foldkit 0.129.0 → 0.130.0

package/dist/runtime/runtime.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { Array, Cause, Context, Duration, Effect, Exit, Fiber, Function, Layer, Match, Option, Predicate, PubSub, Queue, Record, Ref, Scheduler, Schema, Stream, SubscriptionRef, pipe, } from 'effect';
+import { Array, Cause, Context, Duration, Effect, Exit, Fiber, Function, Layer, Match, Option, Predicate, PubSub, Record, Ref, Scheduler, Schema, Stream, SubscriptionRef, pipe, } from 'effect';
 import { BrowserRuntime } from '@effect/platform-browser';
 import { __CurrentRegistry as __CurrentInterruptRegistry, __makeRegistry as __makeInterruptRegistry, } from '../command/interruptible/index.js';
 import { createDevToolsStore, } from '../devTools/store.js';
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ import { defaultCrashView, noOpDispatch } from './crashUI.js';
 import { deepFreeze } from './deepFreeze.js';
 import { PreserveModelMessage, RequestModelMessage, RestoreModelMessage, } from './hmrProtocol.js';
 import { preserveScrollPosition, restorePreservedScrollPosition, } from './hmrScroll.js';
-import { orderByPriority } from './messagePriority.js';
 import { makePreserveScheduler } from './preserveScheduler.js';
-import { makeRenderLoop } from './renderLoop.js';
 const toCommandRecord = (command) => command.args !== undefined
     ? { name: command.name, args: command.args }
     : { name: command.name };
@@ -339,57 +337,17 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
         validatePorts(ports);
     }
     const runtimeId = container?.id ?? '';
-    // NOTE: When the message queue drains a chain of dispatches (e.g. recursive
-    // Commands, websocket bursts), processing all of them inside one macrotask
-    // blocks the browser from painting. Yield via MessageChannel once the
-    // current burst exceeds FRAME_BUDGET_MS so the browser gets a frame.
-    // setTimeout(0) is clamped to 4ms+; MessageChannel delivers in ~0.5ms.
-    const FRAME_BUDGET_MS = 5;
-    // NOTE: render coalescing relies on this firing once per frame. Multiple
-    // Messages dispatched between frames all flag the renderLoop dirty; the
-    // next rAF tick reads the latest model and renders once. Without this,
-    // every Message would call render() inline, and during high-rate streams
-    // (drag pointermove, websocket bursts) the runtime would paint each
-    // intermediate frame with the cursor leading the rendered position.
-    const awaitNextFrame = Effect.callback(resume => {
-        const handle = requestAnimationFrame(() => resume(Effect.void));
-        return Effect.sync(() => cancelAnimationFrame(handle));
-    });
     const startWith = (maybeConnector, hmrModel) => Effect.scoped(Effect.gen(function* () {
         if (runtimeId === '') {
             return yield* Effect.die(new Error('[foldkit] Runtime container must have an `id` for HMR model preservation. ' +
                 'Set `container.id = "app"` (or any unique string) before passing it to makeApplication or makeElement.'));
         }
-        // NOTE: every perpetual fiber (render loop, Subscription streams,
-        // ManagedResource lifecycles) and every Command fiber forks into the
-        // runtime scope, so interrupting the runtime fiber (what dispose
-        // does) interrupts them all and runs their finalizers. A detached
-        // fork would outlive the runtime.
+        // NOTE: every perpetual fiber (for example, Subscription streams
+        // and ManagedResource lifecycles) and every Command fiber forks
+        // into the runtime scope, so interrupting the runtime fiber (what
+        // dispose does) interrupts them all and runs their finalizers. A
+        // detached fork would outlive the runtime.
         const runtimeScope = yield* Effect.scope;
-        // NOTE: one persistent MessageChannel for the runtime lifetime,
-        // shared by every burst-budget yield. The queue-drain fiber is the
-        // sole consumer, so a single `pendingYieldResume` slot is sufficient.
-        const yieldChannel = yield* Effect.acquireRelease(Effect.sync(() => new MessageChannel()), channel => Effect.sync(() => {
-            channel.port1.close();
-            channel.port2.close();
-        }));
-        let pendingYieldResume = null;
-        yieldChannel.port2.onmessage = () => {
-            const resume = pendingYieldResume;
-            pendingYieldResume = null;
-            if (resume !== null) {
-                resume(Effect.void);
-            }
-        };
-        const yieldToBrowser = Effect.callback(resume => {
-            pendingYieldResume = resume;
-            yieldChannel.port1.postMessage(null);
-            return Effect.sync(() => {
-                if (pendingYieldResume === resume) {
-                    pendingYieldResume = null;
-                }
-            });
-        });
         // NOTE: `Effect.provide(effect, layer)` builds the Layer into a
         // scope that closes when the provided effect ends, so providing the
         // Layer per Command would construct and tear down every resource on
@@ -496,18 +454,64 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             }), handler => Effect.sync(() => hot.off('vite:beforeFullReload', handler)));
         }
         const schedulePreserveModel = (model) => hot ? preserveScheduler.schedule(model) : Effect.void;
-        // NOTE: Each enqueued Message carries a priority. Within a single
-        // takeAll batch the drain loop processes all High before any Normal,
-        // so user input (view dispatch, navigation, subscription events,
-        // managed-resource events, external dispatchers) lands ahead of
-        // chain-derived work (Command results) when they share a frame.
-        // FIFO order is preserved within a priority class.
-        const messageQueue = yield* Queue.unbounded();
-        const enqueueHigh = (message) => Queue.offer(messageQueue, { priority: 'High', message });
-        const enqueueNormal = (message) => Queue.offer(messageQueue, { priority: 'Normal', message });
-        const enqueueHighUnsafe = (message) => {
-            Queue.offerUnsafe(messageQueue, { priority: 'High', message });
+        // NOTE: the dispatch hot path is plain JavaScript. A dispatched
+        // Message is pushed onto a plain array and drained synchronously on
+        // the spot, so update runs on the dispatching stack (for example, a
+        // DOM event handler, a Command fiber completing, or a Subscription
+        // emit) with no fiber hop in between. The drain guards against
+        // re-entrancy: a Message dispatched mid-drain (for example, by an
+        // update triggered from a synchronous Command) is queued and picked
+        // up by the outer drain loop in arrival order, and a Message
+        // dispatched while a render frame's patch is on the stack is
+        // buffered until the frame completes.
