formulab 0.10.1 → 0.10.3

package/README.md

@@ -1,659 +1,659 @@
-# formulab
-
-> Industrial & manufacturing calculation library for engineers
-
-[![npm version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/formulab.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/formulab)
-[![CI](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
-[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
-[![TypeScript](https://img.shields.io/badge/TypeScript-Ready-blue.svg)](https://www.typescriptlang.org/)
-
-A comprehensive collection of engineering formulas and calculations for manufacturing, quality control, logistics, and industrial applications. Zero dependencies, fully typed, tree-shakeable.
-
-## Features
-
-- **174 industrial calculations + 8 type guards** — OEE, Cpk, SPC control charts, Gage R&R, Weibull, metal weight, CNC machining, GD&T, pipe flow, CBM, NIOSH lifting, PMV/PPD, arc flash, battery SOH, GHG emissions, PID tuning, and more
-- **14 specialized domains** — Quality, Metal, Chemical, Electronics, Construction, Automotive, Logistics, Energy, Safety, Food, Utility, Battery, Environmental, Machining
-- **Zero dependencies** — Lightweight and fast
-- **TypeScript first** — Full type definitions included
-- **Tree-shakeable** — Import only what you need
-- **2,494 tests** — Coverage thresholds: 90% lines, 95% functions, 85% branches ([CI pipeline](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab/actions/workflows/ci.yml))
-- **Research-based** — Golden reference tests verified against NIOSH 94-110, AIAG/ASTM E2587, JIPM, ASME B16.5, ISO 22514-2, and more
-
-## Verification Status
-
-| Domain | Functions | Golden Tests | Key References |
-|--------|-----------|-------------|----------------|
-| Quality | 18 | oee, cpk, controlChart, gageRR | ISO 22400-2, AIAG/ASTM E2587, JIPM, AIAG MSA |
-| Metal | 25 | metalWeight | Machinery's Handbook, ASME B36.10/B16.5 |
-| Logistics | 17 | cbm | Physical formula |
-| Safety | 14 | nioshLifting | NIOSH 94-110, ISO 7730, IEEE 1584, OSHA |
-| Chemical | 12 | — | Darcy-Weisbach, Fourier, API 520, ISA |
-| Electronics | 11 | — | IPC-2221 |
-| Construction | 12 | — | AISC, Timoshenko |
-| Automotive | 9 | — | AASHTO, SAE J1772 |
-| Energy | 15 | — | NREL PVWatts, ISO 50001 |
-| Food | 6 | — | HACCP, ICH Q1A |
-| Utility | 16 | — | — |
-| Battery | 10 | — | IEEE 1188, IEC 62620, Battery University |
-| Environmental | 10 | — | GHG Protocol, IPCC AR6, IEA 2023 |
-| Machining | 12 | — | Machinery's Handbook, ASME Y14.5, Sandvik Coromant |
-
-> Functions with golden reference tests have been verified against authoritative engineering sources.
-> See each function's JSDoc for specific references.
-
-## Numerical Accuracy & Testing
-
-### Floating-Point Handling
-
-All calculations use a sign-aware `roundTo()` utility with epsilon correction to avoid IEEE 754 rounding artifacts:
-
-```typescript
-roundTo(0.615, 2)   // → 0.62  (not 0.61)
-roundTo(-2.555, 2)  // → -2.56 (sign-aware)
-```
-
-Non-finite values (`NaN`, `Infinity`) pass through unchanged. All validation errors throw `RangeError` — no function returns NaN or Infinity for invalid inputs. Each function's JSDoc specifies output precision (typically 2-4 decimal places) and `@throws` conditions.
-
-### Golden Reference Tests
-
-The following functions include tests verified against published reference values:
-
-| Function | Standard / Source | What is verified |
-|----------|-------------------|------------------|
-| `nioshLifting()` | NIOSH Publication 94-110 | LC=23kg ideal, FM/CM table values, RWL calculation |
-| `oee()` | JIPM TPM Handbook | World-class OEE (A≥90%, P≥95%, Q≥99.9%), perfect 100% |
-| `cpk()` | ISO 22514-2 | Six Sigma Cpk=2.0, minimum capable Cpk≈1.33, off-center penalty |
-| `controlChart()` | AIAG/ASTM E2587-16 | A2, D3, D4, d2 constants for n=2, 3, 5 |
-| `cbm()` | Physical formula | 20ft container 33.2m³, 1m³ cube reference |
-| `metalWeight()` | Machinery's Handbook | Steel plate density 7.85 g/cm³ |
-| `flangeSpec()` | ASME B16.5 | Class 150/300/600 flange dimensions |
-| `pipeSpec()` | ASME B36.10 | SCH40/80/160 wall thickness |
-| `awgProperties()` | ANSI/AWG | AWG 0-40 diameter, resistance |
-
-### Edge Case Handling
-
-Functions validate or handle these boundary conditions:
-
-- **Division by zero**: `cpk()` with zero standard deviation, `oee()` with zero planned time
-- **Out-of-range inputs**: `tolerance()` rejects invalid IT grades, `aql()` validates lot sizes
-- **Physical impossibility**: `pressFit()` rejects negative interference, `nioshLifting()` clamps multipliers to [0, 1]
-- **Extreme values**: `aql()` handles 1M-unit lots, `awgProperties()` covers AWG 0-40
-
-### Optimization Functions — Algorithms & Limitations
-
-Three functions solve NP-hard combinatorial problems using **heuristic** algorithms. They provide good practical results but **do not guarantee optimal solutions**:
-
-| Function | Algorithm | Complexity | Optimality |
-|----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
-| `tsp()` | Nearest Neighbor + 2-Opt local search; brute force for n ≤ 10 | O(n²) per NN start, O(n!) exact for n ≤ 10 | **Heuristic** — no approximation ratio guarantee; exact only for n ≤ 10 |
-| `pallet3d()` | Bottom-Left-Fill + First Fit Decreasing with AABB collision & stability checks | O(m² × n) where m = placed boxes | **Heuristic** — greedy placement; enforces physical constraints (80% support, weight limit) |
-| `cuttingStock()` | First Fit Decreasing (FFD) or Best Fit Decreasing (BFD), user-selectable | O(q²) worst case | **FFD: ≤ 11/9 × OPT + 1** (proven bound); not optimal |
-
-> For mission-critical optimization requiring proven-optimal solutions, use dedicated solvers (e.g., OR-Tools, Gurobi). These functions are designed for quick shop-floor estimates.
