-  const fingerprint = murmurHash3(payload);
-  return { fingerprint, ...data };
-};
-
-const getCanvasID = async (debug) => {
-  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-  canvas.width = 280;
-  canvas.height = 100;
-  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
-
-  // background with gradient
-  const grad = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 280, 100);
-  grad.addColorStop(0, '#f60');
-  grad.addColorStop(0.4, '#09f');
-  grad.addColorStop(0.7, '#f09');
-  grad.addColorStop(1, '#0f9');
-  ctx.fillStyle = grad;
-  ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 280, 100);
-
-  // text with multiple fonts and emoji
-  ctx.font = '18px "Arial","Helvetica","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif';
-  ctx.fillStyle = '#000';
-  ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
-  ctx.fillText('Fingerprint ¼½¾™©®∆π∑€¶§', 12, 45);
-
-  ctx.font = 'bold 22px "Georgia","Times New Roman",serif';
-  ctx.fillStyle = '#222';
-  ctx.fillText('🦊🐱🚀 2026', 12, 78);
-
-  // content with antialiasing and compositing
-  ctx.globalAlpha = 0.7;
-  ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255, 80, 0, 0.35)';
-  ctx.fillRect(180, 20, 80, 60);
-
-  ctx.beginPath();
-  ctx.arc(220, 50, 32, 0, Math.PI * 2);
-  ctx.strokeStyle = '#fff';
-  ctx.lineWidth = 4;
-  ctx.stroke();
-
-  ctx.beginPath();
-  ctx.moveTo(30, 85);
-  ctx.quadraticCurveTo(140, 20, 240, 85);
-  ctx.strokeStyle = '#00f';
-  ctx.lineWidth = 3;
-  ctx.stroke();
-
-  if (debug) {
-    canvas.style.border = '1px solid #444';
-    document.body.appendChild(canvas);
-  }
-
-  const dataUrl = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
-  const result = murmurHash3(dataUrl);
-  return result;
-};
-
-const getWebglID = () => {
-  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
-  const gl = canvas.getContext('webgl') || canvas.getContext('experimental-webgl');
-  const debugInfo = gl.getExtension('WEBGL_debug_renderer_info');
-  const vendor = debugInfo ? gl.getParameter(debugInfo.UNMASKED_VENDOR_WEBGL) : gl.getParameter(gl.VENDOR);
-  const renderer = debugInfo ? gl.getParameter(debugInfo.UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL) : gl.getParameter(gl.RENDERER);
-  const info = { vendor, renderer };
-  const result = murmurHash3(stableStringify(info));
-  return result;
-};
-
-const getWebgpuID = async (debug) => {
-  const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: 'high-performance' });
-  const vendor = adapter.info?.vendor ?? '';
-  const architecture = adapter.info?.architecture ?? '';
-  const description = adapter.info?.description ?? '';
-  const features = Array.from(adapter.features).sort();
-  const limits = Array.from(adapter.limits).sort();
-  const info = { vendor, architecture, description, features, limits };
-
-  if (debug) {
-    const debugDiv = document.createElement('pre');
-    debugDiv.style.margin = '10px 0';
-    debugDiv.style.padding = '10px';
-    debugDiv.style.border = '1px solid #444';
-    debugDiv.style.background = '#111';
-    debugDiv.style.color = '#0f8';
-    debugDiv.style.fontFamily = 'monospace';
-    debugDiv.textContent = `WebGPU:\n${JSON.stringify(info, null, 2)}`;
-    document.body.appendChild(debugDiv);
-  }
-
-  const result = murmurHash3(stableStringify(info));
-  return result;
-};
-
-const getAudioID = async (debug) => {
+const getAudioID = async (isDebug) => {
   const OfflineCtx = window.OfflineAudioContext || window.webkitOfflineAudioContext;
-
   const context = new OfflineCtx(1, 6000, 44100);
   const osc = context.createOscillator();
   osc.type = 'sawtooth';
   osc.frequency.value = 8800;
-
   const compressor = context.createDynamicsCompressor();
   compressor.threshold.value = -48;
