exiftool-vendored.exe 12.91.0 → 12.96.0

package/bin/exiftool_files/exiftool.pl

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env perl -w
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # File:         windows_exiftool
 #
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use strict;
 use warnings;
 require 5.004;
 
-my $version = '12.91';
+my $version = '12.96';
 
 # add our 'lib' directory to the include list BEFORE 'use Image::ExifTool'
 my $exePath;
@@ -224,10 +224,6 @@ my $stayOpen = 0;
 my $rtnValApp = 0;  # app return value (0=success)
 my $curTitle = '';  # current window title
 
-# lookup for O/S names which may use a backslash as a directory separator
-# (ref File::Spec of PathTools-3.2701)
-my %hasBackslash = ( MSWin32 => 1, os2 => 1, dos => 1, NetWare => 1, symbian => 1, cygwin => 1 );
-
 # lookup for O/S names which use CR/LF newlines
 my $isCRLF = { MSWin32 => 1, os2 => 1, dos => 1 }->{$^O};
 
@@ -1612,7 +1608,7 @@ if ($argFormat) {
 }
 
 # change to forward slashes if necessary in all filenames (like CleanFilename)
-if ($hasBackslash{$^O}) {
+if (Image::ExifTool::IsPC()) {
     tr/\\/\// foreach @files;
 }
 
@@ -3771,7 +3767,7 @@ sub DoSetFromFile($$$)
 # Returns: nothing, but changes filename if necessary
 sub CleanFilename($)
 {
-    $_[0] =~ tr/\\/\// if $hasBackslash{$^O};
+    $_[0] =~ tr/\\/\// if Image::ExifTool::IsPC();
 }
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -4094,7 +4090,7 @@ sub AbsPath($)
         $path = eval { Cwd::abs_path($file) };
         # make the delimiters and case consistent
         # (abs_path is very inconsistent about what it returns in Windows)
-        if (defined $path and $hasBackslash{$^O}) {
+        if (defined $path and Image::ExifTool::IsPC()) {
             $path =~ tr/\\/\//;
             $path = lc $path;
         }
@@ -4350,46 +4346,21 @@ sub NextUnusedFilename($;$)
 # Create directory for specified file
 # Inputs: 0) complete file name including path
 # Returns: true if a directory was created
-my $k32CreateDir;
 sub CreateDirectory($)
 {
     my $file = shift;
-    my ($dir, $created);
-    ($dir = $file) =~ s/[^\/]*$//;  # remove filename from path specification
-    if ($dir and not $mt->IsDirectory($dir)) {
-        my @parts = split /\//, $dir;
-        $dir = '';
-        foreach (@parts) {
-            $dir .= $_;
-            if (length $dir and not $mt->IsDirectory($dir) and
-                # don't try to create a network drive root directory
-                not ($hasBackslash{$^O} and $dir =~ m{^//[^/]*$}))
-            {
-                my $success;
-                # create directory since it doesn't exist
-                my $d2 = $dir; # (must make a copy in case EncodeFileName recodes it)
-                if ($mt->EncodeFileName($d2)) {
-                    # handle Windows Unicode directory names
-                    unless (eval { require Win32::API }) {
-                        Error('Install Win32::API to create directories with Unicode names');
-                        return 0;
-                    }
-                    unless ($k32CreateDir) {
-                        $k32CreateDir = Win32::API->new('KERNEL32', 'CreateDirectoryW', 'PP', 'I');
-                    }
-                    $success = $k32CreateDir->Call($d2, 0) if $k32CreateDir;
-                } else {
-                    $success = mkdir($d2, 0777);
-                }
-                $success or Error("Error creating directory $dir\n"), return 0;
-                $verbose and print $vout "Created directory $dir\n";
-                $created = 1;
-            }
-            $dir .= '/';
+    my $err = $mt->CreateDirectory($file);
+    if (defined $err) {
+        $err and Error("$err\n"), return 0;
+        if ($verbose) {
+            my $dir;
+            ($dir = $file) =~ s(/[^/]*$)();
+            print $vout "Created directory $dir\n";
         }
-        ++$countNewDir if $created;
+        ++$countNewDir;
+        return 1;
     }
-    return $created;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -4669,2860 +4640,9 @@ sub PrintErrors($$$)
 # Print help documentation
 sub Help()
 {
-    my $help = <<'__HELP__';
-NAME
-    exiftool - Read and write meta information in files
-
-RUNNING IN WINDOWS
-    Drag and drop files or folders onto the exiftool executable to display
-    meta information, or rename to "exiftool.exe" and run from the command
-    line to access all exiftool features.
-
-    This stand-alone Windows version allows simple command-line options to
-    be added to the name of the executable (in brackets and separated by
-    spaces at the end of the name), providing a mechanism to use options
-    when launched via the mouse. For example, changing the executable name
-    to "exiftool(-a -u -g1 -w txt).exe" gives a drag-and-drop utility which
-    generates sidecar ".txt" files with detailed meta information. As
-    shipped, the -k option is added to cause exiftool to pause before
-    terminating (keeping the command window open). Options may also be added
-    to the "Target" property of a Windows shortcut to the executable.
-
-SYNOPSIS
-  Reading
-    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] [-*TAG*...] [--*TAG*...] *FILE*...
-
-  Writing
-    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] -*TAG*[+-<]=[*VALUE*]... *FILE*...
-
-  Copying
-    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] -tagsFromFile *SRCFILE* [-[*DSTTAG*<]*SRCTAG*...]
-    *FILE*...
-
-  Other
-    exiftool [ -ver | -list[w|f|r|wf|g[*NUM*]|d|x|geo] ]
-
-    For specific examples, see the EXAMPLES sections below.
-
-    This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input
-    *FILE* when one is expected.
-
-DESCRIPTION
-    A command-line interface to Image::ExifTool, used for reading and
-    writing meta information in a variety of file types. *FILE* is one or
-    more source file names, directory names, or "-" for the standard input.
-    Metadata is read from source files and printed in readable form to the
-    console (or written to output text files with -w).
-
-    To write or delete metadata, tag values are assigned using
-    -*TAG*=[*VALUE*], and/or the -geotag, -csv= or -json= options. To copy
-    or move metadata, the -tagsFromFile feature is used. By default the
-    original files are preserved with "_original" appended to their names --
-    be sure to verify that the new files are OK before erasing the
-    originals. Once in write mode, exiftool will ignore any read-specific
-    options.
-
-    Note: If *FILE* is a directory name then only supported file types in
-    the directory are processed (in write mode only writable types are
-    processed). However, files may be specified by name, or the -ext option
-    may be used to force processing of files with any extension. Hidden
-    files in the directory are also processed. Adding the -r option causes
-    subdirectories to be processed recursively, but subdirectories with
-    names beginning with "." are skipped unless -r. is used.
-
-    Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
-    supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):
-
-      File Types
-      ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
-      360   r/w   | DOCX  r     | ITC   r     | NUMBERS r   | RAW   r/w
-      3FR   r     | DPX   r     | J2C   r     | NXD   r     | RIFF  r
-      3G2   r/w   | DR4   r/w/c | JNG   r/w   | O     r     | RSRC  r
-      3GP   r/w   | DSS   r     | JP2   r/w   | ODP   r     | RTF   r
-      7Z    r     | DV    r     | JPEG  r/w   | ODS   r     | RW2   r/w
-      A     r     | DVB   r/w   | JSON  r     | ODT   r     | RWL   r/w
-      AA    r     | DVR-MS r    | JXL   r/w   | OFR   r     | RWZ   r
-      AAC   r     | DYLIB r     | K25   r     | OGG   r     | RM    r
-      AAE   r     | EIP   r     | KDC   r     | OGV   r     | SEQ   r
-      AAX   r/w   | EPS   r/w   | KEY   r     | ONP   r     | SKETCH r
-      ACR   r     | EPUB  r     | LA    r     | OPUS  r     | SO    r
-      AFM   r     | ERF   r/w   | LFP   r     | ORF   r/w   | SR2   r/w
-      AI    r/w   | EXE   r     | LIF   r     | ORI   r/w   | SRF   r
-      AIFF  r     | EXIF  r/w/c | LNK   r     | OTF   r     | SRW   r/w
-      APE   r     | EXR   r     | LRV   r/w   | PAC   r     | SVG   r
-      ARQ   r/w   | EXV   r/w/c | M2TS  r     | PAGES r     | SWF   r
-      ARW   r/w   | F4A/V r/w   | M4A/V r/w   | PBM   r/w   | THM   r/w
-      ASF   r     | FFF   r/w   | MACOS r     | PCD   r     | TIFF  r/w
-      AVI   r     | FITS  r     | MAX   r     | PCX   r     | TORRENT r
-      AVIF  r/w   | FLA   r     | MEF   r/w   | PDB   r     | TTC   r
-      AZW   r     | FLAC  r     | MIE   r/w/c | PDF   r/w   | TTF   r
-      BMP   r     | FLIF  r/w   | MIFF  r     | PEF   r/w   | TXT   r
-      BPG   r     | FLV   r     | MKA   r     | PFA   r     | VCF   r
-      BTF   r     | FPF   r     | MKS   r     | PFB   r     | VNT   r
-      C2PA  r     | FPX   r     | MKV   r     | PFM   r     | VRD   r/w/c
-      CHM   r     | GIF   r/w   | MNG   r/w   | PGF   r     | VSD   r
-      COS   r     | GLV   r/w   | MOBI  r     | PGM   r/w   | WAV   r
-      CR2   r/w   | GPR   r/w   | MODD  r     | PLIST r     | WDP   r/w
-      CR3   r/w   | GZ    r     | MOI   r     | PICT  r     | WEBP  r/w
-      CRM   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MOS   r/w   | PMP   r     | WEBM  r
-      CRW   r/w   | HDR   r     | MOV   r/w   | PNG   r/w   | WMA   r
-      CS1   r/w   | HEIC  r/w   | MP3   r     | PPM   r/w   | WMV   r
-      CSV   r     | HEIF  r/w   | MP4   r/w   | PPT   r     | WPG   r
-      CUR   r     | HTML  r     | MPC   r     | PPTX  r     | WTV   r
-      CZI   r     | ICC   r/w/c | MPG   r     | PS    r/w   | WV    r
-      DCM   r     | ICO   r     | MPO   r/w   | PSB   r/w   | X3F   r/w
-      DCP   r/w   | ICS   r     | MQV   r/w   | PSD   r/w   | XCF   r
-      DCR   r     | IDML  r     | MRC   r     | PSP   r     | XISF  r
-      DFONT r     | IIQ   r/w   | MRW   r/w   | QTIF  r/w   | XLS   r
-      DIVX  r     | IND   r/w   | MXF   r     | R3D   r     | XLSX  r
-      DJVU  r     | INSP  r/w   | NEF   r/w   | RA    r     | XMP   r/w/c
-      DLL   r     | INSV  r     | NKA   r     | RAF   r/w   | ZIP   r
-      DNG   r/w   | INX   r     | NKSC  r/w   | RAM   r     |
-      DOC   r     | ISO   r     | NRW   r/w   | RAR   r     |
-
-      Meta Information
-      ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
-      EXIF           r/w/c  |  CIFF           r/w  |  Ricoh RMETA    r
-      GPS            r/w/c  |  AFCP           r/w  |  Picture Info   r
-      IPTC           r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta     r/w  |  Adobe APP14    r
-      XMP            r/w/c  |  FotoStation    r/w  |  MPF            r
-      MakerNotes     r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic  r/w  |  Stim           r
-      Photoshop IRB  r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000      r    |  DPX            r
-      ICC Profile    r/w/c  |  DICOM          r    |  APE            r
-      MIE            r/w/c  |  Flash          r    |  Vorbis         r
-      JFIF           r/w/c  |  FlashPix       r    |  SPIFF          r
-      Ducky APP12    r/w/c  |  QuickTime      r    |  DjVu           r
-      PDF            r/w/c  |  Matroska       r    |  M2TS           r
-      PNG            r/w/c  |  MXF            r    |  PE/COFF        r
-      Canon VRD      r/w/c  |  PrintIM        r    |  AVCHD          r
-      Nikon Capture  r/w/c  |  FLAC           r    |  ZIP            r
-      GeoTIFF        r/w/c  |  ID3            r    |  (and more)
-
-OPTIONS
-    Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and
-    group names), except for single-character options when the corresponding
-    upper-case option exists. Many single-character options have equivalent
-    long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some options have inverses
-    which are invoked with a leading double-dash. Unrecognized options are
-    interpreted as tag names (for this reason, multiple single-character
-    options may NOT be combined into one argument). Contrary to standard
-    practice, options may appear after source file names on the exiftool
-    command line.
-
-  Option Overview
-    Tag operations
-
-      -TAG or --TAG                    Extract or exclude specified tag
-      -TAG[+-^]=[VALUE]                Write new value for tag
-      -TAG[+-]<=DATFILE                Write tag value from contents of file
-      -[+]TAG[+-]<SRCTAG               Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)
-
-      -tagsFromFile SRCFILE            Copy tag values from file
-      -x TAG      (-exclude)           Exclude specified tag
-
-    Input-output text formatting
-
-      -args       (-argFormat)         Format metadata as exiftool arguments
-      -b          (-binary)            Output metadata in binary format
-      -c FMT      (-coordFormat)       Set format for GPS coordinates
-      -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]        Specify encoding for special characters
-      -csv[[+]=CSVFILE]                Export/import tags in CSV format
-      -csvDelim STR                    Set delimiter for CSV file
-      -d FMT      (-dateFormat)        Set format for date/time values
-      -D          (-decimal)           Show tag ID numbers in decimal
-      -E,-ex,-ec  (-escape(HTML|XML|C))Escape tag values for HTML, XML or C
-      -f          (-forcePrint)        Force printing of all specified tags
-      -g[NUM...]  (-groupHeadings)     Organize output by tag group
-      -G[NUM...]  (-groupNames)        Print group name for each tag
-      -h          (-htmlFormat)        Use HTML formatting for output
-      -H          (-hex)               Show tag ID numbers in hexadecimal
-      -htmlDump[OFFSET]                Generate HTML-format binary dump
-      -j[[+]=JSONFILE] (-json)         Export/import tags in JSON format
-      -l          (-long)              Use long 2-line output format
-      -L          (-latin)             Use Windows Latin1 encoding
-      -lang [LANG]                     Set current language
-      -listItem INDEX                  Extract specific item from a list
-      -n          (--printConv)        No print conversion
-      -p[-] STR   (-printFormat)       Print output in specified format
-      -php                             Export tags as a PHP Array
-      -s[NUM]     (-short)             Short output format (-s for tag names)
-      -S          (-veryShort)         Very short output format
-      -sep STR    (-separator)         Set separator string for list items
-      -sort                            Sort output alphabetically
-      -struct                          Enable output of structured information
-      -t          (-tab)               Output in tab-delimited list format
-      -T          (-table)             Output in tabular format
-      -v[NUM]     (-verbose)           Print verbose messages
-      -w[+|!] EXT (-textOut)           Write (or overwrite!) output text files
-      -W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)            Write output text file for each tag
-      -Wext EXT   (-tagOutExt)         Write only specified file types with -W
-      -X          (-xmlFormat)         Use RDF/XML output format
-
-    Processing control
-
-      -a          (-duplicates)        Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
-      -e          (--composite)        Do not generate composite tags
-      -ee[NUM]    (-extractEmbedded)   Extract information from embedded files
-      -ext[+] EXT (-extension)         Process files with specified extension
-      -F[OFFSET]  (-fixBase)           Fix the base for maker notes offsets
-      -fast[NUM]                       Increase speed when extracting metadata
-      -fileOrder[NUM] [-]TAG           Set file processing order
-      -i DIR      (-ignore)            Ignore specified directory name
-      -if[NUM] EXPR                    Conditionally process files
-      -m          (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
-      -o OUTFILE  (-out)               Set output file or directory name
-      -overwrite_original              Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
-      -overwrite_original_in_place     Overwrite original by copying tmp file
-      -P          (-preserve)          Preserve file modification date/time
-      -password PASSWD                 Password for processing protected files
-      -progress[NUM][:[TITLE]]         Show file progress count
-      -q          (-quiet)             Quiet processing
-      -r[.]       (-recurse)           Recursively process subdirectories
-      -scanForXMP                      Brute force XMP scan
-      -u          (-unknown)           Extract unknown tags
-      -U          (-unknown2)          Extract unknown binary tags too
-      -wm MODE    (-writeMode)         Set mode for writing/creating tags
-      -z          (-zip)               Read/write compressed information
-
-    Other options
-
-      -@ ARGFILE                       Read command-line arguments from file
-      -k          (-pause)             Pause before terminating
-      -list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x]         List various exiftool capabilities
-      -ver                             Print exiftool version number
-      --                               End of options
-
-    Special features
-
-      -geotag TRKFILE                  Geotag images from specified GPS log
-      -globalTimeShift SHIFT           Shift all formatted date/time values
-      -use MODULE                      Add features from plug-in module
-
-    Utilities
-
-      -delete_original[!]              Delete "_original" backups
-      -restore_original                Restore from "_original" backups
-
-    Advanced options
-
-      -api OPT[[^]=[VAL]]              Set ExifTool API option
-      -common_args                     Define common arguments
-      -config CFGFILE                  Specify configuration file name
-      -echo[NUM] TEXT                  Echo text to stdout or stderr
-      -efile[NUM][!] TXTFILE           Save names of files with errors
-      -execute[NUM]                    Execute multiple commands on one line
-      -fileNUM ALTFILE                 Load tags from alternate file
-      -list_dir                        List directories, not their contents
-      -srcfile FMT                     Process a different source file
-      -stay_open FLAG                  Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF
-      -userParam PARAM[[^]=[VAL]]      Set user parameter (API UserParam opt)
-
-  Option Details
-   Tag operations
-    -*TAG*
-         Extract information for the specified tag (eg. "-CreateDate").