-
-### CI Pipeline
-
-GitHub Actions runs on every push to `main` and every pull request:
-
-- **Matrix**: Node.js 18, 20
-- **Steps**: `pnpm install` → `tsc` (type check) → `vitest run --coverage`
-- **Coverage enforcement**: Fails if below thresholds (lines 90%, functions 95%, branches 85%, statements 90%)
-
-```bash
-# Run tests locally
-pnpm test
-
-# Run with coverage report
-pnpm test:coverage
-```
-
-## Installation
-
-```bash
-npm install formulab
-```
-
-```bash
-pnpm add formulab
-```
-
-## Quick Start
-
-```typescript
-import { oee, metalWeight, cbm } from 'formulab';
-
-// Calculate OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness)
-const result = oee({
-  rawData: {
-    plannedTime: 480,      // minutes (8 hours)
-    runTime: 432,          // minutes (90% availability)
-    totalCount: 1000,
-    goodCount: 990,        // 99% quality
-    idealCycleTime: 0.456, // minutes per piece (95% performance)
-  },
-});
-console.log(result.percentages.oee); // 84.6%
-
-// Calculate metal weight
-const weight = metalWeight({
-  shape: 'plate',
-  materialName: 'steel',
-  length: 1000,    // mm
-  width: 500,      // mm
-  thickness: 10,   // mm
-});
-console.log(weight.weight); // 39.25 kg
-
-// Calculate CBM (Cubic Meter)
-const volume = cbm({
-  length: 120,
-  width: 80,
-  height: 100,
-  quantity: 1,
-  unit: 'cm',
-});
-console.log(volume.totalCbm); // 0.96 m³
-```
-
-## Domains
-
-### Quality & Production (18 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { oee, cpk, taktTime, dpmo, controlChart, gageRR, weibull } from 'formulab/quality';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `oee()` | Overall Equipment Effectiveness |
-| `cpk()` | Process Capability Index |
-| `controlChart()` | SPC X-bar/R and X-bar/S charts |
-| `cycleTime()` | Cycle Time analysis |
-| `taktTime()` | Takt Time calculation |
-| `aql()` | AQL sampling inspection |
-| `downtime()` | Downtime analysis |
-| `dpmo()` | Defects Per Million Opportunities |
-| `lineBalancing()` | Line balancing optimization |
-| `mtbf()` | Mean Time Between Failures |
-| `ppk()` | Process Performance Index |
-| `ppm()` | Parts Per Million conversion |
-| `rpn()` | Risk Priority Number (FMEA) |
-| `yieldCalc()` | First Pass Yield / RTY |
-| `gageRR()` | Gage R&R (AIAG MSA Average & Range) |
-| `cmk()` | Machine capability index Cm/Cmk |
-| `weibull()` | Weibull reliability analysis |
-| `paretoAnalysis()` | Pareto 80/20 ABC classification |
-
-### Metal & Machining (25 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { metalWeight, bendAllowance, cutting, bearing } from 'formulab/metal';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `metalWeight()` | Weight calculation for various shapes |
-| `bendAllowance()` | Sheet metal bend allowance |
-| `flatPattern()` | Flat pattern length calculation |
-| `kFactorReverse()` | K-factor reverse engineering |
-| `pressTonnage()` | Press brake tonnage |
-| `bearing()` | L10 bearing life calculation |
-| `bolt()` | Bolt torque and preload |
-| `cutting()` | Cutting speed, feed rate, RPM |
-| `cuttingStock()` | 1D cutting stock heuristic (FFD/BFD) |
-| `gear()` | Gear module calculation |
-| `hardness()` | Hardness conversion (HRC, HB, HV) |
-| `material()` | Material properties lookup |
-| `pressFit()` | Press fit interference |
-| `roughness()` | Surface roughness conversion |
-| `screw()` | Screw specification |
-| `spring()` | Spring design calculation |
-| `tap()` | Tap drill size |
-| `thread()` | Thread dimensions |
-| `tolerance()` | ISO tolerance (IT grades) |
-| `vibration()` | Natural frequency analysis |
-| `weldHeat()` | Weld heat input calculation |
-| `welding()` | Welding parameters |
-| `materialGradeConverter()` | ASTM/EN/JIS/GB/KS grade cross-reference |
-| `pipeSpec()` | ANSI/ASME pipe dimensions lookup |
-| `flangeSpec()` | ASME B16.5 flange dimensions lookup |
-
-### Chemical & Process (12 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { dilution, concentration, ph, reactor, pipeFlow, heatTransfer, flowControl, pid } from 'formulab/chemical';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `batch()` | Batch scaling calculation |
-| `concentration()` | Concentration conversion |
-| `dilution()` | Dilution (C1V1 = C2V2) |
-| `heatTransfer()` | Conduction/convection/radiation heat transfer |
-| `ph()` | pH and buffer calculations |
-| `pipeFlow()` | Darcy-Weisbach pipe flow pressure drop |
-| `reactor()` | Reactor sizing |
-| `shelfLife()` | Shelf life prediction (Arrhenius) |
-| `injectionCycle()` | Injection molding cycle time |
-| `flowControl()` | Control valve Cv/Kv sizing (ISA/IEC 60534) |
-| `reliefValve()` | Safety relief valve sizing (API 520/526) |
-| `pid()` | PID controller tuning (Z-N / Cohen-Coon) |
-
-### Electronics & SMT (11 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { traceWidth, solderPaste, resistorDecode, ohmsLaw } from 'formulab/electronics';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `ohmsLaw()` | Ohm's Law V/I/R/P calculator |
-| `reflowProfile()` | Reflow temperature profile |
-| `resistorDecode()` | Resistor color code decoder |
-| `smtTakt()` | SMT line takt time |
-| `solderPaste()` | Solder paste volume calculation |
-| `traceWidth()` | PCB trace width (IPC-2221) |
-| `awgProperties()` | AWG wire properties |
-| `capacitorDecode()` | Capacitor code decoder |
-| `ledResistor()` | LED resistor calculation |
-| `stencilAperture()` | Stencil aperture design |
-| `viaCurrent()` | Via current capacity |
-
-### Construction (12 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { concreteMix, rebarWeight, slope, stair, momentOfInertia } from 'formulab/construction';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `momentOfInertia()` | Section properties (Ix, Sx, rx) for 7 shapes |
-| `beamLoad()` | Beam load calculation |
-| `concreteMix()` | Concrete mix ratio |
-| `earthwork()` | Earthwork volume |
-| `formwork()` | Formwork area calculation |
-| `rebarWeight()` | Rebar weight by size |
-| `slope()` | Slope conversion (%, degree, ratio) |
-| `aggregate()` | Aggregate volume calculation |
-| `brick()` | Brick quantity estimation |
-| `pert()` | PERT schedule analysis |
-| `roof()` | Roof calculation |
-| `stair()` | Stair dimension calculation |
-
