fhirsmith 0.12.0 → 0.13.1

package/tx/importers/icd11-schema.md

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+# ICD-11 import: database schema
+
+Built by `tx/importers/import-icd11.js`. One database holds all three WHO code systems.
+
+```bash
+node tx/importers/import-icd11.js \
+  --native https://id.who.int \
+  --fhir   https://.../fhir \
+  --dest   data/icd11-2026-01.db
+```
+
+Useful options: `--systems mms,icf,foundation`, `--languages all` (or `en,fr`),
+`--release 2026-01`, `--concurrency 16`, `--fhir-sample 500`, `--overwrite`.
+
+The crawl is resumable. Re-running against an existing database skips concepts already
+recorded for a language, so it can be interrupted, or topped up later with
+`--languages es` without refetching structure.
+
+## Where the content comes from
+
+The native API is the only endpoint that can enumerate the classification: GET the
+linearization root for its top-level children, then `?include=descendant` on each child
+for its entire subtree. That is 1 + n calls instead of one per concept, and it is what
+makes a complete copy provable rather than hopeful. Each concept is then fetched
+individually (with `?include=diagnosticCriteria`, which costs nothing extra) once per
+language.
+
+The FHIR endpoint contributes only its TerminologyCapabilities and a random sample of
+`$lookup` responses, kept in `fhir_sample` so a provider's output can be diffed against
+WHO's own server.
+
+## Design rule
+
+Anything with structural consequence is a column or a row: hierarchy, codes, class kinds,
+selectability, postcoordination axes and their permitted values, cross references. Free
+text lives in `designation`. The untouched native JSON for each concept is kept in
+`concept.blob` so nothing is lost, but no query needs to open it.
+
+## Tables
+
+| table | what it holds |
+|---|---|
+| `meta` | key/value: release, languages, endpoints, tool version, request count |
+| `system` | one row per code system — `mms`, `icf`, `foundation` — with its canonical url, release and `is_tree` |
+| `concept` | one row per entity |
+| `concept_parent` | parent/child edges, `seq` preserving the API's order |
+| `concept_closure` | transitive closure including the reflexive row, so is-a never needs recursion |
+| `designation` | all text, per language and kind |
+| `concept_reference` | exclusions and the other non-hierarchical pointers |
+| `pc_scale` | the postcoordination axes declared on a stem |
+| `pc_scale_entity` | the roots of each axis; permitted values are these plus their descendants |
+| `fhir_sample` | sampled `$lookup` responses |
+| `crawl_lang` | resumability bookkeeping |
+| `problem` | anything that failed, kept rather than discarded |
+
+### concept
+
+`uri` is the unversioned canonical form (`http://id.who.int/icd/release/11/mms/257068234`),
+which is what the FHIR API accepts as a `code`. `entity_id` is the tail — `257068234`, or
+`1363559646/other` for a residual. `code` is the short code, NULL where the entity has none.
+
+`selectable` is 1 when the concept has a short code and `class_kind = 'category'`. Blocks
+and windows have an empty code in the API and are stored as NULL; they are groupers, not
+codes you may use. `residual` is `other`, `unspecified` or NULL.
+
+`lft`/`rgt` are nested-set intervals, populated only where the hierarchy is genuinely a
+tree — MMS and ICF. The Foundation is a DAG (around 9% of its entities have more than one
+parent) so its intervals stay NULL and `concept_closure` is the only correct route there.
+`depth` is the shortest distance from a root.
+
+### Two ways to ask for descendants
+
+Nested set, for MMS and ICF — a single range scan:
+
+```sql
+SELECT d.code, d.entity_id
+  FROM concept a JOIN concept d ON d.system = a.system
+ WHERE a.code = '1A00' AND d.lft > a.lft AND d.rgt < a.rgt;
+```
+
+Closure, correct for every system including the Foundation:
+
+```sql
+SELECT d.code FROM concept_closure cl
+  JOIN concept a ON a.id = cl.ancestor
+  JOIN concept d ON d.id = cl.descendant
+ WHERE a.code = '1A00' AND cl.depth > 0;
+```
+
+`is-a` including self is the same query with `cl.depth >= 0`. Subsumption between two
+concepts is a single primary-key probe on `concept_closure`.
+
+### Postcoordination
+
+`pc_scale` carries one row per axis on a stem: the axis URI, its short name, whether it is
+required, `allow_multiple` (`AllowAlways` / `NotAllowed` / `AllowedExceptFromSameBlock`),
+and the FHIR ValueSet canonical for that axis. `pc_scale_entity` holds the is-a roots of
+the axis, so the permitted values are those roots plus their descendants.