-         Multiple tags may be specified in a single command. A tag name is
-         the handle by which a piece of information is referenced. See
-         Image::ExifTool::TagNames for documentation on available tag names.
-         A tag name may include leading group names separated by colons (eg.
-         "-EXIF:CreateDate", or "-Doc1:XMP:Creator"), and each group name
-         may be prefixed by a digit to specify family number (eg.
-         "-1IPTC:City"). (Note that the API SavePath and SaveFormat options
-         must be used for the family 5 and 6 groups respectively to be
-         available.) Use the -listg option to list available group names by
-         family.
-
-         A special tag name of "All" may be used to indicate all meta
-         information (ie. -All). This is particularly useful when a group
-         name is specified to extract all information in a group (but beware
-         that unless the -a option is also used, some tags in the group may
-         be suppressed by same-named tags in other groups). The wildcard
-         characters "?" and "*" may be used in a tag name to match any
-         single character and zero or more characters respectively. These
-         may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group
-         name of "*" (or "All") may be used to extract all instances of a
-         tag (as if -a was used). Note that arguments containing wildcards
-         must be quoted on the command line of most systems to prevent shell
-         globbing.
-
-         A "#" may be appended to the tag name to disable the print
-         conversion on a per-tag basis (see the -n option). This may also be
-         used when writing or copying tags.
-
-         If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted
-         (as if "-All" had been specified).
-
-         Note: Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when
-         extracting information. Use the -s option to see the tag names
-         instead.
-
-    --*TAG*
-         Exclude specified tag from extracted information. Same as the -x
-         option. Group names and wildcards are permitted as described above
-         for -TAG. Once excluded from the output, a tag may not be
-         re-included by a subsequent option. May also be used following a
-         -tagsFromFile option to exclude tags from being copied (when
-         redirecting to another tag, it is the source tag that should be
-         excluded), or to exclude groups from being deleted when deleting
-         all information (eg. "-all= --exif:all" deletes all but EXIF
-         information). But note that this will not exclude individual tags
-         from a group delete (unless a family 2 group is specified, see note
-         4 below). Instead, individual tags may be recovered using the
-         -tagsFromFile option (eg. "-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist").
-
-         To speed processing when reading XMP, exclusions in XMP groups also
-         bypass processing of the corresponding XMP property and any
-         contained properties. For example, "--xmp-crs:all" may speed
-         processing significantly in cases where a large number of XMP-crs
-         tags exist. To use this feature to bypass processing of a specific
-         XMP property, the property name must be used instead of the
-         ExifTool tag name (eg. "--xmp-crs:dabs"). Also, "XMP-all" may be
-         used to to indicate any XMP namespace (eg. "--xmp-all:dabs").
-
-    -*TAG*[+-^]=[*VALUE*]
-         Write a new value for the specified tag (eg. "-comment=wow"), or
-         delete the tag if no *VALUE* is given (eg. "-comment="). "+=" and
-         "-=" are used to add or remove existing entries from a list, or to
-         shift date/time values (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl and note 6
-         below for more details). "+=" may also be used to increment
-         numerical values (or decrement if *VALUE* is negative), and "-="
-         may be used to conditionally delete or replace a tag (see "WRITING
-         EXAMPLES" for examples). "^=" is used to write an empty string
-         instead of deleting the tag when no *VALUE* is given, but otherwise
-         it is equivalent to "=". (Note that the caret must be quoted on the
-         Windows command line.)
-
-         *TAG* may contain one or more leading family 0, 1, 2 or 7 group
-         names, prefixed by optional family numbers, and separated colons.
-         If no group name is specified, the tag is created in the preferred
-         group, and updated in any other location where a same-named tag
-         already exists. The preferred group in JPEG and TIFF-format images
-         is the first group in the following list where *TAG* is valid: 1)
-         EXIF, 2) IPTC, 3) XMP.
-
-         The wildcards "*" and "?" may be used in tag names to assign the
-         same value to multiple tags. When specified with wildcards,
-         "Unsafe" tags are not written. A tag name of "All" is equivalent to
-         "*" (except that it doesn't require quoting, while arguments with
-         wildcards do on systems with shell globbing), and is often used
-         when deleting all metadata (ie. "-All=") or an entire group (eg.
-         "-XMP-dc:All=", see note 4 below). Note that not all groups are
-         deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 "Adobe" group is not removed by
-         default with "-All=" because it may affect the appearance of the
-         image. However, color space information is removed, so the colors
-         may be affected (but this may be avoided by copying back the tags
-         defined by the ColorSpaceTags shortcut). Use the -listd option for
-         a complete list of deletable groups, and see note 5 below regarding
-         the "APP" groups. Also, within an image some groups may be
-         contained within others, and these groups are removed if the
-         containing group is deleted:
-
-           JPEG Image:
-           - Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
-             GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
-           - Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
-           - Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.
-
-           TIFF Image:
-           - Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
-             InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
-
-           MOV/MP4 Video:
-           - Deleting ItemList also deletes Keys tags.
-
-         Notes:
-
-         1) Many tag values may be assigned in a single command. If two
-         assignments affect the same tag, the latter takes precedence
-         (except for list-type tags, for which both values are written).
-
-         2) In general, MakerNotes tags are considered "Permanent", and may
-         be edited but not created or deleted individually. This avoids many
-         potential problems, including the inevitable compatibility problems
-         with OEM software which may be very inflexible about the
-         information it expects to find in the maker notes.
-
-         3) Changes to PDF files by ExifTool are reversible (by deleting the
-         update with "-PDF-update:all=") because the original information is
-         never actually deleted from the file. So ExifTool alone may not be
-         used to securely edit metadata in PDF files.
-
-         4) Specifying "-GROUP:all=" deletes the entire group as a block
-         only if a single family 0 or 1 group is specified. Otherwise all
-         deletable tags in the specified group(s) are removed individually,
-         and in this case is it possible to exclude individual tags from a
-         mass delete. For example, "-time:all --Exif:Time:All" removes all
-         deletable Time tags except those in the EXIF. This difference also
-         applies if family 2 is specified when deleting all groups. For
-         example, "-2all:all=" deletes tags individually, while "-all:all="
-         deletes entire blocks.
-
-         5) The "APP" group names ("APP0" through "APP15") are used to
-         delete JPEG application segments which are not associated with
-         another deletable group. For example, specifying "-APP14:All=" will
-         NOT delete the APP14 "Adobe" segment because this is accomplished
-         with "-Adobe:All". But note that these unnamed APP segments may not
-         be excluded with "--APPxx:all" when deleting all information.
-
-         6) When shifting a value, the shift is applied to the original
-         value of the tag, overriding any other values previously assigned
-         to the tag on the same command line. To shift a date/time value and
-         copy it to another tag in the same operation, use the
-         -globalTimeShift option.
-
-         Special feature: Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal
-         with a leading "0x", and simple rational values may be specified as
-         fractions.
-
-    -*TAG*<=*DATFILE* or -*TAG*<=*FMT*
-         Set the value of a tag from the contents of file *DATFILE*. The
-         file name may also be given by a *FMT* string where %d, %f and %e
-         represent the directory, file name and extension of the original
-         *FILE* (see the -w option for more details). Note that quotes are
-         required around this argument to prevent shell redirection since it
-         contains a "<" symbol. If *DATFILE*/*FMT* is not provided, the
-         effect is the same as "-TAG=", and the tag is simply deleted. "+<="
-         or "-<=" may also be used to add or delete specific list entries,
-         or to shift date/time values.
-
-    -tagsFromFile *SRCFILE* or *FMT*
-         Copy tag values from *SRCFILE* to *FILE*. Tag names on the command
-         line after this option specify the tags to be copied, or excluded
-         from the copy. Wildcards are permitted in these tag names. If no
-         tags are specified, then all possible tags (see note 1 below) from
-         the source file are copied to same-named tags in the preferred
-         location of the output file (the same as specifying "-all"). More
-         than one -tagsFromFile option may be used to copy tags from
-         multiple files.
-
-         By default, this option will update any existing and writable
-         same-named tags in the output *FILE*, but will create new tags only
-         in their preferred groups. This allows some information to be
-         automatically transferred to the appropriate group when copying
-         between images of different formats. However, if a group name is
-         specified for a tag then the information is written only to this
-         group (unless redirected to another group, see below). If "All" is
-         used as a group name, then the specified tag(s) are written to the
-         same family 1 group they had in the source file (ie. the same
-         specific location, like ExifIFD or XMP-dc). For example, the common
-         operation of copying all writable tags to the same specific
-         locations in the output *FILE* is achieved by adding "-all:all". A
-         different family may be specified by adding a leading family number
-         to the group name (eg. "-0all:all" preserves the same general
-         location, like EXIF or XMP).
-
-         *SRCFILE* may be the same as *FILE* to move information around
-         within a single file. In this case, "@" may be used to represent
-         the source file (ie. "-tagsFromFile @"), permitting this feature to
-         be used for batch processing multiple files. Specified tags are
-         then copied from each file in turn as it is rewritten. For advanced
-         batch use, the source file name may also be specified using a *FMT*
-         string in which %d, %f and %e represent the directory, file name
-         and extension of *FILE*. (eg. the current *FILE* would be
-         represented by "%d%f.%e", with the same effect as "@"). See the -w
-         option for *FMT* string examples.
-
-         A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be
-         specified for each copied tag. With this feature, information may
-         be written to a tag with a different name or group. This is done
-         using "-*DSTTAG*<*SRCTAG*" or "-*SRCTAG*>*DSTTAG*" on the command
-         line after -tagsFromFile, and causes the value of *SRCTAG* to be
-         copied from *SRCFILE* and written to *DSTTAG* in *FILE*. Has no
-         effect unless *SRCTAG* exists in *SRCFILE*. Note that this argument
-         must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is no "="
-         sign as when assigning new values. Source and/or destination tags
-         may be prefixed by a group name and/or suffixed by "#". Wildcards
-         are allowed in both the source and destination tag names. A
-         destination group and/or tag name of "All" or "*" writes to the
-         same family 1 group and/or tag name as the source (but the family
-         may be specified by adding a leading number to the group name, eg.
-         "0All" writes to the same family 0 group as the source). If no
-         destination group is specified, the information is written to the
-         preferred group. Whitespace around the ">" or "<" is ignored. As a
-         convenience, "-tagsFromFile @" is assumed for any redirected tags
-         which are specified without a prior -tagsFromFile option. Copied
-         tags may also be added or deleted from a list with arguments of the
-         form "-*SRCTAG*+<*DSTTAG*" or "-*SRCTAG*-<*DSTTAG*" (but see Note 5
-         below).
-
-         An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving
-         tag names to be used on the right hand side of the "<" symbol with
-         the syntax "-*DSTTAG*<*STR*", where tag names in *STR* are prefixed
-         with a "$" symbol. See the -p option and the "Advanced formatting
-         feature" section for more details about this syntax. Strings
-         starting with a "=" sign must insert a single space after the "<"
-         to avoid confusion with the "<=" operator which sets the tag value
-         from the contents of a file. A single space at the start of the
-         string is removed if it exists, but all other whitespace in the
-         string is preserved. See note 8 below about using the redirection
-         feature with list-type stags, shortcuts or when using wildcards in
-         tag names.
-
-         See "COPYING EXAMPLES" for examples using -tagsFromFile.
-
-         Notes:
-
-         1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of the
-         image) are considered "Unsafe" to write, and are only copied if
-         specified explicitly (ie. no wildcards). See the tag name
-         documentation for more details about "Unsafe" tags.
-
-         2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being
-         copied (--*TAG*), and deleting a tag (-*TAG*=). Excluding a tag
-         prevents it from being copied to the destination image, but
-         deleting will remove a pre-existing tag from the image.
-
-         3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't
-         affected like other information by subsequent tag assignments on
-         the command line, and individual makernote tags may not be excluded
-         from a block copy. Also, since the PreviewImage referenced from the
-         maker notes may be rather large, it is not copied, and must be
-         transferred separately if desired.
-
-         4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the
-         point of the -tagsFromFile option in the command line. Any tag
-         assignment to the right of the -tagsFromFile option is made after
-         all tags are copied. For example, new tag values are set in the
-         order One, Two, Three then Four with this command:
-
-             exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg
-
-         This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between the
-         copied and assigned tags because later operations may override
-         earlier ones.
-
-         5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs from that of
-         assigned tags for list-type tags and conditional replacements
-         because each copy operation on a tag overrides any previous
-         operations. While this avoids duplicate list items when copying
-         groups of tags from a file containing redundant information, it
-         also prevents values of different tags from being copied into the
-         same list when this is the intent. To accumulate values from
-         different operations into the same list, add a "+" after the
-         initial "-" of the argument. For example:
-
-             exiftool -tagsfromfile @ '-subject<make' '-+subject<model' ...
-
-         Similarly, "-+DSTTAG" must be used when conditionally replacing a
-         tag to prevent overriding earlier conditions.
-
-         6) The -a option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when
-         copying tags from *SRCFILE*, but the highest priority tag is always
-         copied last so it takes precedence.
-
-         7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags. See the
-         -struct option for details.
-
-         8) With the redirection feature, copying a tag directly (ie.
-         "'-*DSTTAG*<*SRCTAG*'") is not the same as interpolating its value
-         inside a string (ie. "'-*DSTTAG*<$*SRCTAG*'") for source tags which
-         are list-type tags, shortcut tags, tag names containing wildcards,
-         or UserParam variables. When copying directly, the values of each
-         matching source tag are copied individually to the destination tag
-         (as if they were separate assignments). However, when interpolated
-         inside a string, list items and the values of shortcut tags are
-         concatenated (with a separator set by the -sep option), and
-         wildcards are not allowed. Also, UserParam variables are available
-         only when interpolated in a string. Another difference is that a
-         minor warning is generated if a tag doesn't exist when
-         interpolating its value in a string (with "$"), but isn't when
-         copying the tag directly.
-
-         Finally, the behaviour is different when a destination tag or group
-         of "All" is used. When copying directly, a destination group and/or
-         tag name of "All" writes to the same family 1 group and/or tag name
-         as the source. But when interpolated in a string, the identity of
-         the source tags are lost and the value is written to all possible
-         groups/tags. For example, the string form must be used in the
-         following command since the intent is to set the value of all
-         existing date/time tags from "CreateDate":
-
-             exiftool "-time:all<$createdate" -wm w FILE
-
-    -x *TAG* (-exclude)
-         Exclude the specified tag. There may be multiple -x options. This
-         has the same effect as --*TAG* on the command line. See the --*TAG*
-         documentation above for a complete description.
-
-   Input-output text formatting
-    Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most
-    output text formats. The exceptions are -b, -csv, -j and -X.
-
-    -args (-argFormat)
-         Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for
-         use with the -@ option when writing. May be combined with the -G
-         option to include group names. This feature may be used to
-         effectively copy tags between images, but allows the metadata to be
-         altered by editing the intermediate file ("out.args" in this
-         example):
-
-             exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg > out.args
-             exiftool -@ out.args -sep ", " dst.jpg
-
-         Note: Be careful when copying information with this technique since
-         it is easy to write tags which are normally considered "Unsafe".
-         For instance, the FileName and Directory tags are excluded in the
-         example above to avoid renaming and moving the destination file.
-         Also note that the second command above will produce warning
-         messages for any tags which are not writable.