+        let pendingMessages = [];
+        let isProcessingMessages = false;
+        let isRenderFrameScheduled = false;
+        // NOTE: mirrors the old queue's boot behavior: a Message arriving
+        // before boot completes (for example, a navigation event during an
+        // async dev-mode boot step, or a boot-forked fiber emitting early)
+        // is buffered, not processed. Processing against a partially
+        // initialized runtime would race the init render, DevTools
+        // recording, and Subscription attachment. The flag flips as the
+        // last act of boot, which then drains the buffer. enqueueMessage
+        // checks it directly, not just the drain: dispatch sources go live
+        // mid-boot, before `drainPendingMessages` is initialized, and
+        // calling it from a pre-boot dispatch would hit the temporal dead
+        // zone.
+        let isBootComplete = false;
+        // NOTE: mirrors the old queue's post-interrupt behavior: a Message
+        // dispatched after the runtime scope closed (for example, an
+        // OnUnmount fired by the dispose teardown patch, or a stale DOM
+        // handler) is dropped
+        // instead of updating a disposed runtime. Set by a finalizer
+        // registered at the end of boot, so it runs before
+        // earlier-registered teardown (finalizers are LIFO).
+        let isRuntimeDisposed = false;
+        // NOTE: the differ fires destroy and insert hooks while `patch` is
+        // on the stack, and both can dispatch synchronously (for example,
+        // an OnUnmount dispatch, or a Mount stream's synchronous first
+        // emission). Draining
+        // inline would run update, and on a defect the crash renderer,
+        // against a DOM the outer patch is still mutating. The frame
+        // buffers such dispatches and drains them after it completes.
+        let isRenderingFrame = false;
+        // NOTE: a crash is terminal. The old runtime's drain fiber died on
+        // the first defect, so nothing was processed after a crash; this
+        // flag preserves that: the drain stops and later dispatches are
+        // dropped, so update, Command forks, and DevTools recording all
+        // stop with the crash view on screen.
+        let isCrashed = false;
+        const enqueueMessage = (message) => {
+            if (isRuntimeDisposed || isCrashed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            pendingMessages.push(message);
+            if (!isBootComplete || isRenderingFrame) {
+                return;
+            }
+            drainPendingMessages();
         };
+        const enqueueMessageEffect = (message) => Effect.sync(() => enqueueMessage(message));
         const currentUrl = Option.fromNullishOr(routingConfig).pipe(Option.flatMap(() => urlFromString(window.location.href)));
         const [initModelRaw, initCommands] = Predicate.isNotUndefined(hmrModel)
             ? Exit.match(decodeHmrModel(hmrModel), {
@@ -521,10 +525,15 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(() => duplicateIdScanner?.cancel()));
         }
         if (routingConfig) {
-            yield* Effect.acquireRelease(Effect.sync(() => addNavigationEventListeners(enqueueHighUnsafe, routingConfig)), removeNavigationEventListeners => Effect.sync(() => removeNavigationEventListeners()));
+            yield* Effect.acquireRelease(Effect.sync(() => addNavigationEventListeners(enqueueMessage, routingConfig)), removeNavigationEventListeners => Effect.sync(() => removeNavigationEventListeners()));
         }
-        const modelRef = yield* Ref.make(initModel);
-        const maybeCurrentVNodeRef = yield* Ref.make(Option.none());
+        // NOTE: the model and the current vnode are plain closure state.
+        // The hot path reads and writes them directly; the cold paths that
+        // run inside Effects (crash rendering, the dispose finalizer, the
+        // replay render) read the same variables synchronously, so no Ref
+        // is needed.
+        let liveModel = initModel;
+        const vnodeSlot = { maybeCurrentVNode: Option.none() };
         // NOTE: registered before any perpetual fiber is forked so it runs
         // after they are interrupted (scope finalizers are LIFO). Patching to
         // an empty tree fires snabbdom destroy hooks, which is what releases
@@ -538,7 +547,7 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             if (!Exit.hasInterrupts(exit)) {
                 return;
             }
-            const maybeCurrentVNode = yield* Ref.get(maybeCurrentVNodeRef);
+            const maybeCurrentVNode = vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode;
             yield* Option.match(maybeCurrentVNode, {
                 onNone: () => Effect.void,
                 onSome: currentVNode => Effect.sync(() => {
@@ -550,66 +559,67 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
                 }),
             });
         }));
-        const isCrashedRef = yield* Ref.make(false);
-        // NOTE: shared by every fiber's crash path: init render, render
-        // loop, message drain, and the Command and Subscription forks (a
-        // Command's Effect and a Subscription's Stream are typed with a
-        // `never` error channel, so a cause escaping one can only be a
-        // `resources` Layer build failure or an escaped defect, both
-        // unrecoverable). Each fiber catches its own cause so
-        // a failure surfaces as the crash view instead of dying silently
-        // and leaving the DOM frozen at the last successful render. The
-        // first crash wins: concurrent Command fibers can fail on the same
-        // broken Layer, and only one should report and render.
-        const crashWith = (cause, maybeMessage) => Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const wasCrashed = yield* Ref.getAndSet(isCrashedRef, true);
-            if (wasCrashed) {
+        // NOTE: shared by every crash path: the init render, the plain
+        // message drain and render frame (which reach it through
+        // `Effect.runFork` from their catch blocks), and the Command and
+        // Subscription fibers (a Command's Effect and a Subscription's
+        // Stream are typed with a `never` error channel, so a cause
+        // escaping one can only be a `resources` Layer build failure or an
+        // escaped defect, both unrecoverable). Each path catches its own
+        // cause so a failure surfaces as the crash view instead of dying
+        // silently and leaving the DOM frozen at the last successful
+        // render. The first crash wins: concurrent Command fibers can fail
+        // on the same broken Layer, and only one should report and render.