   compressor.knee.value = 30;
   compressor.ratio.value = 14;
   compressor.attack.value = 0;
   compressor.release.value = 0.3;
-
   const gain = context.createGain();
   gain.gain.value = 0.4;
-
   osc.connect(compressor);
   compressor.connect(gain);
   gain.connect(context.destination);
-
   osc.start(0);
   const buffer = await context.startRendering();
   const channel = buffer.getChannelData(0);
-
   let hash = 0;
   let hash2 = 0;
   for (let i = 3000; i < 5800; i += 2) {
-    const v = channel[i];
-    hash = (hash * 31 + Math.floor((v + 1) * 100000)) | 0;
-    hash2 = Math.imul(hash2 ^ Math.floor(v * 98765), 0x85ebca77);
+    const sampleValue = channel[i];
+    hash = (hash * 31 + Math.floor((sampleValue + 1) * 100000)) | 0;
+    hash2 = Math.imul(hash2 ^ Math.floor(sampleValue * 98765), 0x85ebca77);
   }
   const final = (hash >>> 0) ^ (hash2 >>> 0);
-
-  if (debug) {
-    const wc = document.createElement('canvas');
-    wc.width = 500;
-    wc.height = 120;
-    wc.style.border = '1px solid #444';
-    wc.style.margin = '10px 0';
-    wc.title = 'Audio buffer snippet (4500–5000 samples)';
-
-    const ctx = wc.getContext('2d');
+  if (isDebug) {
+    const waveformCanvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+    waveformCanvas.width = 500;
+    waveformCanvas.height = 120;
+    waveformCanvas.style.border = '1px solid #444';
+    waveformCanvas.style.margin = '10px 0';
+    waveformCanvas.title = 'Audio buffer snippet (4500–5000 samples)';
+    const ctx = waveformCanvas.getContext('2d');
     ctx.fillStyle = '#111';
-    ctx.fillRect(0, 0, wc.width, wc.height);
-
+    ctx.fillRect(0, 0, waveformCanvas.width, waveformCanvas.height);
     ctx.font = '14px monospace';
     ctx.fillStyle = '#0f8';
     ctx.textAlign = 'left';
     ctx.fillText('AudioID', 10, 20);
-
     ctx.strokeStyle = '#0f8';
     ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
     ctx.beginPath();
-
     const waveform = Array.from(channel.slice(4500, 5000));
-    const step = wc.width / waveform.length;
-
+    const step = waveformCanvas.width / waveform.length;
     for (let i = 0; i < waveform.length; i++) {
       const x = i * step;
-      const y = ((waveform[i] + 1) / 2) * wc.height;
-      if (i === 0) ctx.moveTo(x, y);
-      else ctx.lineTo(x, y);
+      const y = ((waveform[i] + 1) / 2) * waveformCanvas.height;
+      if (i === 0) {
+        ctx.moveTo(x, y);
+      } else {
+        ctx.lineTo(x, y);
+      }
     }
     ctx.stroke();
-
-    document.body.appendChild(wc);
+    document.body.appendChild(waveformCanvas);
   }
+  return murmurHash3Hex(final.toString(16));
+};
 
-  const result = murmurHash3(final.toString(16));
-  return result;
+const getCanvasID = async (isDebug) => {
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  canvas.width = 280;
+  canvas.height = 100;
+  const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
+  const gradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 280, 100);
+  gradient.addColorStop(0, '#f60');
+  gradient.addColorStop(0.4, '#09f');
+  gradient.addColorStop(0.7, '#f09');
+  gradient.addColorStop(1, '#0f9');
+  ctx.fillStyle = gradient;
+  ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 280, 100);
+  ctx.font = '18px "Arial","Helvetica","DejaVu Sans",sans-serif';
+  ctx.fillStyle = '#000';
+  ctx.textBaseline = 'alphabetic';
+  ctx.fillText('Fingerprint ¼½¾™©®∆π∑€¶§', 12, 45);
+  ctx.font = 'bold 22px "Georgia","Times New Roman",serif';
+  ctx.fillStyle = '#222';
+  ctx.fillText('🦊🐱🚀 2026', 12, 78);
+  ctx.globalAlpha = 0.7;
+  ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255, 80, 0, 0.35)';
+  ctx.fillRect(180, 20, 80, 60);
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.arc(220, 50, 32, 0, Math.PI * 2);