-
-         As well, the -sep option should be used as in the second command
-         above to maintain separate list items when writing metadata back to
-         image files, and the -struct option may be used when extracting to
-         preserve structured XMP information.
-
-    -b, --b (-binary, --binary)
-         Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or
-         descriptions (-b or -binary). This option is mainly used for
-         extracting embedded images or other binary data, but it may also be
-         useful for some text strings since control characters (such as
-         newlines) are not replaced by '.' as they are in the default
-         output. By default, list items are separated by a newline when
-         extracted with the -b option, but this may be changed (see the -sep
-         option for details). May be combined with -j, -php or -X to extract
-         binary data in JSON, PHP or XML format, but note that "Unsafe" tags
-         are not extracted as binary unless they are specified explicitly or
-         the API RequestAll option is set to 3 or higher.
-
-         With a leading double dash (--b or --binary), tags which contain
-         binary data are suppressed in the output when reading.
-
-    -c *FMT* (-coordFormat)
-         Set the print format for GPS coordinates. *FMT* uses the same
-         syntax as a "printf" format string. The specifiers correspond to
-         degrees, minutes and seconds in that order, but minutes and seconds
-         are optional. For example, the following table gives the output for
-         the same coordinate using various formats:
-
-                     FMT                  Output
-             -------------------    ------------------
-             "%d deg %d' %.2f"\"    54 deg 59' 22.80"  (default for reading)
-             "%d %d %.8f"           54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
-             "%d deg %.4f min"      54 deg 59.3800 min
-             "%.6f degrees"         54.989667 degrees
-
-         Notes:
-
-         1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is
-         different when copying tags using the -tagsFromFile option.
-
-         2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W)
-         is appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a "+" or "-" to
-         the format specifier (eg. "%+.6f" or "%-.6f") prints a signed
-         coordinate instead. ("+" adds a leading "+" for positive
-         coordinates, but "-" does not.)
-
-         3) This print formatting may be disabled with the -n option to
-         extract coordinates as signed decimal degrees.
-
-    -charset [[*TYPE*=]*CHARSET*]
-         If *TYPE* is "ExifTool" or not specified, this option sets the
-         ExifTool character encoding for output tag values when reading and
-         input values when writing, with a default of "UTF8". If no
-         *CHARSET* is given, a list of available character sets is returned.
-         Valid *CHARSET* values are:
-
-             CHARSET     Alias(es)        Description
-             ----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
-             UTF8        cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters (default)
-             Latin       cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
-             Latin2      cp1250           Windows Latin2 (Central European)
-             Cyrillic    cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
-             Greek       cp1253           Windows Greek
-             Turkish     cp1254           Windows Turkish
-             Hebrew      cp1255           Windows Hebrew
-             Arabic      cp1256           Windows Arabic
-             Baltic      cp1257           Windows Baltic
-             Vietnam     cp1258           Windows Vietnamese
-             Thai        cp874            Windows Thai
-             DOSLatinUS  cp437            DOS Latin US
-             DOSLatin1   cp850            DOS Latin1
-             DOSCyrillic cp866            DOS Cyrillic
-             MacRoman    cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
-             MacLatin2   cp10029          Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
-             MacCyrillic cp10007          Macintosh Cyrillic
-             MacGreek    cp10006          Macintosh Greek
-             MacTurkish  cp10081          Macintosh Turkish
-             MacRomanian cp10010          Macintosh Romanian
-             MacIceland  cp10079          Macintosh Icelandic
-             MacCroatian cp10082          Macintosh Croatian
-
-         *TYPE* may be "FileName" to specify the encoding of file names on
-         the command line (ie. *FILE* arguments). In Windows, this triggers
-         use of wide-character i/o routines, thus providing support for
-         Unicode file names. See the "WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES" section
-         below for details.
-
-         Other values of *TYPE* listed below are used to specify the
-         internal encoding of various meta information formats.
-
-             TYPE       Description                                  Default
-             ---------  -------------------------------------------  -------
-             EXIF       Internal encoding of EXIF "ASCII" strings    (none)
-             ID3        Internal encoding of ID3v1 information       Latin
-             IPTC       Internal IPTC encoding to assume when        Latin
-                         IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
-             Photoshop  Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings   Latin
-             QuickTime  Internal encoding of QuickTime strings       MacRoman
-             RIFF       Internal encoding of RIFF strings            0
-
-         See <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q10> for more information about
-         coded character sets, and the Image::ExifTool Options for more
-         details about the -charset settings.
-
-    -csv[[+]=*CSVFILE*]
-         Export information in CSV format, or import information if
-         *CSVFILE* is specified. When importing, the CSV file must be in
-         exactly the same format as the exported file. The first row of the
-         *CSVFILE* must be the ExifTool tag names (with optional group
-         names) for each column of the file, and values must be separated by
-         commas. A special "SourceFile" column specifies the files
-         associated with each row of information (and a SourceFile of "*"
-         may be used to define default tags to be imported for all files
-         which are combined with any tags specified for the specific
-         SourceFile processed). The -csvDelim option may be used to change
-         the input/output field delimiter if something other than a comma is
-         required.
-
-         The following examples demonstrate basic use of the -csv option:
-
-             # generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
-             exiftool -common -csv dir > out.csv
-
-             # update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
-             exiftool -csv=a.csv dir
-
-         When importing, empty values are ignored unless the -f option is
-         used and the API MissingTagValue is set to an empty string (in
-         which case the tag is deleted). Also, FileName and Directory
-         columns are ignored if they exist (ie. ExifTool will not attempt to
-         write these tags with a CSV import), but all other columns are
-         imported. To force a tag to be deleted, use the -f option and set
-         the value to "-" in the CSV file (or to the MissingTagValue if this
-         API option was used). Multiple databases may be imported in a
-         single command.
-
-         When exporting a CSV file, the -g or -G option adds group names to
-         the tag headings. If the -a option is used to allow duplicate tag
-         names, the duplicate tags are only included in the CSV output if
-         the column headings are unique. Adding the -G4 option ensures a
-         unique column heading for each tag. The -b option may be added to
-         output binary data, encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by
-         ASCII "base64:" as the first 7 bytes of the value). Values may also
-         be encoded in base64 if the -charset option is used and the value
-         contains invalid characters.
-
-         When exporting specific tags, the CSV columns are arranged in the
-         same order as the specified tags provided the column headings
-         exactly match the specified tag names, otherwise the columns are
-         sorted in alphabetical order.
-
-         When importing from a CSV file, only files specified on the command
-         line are processed. Any extra entries in the CSV file are ignored.
-
-         List-type tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the
-         -sep option may be used to split them back into separate items when
-         importing.
-
-         Special feature: -csv+=*CSVFILE* may be used to add items to
-         existing lists. This affects only list-type tags. Also applies to
-         the -j option.
-
-         Note that this option is fundamentally different than all other
-         output format options because it requires information from all
-         input files to be buffered in memory before the output is written.
-         This may result in excessive memory usage when processing a very
-         large number of files with a single command. Also, it makes this
-         option incompatible with the -w and -W options. When processing a
-         large number of files, it is recommended to either use the JSON
-         (-j) or XML (-X) output format, or use -p to generate a
-         fixed-column CSV file instead of using the -csv option.
-
-    -csvDelim *STR*
-         Set the delimiter for separating CSV entries for CSV file
-         input/output via the -csv option. *STR* may contain "\t", "\n",
-         "\r" and "\\" to represent TAB, LF, CR and '\' respectively. A
-         double quote is not allowed in the delimiter. Default is ','.
-
-    -d *FMT* (-dateFormat)
-         Set the format for date/time tag values. The *FMT* string may
-         contain formatting codes beginning with a percent character ("%")
-         to represent the various components of a date/time value. The
-         specifics of the *FMT* syntax are system dependent -- consult the
-         "strftime" man page on your system for details. The default format
-         is equivalent to "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S". This option has no effect on
-         date-only or time-only tags and ignores timezone information if
-         present. ExifTool adds a %f format code to represent fractional
-         seconds, and supports an optional width to specify the number of
-         digits after the decimal point (eg. %3f would give something like
-         .437), and a minus sign to drop the decimal point (eg. "%-3f" would
-         give 437). Only one -d option may be used per command. Requires
-         POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece for the inversion conversion when
-         writing.
-
-    -D (-decimal)
-         Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.
-
-    -E, -ex, -ec (-escapeHTML, -escapeXML, -escapeC)
-         Escape characters in output tag values for HTML (-E), XML (-ex) or
-         C (-ec). For HTML, all characters with Unicode code points above
-         U+007F are escaped as well as the following 5 characters: & (&amp;)
-         ' (&#39;) " (&quot;) > (&gt;) and < (&lt;). For XML, only these 5
-         characters are escaped. The -E option is implied with -h, and -ex
-         is implied with -X. For C, all control characters and the backslash
-         are escaped. The inverse conversion is applied when writing tags.
-
-    -f (-forcePrint)
-         Force printing of tags even if they don't exist. This option
-         applies to tags specified on the command line, or with the -p, -if
-         or -tagsFromFile options. When -f is used, the value of any missing
-         tag is set to a dash ("-") by default, but this may be configured
-         via the API MissingTagValue option. -f is also used to add a
-         'flags' attribute to the -listx output, or to allow tags to be
-         deleted when writing with the -csv=*CSVFILE* feature.
-
-    -g[*NUM*][:*NUM*...] (-groupHeadings)
-         Organize output by tag group. *NUM* specifies a group family
-         number, and may be 0 (general location), 1 (specific location), 2
-         (category), 3 (document number), 4 (instance number), 5 (metadata
-         path), 6 (EXIF/TIFF format), 7 (tag ID) or 8 (file number). -g0 is
-         assumed if a family number is not specified. May be combined with
-         other options to add group names to the output. Multiple families
-         may be specified by separating them with colons. By default the
-         resulting group name is simplified by removing any leading "Main:"
-         and collapsing adjacent identical group names, but this can be
-         avoided by placing a colon before the first family number (eg.
-         -g:3:1). Use the -listg option to list group names for a specified
-         family. The API SavePath and SaveFormat options are automatically
-         enabled if the respective family 5 or 6 group names are requested.
-         See the API GetGroup documentation for more information.
-
-    -G[*NUM*][:*NUM*...] (-groupNames)
-         Same as -g but print group name for each tag. -G0 is assumed if
-         *NUM* is not specified. May be combined with a number of other
-         options to add group names to the output. Note that *NUM* may be
-         added wherever -G is mentioned in the documentation. See the -g
-         option above for details.
-
-    -h (-htmlFormat)
-         Use HTML table formatting for output. Implies the -E option. The
-         formatting options -D, -H, -g, -G, -l and -s may be used in
-         combination with -h to influence the HTML format.
-
-    -H (-hex)
-         Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.
-
-    -htmlDump[*OFFSET*]
-         Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF
-         information. This can be a very powerful tool for low-level
-         analysis of EXIF information. The -htmlDump option is also invoked
-         if the -v and -h options are used together. The verbose level
-         controls the maximum length of the blocks dumped. An *OFFSET* may
-         be given to specify the base for displayed offsets. If not
-         provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used. Use -htmlDump0 for
-         absolute offsets. Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG information is
-         dumped, but the -u option can be used to give a raw hex dump of
-         other file formats.
-
-    -j[[+]=*JSONFILE*] (-json)
-         Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console
-         output, or import JSON file if *JSONFILE* is specified. This option
-         may be combined with -g to organize the output into objects by
-         group, or -G to add group names to each tag. List-type tags with
-         multiple items are output as JSON arrays unless -sep is used. By
-         default XMP structures are flattened into individual tags in the
-         JSON output, but the original structure may be preserved with the
-         -struct option (this also causes all list-type XMP tags to be
-         output as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists would be output
-         as simple strings). The -a option is implied when -json is used,
-         but entries with identical JSON names are suppressed in the output.
-         (-G4 may be used to ensure that all tags have unique JSON names.)
-         Adding the -D or -H option changes tag values to JSON objects with
-         "val" and "id" fields, and adding -l adds a "desc" field, and a
-         "num" field if the numerical value is different from the converted
-         "val". The -b option may be added to output binary data, encoded in
-         base64 if necessary (indicated by ASCII "base64:" as the first 7
-         bytes of the value), and -t may be added to include tag table
-         information (see -t for details). The JSON output is UTF-8
-         regardless of any -L or -charset option setting, but the UTF-8
-         validation is disabled if a character set other than UTF-8 is
-         specified. Note that ExifTool quotes JSON values only if they don't
-         look like numbers (regardless of the original storage format or the
-         relevant metadata specification).
-
-         If *JSONFILE* is specified, the file is imported and the tag
-         definitions from the file are used to set tag values on a per-file
-         basis. The special "SourceFile" entry in each JSON object
-         associates the information with a specific target file. An object
-         with a missing SourceFile or a SourceFile of "*" defines default
-         tags for all target files which are combined with any tags
-         specified for the specific SourceFile processed. The imported JSON
-         file must have the same format as the exported JSON files with the
-         exception that options exporting JSON objects instead of simple
-         values are not compatible with the import file format (ie. export
-         with -D, -H, -l, or -T is not compatible, and use -G instead of
-         -g). Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file may be suffixed
-         with a "#" to disable print conversion.
-
-         Unlike CSV import, empty values are not ignored, and will cause an
-         empty value to be written if supported by the specific metadata
-         type. Tags are deleted by using the -f option and setting the tag
-         value to "-" (or to the MissingTagValue setting if this API option
-         was used). Importing with -j+=*JSONFILE* causes new values to be
-         added to existing lists.
-
-    -l (-long)
-         Use long 2-line Canon-style output format. Adds a description and
-         unconverted value (if it is different from the converted value) to
-         the XML, JSON or PHP output when -X, -j or -php is used. May also
-         be combined with -listf, -listr or -listwf to add descriptions of
-         the file types.
-
-    -L (-latin)
-         Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead
-         of the default UTF-8. When writing, -L specifies that input text
-         values are Latin1 instead of UTF-8. Equivalent to "-charset latin".
-
-    -lang [*LANG*]
-         Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values.
-         *LANG* is "de", "fr", "ja", etc. Use -lang with no other arguments
-         to get a list of available languages. The default language is "en"
-         if -lang is not specified. Note that tag/group names are always
-         English, independent of the -lang setting, and translation of
-         warning/error messages has not yet been implemented. May also be
-         combined with -listx to output descriptions in one language only.
-
-         By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters,
-         but the -L or -charset option may be used to invoke other
-         encodings. Note that ExifTool uses Unicode::LineBreak if available
-         to help preserve the column alignment of the plain text output for
-         languages with a variable-width character set.
-
-         Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are
-         welcome to help improve this by submitting their own translations.
-         To submit a translation, follow these steps (you must have Perl
-         installed for this):
-
-         1. Download and unpack the latest Image-ExifTool full distribution.
-
-         2. "cd" into the Image-ExifTool directory.
-
-         3. Run this command to make an XML file of the desired tags (eg.
-         EXIF):
-
-            ./exiftool -listx -exif:all > out.xml
-
-         4. Copy this text into a file called "import.pl" in the exiftool
-         directory:
-
-             push @INC, 'lib';
-             require Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML;
-             my $file = shift or die "Expected XML file name\n";
-             $Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::makeMissing = shift;
-             Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::BuildLangModules($file,8);
-
-         5. Run the "import.pl" script to Import the XML file, generating
-         the "MISSING" entries for your language (eg. Russian):
-
-            perl import.pl out.xml ru
-
-         6. Edit the generated language module
-         lib/Image/ExifTool/Lang/ru.pm, and search and replace all "MISSING"
-         strings in the file with your translations.
-
-         7. Email the module ('ru.pm' in this example) to philharvey66 at
-         gmail.com
-
-         8. Thank you!!
-
-    -listItem *INDEX*
-         For list-type tags, this causes only the item with the specified
-         index to be extracted. *INDEX* is 0 for the first item in the list.
-         Negative indices may also be used to reference items from the end
-         of the list. Has no effect on single-valued tags. Also applies to
-         tag values when copying from a tag, and in -if conditions.
-
-    -n (--printConv)
-         Disable print conversion for all tags. By default, extracted values
-         are converted to a more human-readable format, but the -n option
-         disables this conversion, revealing the machine-readable values.
-         For example:
-
-             > exiftool -Orientation -S a.jpg
-             Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
-             > exiftool -Orientation -S -n a.jpg
-             Orientation: 6
-
-         The print conversion may also be disabled on a per-tag basis by
-         suffixing the tag name with a "#" character:
-
-             > exiftool -Orientation# -Orientation -S a.jpg
-             Orientation: 6
-             Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
-
-         These techniques may also be used to disable the inverse print
-         conversion when writing. For example, the following commands all
-         have the same effect:
-
-             > exiftool -Orientation="Rotate 90 CW" a.jpg
-             > exiftool -Orientation=6 -n a.jpg
-             > exiftool -Orientation#=6 a.jpg
-
-    -p[-] *STR* or *FMTFILE* (-printFormat)
-         Print output in the format specified by the given string or file.