+        const crashWith = (cause, maybeMessage) => Effect.sync(() => {
+            if (isCrashed) {
                 return;
             }
-            const model = yield* Ref.get(modelRef);
+            isCrashed = true;
+            const model = liveModel;
             const squashed = Cause.squash(cause);
             const error = squashed instanceof Error ? squashed : new Error(String(squashed));
-            renderCrashView({ error, model, message: maybeMessage }, crash, container, maybeCurrentVNodeRef, manageDocument);
+            renderCrashView({ error, model, message: maybeMessage }, crash, container, vnodeSlot, manageDocument);
         });
-        yield* Effect.forEach(
-        /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-        initCommands, command => Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(command.effect.pipe(Effect.withSpan(command.name, {
-            attributes: command.args ?? {},
-        }), provideAllResources, Effect.flatMap(enqueueNormal), Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, Option.none())))));
-        // NOTE: queue-drain-fiber-local state. Kept as plain closure
-        // variables instead of `Ref`s because nothing else reads or writes
-        // them concurrently, and JS's single-threaded model already orders
-        // writes against subsequent reads. `currentMessage` is read by the
-        // crash handler, which runs inside the same `forever` fiber via
-        // `Effect.catchCause`.
+        // NOTE: drain-local state. Kept as plain closure variables instead
+        // of `Ref`s because nothing else reads or writes them concurrently,
+        // and JS's single-threaded model already orders writes against
+        // subsequent reads. `currentMessage` is read by the crash handler.
         let currentMessage = Option.none();
-        let burstStartedAt = 0;
+        let maybeLastDirtyMessage = Option.none();
         // NOTE: the DevTools store is installed at most once during boot and
         // never replaced. Caching it in a closure variable avoids a
-        // `Ref.get` on every message and on every render-loop tick (the
-        // store powers `isPausedEffect`).
-        let maybeDevToolsStore = Option.none();
+        // `Ref.get` on every message and on every render frame (the
+        // store powers the pause check). Plain `null` rather than `Option`:
+        // the hot path only ever presence-checks it, and the check should
+        // stay a bare comparison.
+        let devToolsStore = null;
         const dispatchSync = (message) => {
             /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-            enqueueHighUnsafe(message);
+            enqueueMessage(message);
         };
         const dispatchAsync = (message) => 
         /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-        enqueueHigh(message);
+        enqueueMessageEffect(message);
         const dispatch = { dispatchAsync, dispatchSync };
-        const isRenderPendingRef = yield* SubscriptionRef.make(false);
-        const maybeLastDirtyMessageRef = yield* Ref.make(Option.none());
-        const isPausedEffect = Effect.suspend(() => Option.match(maybeDevToolsStore, {
-            onNone: () => Effect.succeed(false),
-            onSome: ({ stateRef }) => SubscriptionRef.get(stateRef).pipe(Effect.map(({ isPaused }) => isPaused)),
-        }));
+        const isPausedNow = () => devToolsStore !== null &&
+            SubscriptionRef.getUnsafe(devToolsStore.stateRef).isPaused;
+        // NOTE: recording is gated on the DevTools store because the store
+        // is the only consumer. Without the gate every Mount start and end
+        // in a production frame would allocate a record just to be sliced
+        // and dropped.
         const mountStartBuffer = [];
         const mountEndBuffer = [];
         const mountTracker = {
             started: (name, args) => {
+                if (devToolsStore === null) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 mountStartBuffer.push(args === undefined ? { name } : { name, args });
             },
             ended: (name, args) => {
+                if (devToolsStore === null) {
+                    return;
+                }
                 mountEndBuffer.push(args === undefined ? { name } : { name, args });
             },
         };
@@ -620,8 +630,38 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             mountEndBuffer.length = 0;
             return { starts, ends };
         };
-        const processMessage = (message) => Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const currentModel = yield* Ref.get(modelRef);
+        // NOTE: the fork is deferred one microtask so a Command's Effect
+        // never begins on the dispatching stack. Commands are facts from
+        // outside the update loop; their results always arrive
+        // asynchronously, exactly as under the old queue. The fork runs
+        // through `Effect.runForkWith` (which starts its fiber
+        // synchronously, so the child is registered in `runtimeScope`
+        // before this callback returns), not `Effect.runSyncWith`:
+        // `runSyncWith` injects a temporary synchronous scheduler into the
+        // fiber context, the child would inherit it, and every later yield
+        // in the Command (for example, an op-budget suspension, or a
+        // Stream step) would
+        // reschedule through clamped `setTimeout` instead of the browser
+        // microtask scheduler carried by `runtimeContextForCommands`.
+        const forkCommand = (command, message) => {
+            queueMicrotask(() => {
+                // NOTE: `isCrashed` as well as `isRuntimeDisposed`. A crash is
+                // terminal but does not dispose the runtime, and a Command forked
+                // by a Message processed just before the crashing Message sits in
+                // this microtask when the crash view paints. Without the crash
+                // check its effect would run behind the crash view, contradicting
+                // the crash-terminality contract. `crashWith` sets `isCrashed`
+                // synchronously, so it is already set by the time this runs.
+                if (isRuntimeDisposed || isCrashed) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                Effect.runForkWith(runtimeContextForCommands)(Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(command.effect.pipe(Effect.withSpan(command.name, {
+                    attributes: command.args ?? {},
+                }), provideAllResources, Effect.flatMap(enqueueMessageEffect), Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, message)))));
+            });
+        };
+        const processMessagePlain = (message) => {
+            const currentModel = liveModel;
             const [[nextModelRaw, commands], maybeUpdateDuration] = measureSlowPhase(resolvedSlowUpdate, () => update(currentModel, message));
             const nextModel = maybeFreezeModel(nextModelRaw);
             reportSlowPhase(resolvedSlowUpdate, maybeUpdateDuration, (durationMs, thresholdMs) => ({
@@ -633,46 +673,142 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
                 thresholdMs,
             }));
             if (currentModel !== nextModel) {
-                yield* Ref.set(modelRef, nextModel);
-                yield* SubscriptionRef.set(isRenderPendingRef, true);
-                yield* Ref.set(maybeLastDirtyMessageRef, Option.some(message));
+                liveModel = nextModel;
+                maybeLastDirtyMessage = Option.some(message);
                 PubSub.publishUnsafe(modelPubSub, nextModel);
-                yield* schedulePreserveModel(nextModel);
+                if (import.meta.hot) {
+                    Effect.runSync(schedulePreserveModel(nextModel));
+                }
+                scheduleRenderFrame();
             }
             if (!Array.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(commands)) {
-                yield* Effect.forEach(
-                /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-                commands, command => Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(command.effect.pipe(Effect.withSpan(command.name, {
-                    attributes: command.args ?? {},
-                }), provideAllResources, Effect.flatMap(enqueueNormal), Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, Option.some(message))))));
+                for (const command of commands) {
+                    forkCommand(
+                    /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
+                    command, Option.some(message));
+                }
             }
-            /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-            const tag = message._tag;
-            const isModelChanged = currentModel !== nextModel;
-            const isExcludedFromHistory = excludeFromHistoryTags.has(tag);
-            if (Option.isSome(maybeDevToolsStore)) {
-                const store = maybeDevToolsStore.value;
-                if (!isExcludedFromHistory) {
-                    yield* store.recordMessage(
+            // NOTE: store writes go through `Effect.runFork`, not
+            // `Effect.runSync`. Both complete inline when the store's state
+            // Ref is uncontended (the always case on this path), but a
+            // DevTools fiber holding the Ref's permit across a yield would
+            // make `runSync` throw and crash the app; `runFork` parks and
+            // finishes the write when the permit frees, and the Ref's FIFO
+            // permit queue preserves write order.