-### Automotive (9 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { batteryRuntime, evCharging, torque, brakingDistance, chargingLoss } from 'formulab/automotive';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `brakingDistance()` | Stopping distance (AASHTO method) |
-| `batteryRuntime()` | Battery capacity/runtime |
-| `evCharging()` | EV charging time estimation |
-| `fuelEconomy()` | Fuel economy conversion |
-| `gearRatio()` | Gear ratio calculation |
-| `tireCompare()` | Tire size comparison |
-| `torque()` | Torque conversion |
-| `power()` | Power conversion (HP, kW) |
-| `chargingLoss()` | EV charging loss/efficiency |
-
-### Logistics & Inventory (17 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { cbm, eoq, safetyStock, kanban, inventoryTurnover, abcAnalysis } from 'formulab/logistics';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `abcAnalysis()` | ABC inventory classification by annual value |
-| `cbm()` | Cubic meter calculation |
-| `containerFit()` | Container capacity estimation |
-| `dimWeight()` | Dimensional weight |
-| `eoq()` | Economic Order Quantity |
-| `fillRate()` | Fill rate calculation |
-| `freightClass()` | NMFC freight class |
-| `inventoryTurnover()` | Inventory turnover ratio & days of supply |
-| `kanban()` | Kanban quantity |
-| `loadCapacity()` | Forklift load capacity derating |
-| `pallet3d()` | 3D pallet loading heuristic (BLF + FFD) |
-| `palletStack()` | Pallet stacking calculation |
-| `pickTime()` | Picking time estimation |
-| `safetyStock()` | Safety stock calculation |
-| `serviceLevel()` | Service level calculation |
-| `shipping()` | Shipping cost estimation |
-| `tsp()` | TSP heuristic (NN + 2-Opt; exact for n ≤ 10) |
-
-### Energy & Utilities (15 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { powerCost, motorEfficiency, carbonFootprint, solarOutput, boilerEfficiency, heatPump, cusum } from 'formulab/energy';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `boilerEfficiency()` | Boiler thermal efficiency (direct method) |
-| `carbonFootprint()` | Scope 2 emissions |
-| `compressedAirCost()` | Compressed air cost |
-| `cusum()` | CUSUM energy anomaly detection |
-| `degreeDay()` | Heating/Cooling degree days (HDD/CDD) |
-| `heatPump()` | Heat pump COP & Carnot efficiency |
-| `insulationRoi()` | Insulation ROI & payback |
-| `ledRoi()` | LED lighting retrofit ROI |
-| `motorEfficiency()` | Motor upgrade ROI |
-| `pfCorrection()` | Power factor correction |
-| `powerCost()` | Electricity cost with demand |
-| `solarOutput()` | Solar panel output estimation (PVWatts-based) |
-| `transformerLoss()` | Transformer loss & efficiency |
-| `vfdSavings()` | VFD energy savings |
-| `windOutput()` | Wind turbine output with Rayleigh CF |
-
-### Safety & Ergonomics (14 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { nioshLifting, noiseExposure, wbgtCalculate, ventilationRate, thermalComfort, arcFlash, lel } from 'formulab/safety';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `arcFlash()` | Arc flash incident energy & PPE (IEEE 1584) |
-| `confinedSpace()` | Confined space atmospheric assessment (OSHA) |
-| `ergonomicRisk()` | REBA ergonomic risk scoring |
-| `fallClearance()` | Fall protection clearance |
-| `havsCalculate()` | Hand-arm vibration exposure |
-| `illuminance()` | Workplace illuminance (Lumen Method) |
-| `ladderAngle()` | Ladder safety angle (OSHA 4:1) |
-| `lel()` | Mixed gas LEL (Le Chatelier's rule) |
-| `nioshLifting()` | NIOSH lifting equation |
-| `noiseExposure()` | TWA/Dose calculation |
-| `respiratorCalculate()` | Respirator MUC calculation |
-| `thermalComfort()` | PMV/PPD thermal comfort (ISO 7730) |
-| `ventilationRate()` | Required ventilation ACH/CFM (ASHRAE/OSHA) |
-| `wbgtCalculate()` | WBGT heat stress index |
-
-### Food & HACCP (6 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { calorie, nutrition, haccp, waterActivity, stabilityStudy } from 'formulab/food';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `calorie()` | Calorie requirement (BMR/TDEE) |
-| `expiry()` | Expiry date calculation |
-| `nutrition()` | Nutrition facts calculation |
-| `haccp()` | HACCP checklist generation |
-| `waterActivity()` | Water activity microbial risk (HACCP) |
-| `stabilityStudy()` | Accelerated stability (Arrhenius, ICH Q1A) |
-
-### Utility (16 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { solveAssignment, calculateUnit, statistics, regression, npv } from 'formulab/utility';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `solveAssignment()` | Hungarian algorithm optimization |
-| `calculateUnit()` | Unit conversion (7 categories) |
-| `getUnitCategories()` | Get unit categories |
-| `statistics()` | Descriptive statistics (mean, median, stdDev, etc.) |
-| `percentile()` | Percentile/quantile calculation |
-| `correlation()` | Pearson correlation coefficient |
-| `regression()` | Simple linear regression |
-| `movingAverage()` | SMA/EMA/WMA moving average |
-| `linearInterpolation()` | 1D linear interpolation |
-| `bilinearInterpolation()` | 2D bilinear interpolation |
-| `roi()` | Return on Investment |
-| `npv()` | Net Present Value |
-| `depreciation()` | Asset depreciation (SL/DDB/SYD) |
-| `lcc()` | Life Cycle Cost analysis |
-| `normalize()` | Data normalization (min-max/z-score) |
-| `histogram()` | Frequency distribution histogram |
-| `weightedScore()` | Weighted scoring model |
-
-### Battery (10 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { energyDensity, cRate, stateOfHealth, cycleLife } from 'formulab/battery';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `energyDensity()` | Wh/kg and Wh/L energy density |
-| `cRate()` | C-rate ↔ current/time conversion |
-| `stateOfHealth()` | SOH % with degradation status |
-| `batteryPackConfig()` | Series/parallel cell configuration |
-| `cycleLife()` | Cycle life estimation (chemistry/DOD/temp) |
-| `internalResistance()` | DCIR from OCV and load voltage |
-| `selfDischarge()` | Self-discharge rate calculation |
-| `thermalRunaway()` | Thermal safety margin analysis |
-| `bmsBalancing()` | BMS cell balancing time estimation |
-| `chargingProfile()` | CC-CV charging profile timing |
-
-### Environmental (10 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { scope1Emissions, scope2Emissions, gwpCalculator, esgSummary } from 'formulab/environmental';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `scope1Emissions()` | Fuel combustion direct emissions (6 fuels) |