-         The argument is interpreted as a string unless a file of that name
-         exists, in which case the string is loaded from the contents of the
-         file. Tag names in the format string or file begin with a "$"
-         symbol and may contain leading group names and/or a trailing "#"
-         (to disable print conversion). Case is not significant. Braces "{}"
-         may be used around the tag name to separate it from subsequent text
-         (and must be used if subsequent text begins with an alphanumeric
-         character, hyphen, underline, colon or number sign). Use $$ to
-         represent a "$" symbol, and $/ for a newline. When the string
-         argument is used (ie. *STR*), a newline is added to the end of the
-         string unless -p- is specified or the -b option is used.
-
-         Multiple -p options may be used. Lines beginning with "#[HEAD]" and
-         "#[TAIL]" are output before the first processed file and after the
-         last processed file respectively. Lines beginning with "#[SECT]"
-         and "#[ENDS]" are output before and after each section of files. A
-         section is defined as a group of consecutive files with the same
-         section header (eg. files are grouped by directory if "#[SECT]"
-         contains $directory). Lines beginning with "#[BODY]" and lines not
-         beginning with "#" are output for each processed file. Lines
-         beginning with "#[IF]" are not output, but all BODY lines are
-         skipped if any tag on an IF line doesn't exist. Other lines
-         beginning with "#" are ignored. (To output a line beginning with
-         "#", use "#[BODY]#".) For example, this format file:
-
-             # this is a comment line
-             #[HEAD]-- Generated by ExifTool $exifToolVersion --
-             File: $FileName - $DateTimeOriginal
-             (f/$Aperture, ${ShutterSpeed}s, ISO $EXIF:ISO)
-             #[TAIL]-- end --
-
-         with this command:
-
-             exiftool -p test.fmt a.jpg b.jpg
-
-         produces output like this:
-
-             -- Generated by ExifTool 12.91 --
-             File: a.jpg - 2003:10:31 15:44:19
-             (f/5.6, 1/60s, ISO 100)
-             File: b.jpg - 2006:05:23 11:57:38
-             (f/8.0, 1/13s, ISO 100)
-             -- end --
-
-         The values of List-type tags with multiple items, Shortcut tags
-         representing multiple tags, and matching tags when the "All" group
-         is specified are joined according the -sep option setting when
-         interpolated in the string. (Note that when "All" is used as a
-         group name, dupicate tags are included regardless of the Duplicates
-         option setting.) When "All" is used as a tag name, a value of 1 is
-         returned if any tag exists in the specified group, or 0 otherwise
-         (unless the "All" group is also specified, in which case the values
-         of all matching tags are joined).
-
-         When -ee (-extractEmbedded) is combined with -p, embedded documents
-         are effectively processed as separate input files.
-
-         If a specified tag does not exist, a minor warning is issued and
-         the line with the missing tag is not printed. However, the -f
-         option may be used to set the value of missing tags to '-' (but
-         this may be configured via the API MissingTagValue option), or the
-         -m option may be used to ignore minor warnings and leave the
-         missing values empty. Alternatively, -q -q may be used to simply
-         suppress the warning messages.
-
-         The "Advanced formatting feature" may be used to modify the values
-         of individual tags within the -p option string.
-
-         Note that the API RequestTags option is automatically set for all
-         tags used in the *FMTFILE* or *STR*. This allows all other tags to
-         be ignored using -API IgnoreTags=all, resulting in reduced memory
-         usage and increased speed.
-
-    -php Format output as a PHP Array. The -g, -G, -D, -H, -l, -sep and
-         -struct options combine with -php, and duplicate tags are handled
-         in the same way as with the -json option. As well, the -b option
-         may be added to output binary data, and -t may be added to include
-         tag table information (see -t for details). Here is a simple
-         example showing how this could be used in a PHP script:
-
-             <?php
-             eval('$array=' . `exiftool -php -q image.jpg`);
-             print_r($array);
-             ?>
-
-    -s[*NUM*] (-short)
-         Short output format. Prints tag names instead of descriptions. Add
-         *NUM* or up to 3 -s options for even shorter formats:
-
-             -s1 or -s        - print tag names instead of descriptions
-             -s2 or -s -s     - no extra spaces to column-align values
-             -s3 or -s -s -s  - print values only (no tag names)
-
-         Also effective when combined with -t, -h, -X or -listx options.
-
-    -S (-veryShort)
-         Very short format. The same as -s2 or two -s options. Tag names are
-         printed instead of descriptions, and no extra spaces are added to
-         column-align values.
-
-    -sep *STR* (-separator)
-         Specify separator string for items in list-type tags. When reading,
-         the default is to join list items with ", ". When writing, this
-         option causes values assigned to list-type tags to be split into
-         individual items at each substring matching *STR* (otherwise they
-         are not split by default). Space characters in *STR* match zero or
-         more whitespace characters in the value.
-
-         Note that an empty separator ("") is allowed, and will join items
-         with no separator when reading, or split the value into individual
-         characters when writing.
-
-         For pure binary output (-b used without -j, -php or -X), the first
-         -sep option specifies a list-item separator, and a second -sep
-         option specifies a terminator for the end of the list (or after
-         each value if not a list). In these strings, "\n", "\r" and "\t"
-         may be used to represent a newline, carriage return and tab
-         respectively. By default, binary list items are separated by a
-         newline, and no terminator is added.
-
-    -sort, --sort
-         Sort output by tag description, or by tag name if the -s option is
-         used. When sorting by description, the sort order will depend on
-         the -lang option setting. Without the -sort option, tags appear in
-         the order they were specified on the command line, or if not
-         specified, the order they were extracted from the file. By default,
-         tags are organized by groups when combined with the -g or -G
-         option, but this grouping may be disabled with --sort.
-
-    -struct, --struct
-         Output structured XMP information instead of flattening to
-         individual tags. This option works well when combined with the XML
-         (-X) and JSON (-j) output formats. For other output formats, XMP
-         structures and lists are serialized into the same format as when
-         writing structured information (see
-         <https://exiftool.org/struct.html> for details). When copying,
-         structured tags are copied by default unless --struct is used to
-         disable this feature (although flattened tags may still be copied
-         by specifying them individually unless -struct is used). These
-         options have no effect when assigning new values since both
-         flattened and structured tags may always be used when writing.
-
-    -t (-tab)
-         Output a tab-delimited list of description/values (useful for
-         database import). May be combined with -s to print tag names
-         instead of descriptions, or -S to print tag values only,
-         tab-delimited on a single line. The -t option may be combined with
-         -j, -php or -X to add tag table information ("table", tag "id", and
-         "index" for cases where multiple conditional tags exist with the
-         same ID).
-
-    -T (-table)
-         Output tag values in table form. Equivalent to -t -S -q -f.
-
-    -v[*NUM*] (-verbose)
-         Print verbose messages. *NUM* specifies the level of verbosity in
-         the range 0-5, with higher numbers being more verbose. If *NUM* is
-         not given, then each -v option increases the level of verbosity by
-         1. With any level greater than 0, most other options are ignored
-         and normal console output is suppressed unless specific tags are
-         extracted. Using -v0 causes the console output buffer to be flushed
-         after each line (which may be useful to avoid delays when piping
-         exiftool output), and prints the name of each processed file when
-         writing and the new file name when renaming, moving or copying.
-         Verbose levels above -v0 do not flush after each line. Also see the
-         -progress option.
-
-    -w[+|!] *EXT* or *FMT* (-textOut)
-         Write console output to files with names ending in *EXT*, one for
-         each source file. The output file name is obtained by replacing the
-         source file extension (including the '.') with the specified
-         extension (and a '.' is added to the start of *EXT* if it doesn't
-         already contain one). Alternatively, a *FMT* string may be used to
-         give more control over the output file name and directory. In the
-         format string, %d, %f and %e represent the directory, filename and
-         extension of the source file, and %c represents a copy number which
-         is automatically incremented if the file already exists. %d
-         includes the trailing '/' if necessary, but %e does not include the
-         leading '.'. For example:
-
-             -w %d%f.txt       # same effect as "-w txt"
-             -w dir/%f_%e.out  # write files to "dir" as "FILE_EXT.out"
-             -w dir2/%d%f.txt  # write to "dir2", keeping dir structure
-             -w a%c.txt        # write to "a.txt" or "a1.txt" or "a2.txt"...
-
-         Existing files will not be changed unless an exclamation point is
-         added to the option name (ie. -w! or -textOut!) to overwrite the
-         file, or a plus sign (ie. -w+ or -textOut+) to append to the
-         existing file. Both may be used (ie. -w+! or -textOut+!) to
-         overwrite output files that didn't exist before the command was
-         run, and append the output from multiple source files. For example,
-         to write one output file for all source files in each directory:
-
-             exiftool -filename -createdate -T -w+! %d/out.txt -r DIR
-
-         Capitalized format codes %D, %F, %E and %C provide slightly
-         different alternatives to the lower case versions. %D does not
-         include the trailing '/', %F is the full filename including
-         extension, %E includes the leading '.', and %C increments the count
-         for each processed file (see below).
-
-         Notes:
-
-         1) In a Windows BAT file the "%" character is represented by "%%",
-         so an argument like "%d%f.txt" is written as "%%d%%f.txt".
-
-         2) If the argument for -w does not contain a valid format code (eg.
-         %f), then it is interpreted as a file extension, but there are
-         three different ways to create a single output file from multiple
-         source files:
-
-             # 1. Shell redirection
-             exiftool FILE1 FILE2 ... > out.txt
-
-             # 2. With the -w option and a zero-width format code
-             exiftool -w+! %0fout.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...
-
-             # 3. With the -W option (see the -W option below)
-             exiftool -W+! out.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...
-
-         Advanced features:
-
-         A substring of the original file name, directory or extension may
-         be taken by specifying a field width immediately following the '%'
-         character. If the width is negative, the substring is taken from
-         the end. The substring position (characters to ignore at the start
-         or end of the string) may be given by a second optional value after
-         a decimal point. For example:
-
-             Input File Name     Format Specifier    Output File Name
-             ----------------    ----------------    ----------------
-             Picture-123.jpg     %7f.txt             Picture.txt
-             Picture-123.jpg     %-.4f.out           Picture.out
-             Picture-123.jpg     %7f.%-3f            Picture.123
-             Picture-123a.jpg    Meta%-3.1f.txt      Meta123.txt
-
-         (Note that special characters may have a width of greater than
-         one.)
-
-         For %d and %D, the field width/position specifiers may be applied
-         to the directory levels instead of substring position by using a
-         colon instead of a decimal point in the format specifier. For
-         example:
-
-             Source Dir     Format   Result       Notes
-             ------------   ------   ----------   ------------------
-             pics/2012/02   %2:d     pics/2012/   take top 2 levels
-             pics/2012/02   %-:1d    pics/2012/   up one directory level
-             pics/2012/02   %:1d     2012/02/     ignore top level
-             pics/2012/02   %1:1d    2012/        take 1 level after top
-             pics/2012/02   %-1:D    02           bottom level folder name
-             /Users/phil    %:2d     phil/        ignore top 2 levels
-
-         (Note that the root directory counts as one level when an absolute
-         path is used as in the last example above.)
-
-         For %c, these modifiers have a different effects. If a field width
-         is given, the copy number is padded with zeros to the specified
-         width. A leading '-' adds a dash before the copy number, and a '+'
-         adds an underline. By default, the copy number is omitted from the
-         first file of a given name, but this can be changed by adding a
-         decimal point to the modifier. For example:
-
-             -w A%-cZ.txt      # AZ.txt, A-1Z.txt, A-2Z.txt ...
-             -w B%5c.txt       # B.txt, B00001.txt, B00002.txt ...
-             -w C%.c.txt       # C0.txt, C1.txt, C2.txt ...
-             -w D%-.c.txt      # D-0.txt, D-1.txt, D-2.txt ...
-             -w E%-.4c.txt     # E-0000.txt, E-0001.txt, E-0002.txt ...
-             -w F%-.4nc.txt    # F-0001.txt, F-0002.txt, F-0003.txt ...
-             -w G%+c.txt       # G.txt, G_1.txt G_2.txt ...
-             -w H%-lc.txt      # H.txt, H-b.txt, H-c.txt ...
-             -w I.%.3uc.txt    # I.AAA.txt, I.AAB.txt, I.AAC.txt ...
-
-         A special feature allows the copy number to be incremented for each
-         processed file by using %C (upper case) instead of %c. This allows
-         a sequential number to be added to output file names, even if the
-         names are different. For %C, a copy number of zero is not omitted
-         as it is with %c. A leading '-' causes the number to be reset at
-         the start of each new directory (in the original directory
-         structure if the files are being moved), and '+' has no effect. The
-         number before the decimal place gives the starting index, the
-         number after the decimal place gives the field width. The following
-         examples show the output filenames when used with the command
-         "exiftool rose.jpg star.jpg jet.jpg ...":
-
-             -w %C%f.txt       # 0rose.txt, 1star.txt, 2jet.txt
-             -w %f-%10C.txt    # rose-10.txt, star-11.txt, jet-12.txt
-             -w %.3C-%f.txt    # 000-rose.txt, 001-star.txt, 002-jet.txt
-             -w %57.4C%f.txt   # 0057rose.txt, 0058star.txt, 0059jet.txt
-
-         All format codes may be modified by 'l' or 'u' to specify lower or
-         upper case respectively (ie. %le for a lower case file extension).
-         When used to modify %c or %C, the numbers are changed to an
-         alphabetical base (see example H above). Also, %c and %C may be
-         modified by 'n' to count using natural numbers starting from 1,
-         instead of 0 (see example F above).
-
-         This same *FMT* syntax is used with the -o and -tagsFromFile
-         options, although %c and %C are only valid for output file names.
-
-    -W[+|!] *FMT* (-tagOut)
-         This enhanced version of the -w option allows a separate output
-         file to be created for each extracted tag. See the -w option
-         documentation above for details of the basic functionality. Listed
-         here are the differences between -W and -w:
-
-         1) With -W, a new output file is created for each extracted tag.
-
-         2) -W supports four additional format codes: %t, %g and %s
-         represent the tag name, group name, and suggested extension for the
-         output file (based on the format of the data), and %o represents
-         the value of the OriginalRawFileName or OriginalFileName tag from
-         the input file (including extension). The %g code may be followed
-         by a single digit to specify the group family number (eg. %g1),
-         otherwise family 0 is assumed. The substring width/position/case
-         specifiers may be used with these format codes in exactly the same
-         way as with %f and %e.
-
-         3) The argument for -W is interpreted as a file name if it contains
-         no format codes. (For -w, this would be a file extension.) This
-         change allows a simple file name to be specified, which, when
-         combined with the append feature, provides a method to write
-         metadata from multiple source files to a single output file without
-         the need for shell redirection. For example, the following pairs of
-         commands give the same result:
-
-             # overwriting existing text file
-             exiftool test.jpg > out.txt     # shell redirection
-             exiftool test.jpg -W+! out.txt  # equivalent -W option
-
-             # append to existing text file
-             exiftool test.jpg >> out.txt    # shell redirection
-             exiftool test.jpg -W+ out.txt   # equivalent -W option
-
-         4) Adding the -v option to -W sends a list of the tags and output
-         file names to the console instead of giving a verbose dump of the
-         entire file. (Unless appending all output to one file for each
-         source file by using -W+ with an output file *FMT* that does not
-         contain %t, %g, %s or %o.)
-
-         5) Individual list items are stored in separate files when -W is
-         combined with -b, but note that for separate files to be created %c
-         or %C must be used in *FMT* to give the files unique names.
-
-    -Wext *EXT*, --Wext *EXT* (-tagOutExt)
-         This option is used to specify the type of output file(s) written
-         by the -W option. An output file is written only if the suggested
-         extension matches *EXT*. Multiple -Wext options may be used to
-         write more than one type of file. Use --Wext to write all but the
-         specified type(s).
-
-    -X (-xmlFormat)
-         Use ExifTool-specific RDF/XML formatting for console output.
-         Implies the -a option, so duplicate tags are extracted. The
-         formatting options -b, -D, -H, -l, -s, -sep, -struct and -t may be
-         used in combination with -X to affect the output, but note that the
-         tag ID (-D, -H and -t), binary data (-b) and structured output
-         (-struct) options are not effective for the short output (-s).