+  ctx.strokeStyle = '#fff';
+  ctx.lineWidth = 4;
+  ctx.stroke();
+  ctx.beginPath();
+  ctx.moveTo(30, 85);
+  ctx.quadraticCurveTo(140, 20, 240, 85);
+  ctx.strokeStyle = '#00f';
+  ctx.lineWidth = 3;
+  ctx.stroke();
+  if (isDebug) {
+    canvas.style.border = '1px solid #444';
+    document.body.appendChild(canvas);
+  }
+  const dataUrl = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
+  return murmurHash3Hex(dataUrl);
 };
 
 const getFonts = () => {
@@ -313,7 +120,6 @@ const getFonts = () => {
     '-apple-system',
     'BlinkMacSystemFont',
   ];
-
   const span = document.createElement('span');
   span.style.fontSize = '72px';
   span.style.position = 'absolute';
@@ -321,13 +127,11 @@ const getFonts = () => {
   span.style.whiteSpace = 'nowrap';
   span.textContent = 'mmmmmmmmmwwwwwww';
   document.body.appendChild(span);
-
   const defaults = {};
   for (const base of baseFonts) {
     span.style.fontFamily = base;
     defaults[base] = span.offsetWidth;
   }
-
   const detected = [];
   for (const font of testFonts) {
     let found = false;
@@ -346,10 +150,243 @@ const getFonts = () => {
       }
     }
   }
-
   document.body.removeChild(span);
-  const info = detected.length ? detected.sort().join(',') : null;
-  return info;
+  return detected.length ? detected.sort().join(',') : null;
+};
+
+const getMediaCodecs = () => {
+  const video = document.createElement('video');
+  const mimeList = ['video/webm', 'video/mp4', 'video/ogg', 'audio/mp4', 'audio/webm', 'audio/ogg', 'audio/mpeg'];
+  const codecSupportMap = {};
+  for (const mime of mimeList) {
+    const playbackSupport = video.canPlayType(mime);
+    codecSupportMap[mime] = playbackSupport === '' ? 'no' : playbackSupport;
+  }
+  return stableStringify(codecSupportMap);
+};
+
+const getWebglID = async () => {
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+  const gl = canvas.getContext('webgl') || canvas.getContext('experimental-webgl');
+  const debugInfo = gl.getExtension('WEBGL_debug_renderer_info');
+  const vendor = debugInfo ? gl.getParameter(debugInfo.UNMASKED_VENDOR_WEBGL) : gl.getParameter(gl.VENDOR);
+  const renderer = debugInfo ? gl.getParameter(debugInfo.UNMASKED_RENDERER_WEBGL) : gl.getParameter(gl.RENDERER);
+  const webglInfo = { vendor, renderer };
+  return murmurHash3Hex(stableStringify(webglInfo));
+};
+
+const getWebgpuID = async (isDebug) => {
+  const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: 'high-performance' });
+  const vendor = adapter.info?.vendor ?? '';
+  const architecture = adapter.info?.architecture ?? '';
+  const description = adapter.info?.description ?? '';
+  const features = Array.from(adapter.features).sort();
+  const limits = Array.from(adapter.limits).sort();
+  const webgpuInfo = { vendor, architecture, description, features, limits };
+  if (isDebug) {
+    const debugDiv = document.createElement('pre');
+    debugDiv.style.margin = '10px 0';
+    debugDiv.style.padding = '10px';
+    debugDiv.style.border = '1px solid #444';
+    debugDiv.style.background = '#111';
+    debugDiv.style.color = '#0f8';
+    debugDiv.style.fontFamily = 'monospace';
+    debugDiv.textContent = `WebGPU:\n${JSON.stringify(webgpuInfo, null, 2)}`;
+    document.body.appendChild(debugDiv);
+  }
+  return murmurHash3Hex(stableStringify(webgpuInfo));
+};
+
+const isMobile = () =>
+  navigator.userAgentData?.mobile === true ||
+  /Mobi|Android|iPhone|iPad|iPod|webOS|BlackBerry|Windows Phone/i.test(navigator.userAgent) ||
+  (navigator.maxTouchPoints > 0 && matchMedia('(pointer:coarse)').matches && innerWidth <= 1024);
+
+const safe = async (asyncFn) => {
+  try {
+    return await asyncFn();
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+};
+
+const murmurHash3Hex = (inputString, seed = 1) => {
