eyeling 1.22.13 → 1.22.15

package/dist/browser/eyeling.browser.js

@@ -541,6 +541,19 @@
     // (Ackermann(4,2) is ~65k bits, so well below this.)
     const MAX_BIGINT_POW_RESULT_BITS = 2_000_000n;
 
+    function __emptySubst() {
+      return Object.create(null);
+    }
+
+    function __cloneSubst(subst) {
+      if (!subst) return __emptySubst();
+      const out = Object.create(null);
+      for (const k in subst) {
+        if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(subst, k)) out[k] = subst[k];
+      }
+      return out;
+    }
+
     function __useNumericCacheKey(key) {
       return typeof key === 'string' && key.length <= MAX_NUMERIC_CACHE_KEY_LEN;
     }
@@ -1746,12 +1759,12 @@
     function evalNumericComparisonBuiltin(g, subst, op) {
       const aInfo = parseNumericForCompareTerm(g.s);
       const bInfo = parseNumericForCompareTerm(g.o);
-      if (aInfo && bInfo && cmpNumericInfo(aInfo, bInfo, op)) return [{ ...subst }];
+      if (aInfo && bInfo && cmpNumericInfo(aInfo, bInfo, op)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
       if (g.s instanceof ListTerm && g.s.elems.length === 2) {
         const a2 = parseNumericForCompareTerm(g.s.elems[0]);
         const b2 = parseNumericForCompareTerm(g.s.elems[1]);
-        if (a2 && b2 && cmpNumericInfo(a2, b2, op)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (a2 && b2 && cmpNumericInfo(a2, b2, op)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
       return [];
     }
@@ -1967,12 +1980,12 @@
         if (outDt === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(outVal)) outDt = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(outVal, outDt);
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, outVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, outVal)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -1985,12 +1998,12 @@
         if (inDt === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(inVal)) inDt = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
 
         if (g.s instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.s.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(inVal, inDt);
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.s instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.s, inVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.s instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.s, inVal)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -2010,7 +2023,7 @@
 
     function listAppendSplit(parts, resElems, subst) {
       if (!parts.length) {
-        if (!resElems.length) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (!resElems.length) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
       const out = [];
@@ -2338,7 +2351,7 @@
       const lit = hashLiteralTerm(g.s, algo);
       if (!lit) return [];
       if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
         s2[g.o.name] = lit;
         return [s2];
       }
@@ -2479,7 +2492,7 @@
               const lex = time.utcIsoDateTimeStringFromEpochSeconds(outSecs);
               const lit = internLiteral(`"${lex}"^^<${XSD_NS}dateTime>`);
               if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-                const s2 = { ...subst };
+                const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
                 s2[g.o.name] = lit;
                 return [s2];
               }
@@ -2495,7 +2508,7 @@
               const lex = time.utcIsoDateTimeStringFromEpochSeconds(outSecs);
               const lit = internLiteral(`"${lex}"^^<${XSD_NS}dateTime>`);
               if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-                const s2 = { ...subst };
+                const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
                 s2[g.o.name] = lit;
                 return [s2];
               }
@@ -2517,17 +2530,17 @@
           }
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(total, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === total) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === total) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           // Fallback numeric compare
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(total))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(total))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
@@ -2544,12 +2557,12 @@
         const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(total, dtOut);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, total)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, total)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -2572,15 +2585,15 @@
           }
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(prod, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === prod) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(prod))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === prod) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(prod))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
@@ -2597,12 +2610,12 @@
         const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(prod, dtOut);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, prod)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, prod)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -2626,7 +2639,7 @@
           const lit = formatDurationLiteralFromSeconds(diffSecs);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
@@ -2642,7 +2655,7 @@
             const lex = time.utcIsoDateTimeStringFromEpochSeconds(outSecs);
             const lit = internLiteral(`"${lex}"^^<${XSD_NS}dateTime>`);
             if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-              const s2 = { ...subst };
+              const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
               s2[g.o.name] = lit;
               return [s2];
             }
@@ -2658,7 +2671,7 @@
           const ci = ai - bi;
           const lit = internLiteral(ci.toString());
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
@@ -2681,19 +2694,19 @@
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(c, dtOut);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, c)) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, c)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
         // Fallback (if you *don’t* have those helpers yet):
         const lit = internLiteral(formatNum(c));
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -2720,12 +2733,12 @@
         const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(c, dtOut);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, c)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, c)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -2744,19 +2757,19 @@
           const q = ai / bi; // BigInt division truncates toward zero
           const lit = internLiteral(q.toString());
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === q) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === q) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           // Only do numeric compare when safe enough to convert
           const qNum = Number(q);
           if (Number.isFinite(qNum) && Math.abs(qNum) <= Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) {
-            if (numEqualTerm(g.o, qNum)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (numEqualTerm(g.o, qNum)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           }
 