+            if (devToolsStore !== null) {
+                const store = devToolsStore;
+                /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
+                const tag = message._tag;
+                const isModelChanged = currentModel !== nextModel;
+                if (!excludeFromHistoryTags.has(tag)) {
+                    Effect.runFork(store.recordMessage(
                     /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
                     message, currentModel, nextModel, Array.map(
                     /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-                    commands, toCommandRecord), isModelChanged);
+                    commands, toCommandRecord), isModelChanged));
                 }
                 else if (isModelChanged) {
-                    yield* store.updateLatestModel(nextModel);
+                    Effect.runFork(store.updateLatestModel(nextModel));
                 }
             }
-        });
+        };
+        // NOTE: escape hatch for synchronous bursts, so the page keeps
+        // painting under pathological load (for example, a fiber
+        // dispatching thousands of Messages in one task, or a fully
+        // synchronous Command chain). Bursts
+        // arrive as many single-Message drains within one browser task, so
+        // the budget is cumulative across drains: it accumulates processing
+        // time and resets when the browser demonstrably got control back (a
+        // render frame ran, or the gap since the last drain exceeds the
+        // budget). Once over budget, processing defers to a MessageChannel
+        // tick, which starts a new task so a pending frame can paint.
+        // setTimeout(0) would be clamped to 4ms+; MessageChannel delivers in
+        // ~0.5ms. The normal path pays two clock reads per drain.
+        let syncWorkMsSinceYield = 0;
+        let lastDrainEndedAt = 0;
+        let isDrainDeferredToNextTask = false;
+        let maybeDeferredDrainChannel = null;
+        const scheduleDeferredDrain = () => {
+            if (maybeDeferredDrainChannel === null) {
+                maybeDeferredDrainChannel = new MessageChannel();
+                maybeDeferredDrainChannel.port2.onmessage = () => {
+                    isDrainDeferredToNextTask = false;
+                    syncWorkMsSinceYield = 0;
+                    drainPendingMessages();
+                };
+            }
+            isDrainDeferredToNextTask = true;
+            maybeDeferredDrainChannel.port1.postMessage(null);
+        };
+        yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(() => {
+            if (maybeDeferredDrainChannel !== null) {
+                maybeDeferredDrainChannel.port1.close();
+                maybeDeferredDrainChannel.port2.close();
+                maybeDeferredDrainChannel = null;
+            }
+        }));
+        const drainPendingMessages = () => {
+            if (!isBootComplete ||
+                isProcessingMessages ||
+                isRenderingFrame ||
+                isDrainDeferredToNextTask ||
+                isRuntimeDisposed ||
+                isCrashed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            const drainStartedAt = performance.now();
+            if (drainStartedAt - lastDrainEndedAt > DRAIN_BUDGET_MS) {
+                syncWorkMsSinceYield = 0;
+            }
+            if (syncWorkMsSinceYield > DRAIN_BUDGET_MS) {
+                scheduleDeferredDrain();
+                return;
+            }
+            isProcessingMessages = true;
+            try {
+                while (pendingMessages.length > 0) {
+                    const batch = pendingMessages;
+                    pendingMessages = [];
+                    for (let index = 0; index < batch.length; index++) {
+                        const message = batch[index];
+                        currentMessage = Option.some(message);
+                        processMessagePlain(message);
+                        const hasRemainingWork = index + 1 < batch.length || pendingMessages.length > 0;
+                        if (hasRemainingWork &&
+                            syncWorkMsSinceYield + (performance.now() - drainStartedAt) >
+                                DRAIN_BUDGET_MS) {
+                            // NOTE: unprocessed batch Messages arrived before
+                            // anything in pendingMessages, so they go back to the
+                            // front to keep arrival order.
+                            pendingMessages = batch
+                                .slice(index + 1)
+                                .concat(pendingMessages);
+                            scheduleDeferredDrain();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                Effect.runFork(crashWith(Cause.die(error), currentMessage));
+            }
+            finally {
+                const drainEndedAt = performance.now();
+                syncWorkMsSinceYield += drainEndedAt - drainStartedAt;
+                lastDrainEndedAt = drainEndedAt;
+                isProcessingMessages = false;
+            }
+        };
         // NOTE: `dispatchService` defaults to the live dispatch but is
         // overridable so the DevTools jumpTo render path can pass
         // `noOpDispatch`. Mount Effects forked during a replay render still
         // execute (so the rendered DOM looks correct: positioning,
         // observer attachment, library setup), but their result Messages
-        // reach a no-op dispatchSync and never enter the runtime queue.
+        // reach a no-op dispatchSync and are never processed.