-| `scope2Emissions()` | Purchased electricity emissions (12 regions) |
-| `scope3Emissions()` | Supply chain spend-based emissions (8 categories) |
-| `vocEmissions()` | VOC emissions with capture/destruction |
-| `productCarbonFootprint()` | Product lifecycle carbon footprint |
-| `gwpCalculator()` | GWP conversion (8 gases × 3 time horizons) |
-| `energyIntensity()` | Energy intensity (MJ/unit, kWh/unit) |
-| `waterFootprint()` | Water footprint (blue/green/grey) |
-| `emissionsIntensity()` | Emissions intensity per unit/revenue/employee |
-| `esgSummary()` | ESG reduction tracking and projections |
-
-### Machining & CNC (12 functions)
-
-```typescript
-import { truePosition, boltCircle, toolDeflection, threadOverWires } from 'formulab/machining';
-```
-
-| Function | Description |
-|----------|-------------|
-| `truePosition()` | GD&T True Position (diametral, MMC bonus) |
-| `boltCircle()` | Bolt hole pattern coordinates |
-| `sineBarHeight()` | Sine bar gauge block height |
-| `radialChipThinning()` | Chip load compensation for light radial cuts |
-| `toolDeflection()` | End mill cantilever deflection |
-| `cuspHeight()` | Ball mill scallop height |
-| `effectiveDiameter()` | Ball mill effective cutting diameter |
-| `boringBarDeflection()` | Boring bar deflection with L/D guidance |
-| `threadOverWires()` | 3-wire thread measurement |
-| `gaugeBlockStack()` | Gauge block combination (47/88/81-pc sets) |
-| `triangleSolver()` | Triangle solver (SSS/SAS/ASA/SSA) |
-| `cycleTimeEstimator()` | CNC cycle time estimation |
-
-## API Examples
-
-### OEE Calculation
-
-```typescript
-import { oee } from 'formulab/quality';
-
-const result = oee({
-  rawData: {
-    plannedTime: 480,      // minutes
-    runTime: 420,          // actual running time
-    totalCount: 1000,      // total pieces produced
-    goodCount: 990,        // good pieces
-    idealCycleTime: 0.4,   // minutes per piece
-  },
-});
-
-console.log(result);
-// {
-//   factors: { availability: 0.875, performance: 0.952, quality: 0.99, oee: 0.825 },
-//   percentages: { availability: 87.5, performance: 95.2, quality: 99, oee: 82.5 }
-// }
-```
-
-### NIOSH Lifting Equation
-
-```typescript
-import { nioshLifting } from 'formulab/safety';
-
-const result = nioshLifting({
-  loadWeight: 23,           // kg
-  horizontalDistance: 25,   // cm
-  verticalDistance: 75,     // cm (height at lift origin)
-  verticalTravel: 25,       // cm (vertical travel distance)
-  asymmetryAngle: 0,        // degrees
-  coupling: 'good',         // 'good' | 'fair' | 'poor'
-  frequency: 1,             // lifts per minute
-  duration: 'short',        // 'short' | 'medium' | 'long'
-});
-
-console.log(result);
-// {
-//   rwl: 21.62,             // Recommended Weight Limit (kg)
-//   liftingIndex: 1.06,     // LI = Load / RWL
-//   riskLevel: 'moderate',
-//   hm: 1.0, vm: 1.0, dm: 1.0, am: 1.0, fm: 0.94, cm: 1.0
-// }
-```
-
-### Dimensional Weight
-
-```typescript
-import { dimWeight } from 'formulab/logistics';
-
-const result = dimWeight({
-  length: 60,
-  width: 40,
-  height: 30,
-  unit: 'cm',
-  carrier: 'international',
-});
-
-console.log(result);
-// {
-//   dimWeight: 14.4,
-//   actualVolume: 0.072,
-//   cbm: 0.072,
-// }
-```
-
-## Type Guards for Discriminated Unions
-
-formulab provides runtime type guard functions for all [discriminated union](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/narrowing.html#discriminated-unions) input types. These enable type-safe integration when working with dynamic data (e.g., form inputs, API responses):
-
-```typescript
-import { isCRateInput, cRate } from 'formulab/battery';
-
-// Form data from user input (Record<string, unknown>)
-const formData: unknown = { mode: 'currentToRate', capacityAh: 100, currentA: 50 };
-
-if (isCRateInput(formData)) {
-  const result = cRate(formData); // Type-safe, no 'as any' needed
-}
-```
-
-### Available Type Guards
-
-| Guard | Domain | Discriminant | Variants |
-|-------|--------|-------------|----------|
-| `isCRateInput()` | battery | `mode` | currentToRate, rateToCurrent |
-| `isDilutionInput()` | chemical | `solveFor` | c1, v1, c2, v2 |
-| `isReactorInput()` | chemical | `shape` | cylindrical, spherical |
-| `isHeatTransferInput()` | chemical | `mode` | conduction, convection, radiation |
-| `isMomentOfInertiaInput()` | construction | `shape` | rectangle, circle, hollowRectangle, hollowCircle, iBeam, tSection, cChannel |
-| `isOhmsLawInput()` | electronics | `solveFor` | voltage, current, resistance, power |
-| `isMetalWeightInput()` | metal | `shape` | plate, round, pipe, angle |
-| `isBoltInput()` | metal | `mode` | torqueToPreload, preloadToTorque |
-
-## Error Handling
-
-See [ERRORS.md](./ERRORS.md) for the complete error behavior specification. Key points:
-
-- **All validation failures** throw `RangeError` with descriptive messages
-- **No silent NaN/Infinity** — every function guarantees finite outputs for valid inputs
-- Every `@throws` condition is documented in each function's JSDoc
-
-```typescript
-import { metalWeight } from 'formulab/metal';
-
-try {
-  const result = metalWeight({ shape: 'plate', materialName: 'steel', length: 0, width: 100, thickness: 10 });
-} catch (e) {
-  if (e instanceof RangeError) {
-    console.log(e.message); // "length must be positive"
-  }
-}
-```
-
-## Tree Shaking
-
-Import only what you need to minimize bundle size:
-
-```typescript
-// Recommended - domain-specific import
-import { oee } from 'formulab/quality';
-import { metalWeight } from 'formulab/metal';
-
-// Also works - main entry point (tree-shakeable)
-import { oee, metalWeight } from 'formulab';
-
-// Avoid - imports entire module
-import * as formulab from 'formulab';
-```
-
-## TypeScript Support
-
-Full TypeScript support with detailed type definitions:
-
-```typescript
-import type {
-  OeeInput,
-  OeeResult,
-  CpkInput,
-  CpkResult,
-  MetalWeightInput,
-  MetalWeightResult,
-} from 'formulab';
-```
-
-## Browser Support
-
-formulab works in all modern browsers and Node.js:
-
-- Node.js 18+
-- Chrome 80+
-- Firefox 75+
-- Safari 13+
-- Edge 80+
-
-## Contributing
-
-Contributions are welcome! Please see our [GitHub repository](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab).
-
-```bash
-# Clone the repository
-git clone https://github.com/iyulab/formulab.git
-
-# Install dependencies
-pnpm install
-
-# Run tests
-pnpm test
-
-# Build
-pnpm build
-```
-
-## License
-
-MIT © [iyulab](https://github.com/iyulab)
-
----
-
-<p align="center">
-  Made with engineering precision by <a href="https://github.com/iyulab">iyulab</a>
-</p>
+# formulab
+
+> Industrial & manufacturing calculation library for engineers
+
+[![npm version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/formulab.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/formulab)
+[![CI](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
+[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+[![TypeScript](https://img.shields.io/badge/TypeScript-Ready-blue.svg)](https://www.typescriptlang.org/)
+
+A comprehensive collection of engineering formulas and calculations for manufacturing, quality control, logistics, and industrial applications. Zero dependencies, fully typed, tree-shakeable.
+
+## Features
+
+- **174 industrial calculations + 8 type guards** — OEE, Cpk, SPC control charts, Gage R&R, Weibull, metal weight, CNC machining, GD&T, pipe flow, CBM, NIOSH lifting, PMV/PPD, arc flash, battery SOH, GHG emissions, PID tuning, and more
+- **14 specialized domains** — Quality, Metal, Chemical, Electronics, Construction, Automotive, Logistics, Energy, Safety, Food, Utility, Battery, Environmental, Machining
+- **Zero dependencies** — Lightweight and fast
+- **TypeScript first** — Full type definitions included
+- **Tree-shakeable** — Import only what you need
+- **2,494 tests** — Coverage thresholds: 90% lines, 95% functions, 85% branches ([CI pipeline](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab/actions/workflows/ci.yml))
+- **Research-based** — Golden reference tests verified against NIOSH 94-110, AIAG/ASTM E2587, JIPM, ASME B16.5, ISO 22514-2, and more
+
+## Verification Status
+
+| Domain | Functions | Golden Tests | Key References |
+|--------|-----------|-------------|----------------|
+| Quality | 18 | oee, cpk, controlChart, gageRR | ISO 22400-2, AIAG/ASTM E2587, JIPM, AIAG MSA |
+| Metal | 25 | metalWeight | Machinery's Handbook, ASME B36.10/B16.5 |
+| Logistics | 17 | cbm | Physical formula |
+| Safety | 14 | nioshLifting | NIOSH 94-110, ISO 7730, IEEE 1584, OSHA |
+| Chemical | 12 | — | Darcy-Weisbach, Fourier, API 520, ISA |
+| Electronics | 11 | — | IPC-2221 |
+| Construction | 12 | — | AISC, Timoshenko |
+| Automotive | 9 | — | AASHTO, SAE J1772 |
+| Energy | 15 | — | NREL PVWatts, ISO 50001 |
+| Food | 6 | — | HACCP, ICH Q1A |
+| Utility | 16 | — | — |
+| Battery | 10 | — | IEEE 1188, IEC 62620, Battery University |
+| Environmental | 10 | — | GHG Protocol, IPCC AR6, IEA 2023 |
+| Machining | 12 | — | Machinery's Handbook, ASME Y14.5, Sandvik Coromant |
+
+> Functions with golden reference tests have been verified against authoritative engineering sources.
+> See each function's JSDoc for specific references.
+
+## Numerical Accuracy & Testing
+
+### Floating-Point Handling
+
+All calculations use a sign-aware `roundTo()` utility with epsilon correction to avoid IEEE 754 rounding artifacts:
+
+```typescript
+roundTo(0.615, 2)   // → 0.62  (not 0.61)
+roundTo(-2.555, 2)  // → -2.56 (sign-aware)
+```
+
+Non-finite values (`NaN`, `Infinity`) pass through unchanged. All validation errors throw `RangeError` — no function returns NaN or Infinity for invalid inputs. Each function's JSDoc specifies output precision (typically 2-4 decimal places) and `@throws` conditions.
+
+### Golden Reference Tests
+
+The following functions include tests verified against published reference values:
+
+| Function | Standard / Source | What is verified |
+|----------|-------------------|------------------|
+| `nioshLifting()` | NIOSH Publication 94-110 | LC=23kg ideal, FM/CM table values, RWL calculation |
+| `oee()` | JIPM TPM Handbook | World-class OEE (A≥90%, P≥95%, Q≥99.9%), perfect 100% |
+| `cpk()` | ISO 22514-2 | Six Sigma Cpk=2.0, minimum capable Cpk≈1.33, off-center penalty |
+| `controlChart()` | AIAG/ASTM E2587-16 | A2, D3, D4, d2 constants for n=2, 3, 5 |
+| `cbm()` | Physical formula | 20ft container 33.2m³, 1m³ cube reference |
+| `metalWeight()` | Machinery's Handbook | Steel plate density 7.85 g/cm³ |
+| `flangeSpec()` | ASME B16.5 | Class 150/300/600 flange dimensions |
+| `pipeSpec()` | ASME B36.10 | SCH40/80/160 wall thickness |
+| `awgProperties()` | ANSI/AWG | AWG 0-40 diameter, resistance |
+
+### Edge Case Handling
+
+Functions validate or handle these boundary conditions:
+
+- **Division by zero**: `cpk()` with zero standard deviation, `oee()` with zero planned time
+- **Out-of-range inputs**: `tolerance()` rejects invalid IT grades, `aql()` validates lot sizes
+- **Physical impossibility**: `pressFit()` rejects negative interference, `nioshLifting()` clamps multipliers to [0, 1]
+- **Extreme values**: `aql()` handles 1M-unit lots, `awgProperties()` covers AWG 0-40
+
+### Optimization Functions — Algorithms & Limitations
+
+Three functions solve NP-hard combinatorial problems using **heuristic** algorithms. They provide good practical results but **do not guarantee optimal solutions**:
+
+| Function | Algorithm | Complexity | Optimality |
+|----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
+| `tsp()` | Nearest Neighbor + 2-Opt local search; brute force for n ≤ 10 | O(n²) per NN start, O(n!) exact for n ≤ 10 | **Heuristic** — no approximation ratio guarantee; exact only for n ≤ 10 |
+| `pallet3d()` | Bottom-Left-Fill + First Fit Decreasing with AABB collision & stability checks | O(m² × n) where m = placed boxes | **Heuristic** — greedy placement; enforces physical constraints (80% support, weight limit) |
+| `cuttingStock()` | First Fit Decreasing (FFD) or Best Fit Decreasing (BFD), user-selectable | O(q²) worst case | **FFD: ≤ 11/9 × OPT + 1** (proven bound); not optimal |
+
+> For mission-critical optimization requiring proven-optimal solutions, use dedicated solvers (e.g., OR-Tools, Gurobi). These functions are designed for quick shop-floor estimates.
+
+### CI Pipeline
+
+GitHub Actions runs on every push to `main` and every pull request:
+
+- **Matrix**: Node.js 18, 20
+- **Steps**: `pnpm install` → `tsc` (type check) → `vitest run --coverage`
+- **Coverage enforcement**: Fails if below thresholds (lines 90%, functions 95%, branches 85%, statements 90%)
+
+```bash
+# Run tests locally
+pnpm test
+
+# Run with coverage report
+pnpm test:coverage
+```
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+npm install formulab
+```
+
+```bash
+pnpm add formulab
+```
+
+## Quick Start
+
+```typescript
+import { oee, metalWeight, cbm } from 'formulab';
+
+// Calculate OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness)
+const result = oee({
+  rawData: {
+    plannedTime: 480,      // minutes (8 hours)
+    runTime: 432,          // minutes (90% availability)
+    totalCount: 1000,
+    goodCount: 990,        // 99% quality
+    idealCycleTime: 0.456, // minutes per piece (95% performance)
+  },
+});
+console.log(result.percentages.oee); // 84.6%
+
+// Calculate metal weight
+const weight = metalWeight({
+  shape: 'plate',
+  materialName: 'steel',
+  length: 1000,    // mm
+  width: 500,      // mm
+  thickness: 10,   // mm
+});
+console.log(weight.weight); // 39.25 kg
+
+// Calculate CBM (Cubic Meter)
+const volume = cbm({
+  length: 120,
+  width: 80,
+  height: 100,
+  quantity: 1,
+  unit: 'cm',
+});
+console.log(volume.totalCbm); // 0.96 m³
+```
+
+## Domains
+
+### Quality & Production (18 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { oee, cpk, taktTime, dpmo, controlChart, gageRR, weibull } from 'formulab/quality';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `oee()` | Overall Equipment Effectiveness |
+| `cpk()` | Process Capability Index |
+| `controlChart()` | SPC X-bar/R and X-bar/S charts |
+| `cycleTime()` | Cycle Time analysis |
+| `taktTime()` | Takt Time calculation |
+| `aql()` | AQL sampling inspection |
+| `downtime()` | Downtime analysis |
+| `dpmo()` | Defects Per Million Opportunities |
+| `lineBalancing()` | Line balancing optimization |
+| `mtbf()` | Mean Time Between Failures |
+| `ppk()` | Process Performance Index |
+| `ppm()` | Parts Per Million conversion |
+| `rpn()` | Risk Priority Number (FMEA) |
+| `yieldCalc()` | First Pass Yield / RTY |
+| `gageRR()` | Gage R&R (AIAG MSA Average & Range) |
+| `cmk()` | Machine capability index Cm/Cmk |
+| `weibull()` | Weibull reliability analysis |
+| `paretoAnalysis()` | Pareto 80/20 ABC classification |
+
+### Metal & Machining (25 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { metalWeight, bendAllowance, cutting, bearing } from 'formulab/metal';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `metalWeight()` | Weight calculation for various shapes |
+| `bendAllowance()` | Sheet metal bend allowance |
+| `flatPattern()` | Flat pattern length calculation |
+| `kFactorReverse()` | K-factor reverse engineering |
+| `pressTonnage()` | Press brake tonnage |
+| `bearing()` | L10 bearing life calculation |
+| `bolt()` | Bolt torque and preload |
+| `cutting()` | Cutting speed, feed rate, RPM |
+| `cuttingStock()` | 1D cutting stock heuristic (FFD/BFD) |
+| `gear()` | Gear module calculation |
+| `hardness()` | Hardness conversion (HRC, HB, HV) |
+| `material()` | Material properties lookup |
+| `pressFit()` | Press fit interference |
+| `roughness()` | Surface roughness conversion |
+| `screw()` | Screw specification |
+| `spring()` | Spring design calculation |
+| `tap()` | Tap drill size |
+| `thread()` | Thread dimensions |
+| `tolerance()` | ISO tolerance (IT grades) |
+| `vibration()` | Natural frequency analysis |
+| `weldHeat()` | Weld heat input calculation |
+| `welding()` | Welding parameters |
+| `materialGradeConverter()` | ASTM/EN/JIS/GB/KS grade cross-reference |
+| `pipeSpec()` | ANSI/ASME pipe dimensions lookup |
+| `flangeSpec()` | ASME B16.5 flange dimensions lookup |
+
+### Chemical & Process (12 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { dilution, concentration, ph, reactor, pipeFlow, heatTransfer, flowControl, pid } from 'formulab/chemical';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `batch()` | Batch scaling calculation |
+| `concentration()` | Concentration conversion |
+| `dilution()` | Dilution (C1V1 = C2V2) |
+| `heatTransfer()` | Conduction/convection/radiation heat transfer |
+| `ph()` | pH and buffer calculations |
+| `pipeFlow()` | Darcy-Weisbach pipe flow pressure drop |
+| `reactor()` | Reactor sizing |
+| `shelfLife()` | Shelf life prediction (Arrhenius) |
+| `injectionCycle()` | Injection molding cycle time |
+| `flowControl()` | Control valve Cv/Kv sizing (ISA/IEC 60534) |
+| `reliefValve()` | Safety relief valve sizing (API 520/526) |
+| `pid()` | PID controller tuning (Z-N / Cohen-Coon) |
+
+### Electronics & SMT (11 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { traceWidth, solderPaste, resistorDecode, ohmsLaw } from 'formulab/electronics';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `ohmsLaw()` | Ohm's Law V/I/R/P calculator |
+| `reflowProfile()` | Reflow temperature profile |
+| `resistorDecode()` | Resistor color code decoder |
+| `smtTakt()` | SMT line takt time |
+| `solderPaste()` | Solder paste volume calculation |
+| `traceWidth()` | PCB trace width (IPC-2221) |
+| `awgProperties()` | AWG wire properties |
+| `capacitorDecode()` | Capacitor code decoder |
+| `ledResistor()` | LED resistor calculation |
+| `stencilAperture()` | Stencil aperture design |
+| `viaCurrent()` | Via current capacity |
+
+### Construction (12 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { concreteMix, rebarWeight, slope, stair, momentOfInertia } from 'formulab/construction';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `momentOfInertia()` | Section properties (Ix, Sx, rx) for 7 shapes |
+| `beamLoad()` | Beam load calculation |
+| `concreteMix()` | Concrete mix ratio |
+| `earthwork()` | Earthwork volume |
+| `formwork()` | Formwork area calculation |
+| `rebarWeight()` | Rebar weight by size |
+| `slope()` | Slope conversion (%, degree, ratio) |
+| `aggregate()` | Aggregate volume calculation |
+| `brick()` | Brick quantity estimation |
+| `pert()` | PERT schedule analysis |
+| `roof()` | Roof calculation |
+| `stair()` | Stair dimension calculation |
+
+### Automotive (9 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { batteryRuntime, evCharging, torque, brakingDistance, chargingLoss } from 'formulab/automotive';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `brakingDistance()` | Stopping distance (AASHTO method) |
+| `batteryRuntime()` | Battery capacity/runtime |
+| `evCharging()` | EV charging time estimation |
+| `fuelEconomy()` | Fuel economy conversion |
+| `gearRatio()` | Gear ratio calculation |
+| `tireCompare()` | Tire size comparison |
+| `torque()` | Torque conversion |
+| `power()` | Power conversion (HP, kW) |
+| `chargingLoss()` | EV charging loss/efficiency |
+
+### Logistics & Inventory (17 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { cbm, eoq, safetyStock, kanban, inventoryTurnover, abcAnalysis } from 'formulab/logistics';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `abcAnalysis()` | ABC inventory classification by annual value |
+| `cbm()` | Cubic meter calculation |
+| `containerFit()` | Container capacity estimation |
+| `dimWeight()` | Dimensional weight |
+| `eoq()` | Economic Order Quantity |
+| `fillRate()` | Fill rate calculation |
+| `freightClass()` | NMFC freight class |
+| `inventoryTurnover()` | Inventory turnover ratio & days of supply |
+| `kanban()` | Kanban quantity |
+| `loadCapacity()` | Forklift load capacity derating |
+| `pallet3d()` | 3D pallet loading heuristic (BLF + FFD) |
+| `palletStack()` | Pallet stacking calculation |
+| `pickTime()` | Picking time estimation |
+| `safetyStock()` | Safety stock calculation |
+| `serviceLevel()` | Service level calculation |
+| `shipping()` | Shipping cost estimation |
+| `tsp()` | TSP heuristic (NN + 2-Opt; exact for n ≤ 10) |
+
+### Energy & Utilities (15 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { powerCost, motorEfficiency, carbonFootprint, solarOutput, boilerEfficiency, heatPump, cusum } from 'formulab/energy';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `boilerEfficiency()` | Boiler thermal efficiency (direct method) |
+| `carbonFootprint()` | Scope 2 emissions |
+| `compressedAirCost()` | Compressed air cost |
+| `cusum()` | CUSUM energy anomaly detection |
+| `degreeDay()` | Heating/Cooling degree days (HDD/CDD) |
+| `heatPump()` | Heat pump COP & Carnot efficiency |
+| `insulationRoi()` | Insulation ROI & payback |
+| `ledRoi()` | LED lighting retrofit ROI |
+| `motorEfficiency()` | Motor upgrade ROI |
+| `pfCorrection()` | Power factor correction |
+| `powerCost()` | Electricity cost with demand |
+| `solarOutput()` | Solar panel output estimation (PVWatts-based) |
+| `transformerLoss()` | Transformer loss & efficiency |
+| `vfdSavings()` | VFD energy savings |
+| `windOutput()` | Wind turbine output with Rayleigh CF |
+
+### Safety & Ergonomics (14 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { nioshLifting, noiseExposure, wbgtCalculate, ventilationRate, thermalComfort, arcFlash, lel } from 'formulab/safety';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `arcFlash()` | Arc flash incident energy & PPE (IEEE 1584) |
+| `confinedSpace()` | Confined space atmospheric assessment (OSHA) |
+| `ergonomicRisk()` | REBA ergonomic risk scoring |
+| `fallClearance()` | Fall protection clearance |
+| `havsCalculate()` | Hand-arm vibration exposure |
+| `illuminance()` | Workplace illuminance (Lumen Method) |
+| `ladderAngle()` | Ladder safety angle (OSHA 4:1) |
+| `lel()` | Mixed gas LEL (Le Chatelier's rule) |
+| `nioshLifting()` | NIOSH lifting equation |
+| `noiseExposure()` | TWA/Dose calculation |
+| `respiratorCalculate()` | Respirator MUC calculation |
+| `thermalComfort()` | PMV/PPD thermal comfort (ISO 7730) |
+| `ventilationRate()` | Required ventilation ACH/CFM (ASHRAE/OSHA) |
+| `wbgtCalculate()` | WBGT heat stress index |
+
+### Food & HACCP (6 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { calorie, nutrition, haccp, waterActivity, stabilityStudy } from 'formulab/food';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `calorie()` | Calorie requirement (BMR/TDEE) |
+| `expiry()` | Expiry date calculation |
+| `nutrition()` | Nutrition facts calculation |
+| `haccp()` | HACCP checklist generation |
+| `waterActivity()` | Water activity microbial risk (HACCP) |
+| `stabilityStudy()` | Accelerated stability (Arrhenius, ICH Q1A) |
+
+### Utility (16 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { solveAssignment, calculateUnit, statistics, regression, npv } from 'formulab/utility';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `solveAssignment()` | Hungarian algorithm optimization |
+| `calculateUnit()` | Unit conversion (7 categories) |
+| `getUnitCategories()` | Get unit categories |
+| `statistics()` | Descriptive statistics (mean, median, stdDev, etc.) |
+| `percentile()` | Percentile/quantile calculation |
+| `correlation()` | Pearson correlation coefficient |
+| `regression()` | Simple linear regression |
+| `movingAverage()` | SMA/EMA/WMA moving average |
+| `linearInterpolation()` | 1D linear interpolation |
+| `bilinearInterpolation()` | 2D bilinear interpolation |
+| `roi()` | Return on Investment |
+| `npv()` | Net Present Value |
+| `depreciation()` | Asset depreciation (SL/DDB/SYD) |
+| `lcc()` | Life Cycle Cost analysis |
+| `normalize()` | Data normalization (min-max/z-score) |
+| `histogram()` | Frequency distribution histogram |
+| `weightedScore()` | Weighted scoring model |
+
+### Battery (10 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { energyDensity, cRate, stateOfHealth, cycleLife } from 'formulab/battery';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `energyDensity()` | Wh/kg and Wh/L energy density |
+| `cRate()` | C-rate ↔ current/time conversion |
+| `stateOfHealth()` | SOH % with degradation status |
+| `batteryPackConfig()` | Series/parallel cell configuration |
+| `cycleLife()` | Cycle life estimation (chemistry/DOD/temp) |
+| `internalResistance()` | DCIR from OCV and load voltage |
+| `selfDischarge()` | Self-discharge rate calculation |
+| `thermalRunaway()` | Thermal safety margin analysis |
+| `bmsBalancing()` | BMS cell balancing time estimation |
+| `chargingProfile()` | CC-CV charging profile timing |
+
+### Environmental (10 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { scope1Emissions, scope2Emissions, gwpCalculator, esgSummary } from 'formulab/environmental';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `scope1Emissions()` | Fuel combustion direct emissions (6 fuels) |
+| `scope2Emissions()` | Purchased electricity emissions (12 regions) |
+| `scope3Emissions()` | Supply chain spend-based emissions (8 categories) |
