eyeling 1.6.1 → 1.6.3

package/examples/alignment-demo.n3

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# alignment-demo.n3
+# Minimal alignment example (SKOS mappings + inferred roll-up to a reference concept)
+
+@prefix ex:   <http://example.org/> .
+@prefix ref:  <http://example.org/taxonomy/ref/> .
+@prefix tel:  <http://example.org/taxonomy/telraam/> .
+@prefix anpr: <http://example.org/taxonomy/anpr/> .
+
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+@prefix log:  <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#> .
+@prefix list: <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/list#> .
+
+######################################################################
+# 1) Minimal concepts (3 schemes)
+######################################################################
+
+ref:Car a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Car (reference reporting class)"@en .
+
+tel:Car a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Telraam car"@en .
+tel:HeavyVehicle a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "Telraam heavy vehicle"@en .
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "ANPR: vehicle with plate"@en .
+anpr:PassengerCar a skos:Concept ; skos:prefLabel "ANPR: passenger car"@en ;
+  skos:broader anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+######################################################################
+# 2) Alignments (cross-scheme mappings)
+######################################################################
+
+# Telraam categories mapped to the reference reporting class
+tel:Car skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+
+# ANPR top concept mapped to reference reporting class
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+
+######################################################################
+# 3) Generic SKOS-ish rules needed for alignment reasoning
+######################################################################
+
+# Treat skos:broadMatch as a "broader-than" link for roll-up
+{ ?a skos:broadMatch ?b. } => { ?a skos:broader ?b. } .
+
+# Inverse broader/narrower
+{ ?n skos:broader ?b. } => { ?b skos:narrower ?n. } .
+
+# Transitive closure seeds
+{ ?n skos:broader ?b. } => { ?n skos:broaderTransitive ?b. } .
+{ ?n skos:narrower ?c. } => { ?n skos:narrowerTransitive ?c. } .
+
+# Transitivity
+{ ?a skos:broaderTransitive ?b. ?b skos:broaderTransitive ?c. } => { ?a skos:broaderTransitive ?c. } .
+{ ?a skos:narrowerTransitive ?b. ?b skos:narrowerTransitive ?c. } => { ?a skos:narrowerTransitive ?c. } .
+
+# Keep transitive props inverse too (handy for downstream rules)
+{ ?a skos:broaderTransitive ?b. } => { ?b skos:narrowerTransitive ?a. } .
+{ ?a skos:narrowerTransitive ?b. } => { ?b skos:broaderTransitive ?a. } .
+
+######################################################################
+# 4) One derived relation used by aggregation/queries:
+#    "datasetConcept is narrower-or-equal to referenceConcept"
+######################################################################
+
+# Reflexive
+{ ?c a skos:Concept. } => { ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?c. } .
+
+# Anything whose broaderTransitive reaches a concept contributes to that concept
+{ ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?b. } => { ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?b. } .
+
+######################################################################
+# 5) Tiny “demo output” rule: flag concepts that roll up to ref:Car
+######################################################################
+
+{ ?x ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car. } => { ?x ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car. } .
+
+######################################################################
+# Expected inferences (you should see these appear as derived facts):
+#
+# tel:Car ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# tel:HeavyVehicle ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# anpr:PassengerCar ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .   # via broader anpr:VehicleWithPlate + mapping
+######################################################################
+

package/examples/minimal-skos-alignment.n3

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# ------------------------------------------------------------
+# Minimal SKOS alignment + propagation example
+#
+# Goal:
+#   Show how a SKOS mapping (broadMatch) lets you treat dataset-
+#   specific categories as a reference category, and how that
+#   alignment propagates to more specific (narrower) categories.
+#
+# What should be inferred:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+#   anpr:PassengerCar     ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+#
+# Run (example):
+#   eyeling minimal-skos-alignment.n3
+# ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@prefix ex:   <http://example.org/> .
+@prefix ref:  <http://example.org/ref/> .
+@prefix anpr: <http://example.org/anpr/> .
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+
+# --- Concepts (two schemes) ---
+ref:Car a skos:Concept .
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate a skos:Concept ;
+  skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+
+anpr:PassengerCar a skos:Concept ;
+  skos:broader anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+# --- Rules ---
+# Rule 1: interpret skos:broadMatch as "treat A as B" for reporting
+{ ?a skos:broadMatch ?b. } => { ?a ex:treatedAs ?b. } .
+
+# Rule 2: propagate that treatment down the SKOS hierarchy:
+# if X has broader concept Y, and Y is treatedAs Z, then X is treatedAs Z
+{ ?x skos:broader ?y. ?y ex:treatedAs ?z. } => { ?x ex:treatedAs ?z. } .
+