         // This prevents mount-derived Messages from polluting history when
         // the user is just inspecting past state.
         const render = (model, message, dispatchService = dispatch, renderMode = 'Live') => Effect.gen(function* () {
+            isRenderingFrame = true;
             const runtimeContext = yield* Effect.context();
             const maybeLiveRender = Option.liftPredicate(renderMode, mode => mode === 'Live');
             if (renderMode === 'Replay') {
@@ -698,9 +834,9 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
                 durationMs,
                 thresholdMs,
             }));
-            const maybeCurrentVNode = yield* Ref.get(maybeCurrentVNodeRef);
+            const maybeCurrentVNode = vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode;
             const [patchedVNode, maybePatchDuration] = yield* Effect.sync(() => measureSlowPhase(maybeLiveSlowPatch, () => __patchVNode(maybeCurrentVNode, nextVNode, container, boundaryRegistry.dedupeSeen)));
-            yield* Ref.set(maybeCurrentVNodeRef, Option.some(patchedVNode));
+            vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode = Option.some(patchedVNode);
             reportSlowPhase(maybeLiveSlowPatch, maybePatchDuration, (durationMs, thresholdMs) => ({
                 _tag: 'Patch',
                 model,
@@ -714,7 +850,11 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             if (import.meta.hot) {
                 yield* Effect.sync(() => duplicateIdScanner?.schedule(patchedVNode.elm));
             }
-        }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => endReplayHtmlRender())), Effect.provideService(Dispatch, dispatchService), Effect.provideService(MountTracker, mountTracker));
+        }).pipe(Effect.ensuring(Effect.sync(() => {
+            isRenderingFrame = false;
+            endReplayHtmlRender();
+            drainPendingMessages();
+        })), Effect.provideService(Dispatch, dispatchService), Effect.provideService(MountTracker, mountTracker));
         const isInIframe = window.self !== window.top;
         const resolvedDevTools = pipe(devTools ?? {}, Option.liftPredicate(config => config !== false), Option.filter(config => Match.value(config.show ?? DEFAULT_DEV_TOOLS_SHOW).pipe(Match.when('Always', () => true), Match.when('Development', () => !!import.meta.hot && !isInIframe), Match.exhaustive)), Option.map(config => ({
             position: config.position ?? DEFAULT_DEV_TOOLS_POSITION,
@@ -734,34 +874,28 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             // direct lookup that reflects the real live state at the moment
             // the entry was recorded.
             const isExcludingMessages = excludeFromHistoryTags.size > 0;
-            const devToolsStore = yield* createDevToolsStore({
+            const store = yield* createDevToolsStore({
                 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
                 replay: (model, message) => {
                     const [updatedModel] = update(model, message);
                     return maybeFreezeModel(updatedModel);
                 },
                 /* eslint-enable @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-                // NOTE: clears the dirty bit on the jumpTo render so the
-                // renderLoop's Stream.changes sees the next dispatch as a real
-                // false-to-true transition rather than a deduped no-op. Passes
-                // `noOpDispatch` so mount Effects forked during the replay
-                // render dispatch their result Messages into a no-op (instead
-                // of enqueueing them as new history entries). Also discards
-                // mount events fired during the render so they don't get
-                // attributed to the next user-initiated dispatch.
+                // NOTE: passes `noOpDispatch` so mount Effects forked during
+                // the replay render dispatch their result Messages into a
+                // no-op (instead of enqueueing them as new history entries).
+                // Also discards mount events fired during the render so they
+                // don't get attributed to the next user-initiated dispatch.
                 render: model => Effect.gen(function* () {
-                    yield* SubscriptionRef.set(isRenderPendingRef, false);
                     yield* render(
                     /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
                     model, Option.none(), noOpDispatch, 'Replay');
                     drainMountEvents();
                 }),
-                // NOTE: `resume` calls this to wake the renderLoop after a
-                // jumpTo render attached DOM listeners to `noOpDispatch`. The
-                // false-to-true transition triggers one tick on the next
-                // animation frame, which renders the live model with live
-                // dispatch and rebinds listeners.
-                markRenderPending: SubscriptionRef.set(isRenderPendingRef, true),
+                // NOTE: `resume` calls this after a jumpTo render attached DOM
+                // listeners to `noOpDispatch`. Scheduling a frame renders the
+                // live model with live dispatch and rebinds listeners.
+                markRenderPending: Effect.sync(() => scheduleRenderFrame()),
             }, {
                 ...(devToolsKeyframeInterval !== undefined && {
                     keyframeInterval: devToolsKeyframeInterval,
@@ -775,34 +909,24 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
                 // Spread last so it wins over `keyframeInterval` above.
                 ...(isExcludingMessages && { keyframeInterval: 1 }),
             });
-            maybeDevToolsStore = Option.some(devToolsStore);
-            // The init render runs below; capture the events it produces. We
-            // record init AFTER that render so the buffer reflects the mounts
-            // that fired on the first paint.
+            devToolsStore = store;
+            // NOTE: init is recorded after the init render below, so the
+            // mount buffer reflects the Mounts that fired on the first paint.
             yield* Option.match(maybeOverlay, {
                 onNone: () => Effect.void,
-                onSome: overlay => overlay(devToolsStore, position, mode, maybeBanner),
+                onSome: overlay => overlay(store, position, mode, maybeBanner),
             });
             if (import.meta.hot) {
                 const maybeMessageSchema = devTools !== undefined && devTools !== false
                     ? Option.fromNullishOr(devTools.Message)
                     : Option.none();
-                yield* startWebSocketBridge(devToolsStore, import.meta.hot, 
+                yield* startWebSocketBridge(store, import.meta.hot, 
                 /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-                message => enqueueHigh(message), 
+                message => enqueueMessageEffect(message), 
                 /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
                 maybeMessageSchema);
             }
         }
-        // NOTE: a fast-failing init Command (a `resources` Layer that
-        // throws synchronously) can render the crash view before this
-        // point. Rendering the init view would paint over it, so a crashed
-        // runtime suspends here instead, exactly like the failing-init-
-        // render path below.
