exiftool-vendored.exe 12.89.0 → 12.96.0

package/bin/exiftool_files/windows_exiftool.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2831 @@
+NAME
+    exiftool - Read and write meta information in files
+
+RUNNING IN WINDOWS
+    Drag and drop files or folders onto the exiftool executable to display
+    meta information, or rename to "exiftool.exe" and run from the command
+    line to access all exiftool features.
+
+    This stand-alone Windows version allows simple command-line options to
+    be added to the name of the executable (in brackets and separated by
+    spaces at the end of the name), providing a mechanism to use options
+    when launched via the mouse. For example, changing the executable name
+    to "exiftool(-a -u -g1 -w txt).exe" gives a drag-and-drop utility which
+    generates sidecar ".txt" files with detailed meta information. As
+    shipped, the -k option is added to cause exiftool to pause before
+    terminating (keeping the command window open). Options may also be added
+    to the "Target" property of a Windows shortcut to the executable.
+
+SYNOPSIS
+  Reading
+    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] [-*TAG*...] [--*TAG*...] *FILE*...
+
+  Writing
+    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] -*TAG*[+-<]=[*VALUE*]... *FILE*...
+
+  Copying
+    exiftool [*OPTIONS*] -tagsFromFile *SRCFILE* [-[*DSTTAG*<]*SRCTAG*...]
+    *FILE*...
+
+  Other
+    exiftool [ -ver | -list[w|f|r|wf|g[*NUM*]|d|x|geo] ]
+
+    For specific examples, see the EXAMPLES sections below.
+
+    This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input
+    *FILE* when one is expected.
+
+DESCRIPTION
+    A command-line interface to Image::ExifTool, used for reading and
+    writing meta information in a variety of file types. *FILE* is one or
+    more source file names, directory names, or "-" for the standard input.
+    Metadata is read from source files and printed in readable form to the
+    console (or written to output text files with -w).
+
+    To write or delete metadata, tag values are assigned using
+    -*TAG*=[*VALUE*], and/or the -geotag, -csv= or -json= options. To copy
+    or move metadata, the -tagsFromFile feature is used. By default the
+    original files are preserved with "_original" appended to their names --
+    be sure to verify that the new files are OK before erasing the
+    originals. Once in write mode, exiftool will ignore any read-specific
+    options.
+
+    Note: If *FILE* is a directory name then only supported file types in
+    the directory are processed (in write mode only writable types are
+    processed). However, files may be specified by name, or the -ext option
+    may be used to force processing of files with any extension. Hidden
+    files in the directory are also processed. Adding the -r option causes
+    subdirectories to be processed recursively, but subdirectories with
+    names beginning with "." are skipped unless -r. is used.
+
+    Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
+    supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):
+
+      File Types
+      ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
+      360   r/w   | DOCX  r     | ITC   r     | NUMBERS r   | RAW   r/w
+      3FR   r     | DPX   r     | J2C   r     | NXD   r     | RIFF  r
+      3G2   r/w   | DR4   r/w/c | JNG   r/w   | O     r     | RSRC  r
+      3GP   r/w   | DSS   r     | JP2   r/w   | ODP   r     | RTF   r
+      7Z    r     | DV    r     | JPEG  r/w   | ODS   r     | RW2   r/w
+      A     r     | DVB   r/w   | JSON  r     | ODT   r     | RWL   r/w
+      AA    r     | DVR-MS r    | JXL   r/w   | OFR   r     | RWZ   r
+      AAC   r     | DYLIB r     | K25   r     | OGG   r     | RM    r
+      AAE   r     | EIP   r     | KDC   r     | OGV   r     | SEQ   r
+      AAX   r/w   | EPS   r/w   | KEY   r     | ONP   r     | SKETCH r
+      ACR   r     | EPUB  r     | LA    r     | OPUS  r     | SO    r
+      AFM   r     | ERF   r/w   | LFP   r     | ORF   r/w   | SR2   r/w
+      AI    r/w   | EXE   r     | LIF   r     | ORI   r/w   | SRF   r