package/examples/output/alignment-demo.n3

@@ -0,0 +1,610 @@
+@prefix anpr: <http://example.org/taxonomy/anpr/> .
+@prefix ex: <http://example.org/> .
+@prefix ref: <http://example.org/taxonomy/ref/> .
+@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
+@prefix tel: <http://example.org/taxonomy/telraam/> .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:Car skos:broader ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:Car skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?a skos:broadMatch ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?a skos:broader ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?a = tel:Car
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:Car skos:broader ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broader ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?a skos:broadMatch ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?a skos:broader ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?a = tel:HeavyVehicle
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broader ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broader ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?a skos:broadMatch ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?a skos:broader ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?a = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broader ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:narrower anpr:PassengerCar .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broader anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?b skos:narrower ?n .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?n = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:narrower anpr:PassengerCar .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrower tel:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:Car skos:broader ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?b skos:narrower ?n .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?n = tel:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrower tel:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrower tel:HeavyVehicle .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broader ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?b skos:narrower ?n .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?n = tel:HeavyVehicle
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrower tel:HeavyVehicle .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrower anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broader ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?b skos:narrower ?n .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?n = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrower anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broader anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?n = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:Car skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:Car skos:broader ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?n = tel:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:Car skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broader ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?n = tel:HeavyVehicle
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broader ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:broader ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?n = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:PassengerCar .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:narrower anpr:PassengerCar .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:narrower ?c .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:narrowerTransitive ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = anpr:PassengerCar
+#   ?n = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:PassengerCar .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive tel:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrower tel:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:narrower ?c .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:narrowerTransitive ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = tel:Car
+#   ?n = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive tel:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive tel:HeavyVehicle .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrower tel:HeavyVehicle .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:narrower ?c .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:narrowerTransitive ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = tel:HeavyVehicle
+#   ?n = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive tel:HeavyVehicle .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrower anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?n skos:narrower ?c .
+#   } => {
+#     ?n skos:narrowerTransitive ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?n = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?a skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#     ?b skos:broaderTransitive ?c .
+#   } => {
+#     ?a skos:broaderTransitive ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?a = anpr:PassengerCar
+#   ?b = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?c = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:PassengerCar .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:PassengerCar .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?a skos:narrowerTransitive ?b .
+#     ?b skos:narrowerTransitive ?c .
+#   } => {
+#     ?a skos:narrowerTransitive ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?a = ref:Car
+#   ?b = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?c = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car skos:narrowerTransitive anpr:PassengerCar .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   ref:Car a skos:Concept .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c a skos:Concept .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf tel:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:Car a skos:Concept .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c a skos:Concept .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = tel:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf tel:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle ex:narrowerOrEqualOf tel:HeavyVehicle .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle a skos:Concept .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c a skos:Concept .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = tel:HeavyVehicle
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:HeavyVehicle ex:narrowerOrEqualOf tel:HeavyVehicle .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:narrowerOrEqualOf anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate a skos:Concept .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c a skos:Concept .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:narrowerOrEqualOf anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf anpr:PassengerCar .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar a skos:Concept .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c a skos:Concept .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?c .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?c = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf anpr:PassengerCar .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?c = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:Car skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?c = tel:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?c = tel:HeavyVehicle
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:HeavyVehicle ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?c = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broaderTransitive ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?c skos:broaderTransitive ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?c ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+#   ?c = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   ref:Car ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   ref:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?x ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+#   } => {
+#     ?x ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?x = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ref:Car ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:Car ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:Car ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?x ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+#   } => {
+#     ?x ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?x = tel:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:Car ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   tel:HeavyVehicle ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?x ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+#   } => {
+#     ?x ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?x = tel:HeavyVehicle
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+tel:HeavyVehicle ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?x ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+#   } => {
+#     ?x ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?x = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?x ex:narrowerOrEqualOf ref:Car .
+#   } => {
+#     ?x ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?x = anpr:PassengerCar
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar ex:rollsUpTo ref:Car .
+

package/examples/output/minimal-skos-alignment.n3

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+@prefix anpr: <http://example.org/anpr/> .
+@prefix ex: <http://example.org/> .
+@prefix ref: <http://example.org/ref/> .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate skos:broadMatch ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?a skos:broadMatch ?b .
+#   } => {
+#     ?a ex:treatedAs ?b .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?a = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?b = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proof for derived triple:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+# It holds because the following instance of the rule body is provable:
+#   anpr:PassengerCar skos:broader anpr:VehicleWithPlate .
+#   anpr:VehicleWithPlate ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+# via the schematic forward rule:
+#   {
+#     ?x skos:broader ?y .
+#     ?y ex:treatedAs ?z .
+#   } => {
+#     ?x ex:treatedAs ?z .
+#   } .
+# with substitution (on rule variables):
+#   ?x = anpr:PassengerCar
+#   ?y = anpr:VehicleWithPlate
+#   ?z = ref:Car
+# Therefore the derived triple above is entailed by the rules and facts.
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+anpr:PassengerCar ex:treatedAs ref:Car .
+