+
+Validating `d5409.qp3` — is `qp3` allowed on the `performance` axis of `d5409`? — needs no
+JSON at all:
+
+```sql
+SELECT v.code
+  FROM pc_scale ps
+  JOIN concept s          ON s.id = ps.concept
+  JOIN pc_scale_entity e  ON e.scale = ps.id
+  JOIN concept_closure cl ON cl.ancestor = e.target
+  JOIN concept v          ON v.id = cl.descendant
+ WHERE s.code = 'd5409' AND ps.axis_name = 'performance';
+```
+
+The same shape answers the questions a provider has to answer: which axes exist on a stem,
+which are required, whether a second value on one axis is legal, and whether a given
+extension code belongs to a given axis.
+
+### designation
+
+`kind` is one of `title`, `definition`, `longDefinition`, `fullySpecifiedName`,
+`codingNote`, `diagnosticCriteria`, `indexTerm`, `inclusion`. The display for a concept is
+its `title` in the requested language:
+
+```sql
+SELECT value FROM designation
+ WHERE concept = ? AND kind = 'title' AND lang = ?;
+```
+
+Index terms and inclusions are the search surface — they are what the ICD Browser matches
+on — and they are held as ordinary rows so a `$expand` filter can be a LIKE or an FTS
+query rather than a scan through JSON.
+
+### concept_reference
+
+`kind` is `exclusion`, `foundationChildElsewhere`, `relatedMaternal` or `relatedPerinatal`.
+`target` is resolved to a concept id where the target is in the same system; `target_uri`
+and `foundation_uri` are always kept so an unresolved reference is still visible. Labels
+are language-tagged, so this table has one row per reference per language.
+
+## Notes for the provider
+
+- Both URI forms work as a `code` against the WHO FHIR server: versioned
+  (`.../release/11/2026-01/mms/{id}`) and unversioned (`.../release/11/mms/{id}`). The
+  database stores the unversioned form. Bare numeric ids are rejected by WHO, which is a
+  live question in the community — see the Geneva straw poll.
+- The MMS and ICF linearizations are trees; the Foundation is not. Any code that assumes a
+  single parent must check `system.is_tree` first.
+- A concept can have an entity id and no short code. Those are `selectable = 0` and should
+  not appear as selectable in an expansion.
+- Chapters are the roots: 28 in MMS (01–26, V, X), 2 each in ICF and the Foundation. They
+  report no parent, which is why the FHIR API alone cannot enumerate the code system.
+- `system.version` is the release the crawl ran against. Nothing in the schema is
+  release-aware beyond that, so a new release means a new database.
+
+---
+
+# Exporting FHIR CodeSystem resources
+
+`tx/importers/export-icd11-codesystem.js` writes CodeSystem resources out of the database.
+
+```bash
+node tx/importers/export-icd11-codesystem.js \
+  --src data/icd11-2026-01.db --out out/ --gzip
+```
+
+Nine files for the 2026-01 release, plus the schema vocabulary:
+
+| file | concepts | raw | gzipped |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| CodeSystem-icd11-mms-2026-01.json | 37,211 | 43.5 MB | 3.9 MB |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-mms-2026-01-es.json | 37,211 | 28.5 MB | 2.5 MB |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-mms-2026-01-fr.json | 37,211 | 24.8 MB | 2.4 MB |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-icf-2026-01.json | 1,665 | 1.6 MB | 0.1 MB |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-icf-2026-01-{es,fr}.json | 1,665 | 0.7 MB each | 0.1 MB each |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-foundation-2026-01.json | 71,565 | 46.1 MB | 5.1 MB |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-foundation-2026-01-{es,fr}.json | 71,565 | ~18.7 MB each | ~3.1 MB each |
+| CodeSystem-icd11-schema.json | 12 | 3 KB | — |
+
+184 MB raw, 21 MB gzipped, produced in about 7 seconds. Everything is streamed, so no
+resource is ever held in memory and `JSON.stringify` only ever sees one concept at a time.
+
+## Shape
+
+**Hierarchy.** MMS and ICF are emitted nested (`concept.concept`), which is natural for a
+tree and avoids repeating parent codes; the Foundation is a DAG so it is emitted flat with
+`parent` and `child` properties. `--hierarchy flat` forces flat everywhere.
+
+**Languages.** A base CodeSystem in the first language, plus one CodeSystem supplement
+(`content = supplement`, `supplements = <url>|<version>`) per additional language. This
+keeps the base file usable on its own and matches WHO treating translations as separately
+governed. `--languages en,fr` picks a subset.
+
+**Codes.** `--code-form` decides what goes in `concept.code`, because the community has not:
+
+| form | `concept.code` | notes |
+|---|---|---|
+| `hybrid` (default) | short code where there is one, entity uri otherwise | what the WHO FHIR server does today |
+| `short` | the short code | drops the 1,519 MMS concepts that have none |
+| `uri` | the unversioned entity uri, always | uniform, always present |
+| `id` | the bare entity id, always | Geneva straw poll option 4, which won 7-1 |
+
+Whichever is chosen, the others are still available as `entityId`, `uri` and `shortCode`
+properties, so nothing is lost and the four can be generated and compared.