+      AIFF  r     | EXIF  r/w/c | LNK   r     | OTF   r     | SRW   r/w
+      APE   r     | EXR   r     | LRV   r/w   | PAC   r     | SVG   r
+      ARQ   r/w   | EXV   r/w/c | M2TS  r     | PAGES r     | SWF   r
+      ARW   r/w   | F4A/V r/w   | M4A/V r/w   | PBM   r/w   | THM   r/w
+      ASF   r     | FFF   r/w   | MACOS r     | PCD   r     | TIFF  r/w
+      AVI   r     | FITS  r     | MAX   r     | PCX   r     | TORRENT r
+      AVIF  r/w   | FLA   r     | MEF   r/w   | PDB   r     | TTC   r
+      AZW   r     | FLAC  r     | MIE   r/w/c | PDF   r/w   | TTF   r
+      BMP   r     | FLIF  r/w   | MIFF  r     | PEF   r/w   | TXT   r
+      BPG   r     | FLV   r     | MKA   r     | PFA   r     | VCF   r
+      BTF   r     | FPF   r     | MKS   r     | PFB   r     | VNT   r
+      C2PA  r     | FPX   r     | MKV   r     | PFM   r     | VRD   r/w/c
+      CHM   r     | GIF   r/w   | MNG   r/w   | PGF   r     | VSD   r
+      COS   r     | GLV   r/w   | MOBI  r     | PGM   r/w   | WAV   r
+      CR2   r/w   | GPR   r/w   | MODD  r     | PLIST r     | WDP   r/w
+      CR3   r/w   | GZ    r     | MOI   r     | PICT  r     | WEBP  r/w
+      CRM   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MOS   r/w   | PMP   r     | WEBM  r
+      CRW   r/w   | HDR   r     | MOV   r/w   | PNG   r/w   | WMA   r
+      CS1   r/w   | HEIC  r/w   | MP3   r     | PPM   r/w   | WMV   r
+      CSV   r     | HEIF  r/w   | MP4   r/w   | PPT   r     | WPG   r
+      CUR   r     | HTML  r     | MPC   r     | PPTX  r     | WTV   r
+      CZI   r     | ICC   r/w/c | MPG   r     | PS    r/w   | WV    r
+      DCM   r     | ICO   r     | MPO   r/w   | PSB   r/w   | X3F   r/w
+      DCP   r/w   | ICS   r     | MQV   r/w   | PSD   r/w   | XCF   r
+      DCR   r     | IDML  r     | MRC   r     | PSP   r     | XISF  r
+      DFONT r     | IIQ   r/w   | MRW   r/w   | QTIF  r/w   | XLS   r
+      DIVX  r     | IND   r/w   | MXF   r     | R3D   r     | XLSX  r
+      DJVU  r     | INSP  r/w   | NEF   r/w   | RA    r     | XMP   r/w/c
+      DLL   r     | INSV  r     | NKA   r     | RAF   r/w   | ZIP   r
+      DNG   r/w   | INX   r     | NKSC  r/w   | RAM   r     |
+      DOC   r     | ISO   r     | NRW   r/w   | RAR   r     |
+
+      Meta Information
+      ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
+      EXIF           r/w/c  |  CIFF           r/w  |  Ricoh RMETA    r
+      GPS            r/w/c  |  AFCP           r/w  |  Picture Info   r
+      IPTC           r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta     r/w  |  Adobe APP14    r
+      XMP            r/w/c  |  FotoStation    r/w  |  MPF            r
+      MakerNotes     r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic  r/w  |  Stim           r
+      Photoshop IRB  r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000      r    |  DPX            r
+      ICC Profile    r/w/c  |  DICOM          r    |  APE            r
+      MIE            r/w/c  |  Flash          r    |  Vorbis         r
+      JFIF           r/w/c  |  FlashPix       r    |  SPIFF          r
+      Ducky APP12    r/w/c  |  QuickTime      r    |  DjVu           r
+      PDF            r/w/c  |  Matroska       r    |  M2TS           r
+      PNG            r/w/c  |  MXF            r    |  PE/COFF        r
+      Canon VRD      r/w/c  |  PrintIM        r    |  AVCHD          r
+      Nikon Capture  r/w/c  |  FLAC           r    |  ZIP            r
+      GeoTIFF        r/w/c  |  ID3            r    |  (and more)
+
+OPTIONS
+    Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and
+    group names), except for single-character options when the corresponding
+    upper-case option exists. Many single-character options have equivalent
+    long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some options have inverses
+    which are invoked with a leading double-dash. Unrecognized options are
+    interpreted as tag names (for this reason, multiple single-character
+    options may NOT be combined into one argument). Contrary to standard
+    practice, options may appear after source file names on the exiftool
+    command line.