package/eyeling.js

@@ -499,6 +499,25 @@ function lex(inputText) {
         }
         break;
       }
+
+      // Optional exponent part: e.g., 1e0, 1.1e-3, 1.1E+0
+      if (i < n && (chars[i] === 'e' || chars[i] === 'E')) {
+        let j = i + 1;
+        if (j < n && (chars[j] === '+' || chars[j] === '-')) j++;
+        if (j < n && /[0-9]/.test(chars[j])) {
+          numChars.push(chars[i]); // e/E
+          i++;
+          if (i < n && (chars[i] === '+' || chars[i] === '-')) {
+            numChars.push(chars[i]);
+            i++;
+          }
+          while (i < n && /[0-9]/.test(chars[i])) {
+            numChars.push(chars[i]);
+            i++;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
       tokens.push(new Token('Literal', numChars.join('')));
       continue;
     }
@@ -1245,7 +1264,21 @@ function termsEqual(a, b) {
   if (!a || !b) return false;
   if (a.constructor !== b.constructor) return false;
   if (a instanceof Iri) return a.value === b.value;
-  if (a instanceof Literal) return a.value === b.value;
+  if (a instanceof Literal) {
+    if (a.value === b.value) return true;
+    if (literalsEquivalentAsXsdString(a.value, b.value)) return true;
+
+    // Keep in sync with unifyTerm(): numeric-value equality (EYE-style)
+    const av = parseNumberLiteral(a);
+    const bv = parseNumberLiteral(b);
+    if (av !== null && bv !== null) {
+      if (typeof av === 'bigint' && typeof bv === 'bigint') return av === bv;
+      const an = typeof av === 'bigint' ? Number(av) : av;
+      const bn = typeof bv === 'bigint' ? Number(bv) : bv;
+      return !Number.isNaN(an) && !Number.isNaN(bn) && an === bn;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
   if (a instanceof Var) return a.name === b.name;
   if (a instanceof Blank) return a.label === b.label;
   if (a instanceof ListTerm) {
@@ -1428,7 +1461,7 @@ function hasAlphaEquiv(triples, tr) {
 
 function termFastKey(t) {
   if (t instanceof Iri) return 'I:' + t.value;
-  if (t instanceof Literal) return 'L:' + t.value;
+  if (t instanceof Literal) return 'L:' + normalizeLiteralForFastKey(t.value);
   return null;
 }
 
@@ -1863,6 +1896,27 @@ function unifyTerm(a, b, subst) {
   if (a instanceof Literal && b instanceof Literal && a.value === b.value) return { ...subst };
   if (a instanceof Blank && b instanceof Blank && a.label === b.label) return { ...subst };
 
+  // String-literal match (RDF 1.1): treat plain strings and xsd:string as equal (but not @lang)
+  if (a instanceof Literal && b instanceof Literal) {
+    if (literalsEquivalentAsXsdString(a.value, b.value)) return { ...subst };
+  }
+
+  // Numeric-value match for literals, BUT ONLY when datatypes agree (or infer to agree)
+  if (a instanceof Literal && b instanceof Literal) {
+    const ai = parseNumericLiteralInfo(a);
+    const bi = parseNumericLiteralInfo(b);
+
+    if (ai && bi && ai.dt === bi.dt) {
+      if (ai.kind === 'bigint' && bi.kind === 'bigint') {
+        if (ai.value === bi.value) return { ...subst };
+      } else {
+        const an = ai.kind === 'bigint' ? Number(ai.value) : ai.value;
+        const bn = bi.kind === 'bigint' ? Number(bi.value) : bi.value;
+        if (!Number.isNaN(an) && !Number.isNaN(bn) && an === bn) return { ...subst };
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   // Open list vs concrete list
   if (a instanceof OpenListTerm && b instanceof ListTerm) {
     return unifyOpenWithList(a.prefix, a.tailVar, b.elems, subst);
@@ -1965,6 +2019,65 @@ function literalParts(lit) {
   return [lex, dt];
 }
 