           const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
@@ -2773,13 +2786,13 @@
         const q = Math.trunc(a / b);
         const lit = internLiteral(String(q));
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, q)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, q)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -2812,14 +2825,14 @@
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(out, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === out) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === out) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
           return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -2839,12 +2852,12 @@
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(cVal, dtOut);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, cVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, cVal)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         }
 
         // Inverse: solve exponent using logs (Number mode only)
@@ -2857,7 +2870,7 @@
             let dtB = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, g.o], expTerm);
             if (dtB === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(bVal)) dtB = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
 
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[expTerm.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(bVal, dtB);
             return [s2];
           }
@@ -2873,15 +2886,15 @@
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(outVal, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === outVal) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(outVal))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === outVal) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(outVal))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
@@ -2895,12 +2908,12 @@
         if (dtOut === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(outVal)) dtOut = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(outVal, dtOut);
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, outVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, outVal)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -2962,14 +2975,14 @@
           const outVal = -si;
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(outVal, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === outVal) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(outVal))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === outVal) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(outVal))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
@@ -2978,14 +2991,14 @@
           const inVal = -oi;
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(inVal, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
           if (g.s instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.s.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.s instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.s instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           const si2 = parseIntLiteral(g.s);
-          if (si2 !== null && si2 === inVal) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.s, Number(inVal))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (si2 !== null && si2 === inVal) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.s, Number(inVal))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
@@ -3009,15 +3022,15 @@
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(r, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === r) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(r))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === r) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(r))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           return [];
         }
 
@@ -3032,12 +3045,12 @@
         const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(rVal, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, rVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, rVal)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -3052,15 +3065,15 @@
           const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(ai, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
           if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-            const s2 = { ...subst };
+            const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
             s2[g.o.name] = lit;
             return [s2];
           }
-          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
-          if (oi !== null && oi === ai) return [{ ...subst }];
-          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(ai))) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (oi !== null && oi === ai) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
+          if (numEqualTerm(g.o, Number(ai))) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
           const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
           return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3074,14 +3087,14 @@
         const lit = internLiteral(String(rVal)); // integer token
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         // Accept typed numeric literals too (e.g., "3"^^xsd:float) if numerically equal.
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, rVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, rVal)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         // Fallback to strict unification
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
@@ -3101,16 +3114,16 @@
         const out = internLiteral(String(parts.day));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
         if (oi !== null) {
           try {
-            if (oi === BigInt(parts.day)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (oi === BigInt(parts.day)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           } catch {}
         }
 
@@ -3127,16 +3140,16 @@
         const out = internLiteral(String(parts.hour));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
         if (oi !== null) {
           try {
-            if (oi === BigInt(parts.hour)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (oi === BigInt(parts.hour)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           } catch {}
         }
 
@@ -3153,16 +3166,16 @@
         const out = internLiteral(String(parts.minute));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
         if (oi !== null) {
           try {
-            if (oi === BigInt(parts.minute)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (oi === BigInt(parts.minute)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           } catch {}
         }
 
@@ -3179,16 +3192,16 @@
         const out = internLiteral(String(parts.month));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
         if (oi !== null) {
           try {
-            if (oi === BigInt(parts.month)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (oi === BigInt(parts.month)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           } catch {}
         }
 
@@ -3205,16 +3218,16 @@
         const out = internLiteral(String(parts.second));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
         if (oi !== null) {
           try {
-            if (oi === BigInt(parts.second)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (oi === BigInt(parts.second)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           } catch {}
         }
 
@@ -3232,18 +3245,18 @@
         const out = internLiteral(`"${parts.tz}"`);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
-        if (termsEqual(g.o, out)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (termsEqual(g.o, out)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         // Also accept explicitly typed xsd:string literals.
         if (g.o instanceof Literal) {
           const [lexO, dtO] = literalParts(g.o.value);
-          if (dtO === XSD_NS + 'string' && stripQuotes(lexO) === parts.tz) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (dtO === XSD_NS + 'string' && stripQuotes(lexO) === parts.tz) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         }
         return [];
       }
@@ -3257,16 +3270,16 @@
         const out = internLiteral(String(parts.yearStr));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = out;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
         if (oi !== null) {
           try {
-            if (oi === BigInt(parts.yearStr)) return [{ ...subst }];
+            if (oi === BigInt(parts.yearStr)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
           } catch {}
         }
 