-         Another restriction of -s is that only one tag with a given group
-         and name may appear in the output. Note that the tag ID options
-         (-D, -H and -t) will produce non-standard RDF/XML unless the -l
-         option is also used.
-
-         By default, -X outputs flattened tags, so -struct should be added
-         if required to preserve XMP structures. List-type tags with
-         multiple values are formatted as an RDF Bag, but they are combined
-         into a single string when -s or -sep is used. Using -L changes the
-         XML encoding from "UTF-8" to "windows-1252". Other -charset
-         settings change the encoding only if there is a corresponding
-         standard XML character set. The -b option causes binary data values
-         to be written, encoded in base64 if necessary. The -t option adds
-         tag table information to the output (see -t for details).
-
-         Note: This output is NOT the same as XMP because it uses
-         dynamically-generated property names corresponding to the ExifTool
-         tag names with ExifTool family 1 group names as namespaces, and not
-         the standard XMP properties and namespaces. To write XMP instead,
-         use the -o option with an XMP extension for the output file.
-
-   Processing control
-    -a, --a (-duplicates, --duplicates)
-         Allow (-a) or suppress (--a) duplicate tag names to be extracted.
-         By default, duplicate tags are suppressed when reading unless the
-         -ee or -X options are used or the Duplicates option is enabled in
-         the configuration file. When writing, this option allows multiple
-         Warning messages to be shown. Duplicate tags are always extracted
-         when copying.
-
-    -e (--composite)
-         Extract existing tags only -- don't generate composite tags.
-
-    -ee[*NUM*] (-extractEmbedded)
-         Extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded
-         EPS information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files, embedded
-         MPF images in JPEG and MPO files, streaming metadata in AVCHD
-         videos, and the resource fork of Mac OS files. Implies the -a
-         option. Use -g3 or -G3 to identify the originating document for
-         extracted information. Embedded documents containing sub-documents
-         are indicated with dashes in the family 3 group name. (eg. "Doc2-3"
-         is the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded document.) Note that
-         this option may increase processing time substantially, especially
-         for PDF files with many embedded images or videos with streaming
-         metadata.
-
-         When used with -ee, the -p option is evaluated for each embedded
-         document as if it were a separate input file. This allows, for
-         example, generation of GPS track logs from timed metadata in
-         videos. See <https://exiftool.org/geotag.html#Inverse> for
-         examples.
-
-         Setting *NUM* to 2 causes the H264 video stream in MP4 videos to be
-         parsed until the first Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI)
-         message is decoded, or 3 to parse the entire H624 stream and decode
-         all SEI information. For M2TS videos, a setting of 3 causes the
-         entire file to be parsed in search of unlisted programs which may
-         contain timed GPS.
-
-    -ext[+] *EXT*, --ext *EXT* (-extension)
-         Process only files with (-ext) or without (--ext) a specified
-         extension. There may be multiple -ext and --ext options. A plus
-         sign may be added (ie. -ext+) to add the specified extension to the
-         normally processed files. EXT may begin with a leading ".", which
-         is ignored. Case is not significant. "*" may be used to process
-         files with any extension (or none at all), as in the last three
-         examples:
-
-             exiftool -ext JPG DIR             # process only JPG files
-             exiftool --ext cr2 --ext dng DIR  # supported files but CR2/DNG
-             exiftool -ext+ txt DIR            # supported files plus TXT
-             exiftool -ext "*" DIR             # process all files
-             exiftool -ext "*" --ext xml DIR   # process all but XML files
-             exiftool -ext "*" --ext . DIR     # all but those with no ext
-
-         Using this option has two main advantages over specifying "*.*EXT*"
-         on the command line: 1) It applies to files in subdirectories when
-         combined with the -r option. 2) The -ext option is
-         case-insensitive, which is useful when processing files on
-         case-sensitive filesystems.
-
-         Note that all files specified on the command line will be processed
-         regardless of extension unless the -ext option is used.
-
-    -F[*OFFSET*] (-fixBase)
-         Fix the base for maker notes offsets. A common problem with some
-         image editors is that offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted
-         properly when the file is modified. This may cause the wrong values
-         to be extracted for some maker note entries when reading the edited
-         file. This option allows an integer *OFFSET* to be specified for
-         adjusting the maker notes base offset. If no *OFFSET* is given,
-         ExifTool takes its best guess at the correct base. Note that
-         exiftool will automatically fix the offsets for images which store
-         original offset information (eg. newer Canon models). Offsets are
-         fixed permanently if -F is used when writing EXIF to an image. eg)
-
-             exiftool -F -exif:resolutionunit=inches image.jpg
-
-    -fast[*NUM*]
-         Increase speed of extracting information. With -fast (or -fast1),
-         ExifTool will not scan to the end of a JPEG image to check for an
-         AFCP or PreviewImage trailer, or past the first comment in GIF
-         images or the audio/video data in WAV/AVI files to search for
-         additional metadata. These speed benefits are small when reading
-         images directly from disk, but can be substantial if piping images
-         through a network connection. For more substantial speed benefits,
-         -fast2 also causes exiftool to avoid extracting any EXIF MakerNote
-         information, and to stop processing at the IDAT chunk of PNG images
-         and the mdat atom of QuickTime-format files (but note that some
-         files may store metadata after this). -fast3 avoids extracting
-         metadata from the file, and returns only pseudo System tags, but
-         still reads the file header to obtain an educated guess at
-         FileType. -fast4 doesn't even read the file header, and returns
-         only System tags and a FileType based on the file extension. -fast5
-         also disables generation of the Composite tags (like -e). Has no
-         effect when writing.
-
-         Note that a separate -fast setting may be used for evaluation of a
-         -if condition, or when ordering files with the -fileOrder option.
-         See the -if and -fileOrder options for details.
-
-    -fileOrder[*NUM*] [-]*TAG*
-         Set file processing order according to the sorted value of the
-         specified *TAG*. Without this option, files are processed in the
-         order returned by the system, which is commonly by file name, but
-         this is filesystem dependent. For example, to process files in
-         order of date:
-
-             exiftool -fileOrder DateTimeOriginal DIR
-
-         Additional -fileOrder options may be added for secondary sort keys.
-         Numbers are sorted numerically, and all other values are sorted
-         alphabetically. Files missing the specified tag are sorted last.
-         The sort order may be reversed by prefixing the tag name with a "-"
-         (eg. "-fileOrder -createdate"). Print conversion of the sorted
-         values is disabled with the -n option, or a "#" appended to the tag
-         name. Other formatting options (eg. -d) have no effect on the
-         sorted values. Note that the -fileOrder option can incur large
-         performance penalty since it involves an additional initial
-         processing pass of all files, but this impact may be reduced by
-         specifying a *NUM* to effectively set the -fast level for the
-         initial pass. For example, -fileOrder4 may be used if *TAG* is a
-         pseudo System tag. If multiple -fileOrder options are used, the
-         extraction is done at the lowest -fast level. Note that files are
-         sorted across directory boundaries if multiple input directories
-         are specified.
-
-    -i *DIR* (-ignore)
-         Ignore specified directory name. *DIR* may be either an individual
-         folder name, or a full path. If a full path is specified, it must
-         match the Directory tag exactly to be ignored. Use multiple -i
-         options to ignore more than one directory name. A special *DIR*
-         value of "SYMLINKS" (case sensitive) may be specified to avoid
-         recursing into directories which are symbolic links when the -r
-         option is used. As well, a value of "HIDDEN" (case sensitive) may
-         be used to ignore files with names that start with a "." (ie.
-         hidden files on Unix systems) when scanning a directory.
-
-    -if[*NUM*] *EXPR*
-         Specify a condition to be evaluated before processing each *FILE*.
-         *EXPR* is a Perl-like logic expression containing tag names
-         prefixed by "$" symbols. It is evaluated with the tags from each
-         *FILE* in turn, and the file is processed only if the expression
-         returns true. Unlike Perl variable names, tag names are not case
-         sensitive and may contain a hyphen. As well, tag names may have a
-         leading group names separated by colons, and/or a trailing "#"
-         character to disable print conversion. The expression $GROUP:all
-         evaluates to 1 if any tag exists in the specified "GROUP", or 0
-         otherwise (see note 2 below). When multiple -if options are used,
-         all conditions must be satisfied to process the file. Returns an
-         exit status of 2 if all files fail the condition. Below are a few
-         examples:
-
-             # extract shutterspeed from all Canon images in a directory
-             exiftool -shutterspeed -if "$make eq 'Canon'" dir
-
-             # add one hour to all images created on or after Apr. 2, 2006
-             exiftool -alldates+=1 -if "$CreateDate ge '2006:04:02'" dir
-
-             # set EXIF ISO value if possible, unless it is set already
-             exiftool "-exif:iso<iso" -if "not $exif:iso" dir
-
-             # find images containing a specific keyword (case insensitive)
-             exiftool -if "$keywords =~ /harvey/i" -filename dir
-
-         Adding *NUM* to the -if option causes a separate processing pass to
-         be executed for evaluating *EXPR* at a -fast level given by *NUM*
-         (see the -fast option documentation for details). Without *NUM*,
-         only one processing pass is done at the level specified by the
-         -fast option. For example, using -if5 is possible if *EXPR* uses
-         only pseudo System tags, and may significantly speed processing if
-         enough files fail the condition.
-
-         The expression has access to the current ExifTool object through
-         $self, and the following special functions are available to allow
-         short-circuiting of the file processing. Both functions have a
-         return value of 1. Case is significant for function names.
-
-             End()    - end processing after this file
-             EndDir() - end processing of files in the current directory
-                        after this file (not compatible with -fileOrder)
-
-         Notes:
-
-         1) The -n and -b options also apply to tags used in *EXPR*.
-
-         2) Some binary data blocks are not extracted unless specified
-         explicitly. These tags are not available for use in the -if
-         condition unless they are also specified on the command line. The
-         alternative is to use the $GROUP:all syntax. (eg. Use $exif:all
-         instead of $exif in *EXPR* to test for the existence of EXIF tags.)
-
-         3) Tags in the string are interpolated in a similar way to -p
-         before the expression is evaluated. In this interpolation, $/ is
-         converted to a newline and $$ represents a single "$" symbol. So
-         Perl variables, if used, require a double "$", and regular
-         expressions ending in $/ must use $$/ instead.
-
-         4) The condition accesses only tags from the file being processed
-         unless the -fileNUM option is used to read an alternate file and
-         the corresponding family 8 group name is specified for the tag. See
-         the -fileNUM option details for more information.
-
-         5) The -a option has no effect on the evaluation of the expression,
-         and the values of duplicate tags are accessible only by specifying
-         a group name (such as a family 4 instance number, eg. $Copy1:TAG,
-         $Copy2:TAG, etc).
-
-         6) A special "OK" UserParam is available to test the success of the
-         previous command when -execute was used, and may be used like any
-         other tag in the condition (ie. "$OK").
-
-         7) The API RequestTags option is automatically set for all tags
-         used in the -if condition.
-
-    -m (-ignoreMinorErrors)
-         Ignore minor errors and warnings. This enables writing to files
-         with minor errors and disables some validation checks which could
-         result in minor warnings. Generally, minor errors/warnings indicate
-         a problem which usually won't result in loss of metadata if
-         ignored. However, there are exceptions, so ExifTool leaves it up to
-         you to make the final decision. Minor errors and warnings are
-         indicated by "[minor]" at the start of the message. Warnings which
-         affect processing when ignored are indicated by "[Minor]" (with a
-         capital "M"). Note that this causes missing values in
-         -tagsFromFile, -p and -if strings to be set to an empty string
-         rather than an undefined value.
-
-    -o *OUTFILE* or *FMT* (-out)
-         Set the output file or directory name when writing information.
-         Without this option, when any "real" tags are written the original
-         file is renamed to "FILE_original" and output is written to *FILE*.
-         When writing only FileName and/or Directory "pseudo" tags, -o
-         causes the file to be copied instead of moved, but directories
-         specified for either of these tags take precedence over that
-         specified by the -o option.
-
-         *OUTFILE* may be "-" to write to stdout. The output file name may
-         also be specified using a *FMT* string in which %d, %f and %e
-         represent the directory, file name and extension of *FILE*. Also,
-         %c may be used to add a copy number. See the -w option for *FMT*
-         string examples.
-
-         The output file is taken to be a directory name if it already
-         exists as a directory or if the name ends with '/'. Output
-         directories are created if necessary. Existing files will not be
-         overwritten. Combining the -overwrite_original option with -o
-         causes the original source file to be erased after the output file
-         is successfully written.
-
-         A special feature of this option allows the creation of certain
-         types of files from scratch, or with the metadata from another type
-         of file. The following file types may be created using this
-         technique:
-
-             XMP, EXIF, EXV, MIE, ICC/ICM, VRD, DR4
-
-         The output file type is determined by the extension of *OUTFILE*
-         (specified as "-.EXT" when writing to stdout). The output file is
-         then created from a combination of information in *FILE* (as if the
-         -tagsFromFile option was used), and tag values assigned on the
-         command line. If no *FILE* is specified, the output file may be
-         created from scratch using only tags assigned on the command line.
-
-    -overwrite_original
-         Overwrite the original *FILE* (instead of preserving it by adding
-         "_original" to the file name) when writing information to an image.
-         Caution: This option should only be used if you already have
-         separate backup copies of your image files. The overwrite is
-         implemented by renaming a temporary file to replace the original.
-         This deletes the original file and replaces it with the edited
-         version in a single operation. When combined with -o, this option
-         causes the original file to be deleted if the output file was
-         successfully written (ie. the file is moved instead of copied).
-
-    -overwrite_original_in_place
-         Similar to -overwrite_original except that an extra step is added
-         to allow the original file attributes to be preserved. For example,
-         on a Mac this causes the original file creation date, type,
-         creator, label color, icon, Finder tags, other extended attributes
-         and hard links to the file to be preserved (but note that the Mac
-         OS resource fork is always preserved unless specifically deleted
-         with "-rsrc:all="). This is implemented by opening the original
-         file in update mode and replacing its data with a copy of a
-         temporary file before deleting the temporary. The extra step
-         results in slower performance, so the -overwrite_original option
-         should be used instead unless necessary.
-
-         Note that this option reverts to the behaviour of the
-         -overwrite_original option when also writing the FileName and/or
-         Directory tags.
-
-    -P (-preserve)
-         Preserve the filesystem modification date/time ("FileModifyDate")
-         of the original file when writing. Note that some filesystems store
-         a creation date (ie. "FileCreateDate" on Windows and Mac systems)
-         which is not affected by this option. This creation date is
-         preserved on Windows systems where Win32API::File and Win32::API
-         are available regardless of this setting. For other systems, the
-         -overwrite_original_in_place option may be used if necessary to
-         preserve the creation date. The -P option is superseded by any
-         value written to the FileModifyDate tag.
-
-    -password *PASSWD*
-         Specify password to allow processing of password-protected PDF
-         documents. If a password is required but not given, a warning is
-         issued and the document is not processed. This option is ignored if
-         a password is not required.
-
-    -progress[NUM][:[*TITLE*]]
-         Show the progress when processing files. Without a colon, the
-         -progress option adds a progress count in brackets after the name
-         of each processed file, giving the current file number and the
-         total number of files to be processed. Implies the -v0 option,
-         causing the names of processed files to also be printed when
-         writing. When combined with the -if option, the total count
-         includes all files before the condition is applied, but files that
-         fail the condition will not have their names printed. If NUM is
-         specified, the progress is shown every NUM input files.
-
-         If followed by a colon (ie. -progress:), the console window title
-         is set according to the specified *TITLE* string. If no *TITLE* is
-         given, a default *TITLE* string of "ExifTool %p%%" is assumed. In
-         the string, %f represents the file name, %p is the progress as a
-         percent, %r is the progress as a ratio, %##b is a progress bar of
-         width "##" (where "##" is an integer specifying the bar width in
-         characters, or 20 characters by default if "##" is omitted), and %%
-         is a % character. May be combined with the normal -progress option
-         to also show the progress count in console messages. (Note: For
-         this feature to function correctly on Mac/Linux, stderr must go to
-         the console.)
-
-    -q (-quiet)
-         Quiet processing. One -q suppresses normal informational messages,
-         and a second -q suppresses warnings as well. Error messages can not
-         be suppressed, although minor errors may be downgraded to warnings
-         with the -m option, which may then be suppressed with "-q -q".
-
-    -r[.] (-recurse)
-         Recursively process files in subdirectories. Only meaningful if
-         *FILE* is a directory name. Subdirectories with names beginning
-         with "." are not processed unless "." is added to the option name
-         (ie. -r. or -recurse.). By default, exiftool will also follow
-         symbolic links to directories if supported by the system, but this
-         may be disabled with "-i SYMLINKS" (see the -i option for details).