+function literalHasLangTag(lit) {
+  // True iff the literal is a quoted string literal with a language tag suffix,
+  // e.g. "hello"@en or """hello"""@en.
+  // (The parser rejects language tags combined with datatypes.)
+  if (typeof lit !== 'string') return false;
+  if (lit.indexOf('^^') >= 0) return false;
+  if (!lit.startsWith('"')) return false;
+
+  if (lit.startsWith('"""')) {
+    const end = lit.lastIndexOf('"""');
+    if (end < 0) return false;
+    const after = end + 3;
+    return after < lit.length && lit[after] === '@';
+  }
+
+  const lastQuote = lit.lastIndexOf('"');
+  if (lastQuote < 0) return false;
+  const after = lastQuote + 1;
+  return after < lit.length && lit[after] === '@';
+}
+
+function isPlainStringLiteralValue(lit) {
+  // Plain string literal: quoted, no datatype, no lang.
+  if (typeof lit !== 'string') return false;
+  if (lit.indexOf('^^') >= 0) return false;
+  if (!isQuotedLexical(lit)) return false;
+  return !literalHasLangTag(lit);
+}
+
+function literalsEquivalentAsXsdString(aLit, bLit) {
+  // Treat "abc" and "abc"^^xsd:string as equal, but do NOT conflate language-tagged strings.
+  if (typeof aLit !== 'string' || typeof bLit !== 'string') return false;
+
+  const [alex, adt] = literalParts(aLit);
+  const [blex, bdt] = literalParts(bLit);
+  if (alex !== blex) return false;
+
+  const aPlain = adt === null && isPlainStringLiteralValue(aLit);
+  const bPlain = bdt === null && isPlainStringLiteralValue(bLit);
+  const aXsdStr = adt === XSD_NS + 'string';
+  const bXsdStr = bdt === XSD_NS + 'string';
+
+  return (aPlain && bXsdStr) || (bPlain && aXsdStr);
+}
+
+function normalizeLiteralForFastKey(lit) {
+  // Canonicalize so that "abc" and "abc"^^xsd:string share the same index/dedup key.
+  if (typeof lit !== 'string') return lit;
+  const [lex, dt] = literalParts(lit);
+
+  if (dt === XSD_NS + 'string') {
+    return `${lex}^^<${XSD_NS}string>`;
+  }
+  if (dt === null && isPlainStringLiteralValue(lit)) {
+    return `${lex}^^<${XSD_NS}string>`;
+  }
+  return lit;
+}
+
 function stripQuotes(lex) {
   if (lex.length >= 6 && lex.startsWith('"""') && lex.endsWith('"""')) {
     return lex.slice(3, -3);
@@ -2443,6 +2556,54 @@ function numEqualTerm(t, n, eps = 1e-9) {
   return v !== null && Math.abs(v - n) < eps;
 }
 
+function numericDatatypeFromLex(lex) {
+  if (/[eE]/.test(lex)) return XSD_NS + 'double';
+  if (lex.includes('.')) return XSD_NS + 'decimal';
+  return XSD_NS + 'integer';
+}
+
+function parseNumericLiteralInfo(t) {
+  if (!(t instanceof Literal)) return null;
+
+  const v = t.value;
+  const [lex, dt] = literalParts(v);
+
+  let dt2 = dt;
+  let lexStr;
+
+  if (dt2 !== null) {
+    // Only handle the numeric datatypes we want to unify by value
+    if (
+      dt2 !== XSD_NS + 'integer' &&
+      dt2 !== XSD_NS + 'decimal' &&
+      dt2 !== XSD_NS + 'double'
+    ) return null;
+
+    // typed numerics are like "1.1"^^<...>
+    lexStr = stripQuotes(lex);
+  } else {
+    // Raw numeric token like 42, 1.1, 1.1e0 (NOT quoted strings, NOT lang-tagged)
+    if (typeof v !== 'string') return null;
+    if (v.startsWith('"')) return null;
+    if (!/^[+-]?(?:\d+\.\d*|\.\d+|\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)?$/.test(v)) return null;
+
+    dt2 = numericDatatypeFromLex(v);
+    lexStr = v;
+  }
+
+  if (dt2 === XSD_NS + 'integer') {
+    try {
+      return { dt: dt2, kind: 'bigint', value: BigInt(lexStr) };
+    } catch {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const num = Number(lexStr);
+  if (Number.isNaN(num)) return null;
+  return { dt: dt2, kind: 'number', value: num };
+}
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Backward proof & builtins mutual recursion — declarations first
 // ============================================================================

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "eyeling",
-  "version": "1.6.1",
+  "version": "1.6.3",
   "description": "A minimal Notation3 (N3) reasoner in JavaScript.",
   "main": "./index.js",
   "keywords": [