@@ -3280,13 +3293,13 @@
         const now = time.getNowLex();
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = internLiteral(`"${now}"^^<${XSD_NS}dateTime>`);
           return [s2];
         }
         if (g.o instanceof Literal) {
           const [lexO] = literalParts(g.o.value);
-          if (stripQuotes(lexO) === now) return [{ ...subst }];
+          if (stripQuotes(lexO) === now) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         }
         return [];
       }
@@ -3311,11 +3324,11 @@
         }
         const result = new ListTerm(outElems);
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = result;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (termsEqual(g.o, result)) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (termsEqual(g.o, result)) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         return [];
       }
 
@@ -3419,7 +3432,7 @@
           const idxPat2 = applySubstTerm(indexTerm, subst);
           if (isGroundTerm(idxPat2)) {
             if (!termsEqualNoIntDecimal(idxPat2, idxLit)) continue;
-            s1 = { ...subst };
+            s1 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           } else {
             s1 = unifyTerm(indexTerm, idxLit, subst);
             if (s1 === null) continue;
@@ -3494,7 +3507,7 @@
 
         const o2 = applySubstTerm(g.o, subst);
         if (isGroundTerm(o2)) {
-          return termsEqualNoIntDecimal(o2, nTerm) ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+          return termsEqualNoIntDecimal(o2, nTerm) ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
         }
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, nTerm, subst);
@@ -3508,7 +3521,7 @@
         for (const el of xs) {
           if (unifyTerm(g.o, el, subst) !== null) return [];
         }
-        return [{ ...subst }];
+        return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // list:reverse
@@ -3694,7 +3707,7 @@
       if (pv === LOG_NS + 'notEqualTo') {
         const s2 = unifyTerm(goal.s, goal.o, subst);
         if (s2 !== null) return [];
-        return [{ ...subst }];
+        return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // log:conjunction
@@ -3743,7 +3756,7 @@
         const outFormula = new GraphTerm(merged);
 
         // Allow blank nodes as a don't-care output (common in builtin schemas).
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, outFormula, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3763,11 +3776,11 @@
         if (!(conclusion instanceof GraphTerm)) return [];
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = conclusion;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, conclusion, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3787,11 +3800,11 @@
         const lit = internLiteral(`${JSON.stringify(text)}^^<${XSD_NS}string>`);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3811,7 +3824,7 @@
         // Avoid variable capture between the returned quoted formula and the
         // surrounding proof environment.
         const formulaStd = standardizeTermApart(formula, varGen);
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, formulaStd, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3831,7 +3844,7 @@
         // surrounding proof environment.
         if (term instanceof GraphTerm) term = standardizeTermApart(term, varGen);
 
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, term, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3857,7 +3870,7 @@
         // surrounding proof environment.
         formula = standardizeTermApart(formula, varGen);
 
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, formula, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3876,11 +3889,11 @@
         else ty = internIri(LOG_NS + 'Other');
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = ty;
           return [s2];
         }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, ty, subst);
         return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
@@ -3892,7 +3905,7 @@
       if (pv === LOG_NS + 'dtlit') {
         // Fully unbound (both arguments '?'-mode): treat as satisfiable, succeed once.
         // Required by notation3tests "success-fullUnbound-*".
-        if (g.s instanceof Var && g.o instanceof Var) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.s instanceof Var && g.o instanceof Var) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
 
         const results = [];
 
@@ -3945,7 +3958,7 @@
       // true iff $o is a language-tagged literal with string value $s.1 and language tag $s.2
       if (pv === LOG_NS + 'langlit') {
         // Fully unbound (both arguments '?'-mode): treat as satisfiable, succeed once.
-        if (g.s instanceof Var && g.o instanceof Var) return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.s instanceof Var && g.o instanceof Var) return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         const results = [];
         const LANG_RE = /^[A-Za-z]+(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]+)*$/; // (same notion as literalParts/literalHasLangTag)
 
@@ -4135,7 +4148,7 @@
         }
 
         // Empty formula is always included (but may be priority-gated above).
-        if (g.o instanceof Literal && g.o.value === 'true') return [{ ...subst }];
+        if (g.o instanceof Literal && g.o.value === 'true') return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
         if (!(g.o instanceof GraphTerm)) return [];
 
         const visited2 = [];
@@ -4148,7 +4161,7 @@
         for (const variant of goalVariants) {
           const sols = proveGoals(
             variant.goals,
-            { ...subst },
+            __cloneSubst(subst),
             scopeFacts,
             scopeBackRules,
             depth + 1,
@@ -4226,7 +4239,7 @@
         const visited2 = [];
         const sols = proveGoals(
           __prepareQuotedPatternTriples(goal.o, subst, varGen),
-          { ...subst },
+          __cloneSubst(subst),
           scopeFacts,
           scopeBackRules,
           depth + 1,
@@ -4234,7 +4247,7 @@
           varGen,
           1,
         );
-        return sols.length ? [] : [{ ...subst }];
+        return sols.length ? [] : [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // log:trace
@@ -4248,7 +4261,7 @@
         const yStr = termToN3(g.o, pref);
 
         trace.writeTraceLine(`${xStr} TRACE ${yStr}`);
-        return [{ ...subst }];
+        return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // log:outputString
@@ -4262,7 +4275,7 @@
         if (g.o instanceof Var) return [];
         const s = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (s === null) return [];
-        return [{ ...subst }];
+        return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // log:collectAllIn (scoped)
@@ -4277,7 +4290,7 @@
         //   - object = Var: treat as priority 1 (do not bind)
         //   - any other object: backward-compatible default priority 1
 
-        const outSubst = { ...subst };
+        const outSubst = __cloneSubst(subst);
         let scopeFacts = null;
         let scopeBackRules = backRules;
 
@@ -4324,7 +4337,7 @@
           rawClauseTerm instanceof GraphTerm
             ? __prepareQuotedPatternTriples(rawClauseTerm, subst, varGen)
             : __prepareQuotedPatternTriples(clauseTerm, subst, varGen);
-        const sols = proveGoals(clauseGoals, {}, scopeFacts, scopeBackRules, depth + 1, visited2, varGen);
+        const sols = proveGoals(clauseGoals, __emptySubst(), scopeFacts, scopeBackRules, depth + 1, visited2, varGen);
 
         const collected = sols.map((sBody) => applySubstTerm(valueTempl, sBody));
         const collectedList = new ListTerm(collected);
@@ -4341,7 +4354,7 @@
 
         // See log:collectAllIn above for the priority / closure semantics.
 
-        const outSubst = { ...subst };
+        const outSubst = __cloneSubst(subst);
         let scopeFacts = null;
         let scopeBackRules = backRules;
 
@@ -4389,7 +4402,7 @@
             : __prepareQuotedPatternTriples(thenClause, subst, varGen);
 
         const visited1 = [];
-        const sols1 = proveGoals(whereGoals, {}, scopeFacts, scopeBackRules, depth + 1, visited1, varGen);
+        const sols1 = proveGoals(whereGoals, __emptySubst(), scopeFacts, scopeBackRules, depth + 1, visited1, varGen);
 
         for (const s1 of sols1) {
           const visited2 = [];
@@ -4441,7 +4454,7 @@
         const sOk = g.s instanceof Var || g.s instanceof Blank || g.s instanceof Iri;
         const oOk = g.o instanceof Var || g.o instanceof Blank || g.o instanceof Literal;
         if (!sOk || !oOk) return [];
-        return [{ ...subst }];
+        return [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // -----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -4460,7 +4473,7 @@
         const lit = makeStringLiteral(parts.join(''));
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -4473,7 +4486,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr.includes(oStr) ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr.includes(oStr) ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:containsIgnoringCase
@@ -4481,7 +4494,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr.toLowerCase().includes(oStr.toLowerCase()) ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr.toLowerCase().includes(oStr.toLowerCase()) ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:endsWith
@@ -4489,7 +4502,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr.endsWith(oStr) ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr.endsWith(oStr) ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:equalIgnoringCase
@@ -4497,7 +4510,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr.toLowerCase() === oStr.toLowerCase() ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr.toLowerCase() === oStr.toLowerCase() ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:format
@@ -4517,7 +4530,7 @@
 
         const lit = makeStringLiteral(formatted);
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -4530,7 +4543,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr > oStr ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr > oStr ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:lessThan
@@ -4538,7 +4551,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr < oStr ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr < oStr ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:matches
@@ -4548,7 +4561,7 @@
         if (sStr === null || pattern === null) return [];
         const re = compileSwapRegex(pattern, '');
         if (!re) return [];
-        return re.test(sStr) ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return re.test(sStr) ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:notEqualIgnoringCase
@@ -4556,7 +4569,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr.toLowerCase() !== oStr.toLowerCase() ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr.toLowerCase() !== oStr.toLowerCase() ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:notGreaterThan  (≤ in Unicode code order)
@@ -4564,7 +4577,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr <= oStr ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr <= oStr ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:notLessThan  (≥ in Unicode code order)
@@ -4572,7 +4585,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr >= oStr ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr >= oStr ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // string:notMatches
@@ -4582,7 +4595,7 @@
         if (sStr === null || pattern === null) return [];
         const re = compileSwapRegex(pattern, '');
         if (!re) return [];
-        return re.test(sStr) ? [] : [{ ...subst }];
+        return re.test(sStr) ? [] : [__cloneSubst(subst)];
       }
 
       // string:replace
@@ -4600,7 +4613,7 @@
         const lit = makeStringLiteral(outStr);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -4625,7 +4638,7 @@
         const lit = makeStringLiteral(group);
 
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -4638,7 +4651,7 @@
         const sStr = termToJsString(g.s);
         const oStr = termToJsString(g.o);
         if (sStr === null || oStr === null) return [];
-        return sStr.startsWith(oStr) ? [{ ...subst }] : [];
+        return sStr.startsWith(oStr) ? [__cloneSubst(subst)] : [];
       }
 
       // -----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -4653,7 +4666,7 @@
         if (sStr === null) return [];
         const lit = internLiteral(String(sStr.length));
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -4673,7 +4686,7 @@
         const ch = idx < 0 || idx >= sStr.length ? '' : sStr.charAt(idx);
         const lit = makeStringLiteral(ch);
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -4696,7 +4709,7 @@
         if (idx >= 0 && idx < sStr.length) out = sStr.slice(0, idx) + rep + sStr.slice(idx + 1);
         const lit = makeStringLiteral(out);
         if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
+          const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
           s2[g.o.name] = lit;
           return [s2];
         }
@@ -5904,6 +5917,19 @@
 
     const hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
 
+    function __emptySubst() {
+      return Object.create(null);
+    }
+
+    function __cloneSubst(subst) {
+      if (!subst) return __emptySubst();
+      const out = Object.create(null);
+      for (const k in subst) {
+        if (hasOwn.call(subst, k)) out[k] = subst[k];
+      }
+      return out;
+    }
+
     let version = 'dev';
     try {
       // Node: keep package.json version if available
@@ -7117,7 +7143,7 @@
 
     function makeDerivedRecord(fact, rule, premises, subst, captureExplanations) {
       if (captureExplanations === false) return { fact };
-      return new DerivedFact(fact, rule, premises.slice(), { ...subst });
+      return new DerivedFact(fact, rule, premises.slice(), __cloneSubst(subst));
     }
 
     function ensureBackRuleIndexes(backRules) {
@@ -7625,6 +7651,22 @@
       return s2;
     }
 
+    function graphTriplesContainVars(triples) {
+      function termHasVar(t) {
+        if (t instanceof Var) return true;
+        if (t instanceof ListTerm) return t.elems.some(termHasVar);
+        if (t instanceof OpenListTerm) return t.prefix.some(termHasVar) || true;
+        if (t instanceof GraphTerm)
+          return t.triples.some((tr) => termHasVar(tr.s) || termHasVar(tr.p) || termHasVar(tr.o));
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      for (const tr of triples) {
+        if (termHasVar(tr.s) || termHasVar(tr.p) || termHasVar(tr.o)) return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
     function unifyGraphTriples(xs, ys, subst) {
       if (xs.length !== ys.length) return null;
 
@@ -7693,7 +7735,7 @@
         const t = b;
         if (t instanceof Var && t.name === v) return subst;
         if (containsVarTerm(t, v)) return null;
-        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        const s2 = __cloneSubst(subst);
         s2[v] = t;
         return s2;
       }
@@ -7786,17 +7828,22 @@
 