-         Combine this with -ext options to control the types of files
-         processed.
-
-    -scanForXMP
-         Scan all files (even unsupported formats) for XMP information
-         unless found already. When combined with the -fast option, only
-         unsupported file types are scanned. Warning: It can be time
-         consuming to scan large files.
-
-    -u (-unknown)
-         Extract values of unknown tags. Add another -u to also extract
-         unknown information from binary data blocks. This option applies to
-         tags with numerical tag ID's, and causes tag names like
-         "Exif_0xc5d9" to be generated for unknown information. It has no
-         effect on information types which have human-readable tag ID's
-         (such as XMP), since unknown tags are extracted automatically from
-         these formats.
-
-    -U (-unknown2)
-         Extract values of unknown tags as well as unknown information from
-         some binary data blocks. This is the same as two -u options.
-
-    -wm *MODE* (-writeMode)
-         Set mode for writing/creating tags. *MODE* is a string of one or
-         more characters from the list below. The default write mode is
-         "wcg".
-
-             w - Write existing tags
-             c - Create new tags
-             g - create new Groups as necessary
-
-         For example, use "-wm cg" to only create new tags (and avoid
-         editing existing ones).
-
-         The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the metadata
-         structure. For XMP or IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the
-         family 0 group), but for EXIF this is the individual IFD (the
-         family 1 group).
-
-    -z (-zip)
-         When reading, causes information to be extracted from .gz and .bz2
-         compressed images (only one image per archive; requires gzip and
-         bzip2 to be available). When writing, causes compressed information
-         to be written if supported by the metadata format (eg. PNG supports
-         compressed textual metadata, JXL supports compressed EXIF and XML,
-         and MIE supports any compressed metadata), disables the recommended
-         padding in embedded XMP (saving 2424 bytes when writing XMP in a
-         file), and writes XMP in shorthand format -- the equivalent of
-         setting the API Compress=1 and Compact="NoPadding,Shorthand".
-
-   Other options
-    -@ *ARGFILE*
-         Read command-line arguments from the specified file. The file
-         contains one argument per line (NOT one option per line -- some
-         options require additional arguments, and all arguments must be
-         placed on separate lines). Blank lines and lines beginning with "#"
-         are ignored (unless they start with "#[CSTR]", in which case the
-         rest of the line is treated as a C string, allowing standard C
-         escape sequences such as "\n" for a newline). White space at the
-         start of a line is removed. Normal shell processing of arguments is
-         not performed, which among other things means that arguments should
-         not be quoted and spaces are treated as any other character.
-         *ARGFILE* may exist relative to either the current directory or the
-         exiftool directory unless an absolute pathname is given.
-
-         For example, the following *ARGFILE* will set the value of
-         Copyright to "Copyright YYYY, Phil Harvey", where "YYYY" is the
-         year of CreateDate:
-
-             -d
-             %Y
-             -copyright<Copyright $createdate, Phil Harvey
-
-         Arguments in *ARGFILE* behave exactly the same as if they were
-         entered at the location of the -@ option on the command line, with
-         the exception that the -config and -common_args options may not be
-         used in an *ARGFILE*.
-
-    -k (-pause)
-         Pause with the message "-- press any key --" before terminating.
-         This option is used to prevent the command window from closing when
-         run as a Windows drag and drop application.
-
-    -list, -listw, -listf, -listr, -listwf, -listg[*NUM*], -listd, -listx,
-    -listgeo
-         Print a list of all valid tag names (-list), all writable tag names
-         (-listw), all supported file extensions (-listf), all recognized
-         file extensions (-listr), all writable file extensions (-listwf),
-         all tag groups [in a specified family] (-listg[*NUM*]), all
-         deletable tag groups (-listd), an XML database of tag details
-         including language translations (-listx), or the Geolocation
-         database (-listgeo). The -list, -listw and -listx options may be
-         followed by an additional argument of the form "-GROUP:All" to list
-         only tags in a specific group, where "GROUP" is one or more family
-         0-2 group names (excepting EXIF IFD groups) separated by colons.
-         With -listg, *NUM* may be given to specify the group family,
-         otherwise family 0 is assumed. The -l option may be combined with
-         -listf, -listr or -listwf to add file descriptions to the list. The
-         -lang option may be combined with -listx to output descriptions in
-         a single language, and the -sort and/or -lang options may be
-         combined with -listgeo. Also, the API GeolocMinPop, GeolocFeature
-         and GeolocAltNames options apply to the -listgeo output. Here are
-         some examples:
-
-             -list               # list all tag names
-             -list -EXIF:All     # list all EXIF tags
-             -list -xmp:time:all # list all XMP tags relating to time
-             -listw -XMP-dc:All  # list all writable XMP-dc tags
-             -listf              # list all supported file extensions
-             -listr              # list all recognized file extensions
-             -listwf             # list all writable file extensions
-             -listg1             # list all groups in family 1
-             -listd              # list all deletable groups
-             -listx -EXIF:All    # list database of EXIF tags in XML format
-             -listx -XMP:All -s  # list short XML database of XMP tags
-             -listgeo -lang de   # list geolocation database in German
-
-         When combined with -listx, the -s option shortens the output by
-         omitting the descriptions and values (as in the last example
-         above), and -f adds 'flags' and 'struct' attributes if applicable.
-         The flags are formatted as a comma-separated list of the following
-         possible values: Avoid, Binary, List, Mandatory, Permanent,
-         Protected, Unknown and Unsafe (see the Tag Name documentation). For
-         XMP List tags, the list type (Alt, Bag or Seq) is added to the
-         flags, and flattened structure tags are indicated by a Flattened
-         flag with 'struct' giving the ID of the parent structure.
-
-         Note that none of the -list options require an input *FILE*.
-
-    -ver Print exiftool version number. The -v option may be added to print
-         addition system information (see the README file of the full
-         distribution for more details about optional libraries), or -v2 to
-         also list the Perl include directories.
-
-    --   Indicates the end of options. Any remaining arguments are treated
-         as file names, even if they begin with a dash ("-").
-
-   Special features
-    -geotag *TRKFILE*
-         Geotag images from the specified GPS track log file. Using the
-         -geotag option is equivalent to writing a value to the "Geotag"
-         tag. The GPS position is interpolated from the track at a time
-         specified by the value written to the "Geotime" tag. If "Geotime"
-         is not specified, the value is copied from "DateTimeOriginal#" (the
-         "#" is added to copy the unformatted value, avoiding potential
-         conflicts with the -d option). For example, the following two
-         commands are equivalent:
-
-             exiftool -geotag trk.log image.jpg
-             exiftool -geotag trk.log "-Geotime<DateTimeOriginal#" image.jpg
-
-         When the "Geotime" value is converted to UTC, the local system
-         timezone is assumed unless the date/time value contains a timezone.
-         Writing "Geotime" causes the following tags to be written (provided
-         they can be calculated from the track log, and they are supported
-         by the destination metadata format): GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef,
-         GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSAltitude, GPSAltitudeRef,
-         GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp, GPSDateTime, GPSTrack, GPSTrackRef,
-         GPSSpeed, GPSSpeedRef, GPSImgDirection, GPSImgDirectionRef,
-         GPSPitch, GPSRoll, GPSCoordinates, AmbientTemperature and
-         CameraElevationAngle. By default, in image files tags are created
-         in EXIF, and updated in XMP only if they already exist. In
-         QuickTime-format files GPSCoordinates is created in the preferred
-         location (ItemList by default) as well as in XMP. However,
-         "EXIF:Geotime", "XMP:Geotime" or "QuickTime:Geotime" may be
-         specified to write to write only to one group. Also,
-         "ItemList:Geotime", "Keys:Geotime" or "UserData:Geotime" may be
-         used to write to a specific location in QuickTime-format files.
-         Note that GPSPitch and GPSRoll are non-standard, and require
-         user-defined tags in order to be written.
-
-         The "Geosync" tag may be used to specify a time correction which is
-         applied to each "Geotime" value for synchronization with GPS time.
-         For example, the following command compensates for image times
-         which are 1 minute and 20 seconds behind GPS:
-
-             exiftool -geosync=+1:20 -geotag a.log DIR
-
-         Advanced "Geosync" features allow a piecewise linear time drift
-         correction and synchronization from previously geotagged images.
-         See "geotag.html" in the full ExifTool distribution for more
-         information.
-
-         Multiple -geotag options may be used to concatenate GPS track log
-         data. Also, a single -geotag option may be used to load multiple
-         track log files by using wildcards in the *TRKFILE* name, but note
-         that in this case *TRKFILE* must be quoted on most systems (with
-         the notable exception of Windows) to prevent filename expansion.
-         For example:
-
-             exiftool -geotag "TRACKDIR/*.log" IMAGEDIR
-
-         Currently supported track file formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL,
-         KML, IGC, Garmin XML and TCX, Magellan PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR,
-         Bramor gEO, Winplus Beacon TXT, and GPS/IMU CSV files. See
-         "GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES" for examples. Also see "geotag.html" in the
-         full ExifTool distribution and the Image::ExifTool Options for more
-         details and for information about geotag configuration options.
-
-         The API Geolocation option may be set to the value "geotag" to also
-         write the name, province/state and country of the nearest city
-         while geotagging. See <https://exiftool.org/geolocation.html> for
-         details.
-
-    -globalTimeShift *SHIFT*
-         Shift all formatted date/time values by the specified amount when
-         reading. Does not apply to unformatted (-n) output. *SHIFT* takes
-         the same form as the date/time shift when writing (see
-         Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details), with a negative shift being
-         indicated with a minus sign ("-") at the start of the *SHIFT*
-         string. For example:
-
-             # return all date/times, shifted back by 1 hour
-             exiftool -globalTimeShift -1 -time:all a.jpg
-
-             # set the file name from the shifted CreateDate (-1 day) for
-             # all images in a directory
-             exiftool "-filename<createdate" -globaltimeshift "-0:0:1 0:0:0" \
-                 -d %Y%m%d-%H%M%S.%%e dir
-
-    -use *MODULE*
-         Add features from specified plug-in *MODULE*. Currently, the MWG
-         module is the only plug-in module distributed with exiftool. This
-         module adds read/write support for tags as recommended by the
-         Metadata Working Group. As a convenience, "-use MWG" is assumed if
-         the group name prefix starts with "MWG:" exactly for any requested
-         tag. See the MWG Tags documentation for more details. Note that
-         this option is not reversible, and remains in effect until the
-         application terminates, even across the -execute option.
-
-   Utilities
-    -restore_original
-    -delete_original[!]
-         These utility options automate the maintenance of the "_original"
-         files created by exiftool. They have no effect on files without an
-         "_original" copy. The -restore_original option restores the
-         specified files from their original copies by renaming the
-         "_original" files to replace the edited versions. For example, the
-         following command restores the originals of all JPG images in
-         directory "DIR":
-
-             exiftool -restore_original -ext jpg DIR
-
-         The -delete_original option deletes the "_original" copies of all
-         files specified on the command line. Without a trailing "!" this
-         option prompts for confirmation before continuing. For example, the
-         following command deletes "a.jpg_original" if it exists, after
-         asking "Are you sure?":
-
-             exiftool -delete_original a.jpg
-
-         These options may not be used with other options to read or write
-         tag values in the same command, but may be combined with options
-         such -ext, -if, -r, -q and -v.
-
-   Advanced options
-    Among other things, the advanced options allow complex processing to be
-    performed from a single command without the need for additional
-    scripting. This may be particularly useful for implementations such as
-    Windows drag-and-drop applications. These options may also be used to
-    improve performance in multi-pass processing by reducing the overhead
-    required to load exiftool for each invocation.
-
-    -api [*OPT[[^]=[VAL]]*]
-         Set ExifTool API option. *OPT* is an API option name. The option
-         value is set to 1 if *=VAL* is omitted. If *VAL* is omitted, the
-         option value is set to undef if "=" is used, or an empty string
-         with "^=". If *OPT* is not specified a list of available options is
-         returned. The option name is not case senstive, but the option
-         values are. See Image::ExifTool Options for option details. This
-         overrides API options set via the config file. Note that the
-         exiftool app sets some API options internally, and attempts to
-         change these via the command line will have no effect.
-
-    -common_args
-         Specifies that all arguments following this option are common to
-         all executed commands when -execute is used. This and the -config
-         option are the only options that may not be used inside a -@
-         *ARGFILE*. Note that by definition this option and its arguments
-         MUST come after all other options on the command line.
-
-    -config *CFGFILE*
-         Load specified configuration file instead of the default
-         ".ExifTool_config". If used, this option must come before all other
-         arguments on the command line and applies to all -execute'd
-         commands. This file is used to create user-defined tags as well as
-         set default ExifTool options. The *CFGFILE* must exist relative to
-         the current working directory or the exiftool application directory
-         unless an absolute path is specified. Loading of the default config
-         file may be disabled by setting *CFGFILE* to an empty string (ie.
-         ""). See <https://exiftool.org/config.html> and
-         config_files/example.config in the full ExifTool distribution for
-         details about the configuration file syntax.
-
-    -echo[*NUM*] *TEXT*
-         Echo *TEXT* to stdout (-echo or -echo1) or stderr (-echo2). Text is
-         output as the command line is parsed, before the processing of any
-         input files. *NUM* may also be 3 or 4 to output text (to stdout or
-         stderr respectively) after processing is complete. For -echo3 and
-         -echo4, "${status}" may be used in the *TEXT* string to represent
-         the numerical exit status of the command (see "EXIT STATUS").
-
-    -efile[*NUM*][!] *TXTFILE*
-         Save the names of files giving errors (*NUM* missing or 1), files
-         that were unchanged (*NUM* is 2), files that fail the -if condition
-         (*NUM* is 4), files that were updated (*NUM* is 8), files that were
-         created (*NUM* is 16), or any combination thereof by summing *NUM*
-         (eg. -efile3 is the same has having both -efile and -efile2 options
-         with the same *TXTFILE*). By default, file names are appended to
-         any existing *TXTFILE*, but *TXTFILE* is overwritten if an
-         exclamation point is added to the option (eg. -efile!). Saves the
-         name of the file specified by the -srcfile option if applicable.
-
-    -execute[*NUM*]
-         Execute command for all arguments up to this point on the command
-         line (plus any arguments specified by -common_args). The result is
-         as if the commands were executed as separate command lines (with
-         the exception of the -config and -use options which remain in
-         effect for subsequent commands). Allows multiple commands to be
-         executed from a single command line. *NUM* is an optional number
-         that is echoed in the "{ready}" message when using the -stay_open
-         feature. If a *NUM* is specified, the -q option no longer
-         suppresses the output "{readyNUM}" message.
-
-    -file*NUM* *ALTFILE*
-         Read tags from an alternate source file. Among other things, this
-         allows tags from different files to be compared and combined using
-         the -if and -p options. *NUM* is any string of digits. Tags from
-         alternate files are accessed via the corresponding family 8 group
-         name (eg. "File1:TAG" for the -file1 option, "File2:TAG" for
-         -file2, etc). *ALTFILE* may contain filename formatting codes like
-         the -w option (%d, %f, etc), and/or tag names with a leading "$"
-         symbol to access tags from the source file in the same way as the
-         -p option (so any other dollar symbol in the file name must be
-         doubled, eg. "money$$.jpg"). For example, assuming that the
-         OriginalFileName tag has been set in the edited file, a command to
-         copy Rights from the original file could look like this:
-
-             exiftool -file1 '$originalfilename' '-rights<file1:rights' edited.jpg
-
-         Subtle note: If a -tagsFromFile option is used, tags in the
-         *ALTFILE* argument come from the *SRCFILE* that applies to the
-         first argument accessing tags from the corresponding "FileNUM"
-         group.
-
-         User-defined Composite tags may access tags from alternate files
-         using the appropriate (case-sensitive) family 8 group name.
-
-    -list_dir
-         List directories themselves instead of their contents. This option
-         effectively causes directories to be treated as normal files when
-         reading and writing. For example, with this option the output of
-         the "ls -la" command on Mac/Linux may be approximated by this
-         exiftool command:
-
-             exiftool -list_dir -T -ls-l -api systemtags -fast5 .* *
-
-         (The -T option formats the output in tab-separated columns, -ls-l
-         is a shortcut tag, the API SystemTags option is required to extract
-         some necessary tags, and the -fast5 option is added for speed since
-         only system tags are being extracted.)
-
-    -srcfile *FMT*
-         Specify a different source file to be processed based on the name
-         of the original *FILE*. This may be useful in some special
-         situations for processing related preview images or sidecar files.