+  const data = new TextEncoder().encode(inputString);
+  const c1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
+  const c2 = 0x1b873593;
+  let h1 = seed >>> 0;
+
+  const blockCount = Math.floor(data.length / 4);
+  const dataView = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+  for (let i = 0; i < blockCount; i++) {
+    let k1 = dataView.getUint32(i * 4, true);
+    k1 = Math.imul(k1, c1);
+    k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >>> 17);
+    k1 = Math.imul(k1, c2);
+    h1 ^= k1;
+    h1 = (h1 << 13) | (h1 >>> 19);
+    h1 = (Math.imul(h1, 5) + 0xe6546b64) >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  let k1 = 0;
+  const tailIndex = blockCount * 4;
+  const remainder = data.length & 3;
+  if (remainder === 3) {
+    k1 ^= data[tailIndex + 2] << 16;
+  }
+  if (remainder >= 2) {
+    k1 ^= data[tailIndex + 1] << 8;
+  }
+  if (remainder >= 1) {
+    k1 ^= data[tailIndex];
+    k1 = Math.imul(k1, c1);
+    k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >>> 17);
+    k1 = Math.imul(k1, c2);
+    h1 ^= k1;
+  }
+
+  h1 ^= data.length;
+  h1 ^= h1 >>> 16;
+  h1 = Math.imul(h1, 0x85ebca6b) >>> 0;
+  h1 ^= h1 >>> 13;
+  h1 = Math.imul(h1, 0xc2b2ae35) >>> 0;
+  h1 ^= h1 >>> 16;
+  return h1.toString(16).padStart(8, '0');
+};
+
+const stableStringify = (value) => {
+  if (value === null || typeof value !== 'object') {
+    return JSON.stringify(value);
+  }
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return `[${value.map(stableStringify).join(',')}]`;
+  }
+  const keys = Object.keys(value).sort();
+  const parts = [];
+  for (const key of keys) {
+    const item = value[key];
+    if (item !== undefined) {
+      parts.push(`${stableStringify(key)}:${stableStringify(item)}`);
+    }
+  }
+  return `{${parts.join(',')}}`;
+};
+
+const getBrowserFingerprint = async ({ debug: isDebug = false } = {}) => {
+  const startTime = performance.now();
+  const userAgentHighEntropy = await safe(async () => {
+    if (!window.navigator.userAgentData || typeof window.navigator.userAgentData.getHighEntropyValues !== 'function') {
+      return null;
+    }
+    const highEntropyValues = await window.navigator.userAgentData.getHighEntropyValues(['architecture', 'bitness', 'platformVersion', 'model', 'fullVersionList']);
+    return stableStringify(highEntropyValues);
+  });
+  const mediaCodecs = await safe(() => getMediaCodecs());
+  const fonts = await safe(() => getFonts());
+  const numberingSystem = await safe(() => new Intl.NumberFormat(window.navigator.languages?.[0] || 'en').resolvedOptions().numberingSystem);
+  const languages = window.navigator.languages ? Array.from(window.navigator.languages).join(',') : window.navigator.language || null;
+  const intlResolved = Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions();
+  const timezone = intlResolved.timeZone;
+  const timezoneOffset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();
+  const intlCalendar = intlResolved.calendar || null;
+  const hourCycle = intlResolved.hour12 !== undefined ? (intlResolved.hour12 ? 'h12' : 'h23') : intlResolved.hourCycle || null;
+  const reducedMotion = window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches ? 'reduce' : 'no-preference';
+  const colorScheme = window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches ? 'dark' : 'light';
+  const prefersContrast = window.matchMedia('(prefers-contrast: more)').matches
+    ? 'more'
+    : window.matchMedia('(prefers-contrast: less)').matches
+      ? 'less'
+      : window.matchMedia('(prefers-contrast: custom)').matches
+        ? 'custom'
+        : 'no-preference';
+  const prefersReducedTransparency = window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-transparency: reduce)').matches ? 'reduce' : 'no-preference';