+
+**Declarations.** The exported resources declare `filter` (concept is-a/descendent-of,
+classKind, notSelectable), thirteen `property` definitions, `count`, `hierarchyMeaning`,
+`compositional`, `versionNeeded`, and a `CodeSystem.valueSet` naming an all-codes value
+set — all of which WHO's own CodeSystem resource omits.
+
+## Two things worth knowing
+
+`CodeSystem.property.type` is bound to a required value set that does **not** include
+`uri`, and `concept.property.value[x]` has no `valueUri` choice — the allowed types are
+code, Coding, string, integer, boolean, dateTime, decimal. Uri-valued properties are
+therefore declared and emitted as strings. This is the same mistake the WHO server makes
+on `ValueSet.expansion.contains.property.value[x]`, where it returns `valueUri` and no
+conformant client can parse the expansion at all.
+
+`classKind` is emitted as a `Coding`, not a `code`. `CodeSystem.property` gives no way to
+say which code system a code-typed property draws its values from, so a validator assumes
+the code system being defined — and `category` is not a code in ICD-11. A Coding names
+`http://id.who.int/icd/schema` outright, which is why the exporter also writes
+`CodeSystem-icd11-schema.json` defining the designation-use codes and class kinds.
+
+## Validation
+
+Validated with the HL7 validator at R5. **0 errors** on the nested ICF resource, the flat
+ICF resource, an ICF supplement, and an MMS extract of 1,094 concepts covering blocks,
+windows, residuals and postcoordination. The full 43 MB MMS and 46 MB Foundation files were
+not validated end to end — the validator did not finish them in the memory available — but
+they come off the same code paths.
+
+The remaining warnings are all one thing: `designation.use` codes are not in
+`http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/designation-use`. That binding is extensible and ICD's index
+terms have no standard equivalent, so this is expected rather than a defect.
+
+## Postcoordination ValueSets
+
+`--value-sets` (on by default) also writes one ValueSet per postcoordination axis per stem
+— 25,354 of them for 2026-01, across 46 distinct axes.
+
+They are **compose-only**. Pre-expanding the set would be 14.6 million expansion rows, with
+1,743 axes carrying over a thousand members each, so membership is expressed the way WHO
+expresses it: one `concept is-a` include per scale root. Resolving them needs the
+CodeSystem, which is the point of shipping both together.
+
+Filter values follow `--code-form`, so they are consistent with the CodeSystem in the same
+package — 113,785 come out as short codes and 45,145 as entity uris, the latter being scale
+roots that are groupers with no short code. (WHO's own value sets mix the two forms
+arbitrarily.)
+
+The axis rules have nowhere to live in a ValueSet, so four extensions carry them:
+
+| extension | type | what it says |
+|---|---|---|
+| `.../schema/postcoordinationAxis` | uri | which axis this value set enumerates |
+| `.../schema/stem` | uri | the concept the axis belongs to |
+| `.../schema/requiredPostcoordination` | boolean | whether WHO marks the axis required |
+| `.../schema/allowMultipleValues` | code | AllowAlways \| NotAllowed \| AllowedExceptFromSameBlock |
+
+An undefined extension is an **error** to the validator, not a warning, so the exporter also
+writes a StructureDefinition for each of the four. Without them the package will not load.
+
+ValueSet ids are `icd11-{system}-{entityId}-{axis}`. FHIR caps ids at 64 characters; 35 of
+them exceed that and keep a deterministic 7-character hash of the full name instead of being
+blindly truncated, so two long axis names on one stem cannot collide. The exporter asserts
+uniqueness as it goes.
+
+## FHIR package
+
+`--package` assembles everything into a FHIR NPM package — `package/` with one file per
+resource, a `package.json` and a `.index.json` — and tars it with a small built-in ustar
+writer, so no external `tar` is needed.
+
+```bash
+node tx/importers/export-icd11-codesystem.js \
+  --src data/icd11-2026-01.db --out out/ --package
+```
+
+`who.icd11-2026.1.0.tgz`: 25,368 resources — 10 CodeSystems, 25,354 ValueSets, 4
+StructureDefinitions — **23.0 MB**, built in 22 seconds. English only it is 11.7 MB.
+`--package-id` and `--package-version` override the defaults; the version is derived from
+the release (`2026-01` becomes `2026.1.0`) since package versions must be semver.
+
+Verified by pointing the validator at the `.tgz` as an `-ig` and validating a ValueSet
+against it: it loads and resolves. 12 ICF ValueSets validate at 0 errors, 0 warnings.