-        const isCrashedBeforeInitRender = yield* Ref.get(isCrashedRef);
-        if (isCrashedBeforeInitRender) {
-            return yield* Effect.never;
-        }
         const initRenderExit = yield* Effect.exit(render(initModel, Option.none()));
         if (Exit.isFailure(initRenderExit)) {
             yield* crashWith(initRenderExit.cause, Option.none());
@@ -815,43 +939,105 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             yield* restorePreservedScrollPosition(runtimeId);
         }
         const initMountEvents = drainMountEvents();
-        yield* Option.match(maybeDevToolsStore, {
-            onNone: () => Effect.void,
-            onSome: store => store.recordInit(initModel, Array.map(initCommands, toCommandRecord), initMountEvents.starts),
-        });
-        // NOTE: maybeLastDirtyMessageRef holds the most recent dirtying
+        if (devToolsStore !== null) {
+            yield* devToolsStore.recordInit(initModel, Array.map(initCommands, toCommandRecord), initMountEvents.starts);
+        }
+        // NOTE: maybeLastDirtyMessage holds the most recent dirtying
         // Message, so slow render-phase callbacks during high-rate bursts attribute
         // to the last Message in the frame batch, not the specific one that
         // pushed the view past threshold. Acceptable for a debug callback;
         // full attribution would require correlating each message with its
         // render contribution, which isn't worth the complexity.
-        const renderLoop = makeRenderLoop({
-            pendingRef: isRenderPendingRef,
-            awaitNextFrame,
-            isPaused: isPausedEffect,
-            render: Effect.gen(function* () {
-                // NOTE: a Message that dirtied the model can also be the one
-                // whose Command crashed the runtime. Without this guard the
-                // next animation frame would render the live view over the
-                // crash view.
-                const isCrashed = yield* Ref.get(isCrashedRef);
-                if (isCrashed) {
-                    return;
+        // NOTE: render frames run as plain JavaScript inside the
+        // requestAnimationFrame callback. Messages arriving between frames
+        // mark at most one pending frame; the callback renders once with the
+        // latest model. The runtime context for OnMount forking and Command
+        // forking is captured once here; it is constant for the lifetime of
+        // the runtime.
+        const runtimeContextForCommands = yield* Effect.context();
+        const liveRenderContext = Context.add(Context.add(runtimeContextForCommands, Dispatch, dispatch), MountTracker, mountTracker);
+        const renderFramePlain = () => {
+            isRenderFrameScheduled = false;
+            // NOTE: a frame scheduled before disposal fires after it; a
+            // disposed runtime must not repaint the released container.
+            if (isRuntimeDisposed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // NOTE: a frame is running, so the browser got control back; the
+            // drain budget starts fresh.
+            syncWorkMsSinceYield = 0;
+            // NOTE: a Message that dirtied the model can also be the one
+            // whose Command crashed the runtime. Without this guard the
+            // next animation frame would render the live view over the
+            // crash view.
+            if (isCrashed) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isPausedNow()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            isRenderingFrame = true;
+            try {
+                renderSyncPlain(liveModel, maybeLastDirtyMessage);
+                if (devToolsStore !== null) {
+                    const mountEvents = drainMountEvents();
+                    Effect.runFork(devToolsStore.attachRenderedMounts(mountEvents.starts, mountEvents.ends));
                 }
-                const model = yield* Ref.get(modelRef);
-                const maybeMessage = yield* Ref.get(maybeLastDirtyMessageRef);
-                yield* render(model, maybeMessage);
-                const mountEvents = drainMountEvents();
-                yield* Option.match(maybeDevToolsStore, {
-                    onNone: () => Effect.void,
-                    onSome: store => store.attachRenderedMounts(mountEvents.starts, mountEvents.ends),
-                });
-            }),
-        });
-        yield* Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(renderLoop.pipe(Effect.catchCause(cause => Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const maybeMessage = yield* Ref.get(maybeLastDirtyMessageRef);
-            yield* crashWith(cause, maybeMessage);
-        }))));
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                Effect.runFork(crashWith(Cause.die(error), maybeLastDirtyMessage));
+            }
+            finally {
+                isRenderingFrame = false;
+            }
+            // NOTE: Messages dispatched by patch-time hooks (for example,
+            // OnUnmount destroys, or Mount emissions) were buffered while the
+            // frame held the stack; they process now, after the patch has
+            // committed and the frame's Mount events are attributed.
+            drainPendingMessages();
+        };
+        const renderSyncPlain = (model, maybeMessage) => {
+            const [nextDocument, maybeViewDuration] = measureSlowPhase(resolvedSlowView, () => {
+                beginHtmlRender(boundaryRegistry);
+                setHtmlRuntime(dispatch.dispatchSync, liveRenderContext, boundaryRegistry);
+                try {
+                    return view(model);
+                }
+                finally {
+                    clearHtmlRuntime();
+                }
+            });
+            reportSlowPhase(resolvedSlowView, maybeViewDuration, (durationMs, thresholdMs) => ({
+                _tag: 'View',
+                model,
+                message: maybeMessage,
+                durationMs,
+                thresholdMs,
+            }));
+            const maybeCurrentVNode = vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode;
+            const [patchedVNode, maybePatchDuration] = measureSlowPhase(resolvedSlowPatch, () => __patchVNode(maybeCurrentVNode, nextDocument.body, container, boundaryRegistry.dedupeSeen));
+            vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode = Option.some(patchedVNode);
+            reportSlowPhase(resolvedSlowPatch, maybePatchDuration, (durationMs, thresholdMs) => ({
+                _tag: 'Patch',
+                model,
+                message: maybeMessage,
+                durationMs,
+                thresholdMs,
+            }));
+            if (manageDocument) {
+                applyDocumentMetadata(nextDocument, patchedVNode.elm);
+            }
+            if (import.meta.hot) {
+                duplicateIdScanner?.schedule(patchedVNode.elm);
+            }
+        };
+        const scheduleRenderFrame = () => {
+            if (isRenderFrameScheduled) {
+                return;
+            }
+            isRenderFrameScheduled = true;
+            requestAnimationFrame(renderFramePlain);
+        };
         // NOTE: reloading on bfcache restore is a page-level decision, so
         // only a page-owning runtime that manages the document installs the
         // listener. An app started through `embed` carries a host connector
@@ -907,7 +1093,7 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
                 })));
                 yield* Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(Stream.concat(Stream.make(initDependencies), modelChangesStream).pipe(Stream.changesWith(equivalence), Stream.switchMap(dependencies => dependenciesToStream(dependencies, () => Ref.getUnsafe(latestDependenciesRef))), Stream.runForEach(message => 
                 /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
-                enqueueHigh(message)), provideAllResources, Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, Option.none()))));
+                enqueueMessageEffect(message)), provideAllResources, Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, Option.none()))));
             }), {
                 concurrency: 'unbounded',
                 discard: true,
@@ -929,79 +1115,56 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
             const release = (value) => Effect.gen(function* () {
                 yield* config.release(value);
                 yield* Ref.set(resourceRef, Option.none());
-                yield* enqueueHigh(config.onReleased());
+                yield* enqueueMessageEffect(config.onReleased());
             }).pipe(Effect.catchCause(() => Effect.void));
             return pipe(Stream.scoped(Stream.fromEffect(Effect.acquireRelease(acquire, release))), Stream.flatMap(value => Stream.concat(Stream.make(config.onAcquired(value)), Stream.never)), Stream.map(Effect.succeed), Stream.catch(error => Stream.make(Effect.succeed(config.onAcquireError(error)))));
         };
         const forkManagedResourceLifecycle = ({ config, ref: resourceRef, }) => Effect.gen(function* () {
             const modelStream = Stream.concat(Stream.make(initModel), Stream.fromPubSub(modelPubSub));
             const equivalence = Schema.toEquivalence(config.schema);
-            yield* Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(modelStream.pipe(Stream.map(config.modelToMaybeRequirements), Stream.changesWith(equivalence), Stream.switchMap(maybeRequirementsToLifecycle(config, resourceRef)), Stream.runForEach(Effect.flatMap(enqueueHigh))));
+            yield* Effect.forkIn(runtimeScope)(modelStream.pipe(Stream.map(config.modelToMaybeRequirements), Stream.changesWith(equivalence), Stream.switchMap(maybeRequirementsToLifecycle(config, resourceRef)), Stream.runForEach(Effect.flatMap(enqueueMessageEffect)), 
+            // NOTE: mirrors the Subscription fork so a defect in
+            // `modelToMaybeRequirements` or the equivalence surfaces as
+            // the crash view instead of dying silently in this detached
+            // fiber. `provideAllResources` is not needed: `acquire` only
+            // requires `Scope`, which `Stream.scoped` supplies, and
+            // `release` requires nothing.
+            Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, Option.none()))));
         });
         yield* Effect.forEach(managedResourceRefs, forkManagedResourceLifecycle, {
             concurrency: 'unbounded',
             discard: true,
         });
-        const processWithBudget = (message) => Effect.gen(function* () {
-            currentMessage = Option.some(message);
-            yield* processMessage(message);
-            if (performance.now() - burstStartedAt < FRAME_BUDGET_MS) {
-                return;
-            }
-            yield* yieldToBrowser;
-            burstStartedAt = performance.now();
-        });
-        const processBatch = (batch) => Effect.forEach(orderByPriority(batch), processWithBudget, {
-            discard: true,
-        });
-        // NOTE: Effect 4's `Queue.takeAll` blocks until at least one message
-        // arrives (it's `takeBetween(self, 1, ∞)`, not a non-blocking
-        // snapshot). For batching we want "give me whatever is currently in
-        // the queue, possibly nothing" so we drain via repeated `Queue.poll`
-        // until it returns `None`.
-        const pollAvailable = Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const accumulated = [];
-            while (true) {
-                const next = yield* Queue.poll(messageQueue);
-                if (Option.isNone(next)) {
-                    return accumulated;
-                }
-                accumulated.push(next.value);
-            }
-        });
-        const drainQueue = Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const batch = yield* pollAvailable;
-            if (Array.isReadonlyArrayEmpty(batch)) {
-                return;
-            }
-            yield* processBatch(batch);
-            yield* drainQueue;
-        });
-        // NOTE: only reset the burst timer when `Queue.take` actually blocked
-        // (queue was empty). With Command-chained dispatches each forever
-        // iteration handles a single message, so resetting unconditionally
-        // would keep the per-iteration cost under FRAME_BUDGET_MS forever
-        // and the runtime would never yield to the browser. Polling first
-        // distinguishes "continuing a burst" (poll returns Some) from
-        // "waking from idle" (poll returns None, take blocks).
-        yield* pipe(Effect.forever(Effect.gen(function* () {
-            const maybeFirst = yield* Queue.poll(messageQueue);
-            const first = yield* Option.match(maybeFirst, {
-                onNone: () => Effect.gen(function* () {
-                    const message = yield* Queue.take(messageQueue);
-                    burstStartedAt = performance.now();
-                    return message;
-                }),
-                onSome: Effect.succeed,
-            });
-            const rest = yield* pollAvailable;
-            yield* processBatch(Array.prepend(rest, first));
-            yield* drainQueue;
-        })), Effect.catchCause(cause => crashWith(cause, currentMessage)));
-        // NOTE: reached only after the drain loop crashed and the crash view
-        // rendered. Suspending keeps the runtime scope open so the crash view
-        // and the DevTools overlay stay up for inspection; interruption
-        // (dispose, or page unload) still tears everything down.
+        // NOTE: registered before the boot buffer drains, so an interrupt
+        // landing anywhere after this yield tears down with the flag set
+        // (finalizers are LIFO; this one runs before every
+        // earlier-registered teardown, including the container-restoring
+        // patch whose OnUnmount dispatches must be dropped). An interrupt
+        // landing before this yield tears down with isBootComplete still
+        // false, so every dispatch buffers and dies with the closure.
+        // Either way no Message is processed against a closing runtime.
+        yield* Effect.addFinalizer(() => Effect.sync(() => {
+            isRuntimeDisposed = true;
+        }));
+        // NOTE: init Commands fork as the last act of boot, exactly where
+        // the old queue's drain loop used to start. Together with the
+        // isBootComplete barrier this guarantees no Command result (or any
+        // other Message) is processed until the init render has painted
+        // initModel and every boot subsystem (DevTools store, Subscriptions,
+        // ManagedResources, ports) is attached. forkCommand also defers each
+        // start by a microtask, so a fully synchronous init Command still
+        // delivers its result asynchronously.