+  const forcedColors = window.matchMedia('(forced-colors: active)').matches ? 'active' : null;
+  const devicePixelRatio = typeof window.devicePixelRatio === 'number' ? Math.round(window.devicePixelRatio * 100) / 100 : null;
+  const { pixelDepth, colorDepth } = window.screen;
+  const touchSupport = 'ontouchstart' in window || window.navigator.maxTouchPoints > 0;
+  const canvasID = await safe(() => getCanvasID(isDebug));
+  const webglID = await safe(() => getWebglID());
+  const webgpuID = await safe(() => getWebgpuID(isDebug));
+  const audioID = await safe(() => getAudioID(isDebug));
+  const aspectRatio = window.screen.width && window.screen.height ? (window.screen.width / window.screen.height).toFixed(4) : null;
+  const screenOrientation = await safe(() => window.screen.orientation?.type || null);
+  const networkConnection = window.navigator.connection || window.navigator.mozConnection || window.navigator.webkitConnection;
+  const connectionType = networkConnection ? networkConnection.type || null : null;
+  const effectiveType = networkConnection?.effectiveType || null;
+  const saveData = networkConnection?.saveData === true;
+  const pdfViewerEnabled = typeof window.navigator.pdfViewerEnabled === 'boolean' ? window.navigator.pdfViewerEnabled : null;
+  const webdriver = typeof window.navigator.webdriver === 'boolean' ? window.navigator.webdriver : null;
+  const intlSupportedCalendars = await safe(() => {
+    if (typeof Intl.supportedValuesOf !== 'function') {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return Intl.supportedValuesOf('calendar').join(',');
+  });
+  const permissionsState = await safe(async () => {
+    if (!window.navigator.permissions || typeof window.navigator.permissions.query !== 'function') {
+      return null;
+    }
+    const permissionNames = ['geolocation', 'notifications'];
+    const permissionStateMap = {};
+    for (const name of permissionNames) {
+      try {
+        const permissionResult = await window.navigator.permissions.query({ name });
+        permissionStateMap[name] = permissionResult.state;
+      } catch {
+        permissionStateMap[name] = 'unsupported';
+      }
+    }
+    return stableStringify(permissionStateMap);
+  });
+  const data = {
+    vendor: window.navigator.vendor || null,
+    platform: window.navigator.platform || null,
+    userAgentHighEntropy: userAgentHighEntropy || null,
+    mediaCodecs: mediaCodecs || null,
+    fonts,
+    numberingSystem,
+    languages,
+    timezone,
+    timezoneOffset,
+    intlCalendar,
+    hourCycle,
+    reducedMotion,
+    colorScheme,
+    prefersContrast,
+    prefersReducedTransparency,
+    pdfViewerEnabled,
+    webdriver,
+    intlSupportedCalendars: intlSupportedCalendars || null,
+    permissionsState: permissionsState || null,
+    hardwareConcurrency: window.navigator.hardwareConcurrency || null,
+    deviceMemory: window.navigator.deviceMemory || null,
+    forcedColors,
+    devicePixelRatio,
+    pixelDepth,
+    colorDepth,
+    touchSupport,
+    screenOrientation: screenOrientation || null,
+    connectionType,
+    effectiveType,
+    saveData,
+    canvasID,
+    webglID,
+    webgpuID,
+    audioID,
+  };
+  const mobileData = {
+    aspectRatio,
+    width: window.screen.width,
+    height: window.screen.height,
+    maxTouchPoints: window.navigator.maxTouchPoints,
+  };
+  if (isMobile()) {
+    Object.assign(data, mobileData);
+  }
+  const payload = stableStringify(data);
+  const fingerprint = murmurHash3Hex(payload);
+  const elapsedMs = Math.round(performance.now() - startTime);
+  return { fingerprint, ...data, elapsedMs };
 };
 
 if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {