eyeling 1.14.1 → 1.14.2

package/HANDBOOK.md

@@ -969,7 +969,9 @@ If the types don’t fit any supported case, the builtin fails.
 
 **Shape:** `( $base $exp ) math:exponentiation $result`
 
-- Forward direction: if base and exponent are numeric, computes `base ** exp`.
+- Forward direction supports two modes:
+  - **Exact integer mode (BigInt):** if `$base` and `$exp` are integer literals and `$exp >= 0`, Eyeling computes the exact integer power using BigInt (with a safety cap on the estimated result size to avoid OOM).
+  - **Numeric mode (Number):** otherwise, if base and exponent parse as finite Numbers, computes `base ** exp`.
 - Reverse direction (limited): Eyeling can sometimes solve for the exponent if:
   - base and result are numeric, finite, and **positive**
   - base is not 1
@@ -977,6 +979,16 @@ If the types don’t fit any supported case, the builtin fails.
 
 This is a pragmatic inversion, not a full algebra system.
 
+#### `math:bigExponentiation`
+
+**Shape:** `( $base $exp ) math:bigExponentiation $result`
+
+- Exact integer exponentiation only.
+- Requires integer `$base` and non-negative integer `$exp`.
+- Fails if the estimated output size exceeds Eyeling’s built-in safety cap.
+
+This builtin exists to avoid rule-level “repeat multiply” derivations that can explode memory for large exponents (e.g., the Ackermann example).
+
 #### Unary “math relations” (often invertible)
 
 Eyeling implements these as a shared pattern: if the subject is numeric, compute object; else if the object is numeric, compute subject via an inverse function; if both sides are unbound, succeed once (don’t enumerate).

package/examples/ackermann.n3

@@ -39,17 +39,24 @@
     (?Y ?Z) math:product ?A.
 }.
 
+# exponentiation (x=3) — use BigInt exponentiation builtin to avoid blow-up
+{
+    (3 ?Y ?Z) :ackermann ?A.
+} <= {
+    (?Z ?Y) math:bigExponentiation ?A.
+}.
+
 # exponentiation (x=3), tetration (x=4), pentation (x=5), hexation (x=6), etc
 {
     (?X 0 ?Z) :ackermann 1.
 } <= {
-    ?X math:greaterThan 2.
+    ?X math:greaterThan 3.
 }.
 
 {
     (?X ?Y ?Z) :ackermann ?A.
 } <= {
-    ?X math:greaterThan 2.
+    ?X math:greaterThan 3.
     ?Y math:notEqualTo 0.
     (?Y 1) math:difference ?B.
     (?X ?B ?Z) :ackermann ?C.
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@
     (3 1000) :ackermann ?A7.
     (4 0) :ackermann ?A8.
     (4 1) :ackermann ?A9.
-    #(4 2) :ackermann ?A10.
+    (4 2) :ackermann ?A10.
     (5 0) :ackermann ?A11.
 } => {
     :test :is {
@@ -83,7 +90,7 @@
         (3 1000) :ackermann ?A7.
         (4 0) :ackermann ?A8.
         (4 1) :ackermann ?A9.
-        #(4 2) :ackermann ?A10.
+        (4 2) :ackermann ?A10.
         (5 0) :ackermann ?A11.
     }.
 }.

package/examples/output/ackermann.n3

@@ -11,5 +11,6 @@
     (3 1000) :ackermann 85720688574901385675874003924800144844912384936442688595500031069628084089994889799455870305255668650207573833404251746014971622855385123487876620597588598431476542198593847883368596840498969135023633457224371799868655530139190140473324351568616503316569571821492337341283438653220995094697645344555005 .
     (4 0) :ackermann 13 .
     (4 1) :ackermann 65533 .
+    (4 2) :ackermann 20035299304068464649790723515602557504478254755697514192650169737108940595563114530895061308809333481010382343429072631818229493821188126688695063647615470291650418719163515879663472194429309279820843091048559905701593189596395248633723672030029169695921561087649488892540908059114570376752085002066715637023661263597471448071117748158809141357427209671901518362825606180914588526998261414250301233911082736038437678764490432059603791244909057075603140350761625624760318637931264847037437829549756137709816046144133086921181024859591523801953310302921628001605686701056516467505680387415294638422448452925373614425336143737290883037946012747249584148649159306472520151556939226281806916507963810641322753072671439981585088112926289011342377827055674210800700652839633221550778312142885516755540733451072131124273995629827197691500548839052238043570458481979563931578535100189920000241419637068135598404640394721940160695176901561197269823378900176415171900511334663068981402193834814354263873065395529696913880241581618595611006403621197961018595348027871672001226046424923851113934004643516238675670787452594646709038865477434832178970127644555294090920219595857516229733335761595523948852975799540284719435299135437637059869289137571537400019863943324648900525431066296691652434191746913896324765602894151997754777031380647813423095961909606545913008901888875880847336259560654448885014473357060588170901621084997145295683440619796905654698136311620535793697914032363284962330464210661362002201757878518574091620504897117818204001872829399434461862243280098373237649318147898481194527130074402207656809103762039992034920239066262644919091679854615157788390603977207592793788522412943010174580868622633692847258514030396155585643303854506886522131148136384083847782637904596071868767285097634712719888906804782432303947186505256609781507298611414303058169279249714091610594171853522758875044775922183011587807019755357222414000195481020056617735897814995323252085897534635470077866904064290167638081617405504051176700936732028045493390279924918673065399316407204922384748152806191669009338057321208163507076343516698696250209690231628593500718741905791612415368975148082619048479465717366010058924766554458408383347905441448176842553272073155863493476051374197795251903650321980201087647383686825310251833775339088614261848003740080822381040764688784716475529453269476617004244610633112380211345886945322001165640763270230742924260515828110703870183453245676356259514300320374327407808790562836634069650308442258559670392718694611585137933864756997485686700798239606043934788508616492603049450617434123658283521448067266768418070837548622114082365798029612000274413244384324023312574035450193524287764308802328508558860899627744581646808578751158070147437638679769550499916439982843572904153781434388473034842619033888414940313661398542576355771053355802066221855770600825512888933322264362819848386132395706761914096385338323743437588308592337222846442879962456054769324289984326526773783731732880632107532112386806046747084280511664887090847702912081611049125555983223662448685566514026846412096949825905655192161881043412268389962830716548685255369148502995396755039549383718534059000961874894739928804324963731657538036735867101757839948184717984982469480605320819960661834340124760966395197780214411997525467040806084993441782562850927265237098986515394621930046073645079262129759176982938923670151709920915315678144397912484757062378046000099182933213068805700465914583872080880168874458355579262584651247630871485663135289341661174906175266714926721761283308452739364692445828925713888778390563004824837998396920292222154861459023734782226825216399574408017271441461795592261750838890200741699262383002822862492841826712434057514241885699942723316069987129868827718206172144531425749440150661394631691976291815065797455262361912248480638900336690743659892263495641146655030629659601997206362026035219177767406687774635493753188995878662821254697971020657472327213729181446666594218720034745089428309115351892711142871083761592223802766053278233516615551493693757784666701457179719012271178127804502400263847587883393968179629506907988171216906869295382485298300234760684541141781391106485602365497542274972310076151318700240539105109138178437217914225285874320985249578780346837033378184214440171386881242499844186181292711985333153825673218704215306311977485352146709553346263366108646673322924098798492566911095161436186015489097402419135096230436121961281659505186660220307156136847323646608689050142639139065150639081993788523183650598972991254044794434251667742996598118492331515552728832740283526884424087528112832899806259126736995462473415433335001472314306127503903073971352520693381738433229507010490618675394331307847980156551303847581556852362180104196502555961819349863159132330360964619059902361126811960234418433633345949276319461017166529138237171823942992162725384617760656945422978770713831988170369645886898118632109769003557358846244648357062914530527571012788720279653644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.
     (5 0) :ackermann 65533 .
 } .

package/eyeling-builtins.ttl

@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ math:rounded a ex:Builtin ; ex:kind ex:Function ;
   rdfs:comment "Rounds subject to nearest integer (JS tie-breaking: toward +∞). Binds/unifies object with the rounded integer value." .
 
 math:exponentiation a ex:Builtin ; ex:kind ex:Function ;
-  rdfs:comment "Exponentiation. Forward: (base exponent) -> result. Limited inverse: if base is numeric and exponent is a variable, may solve exponent via logs for positive base != 1 and positive result." .
+  rdfs:comment "Exponentiation. Forward: (base exponent) -> result. If both arguments are integer literals and exponent is non-negative, Eyeling uses exact BigInt exponentiation (with a safety cap on result size). Otherwise it falls back to Number exponentiation. Limited inverse: if base is numeric and exponent is a variable, may solve exponent via logs for positive base != 1 and positive result (Number mode only)." .
+
+math:bigExponentiation a ex:Builtin ; ex:kind ex:Function ;
+  rdfs:comment "Exact integer exponentiation (BigInt-only). Shape: (base exponent) math:bigExponentiation result. Requires integer base and non-negative integer exponent; fails if the estimated result size exceeds Eyeling's safety cap." .
 
 math:absoluteValue a ex:Builtin ; ex:kind ex:Function ;
   rdfs:comment "Absolute value. Computes |s| and unifies/binds object; output datatype follows common numeric datatype selection." .

package/eyeling.js

@@ -64,6 +64,11 @@ const __parseNumericInfoCache = new Map(); // lit string -> info|null
 // Caching them retains giant strings/BigInts in global Maps and can cause OOM.
 const MAX_NUMERIC_CACHE_KEY_LEN = 1024;
 
+// Safety cap for BigInt exponentiation results.
+// Prevents accidental creation of enormous integers that would OOM the process.
+// (Ackermann(4,2) is ~65k bits, so well below this.)
+const MAX_BIGINT_POW_RESULT_BITS = 2_000_000n;
+
 function __useNumericCacheKey(key) {
   return typeof key === 'string' && key.length <= MAX_NUMERIC_CACHE_KEY_LEN;
 }
@@ -603,6 +608,31 @@ function pow10n(k) {
   return 10n ** BigInt(k);
 }
 
+function absBigInt(x) {
+  return x < 0n ? -x : x;
+}
+
+function bigintBitLength(x) {
+  // Returns the bit length of |x| as a BigInt (0 for 0).
+  const a = absBigInt(x);
+  if (a === 0n) return 0n;
+  // toString(2) is fine here: we only use this as a conservative size guard.
+  return BigInt(a.toString(2).length);
+}
+
+function estimatePowResultBits(base, exp) {
+  // Conservative estimate of bit length for |base| ** exp (exp >= 0).
+  // For |base| in {0,1} this is tiny; otherwise ~ exp * log2(|base|).
+  if (exp === 0n) return 1n;
+  const a = absBigInt(base);
+  if (a === 0n) return 1n; // 0**k (k>0) => 0
+  if (a === 1n) return 1n;
+  const bl = bigintBitLength(a);
+  // If bl is the bit length, then 2^(bl-1) <= a < 2^bl.
+  // So a^exp has < bl*exp bits and >= (bl-1)*exp+1 bits.
+  return (bl - 1n) * exp + 1n;
+}
+
 // ===========================================================================
 // Time & duration builtin helpers
 // ===========================================================================
@@ -1762,50 +1792,87 @@ function evalBuiltin(goal, subst, facts, backRules, depth, varGen, maxResults) {
   }
 
   // math:exponentiation
-  if (pv === MATH_NS + 'exponentiation') {
-    if (g.s instanceof ListTerm && g.s.elems.length === 2) {
-      const baseTerm = g.s.elems[0];
-      const expTerm = g.s.elems[1];
+  // math:bigExponentiation (exact-integer BigInt-only variant)
+  if (pv === MATH_NS + 'exponentiation' || pv === MATH_NS + 'bigExponentiation') {
+    const onlyBigInt = pv === MATH_NS + 'bigExponentiation';
 
-      const a = parseNum(baseTerm);
-      let b = null;
-      if (a !== null) b = parseNum(expTerm);
+    if (!(g.s instanceof ListTerm) || g.s.elems.length !== 2) return [];
+    const baseTerm = g.s.elems[0];
+    const expTerm = g.s.elems[1];
+
+    // 1) Exact integer mode (BigInt): (base exponent) -> result
+    //    This avoids huge intermediate derivations for things like Ackermann(4,2).
+    const baseI = parseIntLiteral(baseTerm);
+    const expI = parseIntLiteral(expTerm);
+    if (baseI !== null && expI !== null && expI >= 0n) {
+      // Size guard: refuse powers that would almost certainly OOM.
+      const estBits = estimatePowResultBits(baseI, expI);
+      if (estBits > MAX_BIGINT_POW_RESULT_BITS) return [];
+
+      let out;
+      try {
+        out = baseI ** expI;
+      } catch {
+        return [];
+      }
 
-      // Forward mode: base and exponent are numeric
-      if (a !== null && b !== null) {
-        const cVal = a ** b;
-        if (!Number.isFinite(cVal)) return [];
+      const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(out, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
-        let dtOut = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, expTerm], g.o);
-        if (dtOut === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(cVal)) dtOut = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
-        const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(cVal, dtOut);
+      if (g.o instanceof Var) {
+        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        s2[g.o.name] = lit;
+        return [s2];
+      }
+      if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
 
-        if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
-          s2[g.o.name] = lit;
-          return [s2];
-        }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, cVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+      const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
+      if (oi !== null && oi === out) return [{ ...subst }];
+
+      const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
+      return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
+    }
+
+    // bigExponentiation is intentionally strict.
+    if (onlyBigInt) return [];
+
+    // 2) Numeric mode (Number): forward + limited inverse
+    const a = parseNum(baseTerm);
+    const b = a !== null ? parseNum(expTerm) : null;
+
+    // Forward
+    if (a !== null && b !== null) {
+      const cVal = a ** b;
+      if (!Number.isFinite(cVal)) return [];
+
+      let dtOut = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, expTerm], g.o);
+      if (dtOut === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(cVal)) dtOut = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
+      const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(cVal, dtOut);
+
+      if (g.o instanceof Var) {
+        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        s2[g.o.name] = lit;
+        return [s2];
       }
+      if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+      if (numEqualTerm(g.o, cVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+    }
 
-      // Inverse mode: solve exponent
-      const c = parseNum(g.o);
-      if (a !== null && expTerm instanceof Var && c !== null) {
-        if (a > 0.0 && a !== 1.0 && c > 0.0) {
-          const bVal = Math.log(c) / Math.log(a);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(bVal)) return [];
+    // Inverse: solve exponent using logs (Number mode only)
+    const c = parseNum(g.o);
+    if (a !== null && expTerm instanceof Var && c !== null) {
+      if (a > 0.0 && a !== 1.0 && c > 0.0) {
+        const bVal = Math.log(c) / Math.log(a);
+        if (!Number.isFinite(bVal)) return [];
 
-          let dtB = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, g.o], expTerm);
-          if (dtB === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(bVal)) dtB = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
+        let dtB = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, g.o], expTerm);
+        if (dtB === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(bVal)) dtB = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
 
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
-          s2[expTerm.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(bVal, dtB);
-          return [s2];
-        }
+        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        s2[expTerm.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(bVal, dtB);
+        return [s2];
       }
-      return [];
     }
+    return [];
   }
 
   // math:absoluteValue
@@ -3556,9 +3623,6 @@ function evalBuiltin(goal, subst, facts, backRules, depth, varGen, maxResults) {
   // Deterministic 31-bit LCG (same as the GA demo):
   //   state = (1103515245 * state + 12345) % 2^31
   // and randRound(N) = Math.round((state/2^31) * N) with state advanced once per draw.
-  //
-  // This builtin exists to keep GA-style "many samples × many characters" loops out of
-  // the proof search (dramatically reducing memory use).
   if (pv === STRING_NS + 'mutateSelectBest') {
     if (!(g.s instanceof ListTerm) || g.s.elems.length !== 5) return [];
 

package/lib/builtins.js

@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ const __parseNumericInfoCache = new Map(); // lit string -> info|null
 // Caching them retains giant strings/BigInts in global Maps and can cause OOM.
 const MAX_NUMERIC_CACHE_KEY_LEN = 1024;
 
+// Safety cap for BigInt exponentiation results.
+// Prevents accidental creation of enormous integers that would OOM the process.
+// (Ackermann(4,2) is ~65k bits, so well below this.)
+const MAX_BIGINT_POW_RESULT_BITS = 2_000_000n;
+
 function __useNumericCacheKey(key) {
   return typeof key === 'string' && key.length <= MAX_NUMERIC_CACHE_KEY_LEN;
 }
@@ -591,6 +596,31 @@ function pow10n(k) {
   return 10n ** BigInt(k);
 }
 
+function absBigInt(x) {
+  return x < 0n ? -x : x;
+}
+
+function bigintBitLength(x) {
+  // Returns the bit length of |x| as a BigInt (0 for 0).
+  const a = absBigInt(x);
+  if (a === 0n) return 0n;
+  // toString(2) is fine here: we only use this as a conservative size guard.
+  return BigInt(a.toString(2).length);
+}
+
+function estimatePowResultBits(base, exp) {
+  // Conservative estimate of bit length for |base| ** exp (exp >= 0).
+  // For |base| in {0,1} this is tiny; otherwise ~ exp * log2(|base|).
+  if (exp === 0n) return 1n;
+  const a = absBigInt(base);
+  if (a === 0n) return 1n; // 0**k (k>0) => 0
+  if (a === 1n) return 1n;
+  const bl = bigintBitLength(a);
+  // If bl is the bit length, then 2^(bl-1) <= a < 2^bl.
+  // So a^exp has < bl*exp bits and >= (bl-1)*exp+1 bits.
+  return (bl - 1n) * exp + 1n;
+}
+
 // ===========================================================================
 // Time & duration builtin helpers
 // ===========================================================================
@@ -1750,50 +1780,87 @@ function evalBuiltin(goal, subst, facts, backRules, depth, varGen, maxResults) {
   }
 
   // math:exponentiation
-  if (pv === MATH_NS + 'exponentiation') {
-    if (g.s instanceof ListTerm && g.s.elems.length === 2) {
-      const baseTerm = g.s.elems[0];
-      const expTerm = g.s.elems[1];
+  // math:bigExponentiation (exact-integer BigInt-only variant)
+  if (pv === MATH_NS + 'exponentiation' || pv === MATH_NS + 'bigExponentiation') {
+    const onlyBigInt = pv === MATH_NS + 'bigExponentiation';
 