       // Graphs
       if (a instanceof GraphTerm && b instanceof GraphTerm) {
-        const protectedNamesA = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(aRaw, subst);
-        const protectedNamesB = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(bRaw, subst);
-        if (
-          alphaEqGraphTriples(a.triples, b.triples, {
-            protectedVarsA: protectedNamesA.protectedVars,
-            protectedVarsB: protectedNamesB.protectedVars,
-            protectedBlanksA: protectedNamesA.protectedBlanks,
-            protectedBlanksB: protectedNamesB.protectedBlanks,
-          })
-        ) {
-          return subst;
+        // Only use alpha-equivalence as a binding-free fast path when both quoted
+        // formulas are variable-free after substitution. If unbound variables remain,
+        // they may be shared with the outer rule and must unify/bind structurally.
+        if (!graphTriplesContainVars(a.triples) && !graphTriplesContainVars(b.triples)) {
+          const protectedNamesA = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(aRaw, subst);
+          const protectedNamesB = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(bRaw, subst);
+          if (
+            alphaEqGraphTriples(a.triples, b.triples, {
+              protectedVarsA: protectedNamesA.protectedVars,
+              protectedVarsB: protectedNamesB.protectedVars,
+              protectedBlanksA: protectedNamesA.protectedBlanks,
+              protectedBlanksB: protectedNamesB.protectedBlanks,
+            })
+          ) {
+            return subst;
+          }
         }
         return unifyGraphTriples(a.triples, b.triples, subst);
       }
@@ -7878,7 +7925,7 @@
         }
       }
 
-      const out = {};
+      const out = __emptySubst();
       for (const k of Object.keys(subst)) {
         if (keep.has(k)) out[k] = subst[k];
       }
@@ -7941,7 +7988,7 @@
       const allowDeferredBuiltins = !!(opts && opts.deferBuiltins);
 
       const initialGoals = Array.isArray(goals) ? goals.slice() : [];
-      const substMut = subst ? { ...subst } : {};
+      const substMut = subst ? __cloneSubst(subst) : {};
       const initialVisited = visited ? visited.slice() : [];
 
       // Variables from the original goal list (needed by the caller to instantiate conclusions)
@@ -8177,17 +8224,22 @@
 
         // Graphs
         if (a instanceof GraphTerm && b instanceof GraphTerm) {
-          const protectedNamesA = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(aRaw, substMut);
-          const protectedNamesB = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(bRaw, substMut);
-          if (
-            alphaEqGraphTriples(a.triples, b.triples, {
-              protectedVarsA: protectedNamesA.protectedVars,
-              protectedVarsB: protectedNamesB.protectedVars,
-              protectedBlanksA: protectedNamesA.protectedBlanks,
-              protectedBlanksB: protectedNamesB.protectedBlanks,
-            })
-          ) {
-            return true;
+          // Only use alpha-equivalence as a binding-free fast path when both quoted
+          // formulas are variable-free after substitution. If unbound variables remain,
+          // they may be shared with the outer rule and must unify/bind structurally.
+          if (!graphTriplesContainVars(a.triples) && !graphTriplesContainVars(b.triples)) {
+            const protectedNamesA = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(aRaw, substMut);
+            const protectedNamesB = collectProtectedNamesForTerm(bRaw, substMut);
+            if (
+              alphaEqGraphTriples(a.triples, b.triples, {
+                protectedVarsA: protectedNamesA.protectedVars,
+                protectedVarsB: protectedNamesB.protectedVars,
+                protectedBlanksA: protectedNamesA.protectedBlanks,
+                protectedBlanksB: protectedNamesB.protectedBlanks,
+              })
+            ) {
+              return true;
+            }
           }
           const merged = unifyGraphTriples(a.triples, b.triples, substMut);
           if (merged === null) return false;
@@ -8398,7 +8450,7 @@
           const builtinMax = Number.isFinite(remaining) && !restGoals.length ? remaining : undefined;
 
           const builtinGoalForEval = goalPredicateIri === LOG_NS + 'rawType' ? rawGoal : goal0;
-          const builtinSubstForEval = goalPredicateIri === LOG_NS + 'rawType' ? substMut : {};
+          const builtinSubstForEval = goalPredicateIri === LOG_NS + 'rawType' ? substMut : __emptySubst();
           let deltas = evalBuiltin(
             builtinGoalForEval,
             builtinSubstForEval,
@@ -8441,7 +8493,7 @@
             subjectAndObjectAreFullyUnbound &&
             (!restGoals.length || dc >= goalsNow.length)
           ) {
-            deltas = [{}];
+            deltas = [__emptySubst()];
           }
 
           if (deltas.length) {
@@ -8876,7 +8928,7 @@ ${triples.map((tr) => `  ${tripleToN3(tr, prefixes)}`).join('\n')}
                 const r = entry.rule;
                 if (__skipForwardRuleNow(r)) continue;
 
-                const s = unifyTriple(entry.goal, fact, {});
+                const s = unifyTriple(entry.goal, fact, __emptySubst());
                 if (s === null) continue;
 
                 const outcome = __emitForwardRuleSolution(r, entry.ruleIndex, s);