-         See the -w option for a description of the *FMT* syntax. Note that
-         file name *FMT* strings for all options are based on the original
-         *FILE* specified from the command line, not the name of the source
-         file specified by -srcfile.
-
-         For example, to copy metadata from NEF files to the corresponding
-         JPG previews in a directory where other JPG images may exist:
-
-             exiftool -ext nef -tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f.jpg dir
-
-         If more than one -srcfile option is specified, the files are tested
-         in order and the first existing source file is processed. If none
-         of the source files already exist, then exiftool uses the first
-         -srcfile specified.
-
-         A *FMT* of "@" may be used to represent the original *FILE*, which
-         may be useful when specifying multiple -srcfile options (eg. to
-         fall back to processing the original *FILE* if no sidecar exists).
-
-         When this option is used, two special UserParam tags
-         (OriginalFileName and OriginalDirectory) are generated to allow
-         access to the original *FILE* name and directory.
-
-    -stay_open *FLAG*
-         If *FLAG* is 1 or "True" (case insensitive), causes exiftool keep
-         reading from the -@ *ARGFILE* even after reaching the end of file.
-         This feature allows calling applications to pre-load exiftool, thus
-         avoiding the overhead of loading exiftool for each command. The
-         procedure is as follows:
-
-         1) Execute "exiftool -stay_open True -@ *ARGFILE*", where *ARGFILE*
-         is the name of an existing (possibly empty) argument file or "-" to
-         pipe arguments from the standard input.
-
-         2) Write exiftool command-line arguments to *ARGFILE*, one argument
-         per line (see the -@ option for details).
-
-         3) Write "-execute\n" to *ARGFILE*, where "\n" represents a newline
-         sequence. (Note: You may need to flush your write buffers here if
-         using buffered output.) ExifTool will then execute the command with
-         the arguments received up to this point, send a "{ready}" message
-         to stdout when done (unless the -q or -T option is used), and
-         continue trying to read arguments for the next command from
-         *ARGFILE*. To aid in command/response synchronization, any number
-         appended to the -execute option is echoed in the "{ready}" message.
-         For example, "-execute613" results in "{ready613}". When this
-         number is added, -q no longer suppresses the "{ready}" message.
-         (Also, see the -echo3 and -echo4 options for additional ways to
-         pass signals back to your application.)
-
-         4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each command.
-
-         5) Write "-stay_open\nFalse\n" (or "-stay_open\n0\n") to *ARGFILE*
-         when done. This will cause exiftool to process any remaining
-         command-line arguments then exit normally.
-
-         The input *ARGFILE* may be changed at any time before step 5 above
-         by writing the following lines to the currently open *ARGFILE*:
-
-             -stay_open
-             True
-             -@
-             NEWARGFILE
-
-         This causes *ARGFILE* to be closed, and *NEWARGFILE* to be kept
-         open. (Without the -stay_open here, exiftool would have returned to
-         reading arguments from *ARGFILE* after reaching the end of
-         *NEWARGFILE*.)
-
-         Note: When writing arguments to a disk file there is a delay of up
-         to 0.01 seconds after writing "-execute\n" before exiftool starts
-         processing the command. This delay may be avoided by sending a CONT
-         signal to the exiftool process immediately after writing
-         "-execute\n". (There is no associated delay when writing arguments
-         via a pipe with "-@ -", so the signal is not necessary when using
-         this technique.)
-
-    -userParam *PARAM[[^]=[VAL]]*
-         Set user parameter. *PARAM* is an arbitrary user parameter name.
-         This is an interface to the API UserParam option (see the
-         Image::ExifTool Options documentation), and provides a method to
-         access user-defined parameters in arguments to the -if and -p
-         options as if they were any other tag. Appending a hash tag ("#")
-         to *PARAM* (eg. "-userParam MyTag#=yes") also causes the parameter
-         to be extracted as a normal tag in the UserParam group. Similar to
-         the -api option, the parameter value is set to 1 if *=VAL* is
-         omitted, undef if just *VAL* is omitted with "=", or an empty
-         string if *VAL* is omitted with "^=".
-
-             exiftool -p "$test from $filename" -userparam test=Hello FILE
-
-   Advanced formatting feature
-    An advanced formatting feature allows modification of the value of any
-    tag interpolated within a -if or -p option argument, or a -tagsFromFile
-    redirection string. Tag names within these strings are prefixed by a "$"
-    symbol, and an arbitrary Perl expression may be applied to the tag value
-    by placing braces around the tag name and inserting the expression after
-    the name, separated by a semicolon (ie. "${TAG;EXPR}"). The expression
-    acts on the value of the tag through the default input variable ($_),
-    and has access to the full ExifTool API through the current ExifTool
-    object ($self) and the tag key ($tag). It may contain any valid Perl
-    code, including translation ("tr///") and substitution ("s///")
-    operations, but note that braces within the expression must be balanced.
-    The example below prints the camera Make with spaces translated to
-    underlines, and multiple consecutive underlines replaced by a single
-    underline:
-
-        exiftool -p "${make;tr/ /_/;s/__+/_/g}" image.jpg
-
-    An "@" may be added after the tag name to make the expression act on
-    individual list items for list-type tags, simplifying list processing.
-    Set $_ to undef to remove an item from the list. As an example, the
-    following command returns all subjects not containing the string "xxx":
-
-        exiftool -p "${subject@;$_=undef if /xxx/}" image.jpg
-
-    A default expression of "tr(/\\?*:|"<>\0)()d" is assumed if the
-    expression is empty (ie. "${TAG;}"). This removes the characters / \ ? *
-    : | < > and null from the printed value. (These characters are illegal
-    in Windows file names, so this feature is useful if tag values are used
-    in file names.)
-
-   Helper functions
-    "DateFmt"
-
-    Simplifies reformatting of individual date/time values. This function
-    acts on a standard EXIF-formatted date/time value in $_ and formats it
-    according to the specified format string (see the -d option). To avoid
-    trying to reformat an already-formatted date/time value, a "#" must be
-    added to the tag name (as in the example below) if the -d option is also
-    used. For example:
-
-        exiftool -p "${createdate#;DateFmt('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}" a.jpg
-
-    "ShiftTime"
-
-    Shifts EXIF-formatted date/time string by a specified amount. Start with
-    a leading minus sign to shift backwards in time. See
-    Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details about shift syntax. For example,
-    to shift a date/time value back by one year:
-
-        exiftool -p "${createdate;ShiftTime('-1:0:0 0')}" a.jpg
-
-    "NoDups"
-
-    Removes duplicate items from a list with a separator specified by the
-    -sep option. This function is most useful when copying list-type tags.
-    For example, the following command may be used to remove duplicate
-    Keywords:
-
-        exiftool -sep "##" "-keywords<${keywords;NoDups}" a.jpg
-
-    The -sep option is necessary to split the string back into individual
-    list items when writing to a list-type tag.
-
-    An optional flag argument may be set to 1 to cause "NoDups" to set $_ to
-    undef if no duplicates existed, thus preventing the file from being
-    rewritten unnecessarily:
-
-        exiftool -sep "##" "-keywords<${keywords;NoDups(1)}" a.jpg
-
-    Note that function names are case sensitive.
-
-    ExifTool 12.64 adds an API NoDups option which makes the NoDups helper
-    function largely redundant, with all the functionality except the
-    ability to avoid rewriting the file if there are no duplicates, but with
-    the advantage the duplicates may be removed when accumulating list items
-    from multiple sources. An equivalent to the above commands using this
-    feature would be:
-
-        exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -keywords -api nodups a.jpg
-
-    "SetTags"
-
-    Used to set tags in extracted images. With no arguments, copies all tags
-    from the source file to the embedded image:
-
-        exiftool -p '${previewimage;SetTags}' -b a.arw > preview.jpg
-
-    Arguments may be added to copy or set specific tags. Arguments take
-    exactly the same form as those on the command line when copying or
-    writing tags, but without the leading dash. For example:
-
-        exiftool -p '${previewimage;SetTags("comment=test","title<filename")}' ...
-
-WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES
-    In Windows, command-line arguments are specified using the current code
-    page and are recoded automatically to the system code page. This
-    recoding is not done for arguments in ExifTool arg files, so by default
-    filenames in arg files use the system code page. Unfortunately, these
-    code pages are not complete character sets, so not all file names may be
-    represented.
-
-    ExifTool 9.79 and later allow the file name encoding to be specified
-    with "-charset filename=CHARSET", where "CHARSET" is the name of a valid
-    ExifTool character set, preferably "UTF8" (see the -charset option for a
-    complete list). Setting this triggers the use of Windows wide-character
-    i/o routines, thus providing support for most Unicode file names (see
-    note 4). But note that it is not trivial to pass properly encoded file
-    names on the Windows command line (see
-    <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q18> for details), so placing them in a
-    UTF-8 encoded -@ argfile and using "-charset filename=utf8" is
-    recommended if possible.
-
-    A warning is issued if a specified filename contains special characters
-    and the filename character set was not provided. However, the warning
-    may be disabled by setting "-charset filename=""", and ExifTool may
-    still function correctly if the system code page matches the character
-    set used for the file names.
-
-    When a directory name is provided, the file name encoding need not be
-    specified (unless the directory name contains special characters), and
-    ExifTool will automatically use wide-character routines to scan the
-    directory.
-
-    The filename character set applies to the *FILE* arguments as well as
-    filename arguments of -@, -geotag, -o, -p, -srcfile, -tagsFromFile,
-    -csv=, -j= and -*TAG*<=. However, it does not apply to the -config
-    filename, which always uses the system character set. The "-charset
-    filename=" option must come before the -@ option to be effective, but
-    the order doesn't matter with respect to other options.
-
-    Notes:
-
-    1) FileName and Directory tag values still use the same encoding as
-    other tag values, and are converted to/from the filename character set
-    when writing/reading if specified.
-
-    2) Unicode support is not yet implemented for other Windows-based
-    systems like Cygwin.
-
-    3) See "WRITING READ-ONLY FILES" below for a note about editing
-    read-only files with Unicode names.
-
-    4) Unicode file names with surrogate pairs (code points over U+FFFF)
-    still cause problems.
-
-WRITING READ-ONLY FILES
-    In general, ExifTool may be used to write metadata to read-only files
-    provided that the user has write permission in the directory. However,
-    there are three cases where file write permission is also required:
-
-    1) When using the -overwrite_original_in_place option.
-
-    2) When writing only pseudo System tags (eg. FileModifyDate).
-
-    3) On Windows if the file has Unicode characters in its name, and a) the
-    -overwrite_original option is used, or b) the "_original" backup already
-    exists.
-
-    Hidden files in Windows behave as read-only files when attempting to
-    write any real tags to the file -- an error is generated when using the
-    -overwrite_original_in_place, otherwise writing should be successful and
-    the hidden attribute will be removed. But the -if option may be used to
-    avoid processing hidden files (provided Win32API::File is available):
-
-        exiftool -if "$fileattributes !~ /Hidden/" ...
-
-READING EXAMPLES
-    exiftool -a -u -g1 a.jpg
-         Print all meta information in an image, including duplicate and
-         unknown tags, sorted by group (for family 1). For performance
-         reasons, this command may not extract all available metadata.
-         (Metadata in embedded documents, metadata extracted by external
-         utilities, and metadata requiring excessive processing time may not
-         be extracted). Add "-ee3" and "-api RequestAll=3" to the command to
-         extract absolutely everything available.
-
-    exiftool -common dir
-         Print common meta information for all images in "dir". "-common" is
-         a shortcut tag representing common EXIF meta information.
-
-    exiftool -T -createdate -aperture -shutterspeed -iso dir > out.txt
-         List specified meta information in tab-delimited column form for
-         all images in "dir" to an output text file named "out.txt".
-
-    exiftool -s -ImageSize -ExposureTime b.jpg
-         Print ImageSize and ExposureTime tag names and values.
-
-    exiftool -l -canon c.jpg d.jpg
-         Print standard Canon information from two image files.
-
-    exiftool -r -w .txt -common pictures
-         Recursively extract common meta information from files in
-         "pictures" directory, writing text output to ".txt" files with the
-         same names.
-
-    exiftool -b -ThumbnailImage image.jpg > thumbnail.jpg
-         Save thumbnail image from "image.jpg" to a file called
-         "thumbnail.jpg".
-
-    exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw -w _JFR.JPG -ext NEF -r .
-         Recursively extract JPG image from all Nikon NEF files in the
-         current directory, adding "_JFR.JPG" for the name of the output JPG
-         files.
-
-    exiftool -a -b -W %d%f_%t%-c.%s -preview:all dir
-         Extract all types of preview images (ThumbnailImage, PreviewImage,
-         JpgFromRaw, etc.) from files in directory "dir", adding the tag
-         name to the output preview image file names.
-
-    exiftool -d "%r %a, %B %e, %Y" -DateTimeOriginal -S -s -ext jpg .
-         Print formatted date/time for all JPG files in the current
-         directory.
-
-    exiftool -IFD1:XResolution -IFD1:YResolution image.jpg
-         Extract image resolution from EXIF IFD1 information (thumbnail
-         image IFD).
-
-    exiftool "-*resolution*" image.jpg
-         Extract all tags with names containing the word "Resolution" from
-         an image.
-
-    exiftool -xmp:author:all -a image.jpg
-         Extract all author-related XMP information from an image.
-
-    exiftool -xmp -b a.jpg > out.xmp
-         Extract complete XMP data record intact from "a.jpg" and write it
-         to "out.xmp" using the special "XMP" tag (see the Extra tags in
-         Image::ExifTool::TagNames).
-
-    exiftool -p "$filename has date $dateTimeOriginal" -q -f dir
-         Print one line of output containing the file name and
-         DateTimeOriginal for each image in directory "dir".
-
-    exiftool -ee3 -p '$gpslatitude, $gpslongitude, $gpstimestamp' a.m2ts
-         Extract all GPS positions from an AVCHD video.
-
-    exiftool -icc_profile -b -w icc image.jpg
-         Save complete ICC_Profile from an image to an output file with the
-         same name and an extension of ".icc".
-
-    exiftool -htmldump -w tmp/%f_%e.html t/images
-         Generate HTML pages from a hex dump of EXIF information in all
-         images from the "t/images" directory. The output HTML files are
-         written to the "tmp" directory (which is created if it didn't
-         exist), with names of the form "FILENAME_EXT.html".
-
-    exiftool -a -b -ee -embeddedimage -W Image_%.3g3.%s file.pdf
-         Extract embedded JPG and JP2 images from a PDF file. The output
-         images will have file names like "Image_#.jpg" or "Image_#.jp2",
-         where "#" is the ExifTool family 3 embedded document number for the
-         image.
-
-WRITING EXAMPLES
-    Note that quotes are necessary around arguments which contain certain
-    special characters such as ">", "<" or any white space. These quoting
-    techniques are shell dependent, but the examples below will work in
-    the Windows CMD shell.
-
-    exiftool -Comment="This is a new comment" dst.jpg
-         Write new comment to a JPG image (replaces any existing comment).
-
-    exiftool -comment= -o newdir -ext jpg .
-         Remove comment from all JPG images in the current directory,
-         writing the modified images to a new directory.
-
-    exiftool -keywords=EXIF -keywords=editor dst.jpg
-         Replace existing keyword list with two new keywords ("EXIF" and
-         "editor").
-
-    exiftool -Keywords+=word -o newfile.jpg src.jpg
-         Copy a source image to a new file, and add a keyword ("word") to
-         the current list of keywords.
-
-    exiftool -exposurecompensation+=-0.5 a.jpg
-         Decrement the value of ExposureCompensation by 0.5 EV. Note that +=
-         with a negative value is used for decrementing because the -=
-         operator is used for conditional deletion (see next example).
-
-    exiftool -credit-=xxx dir
-         Delete Credit information from all files in a directory where the
-         Credit value was "xxx".
-
-    exiftool -xmp:description-de="k&uuml;hl" -E dst.jpg
-         Write alternate language for XMP:Description, using HTML character
-         escaping to input special characters.
-
-    exiftool -all= dst.jpg
-         Delete all meta information from an image. Note: You should NOT do
-         this to RAW images (except DNG) since proprietary RAW image formats
-         often contain information in the makernotes that is necessary for
-         converting the image.
-
-    exiftool -all= -comment="lonely" dst.jpg
-         Delete all meta information from an image and add a comment back
-         in. (Note that the order is important: -comment="lonely" -all=
-         would also delete the new comment.)
-
-    exiftool -all= --jfif:all dst.jpg
-         Delete all meta information except JFIF group from an image.
-
-    exiftool -Photoshop:All= dst.jpg
-         Delete Photoshop meta information from an image (note that the
-         Photoshop information also includes IPTC).
-
-    exiftool -r -XMP-crss:all= DIR
-         Recursively delete all XMP-crss information from images in a
-         directory.
-
-    exiftool "-ThumbnailImage<=thumb.jpg" dst.jpg
-         Set the thumbnail image from specified file (Note: The quotes are
-         necessary to prevent shell redirection).
-
-    exiftool "-JpgFromRaw<=%d%f_JFR.JPG" -ext NEF -r .
-         Recursively write JPEG images with filenames ending in "_JFR.JPG"
-         to the JpgFromRaw tag of like-named files with extension ".NEF" in
-         the current directory. (This is the inverse of the "-JpgFromRaw"
-         command of the "READING EXAMPLES" section above.)
-
-    exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-="0:0:0 1:30:0" dir
-         Adjust original date/time of all images in directory "dir" by
-         subtracting one hour and 30 minutes. (This is equivalent to
-         "-DateTimeOriginal-=1.5". See Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for
-         details.)
-
-    exiftool -createdate+=3 -modifydate+=3 a.jpg b.jpg
-         Add 3 hours to the CreateDate and ModifyDate timestamps of two
-         images.
-
-    exiftool -AllDates+=1:30 -if "$make eq 'Canon'" dir
-         Shift the values of DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and ModifyDate
-         forward by 1 hour and 30 minutes for all Canon images in a
-         directory. (The AllDates tag is provided as a shortcut for these
-         three tags, allowing them to be accessed via a single tag.)
-
-    exiftool -xmp:city=Kingston image1.jpg image2.nef
-         Write a tag to the XMP group of two images. (Without the "xmp:"
-         this tag would get written to the IPTC group since "City" exists in
-         both, and IPTC is preferred by default.)
-
-    exiftool -LightSource-="Unknown (0)" dst.tiff
-         Delete "LightSource" tag only if it is unknown with a value of 0.
-
-    exiftool -whitebalance-=auto -WhiteBalance=tung dst.jpg
-         Set "WhiteBalance" to "Tungsten" only if it was previously "Auto".
-
-    exiftool -comment-= -comment="new comment" a.jpg
-         Write a new comment only if the image doesn't have one already.
-
-    exiftool -o %d%f.xmp dir
-         Create XMP meta information data files for all images in "dir".
-
-    exiftool -o test.xmp -owner=Phil -title="XMP File"
-         Create an XMP data file only from tags defined on the command line.
-
-    exiftool "-ICC_Profile<=%d%f.icc" image.jpg
-         Write ICC_Profile to an image from a ".icc" file of the same name.
-
-    exiftool -hierarchicalkeywords="{keyword=one,children={keyword=B}}"
-         Write structured XMP information. See
-         <https://exiftool.org/struct.html> for more details.
-
-    exiftool -trailer:all= image.jpg
-         Delete any trailer found after the end of image (EOI) in a JPEG
-         file. A number of digital cameras store a large PreviewImage after
-         the JPEG EOI, and the file size may be reduced significantly by
-         deleting this trailer. See the JPEG Tags documentation for a list
-         of recognized JPEG trailers.
-
-COPYING EXAMPLES
-    These examples demonstrate the ability to copy tag values between files.
-
-    exiftool -tagsFromFile src.cr2 dst.jpg
-         Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.cr2" to "dst.jpg",
-         writing the information to same-named tags in the preferred groups.
-
-    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg
-         Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.jpg" to "dst.jpg",
-         preserving the original tag groups.
-
-    exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all dst.jpg
-         Erase all meta information from "dst.jpg" image, then copy EXIF
-         tags from "src.jpg".
-
-    exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe bad.jpg
-         Rebuild all EXIF meta information from scratch in an image. This
-         technique can be used in JPEG images to repair corrupted EXIF
-         information which otherwise could not be written due to errors. The
-         "Unsafe" tag is a shortcut for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images
-         which are not normally copied. See the tag name documentation for
-         more details about unsafe tags.
-
-    exiftool -Tagsfromfile a.jpg out.xmp
-         Copy meta information from "a.jpg" to an XMP data file. If the XMP
-         data file "out.xmp" already exists, it will be updated with the new
-         information. Otherwise the XMP data file will be created. Only
-         metadata-only files may be created like this (files containing
-         images may be edited but not created). See "WRITING EXAMPLES" above
-         for another technique to generate XMP files.
-
-    exiftool -tagsFromFile a.jpg -XMP:All= -ThumbnailImage= -m b.jpg
-         Copy all meta information from "a.jpg" to "b.jpg", deleting all XMP
-         information and the thumbnail image from the destination.
-
-    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -title -author=Phil dst.jpg
-         Copy title from one image to another and set a new author name.
-
-    exiftool -TagsFromFile a.jpg -ISO -TagsFromFile b.jpg -comment dst.jpg
-         Copy ISO from one image and Comment from another image to a
-         destination image.
-
-    exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all --subifd:all dst.jpg
-         Copy only the EXIF information from one image to another, excluding
-         SubIFD tags.
-
-    exiftool "-FileModifyDate<DateTimeOriginal" dir
-         Use the original date from the meta information to set the same
-         file's filesystem modification date for all images in a directory.
-         (Note that "-TagsFromFile @" is assumed if no other -TagsFromFile
-         is specified when redirecting information as in this example.)
-
-    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg "-xmp:all<all" dst.jpg
-         Copy all possible information from "src.jpg" and write in XMP
-         format to "dst.jpg".
-
-    exiftool "-Description<${FileName;s/\.[^.]*$//}" dir
-         Set the image Description from the file name after removing the
-         extension. This example uses the "Advanced formatting feature" to
-         perform a substitution operation to remove the last dot and
-         subsequent characters from the file name.
-
-    exiftool -@ iptc2xmp.args -iptc:all= a.jpg
-         Translate IPTC information to XMP with appropriate tag name
-         conversions, and delete the original IPTC information from an
-         image. This example uses iptc2xmp.args, which is a file included
-         with the ExifTool distribution that contains the required arguments
-         to convert IPTC information to XMP format. Also included with the
-         distribution are xmp2iptc.args (which performs the inverse
-         conversion) and a few more .args files for other conversions
-         between EXIF, IPTC and XMP.
-
-    exiftool -tagsfromfile %d%f.CR2 -r -ext JPG dir
-         Recursively rewrite all "JPG" images in "dir" with information
-         copied from the corresponding "CR2" images in the same directories.
-
-    exiftool "-keywords+<make" image.jpg
-         Add camera make to list of keywords.
-
-    exiftool "-comment<ISO=$exif:iso Exposure=${shutterspeed}" dir
-         Set the Comment tag of all images in "dir" from the values of the
-         EXIF:ISO and ShutterSpeed tags. The resulting comment will be in
-         the form "ISO=100 Exposure=1/60".
-
-    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -icc_profile dst.jpg
-         Copy ICC_Profile from one image to another.
-
-    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.mie
-         Copy all meta information in its original form from a JPEG image to
-         a MIE file. The MIE file will be created if it doesn't exist. This
-         technique can be used to store the metadata of an image so it can
-         be inserted back into the image (with the inverse command) later in
-         a workflow.
-
-    exiftool -o dst.mie -all:all src.jpg
-         This command performs exactly the same task as the command above,
-         except that the -o option will not write to an output file that
-         already exists.
-
-    exiftool -b -jpgfromraw -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -b -previewimage -w
-    %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f_%ue.jpg
-    -overwrite_original -common_args --ext jpg DIR
-         [Advanced] Extract JpgFromRaw or PreviewImage from all but JPG
-         files in DIR, saving them with file names like "image_EXT.jpg",
-         then add all meta information from the original files to the
-         extracted images. Here, the command line is broken into three
-         sections (separated by -execute options), and each is executed as
-         if it were a separate command. The -common_args option causes the
-         "--ext jpg DIR" arguments to be applied to all three commands, and
-         the -srcfile option allows the extracted JPG image to be the source
-         file for the third command (whereas the RAW files are the source
-         files for the other two commands).
-
-RENAMING EXAMPLES
-    By writing the "FileName" and "Directory" tags, files are renamed and/or
-    moved to new directories. This can be particularly useful and powerful
-    for organizing files by date when combined with the -d option. New
-    directories are created as necessary, but existing files will not be
-    overwritten. The format codes %d, %f and %e may be used in the new file
-    name to represent the directory, name and extension of the original
-    file, and %c may be used to add a copy number if the file already exists
-    (see the -w option for details). Note that if used within a date format
-    string, an extra '%' must be added to pass these codes through the
-    date/time parser. (And further note that in a Windows batch file, all
-    '%' characters must also be escaped, so in this extreme case "%%%%f" is
-    necessary to pass a simple "%f" through the two levels of parsing.) See
-    <https://exiftool.org/filename.html> for additional documentation and
-    examples.
-
-    exiftool -filename=new.jpg dir/old.jpg
-         Rename "old.jpg" to "new.jpg" in directory "dir".
-
-    exiftool -directory=%e dir
-         Move all files from directory "dir" into directories named by the
-         original file extensions.
-
-    exiftool "-Directory<DateTimeOriginal" -d %Y/%m/%d dir
-         Move all files in "dir" into a directory hierarchy based on year,
-         month and day of "DateTimeOriginal". eg) This command would move
-         the file "dir/image.jpg" with a "DateTimeOriginal" of "2005:10:12
-         16:05:56" to "2005/10/12/image.jpg".
-
-    exiftool -o . "-Directory<DateTimeOriginal" -d %Y/%m/%d dir
-         Same effect as above except files are copied instead of moved.
-
-    exiftool "-filename<%f_${model;}.%e" dir
-         Rename all files in "dir" by adding the camera model name to the
-         file name. The semicolon after the tag name inside the braces
-         causes characters which are invalid in Windows file names to be
-         deleted from the tag value (see the "Advanced formatting feature"
-         for an explanation).
-
-    exiftool "-FileName<CreateDate" -d %Y%m%d_%H%M%S%%-c.%%e dir
-         Rename all images in "dir" according to the "CreateDate" date and
-         time, adding a copy number with leading '-' if the file already
-         exists ("%-c"), and preserving the original file extension (%e).
-         Note the extra '%' necessary to escape the filename codes (%c and
-         %e) in the date format string.
-
-    exiftool -r "-FileName<CreateDate" -d %Y-%m-%d/%H%M_%%f.%%e dir
-         Both the directory and the filename may be changed together via the
-         "FileName" tag if the new "FileName" contains a '/'. The example
-         above recursively renames all images in a directory by adding a
-         "CreateDate" timestamp to the start of the filename, then moves
-         them into new directories named by date.
-
-    exiftool "-FileName<${CreateDate}_$filenumber.jpg" -d %Y%m%d -ext jpg .
-         Set the filename of all JPG images in the current directory from
-         the CreateDate and FileNumber tags, in the form
-         "20060507_118-1861.jpg".
-
-GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES
-    ExifTool implements geotagging from GPS log files via 3 special tags:
-    Geotag (which for convenience is also implemented as an exiftool
-    option), Geosync and Geotime. The examples below highlight some
-    geotagging features. See <https://exiftool.org/geotag.html> for
-    additional documentation. (Note that geotagging from known GPS
-    coordinates is done by writing the GPS tags directly rather than using
-    the -geotag option.)
-
-    exiftool -geotag track.log a.jpg
-         Geotag an image ("a.jpg") from position information in a GPS track
-         log ("track.log"). Since the "Geotime" tag is not specified, the
-         value of DateTimeOriginal is used for geotagging. Local system time
-         is assumed unless DateTimeOriginal contains a timezone.
-
-    exiftool -geotag track.log -geolocate=geotag a.jpg
-         Geotag an image and also write geolocation information of the
-         nearest city (city name, state/province and country). Read here for
-         more details about the Geolocation feature:
-         <https://exiftool.org/geolocation.html#Write>
-
-    exiftool -geotag t.log -geotime="2009:04:02 13:41:12-05:00" a.jpg
-         Geotag an image with the GPS position for a specific time.
-
-    exiftool -geotag log.gpx "-xmp:geotime<createdate" dir
-         Geotag all images in directory "dir" with XMP tags instead of EXIF
-         tags, based on the image CreateDate.
-
-    exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=-20 dir
-         Geotag images in directory "dir", accounting for image timestamps
-         which were 20 seconds ahead of GPS.
-
-    exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=1.jpg -geosync=2.jpg dir
-         Geotag images using time synchronization from two previously
-         geotagged images (1.jpg and 2.jpg), synchronizing the image and GPS
-         times using a linear time drift correction.
-
-    exiftool -geotag a.log "-geotime<${createdate}+01:00" dir
-         Geotag images in "dir" using CreateDate with the specified
-         timezone. If CreateDate already contained a timezone, then the
-         timezone specified on the command line is ignored.
-
-    exiftool -geotag= a.jpg
-         Delete GPS tags which may have been added by the geotag feature.
-         Note that this does not remove all GPS tags -- to do this instead
-         use "-gps:all=".
-
-    exiftool -xmp:geotag= a.jpg
-         Delete XMP GPS tags which were added by the geotag feature.
-
-    exiftool -xmp:geotag=track.log a.jpg
-         Geotag an image with XMP tags, using the time from
-         DateTimeOriginal.
-
-    exiftool -geotag a.log -geotag b.log -r dir
-         Combine multiple track logs and geotag an entire directory tree of
-         images.
-
-    exiftool -geotag "tracks/*.log" -r dir
-         Read all track logs from the "tracks" directory.
-
-    exiftool -p gpx.fmt dir > out.gpx
-         Generate a GPX track log from all images in directory "dir". This
-         example uses the "gpx.fmt" file included in the full ExifTool
-         distribution package and assumes that the images in "dir" have all
-         been previously geotagged.
-
-PIPING EXAMPLES
-    type a.jpg | exiftool -
-         Extract information from stdin.
-
-    exiftool image.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -
-         Extract information from an embedded thumbnail image.
-
-    type a.jpg | exiftool -iptc:keywords+=fantastic - > b.jpg
-         Add an IPTC keyword in a pipeline, saving output to a new file.
-
-    curl -s http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg | exiftool -fast -
-         Extract information from an image over the internet using the cURL
-         utility. The -fast option prevents exiftool from scanning for
-         trailer information, so only the meta information header is
-         transferred.
-
-    exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -comment=wow - | exiftool
-    a.jpg "-thumbnailimage<=-"
-         Add a comment to an embedded thumbnail image. (Why anyone would
-         want to do this I don't know, but I've included this as an example
-         to illustrate the flexibility of ExifTool.)
-
-INTERRUPTING EXIFTOOL
-    Interrupting exiftool with a CTRL-C or SIGINT will not result in
-    partially written files or temporary files remaining on the hard disk.
-    The exiftool application traps SIGINT and defers it until the end of
-    critical processes if necessary, then does a proper cleanup before
-    exiting.
-
-EXIT STATUS
-    The exiftool application exits with a status of 0 on success, or 1 if an
-    error occurred, or 2 if all files failed the -if condition (for any of
-    the commands if -execute was used).
-
-AUTHOR
-    Copyright 2003-2024, Phil Harvey
-
-    This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
-    the same terms as Perl itself.
-
-SEE ALSO
-    Image::ExifTool(3pm), Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm),
-    Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm), Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl
-
-__HELP__
-
-    my $dir = $ENV{PAR_GLOBAL_TEMP} || $ENV{PAR_TEMP} || $ENV{TMP} || $ENV{TEMP} || '/tmp';
-    my $docFile = "$dir/exiftool_${version}_doc.txt";
+    my $docFile = "$Image::ExifTool::exeDir/exiftool_files/windows_exiftool.txt";
     # try backslashes first if it seems we may be running in cmd.exe
     $docFile =~ tr/\//\\/ if $ENV{ComSpec} or $docFile =~ /\\/;
-    unless (-e $docFile) {
-        unless (open(TEMP, ">$docFile") or
-            ($docFile =~ tr/\/\\/\\\// and open(TEMP, ">$docFile")) or  # try forward slash
-            (CreateDirectory($docFile) and open(TEMP, ">$docFile")))    # try creating dir
-        {
-            warn "Error creating temp file $docFile\n";
-            warn "So ExifTool can't print the help documentation.\n";
-            return;
-        }
-        my $ok = print TEMP $help;
-        close TEMP;
-        unless ($ok) {
-            unlink $docFile;
-            warn "Error writing temp file $docFile\n";
-        }
-    }
     system(qq{more < "$docFile"}) and warn "Error running more $docFile\n";
 }