-      const a = parseNum(baseTerm);
-      let b = null;
-      if (a !== null) b = parseNum(expTerm);
+    if (!(g.s instanceof ListTerm) || g.s.elems.length !== 2) return [];
+    const baseTerm = g.s.elems[0];
+    const expTerm = g.s.elems[1];
+
+    // 1) Exact integer mode (BigInt): (base exponent) -> result
+    //    This avoids huge intermediate derivations for things like Ackermann(4,2).
+    const baseI = parseIntLiteral(baseTerm);
+    const expI = parseIntLiteral(expTerm);
+    if (baseI !== null && expI !== null && expI >= 0n) {
+      // Size guard: refuse powers that would almost certainly OOM.
+      const estBits = estimatePowResultBits(baseI, expI);
+      if (estBits > MAX_BIGINT_POW_RESULT_BITS) return [];
+
+      let out;
+      try {
+        out = baseI ** expI;
+      } catch {
+        return [];
+      }
 
-      // Forward mode: base and exponent are numeric
-      if (a !== null && b !== null) {
-        const cVal = a ** b;
-        if (!Number.isFinite(cVal)) return [];
+      const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(out, XSD_INTEGER_DT);
 
-        let dtOut = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, expTerm], g.o);
-        if (dtOut === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(cVal)) dtOut = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
-        const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(cVal, dtOut);
+      if (g.o instanceof Var) {
+        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        s2[g.o.name] = lit;
+        return [s2];
+      }
+      if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
 
-        if (g.o instanceof Var) {
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
-          s2[g.o.name] = lit;
-          return [s2];
-        }
-        if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
-        if (numEqualTerm(g.o, cVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+      const oi = parseIntLiteral(g.o);
+      if (oi !== null && oi === out) return [{ ...subst }];
+
+      const s2 = unifyTerm(g.o, lit, subst);
+      return s2 !== null ? [s2] : [];
+    }
+
+    // bigExponentiation is intentionally strict.
+    if (onlyBigInt) return [];
+
+    // 2) Numeric mode (Number): forward + limited inverse
+    const a = parseNum(baseTerm);
+    const b = a !== null ? parseNum(expTerm) : null;
+
+    // Forward
+    if (a !== null && b !== null) {
+      const cVal = a ** b;
+      if (!Number.isFinite(cVal)) return [];
+
+      let dtOut = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, expTerm], g.o);
+      if (dtOut === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(cVal)) dtOut = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
+      const lit = makeNumericOutputLiteral(cVal, dtOut);
+
+      if (g.o instanceof Var) {
+        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        s2[g.o.name] = lit;
+        return [s2];
       }
+      if (g.o instanceof Blank) return [{ ...subst }];
+      if (numEqualTerm(g.o, cVal)) return [{ ...subst }];
+    }
 
-      // Inverse mode: solve exponent
-      const c = parseNum(g.o);
-      if (a !== null && expTerm instanceof Var && c !== null) {
-        if (a > 0.0 && a !== 1.0 && c > 0.0) {
-          const bVal = Math.log(c) / Math.log(a);
-          if (!Number.isFinite(bVal)) return [];
+    // Inverse: solve exponent using logs (Number mode only)
+    const c = parseNum(g.o);
+    if (a !== null && expTerm instanceof Var && c !== null) {
+      if (a > 0.0 && a !== 1.0 && c > 0.0) {
+        const bVal = Math.log(c) / Math.log(a);
+        if (!Number.isFinite(bVal)) return [];
 
-          let dtB = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, g.o], expTerm);
-          if (dtB === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(bVal)) dtB = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
+        let dtB = commonNumericDatatype([baseTerm, g.o], expTerm);
+        if (dtB === XSD_INTEGER_DT && !Number.isInteger(bVal)) dtB = XSD_DECIMAL_DT;
 
-          const s2 = { ...subst };
-          s2[expTerm.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(bVal, dtB);
-          return [s2];
-        }
+        const s2 = { ...subst };
+        s2[expTerm.name] = makeNumericOutputLiteral(bVal, dtB);
+        return [s2];
       }
-      return [];
     }
+    return [];
   }
 
   // math:absoluteValue

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "eyeling",
-  "version": "1.14.1",
+  "version": "1.14.2",
   "description": "A minimal Notation3 (N3) reasoner in JavaScript.",
   "main": "./index.js",
   "keywords": [