+| `vocEmissions()` | VOC emissions with capture/destruction |
+| `productCarbonFootprint()` | Product lifecycle carbon footprint |
+| `gwpCalculator()` | GWP conversion (8 gases × 3 time horizons) |
+| `energyIntensity()` | Energy intensity (MJ/unit, kWh/unit) |
+| `waterFootprint()` | Water footprint (blue/green/grey) |
+| `emissionsIntensity()` | Emissions intensity per unit/revenue/employee |
+| `esgSummary()` | ESG reduction tracking and projections |
+
+### Machining & CNC (12 functions)
+
+```typescript
+import { truePosition, boltCircle, toolDeflection, threadOverWires } from 'formulab/machining';
+```
+
+| Function | Description |
+|----------|-------------|
+| `truePosition()` | GD&T True Position (diametral, MMC bonus) |
+| `boltCircle()` | Bolt hole pattern coordinates |
+| `sineBarHeight()` | Sine bar gauge block height |
+| `radialChipThinning()` | Chip load compensation for light radial cuts |
+| `toolDeflection()` | End mill cantilever deflection |
+| `cuspHeight()` | Ball mill scallop height |
+| `effectiveDiameter()` | Ball mill effective cutting diameter |
+| `boringBarDeflection()` | Boring bar deflection with L/D guidance |
+| `threadOverWires()` | 3-wire thread measurement |
+| `gaugeBlockStack()` | Gauge block combination (47/88/81-pc sets) |
+| `triangleSolver()` | Triangle solver (SSS/SAS/ASA/SSA) |
+| `cycleTimeEstimator()` | CNC cycle time estimation |
+
+## API Examples
+
+### OEE Calculation
+
+```typescript
+import { oee } from 'formulab/quality';
+
+const result = oee({
+  rawData: {
+    plannedTime: 480,      // minutes
+    runTime: 420,          // actual running time
+    totalCount: 1000,      // total pieces produced
+    goodCount: 990,        // good pieces
+    idealCycleTime: 0.4,   // minutes per piece
+  },
+});
+
+console.log(result);
+// {
+//   factors: { availability: 0.875, performance: 0.952, quality: 0.99, oee: 0.825 },
+//   percentages: { availability: 87.5, performance: 95.2, quality: 99, oee: 82.5 }
+// }
+```
+
+### NIOSH Lifting Equation
+
+```typescript
+import { nioshLifting } from 'formulab/safety';
+
+const result = nioshLifting({
+  loadWeight: 23,           // kg
+  horizontalDistance: 25,   // cm
+  verticalDistance: 75,     // cm (height at lift origin)
+  verticalTravel: 25,       // cm (vertical travel distance)
+  asymmetryAngle: 0,        // degrees
+  coupling: 'good',         // 'good' | 'fair' | 'poor'
+  frequency: 1,             // lifts per minute
+  duration: 'short',        // 'short' | 'medium' | 'long'
+});
+
+console.log(result);
+// {
+//   rwl: 21.62,             // Recommended Weight Limit (kg)
+//   liftingIndex: 1.06,     // LI = Load / RWL
+//   riskLevel: 'moderate',
+//   hm: 1.0, vm: 1.0, dm: 1.0, am: 1.0, fm: 0.94, cm: 1.0
+// }
+```
+
+### Dimensional Weight
+
+```typescript
+import { dimWeight } from 'formulab/logistics';
+
+const result = dimWeight({
+  length: 60,
+  width: 40,
+  height: 30,
+  unit: 'cm',
+  carrier: 'international',
+});
+
+console.log(result);
+// {
+//   dimWeight: 14.4,
+//   actualVolume: 0.072,
+//   cbm: 0.072,
+// }
+```
+
+## Type Guards for Discriminated Unions
+
+formulab provides runtime type guard functions for all [discriminated union](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/narrowing.html#discriminated-unions) input types. These enable type-safe integration when working with dynamic data (e.g., form inputs, API responses):
+
+```typescript
+import { isCRateInput, cRate } from 'formulab/battery';
+
+// Form data from user input (Record<string, unknown>)
+const formData: unknown = { mode: 'currentToRate', capacityAh: 100, currentA: 50 };
+
+if (isCRateInput(formData)) {
+  const result = cRate(formData); // Type-safe, no 'as any' needed
+}
+```
+
+### Available Type Guards
+
+| Guard | Domain | Discriminant | Variants |
+|-------|--------|-------------|----------|
+| `isCRateInput()` | battery | `mode` | currentToRate, rateToCurrent |
+| `isDilutionInput()` | chemical | `solveFor` | c1, v1, c2, v2 |
+| `isReactorInput()` | chemical | `shape` | cylindrical, spherical |
+| `isHeatTransferInput()` | chemical | `mode` | conduction, convection, radiation |
+| `isMomentOfInertiaInput()` | construction | `shape` | rectangle, circle, hollowRectangle, hollowCircle, iBeam, tSection, cChannel |
+| `isOhmsLawInput()` | electronics | `solveFor` | voltage, current, resistance, power |
+| `isMetalWeightInput()` | metal | `shape` | plate, round, pipe, angle |
+| `isBoltInput()` | metal | `mode` | torqueToPreload, preloadToTorque |
+
+## Error Handling
+
+See [ERRORS.md](./ERRORS.md) for the complete error behavior specification. Key points:
+
+- **All validation failures** throw `RangeError` with descriptive messages
+- **No silent NaN/Infinity** — every function guarantees finite outputs for valid inputs
+- Every `@throws` condition is documented in each function's JSDoc
+
+```typescript
+import { metalWeight } from 'formulab/metal';
+
+try {
+  const result = metalWeight({ shape: 'plate', materialName: 'steel', length: 0, width: 100, thickness: 10 });
+} catch (e) {
+  if (e instanceof RangeError) {
+    console.log(e.message); // "length must be positive"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Tree Shaking
+
+Import only what you need to minimize bundle size:
+
+```typescript
+// Recommended - domain-specific import
+import { oee } from 'formulab/quality';
+import { metalWeight } from 'formulab/metal';
+
+// Also works - main entry point (tree-shakeable)
+import { oee, metalWeight } from 'formulab';
+
+// Avoid - imports entire module
+import * as formulab from 'formulab';
+```
+
+## TypeScript Support
+
+Full TypeScript support with detailed type definitions:
+
+```typescript
+import type {
+  OeeInput,
+  OeeResult,
+  CpkInput,
+  CpkResult,
+  MetalWeightInput,
+  MetalWeightResult,
+} from 'formulab';
+```
+
+## Browser Support
+
+formulab works in all modern browsers and Node.js:
+
+- Node.js 18+
+- Chrome 80+
+- Firefox 75+
+- Safari 13+
+- Edge 80+
+
+## Contributing
+
+Contributions are welcome! Please see our [GitHub repository](https://github.com/iyulab/formulab).
+
+```bash
+# Clone the repository
+git clone https://github.com/iyulab/formulab.git
+
+# Install dependencies
+pnpm install
+
+# Run tests
+pnpm test
+
+# Build
+pnpm build
+```
+
+## License
+
+MIT © [iyulab](https://github.com/iyulab)
+
+---
+
+<p align="center">
+  Made with engineering precision by <a href="https://github.com/iyulab">iyulab</a>
+</p>