+        for (const command of initCommands) {
+            forkCommand(
+            /* eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions */
+            command, Option.none());
+        }
+        isBootComplete = true;
+        drainPendingMessages();
+        // NOTE: suspend forever. Messages are processed synchronously on
+        // the dispatching stack and render frames run as plain rAF
+        // callbacks, so this fiber's only remaining job is keeping the
+        // runtime scope open until interruption (dispose, or page unload).
         yield* Effect.never;
     }));
     const start = (hmrModel) => startWith(Option.none(), hmrModel);
@@ -1013,16 +1176,37 @@ const makeRuntime = ({ ports, Model, flags: resolveFlags, init, update, view, ma
     });
     return program;
 };
+// NOTE: how long one synchronous drain may hold the stack before the
+// remaining Messages defer to a new task so the browser can paint. Only
+// multi-Message bursts ever reach the check; the single-Message path never
+// reads the clock beyond the drain start.
+const DRAIN_BUDGET_MS = 5;
 const currentLocationUrl = () => {
     const { origin, pathname, search } = window.location;
     return `${origin}${pathname}${search}`;
 };
-const upsertHeadElement = (tagName, selector, attributes) => {
-    const existing = document.head.querySelector(selector);
-    const element = existing ?? document.head.appendChild(document.createElement(tagName));
-    Object.entries(attributes).forEach(([key, value]) => {
-        element.setAttribute(key, value);
-    });
+const documentMetadataElements = new WeakMap();
+const metadataElementsForDocument = () => {
+    let elements = documentMetadataElements.get(document);
+    if (elements === undefined) {
+        elements = {};
+        documentMetadataElements.set(document, elements);
+    }
+    let canonical = elements.canonical;
+    if (canonical === undefined || canonical.parentNode !== document.head) {
+        canonical =
+            document.head.querySelector('link[rel="canonical"]') ??
+                document.head.appendChild(document.createElement('link'));
+        elements.canonical = canonical;
+    }
+    let ogUrl = elements.ogUrl;
+    if (ogUrl === undefined || ogUrl.parentNode !== document.head) {
+        ogUrl =
+            document.head.querySelector('meta[property="og:url"]') ??
+                document.head.appendChild(document.createElement('meta'));
+        elements.ogUrl = ogUrl;
+    }
+    return { canonical, ogUrl };
 };
 const applyDocumentMetadata = (nextDocument, mountedRoot) => {
     if (!mountedRoot || !document.body.contains(mountedRoot)) {
@@ -1033,16 +1217,21 @@ const applyDocumentMetadata = (nextDocument, mountedRoot) => {
     }
     const canonical = nextDocument.canonical ?? currentLocationUrl();
     const ogUrl = nextDocument.ogUrl ?? canonical;
-    upsertHeadElement('link', 'link[rel="canonical"]', {
-        rel: 'canonical',
-        href: canonical,
-    });
-    upsertHeadElement('meta', 'meta[property="og:url"]', {
-        property: 'og:url',
-        content: ogUrl,
-    });
+    const metadataElements = metadataElementsForDocument();
+    if (metadataElements.canonical.getAttribute('rel') !== 'canonical') {
+        metadataElements.canonical.setAttribute('rel', 'canonical');
+    }
+    if (metadataElements.canonical.getAttribute('href') !== canonical) {
+        metadataElements.canonical.setAttribute('href', canonical);
+    }
+    if (metadataElements.ogUrl.getAttribute('property') !== 'og:url') {
+        metadataElements.ogUrl.setAttribute('property', 'og:url');
+    }
+    if (metadataElements.ogUrl.getAttribute('content') !== ogUrl) {
+        metadataElements.ogUrl.setAttribute('content', ogUrl);
+    }
 };
-const renderCrashView = (context, crash, container, maybeCurrentVNodeRef, manageDocument) => {
+const renderCrashView = (context, crash, container, vnodeSlot, manageDocument) => {
     console.error('[foldkit] Application crash:', context.error);
     if (crash?.report) {
         try {
@@ -1067,9 +1256,8 @@ const renderCrashView = (context, crash, container, maybeCurrentVNodeRef, manage
         finally {
             clearHtmlRuntime();
         }
-        const maybeCurrentVNode = Effect.runSync(Ref.get(maybeCurrentVNodeRef));
-        const patchedVNode = __patchVNode(maybeCurrentVNode, crashDocument.body, container);
-        Effect.runSync(Ref.set(maybeCurrentVNodeRef, Option.some(patchedVNode)));
+        const patchedVNode = __patchVNode(vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode, crashDocument.body, container);
+        vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode = Option.some(patchedVNode);
         if (manageDocument) {
             applyDocumentMetadata(crashDocument, patchedVNode.elm);
         }
@@ -1085,9 +1273,8 @@ const renderCrashView = (context, crash, container, maybeCurrentVNodeRef, manage
         finally {
             clearHtmlRuntime();
         }
-        const maybeCurrentVNode = Effect.runSync(Ref.get(maybeCurrentVNodeRef));
-        const patchedVNode = __patchVNode(maybeCurrentVNode, fallbackDocument.body, container);
-        Effect.runSync(Ref.set(maybeCurrentVNodeRef, Option.some(patchedVNode)));
+        const patchedVNode = __patchVNode(vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode, fallbackDocument.body, container);
+        vnodeSlot.maybeCurrentVNode = Option.some(patchedVNode);
         if (manageDocument) {
             applyDocumentMetadata(fallbackDocument, patchedVNode.elm);
         }
@@ -1252,9 +1439,12 @@ const PLUGIN_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT_MS = 500;
 // NOTE: scheduling fix for browser performance. Effect needs to defer work
 // onto a future tick of the event loop. The default browser scheduler picks
 // `setTimeout(f, 0)`, but browsers clamp `setTimeout` to a minimum of 4ms.
-// `queueMicrotask` runs on the very next tick (sub-millisecond). Without this
-// override, every dispatched message takes an extra 4-16ms round-trip,
-// sharply visible on hover and drag.
+// `queueMicrotask` runs on the very next tick (sub-millisecond). Dispatch no
+// longer routes through the Effect scheduler, but Command and Subscription
+// fibers still do; without this override every fiber yield (for example, an
+// op-budget suspension, or a Stream step) would take an extra 4-16ms
+// round-trip before
+// its result Message lands.
 const microtaskSetImmediate = (callback) => {
     let cancelled = false;
     queueMicrotask(() => {