+
+  Option Overview
+    Tag operations
+
+      -TAG or --TAG                    Extract or exclude specified tag
+      -TAG[+-^]=[VALUE]                Write new value for tag
+      -TAG[+-]<=DATFILE                Write tag value from contents of file
+      -[+]TAG[+-]<SRCTAG               Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)
+
+      -tagsFromFile SRCFILE            Copy tag values from file
+      -x TAG      (-exclude)           Exclude specified tag
+
+    Input-output text formatting
+
+      -args       (-argFormat)         Format metadata as exiftool arguments
+      -b          (-binary)            Output metadata in binary format
+      -c FMT      (-coordFormat)       Set format for GPS coordinates
+      -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]        Specify encoding for special characters
+      -csv[[+]=CSVFILE]                Export/import tags in CSV format
+      -csvDelim STR                    Set delimiter for CSV file
+      -d FMT      (-dateFormat)        Set format for date/time values
+      -D          (-decimal)           Show tag ID numbers in decimal
+      -E,-ex,-ec  (-escape(HTML|XML|C))Escape tag values for HTML, XML or C
+      -f          (-forcePrint)        Force printing of all specified tags
+      -g[NUM...]  (-groupHeadings)     Organize output by tag group
+      -G[NUM...]  (-groupNames)        Print group name for each tag
+      -h          (-htmlFormat)        Use HTML formatting for output
+      -H          (-hex)               Show tag ID numbers in hexadecimal
+      -htmlDump[OFFSET]                Generate HTML-format binary dump
+      -j[[+]=JSONFILE] (-json)         Export/import tags in JSON format
+      -l          (-long)              Use long 2-line output format
+      -L          (-latin)             Use Windows Latin1 encoding
+      -lang [LANG]                     Set current language
+      -listItem INDEX                  Extract specific item from a list
+      -n          (--printConv)        No print conversion
+      -p[-] STR   (-printFormat)       Print output in specified format
+      -php                             Export tags as a PHP Array
+      -s[NUM]     (-short)             Short output format (-s for tag names)
+      -S          (-veryShort)         Very short output format
+      -sep STR    (-separator)         Set separator string for list items
+      -sort                            Sort output alphabetically
+      -struct                          Enable output of structured information
+      -t          (-tab)               Output in tab-delimited list format
+      -T          (-table)             Output in tabular format
+      -v[NUM]     (-verbose)           Print verbose messages
+      -w[+|!] EXT (-textOut)           Write (or overwrite!) output text files
+      -W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)            Write output text file for each tag
+      -Wext EXT   (-tagOutExt)         Write only specified file types with -W
+      -X          (-xmlFormat)         Use RDF/XML output format
+
+    Processing control
+
+      -a          (-duplicates)        Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
+      -e          (--composite)        Do not generate composite tags
+      -ee[NUM]    (-extractEmbedded)   Extract information from embedded files
+      -ext[+] EXT (-extension)         Process files with specified extension
+      -F[OFFSET]  (-fixBase)           Fix the base for maker notes offsets
+      -fast[NUM]                       Increase speed when extracting metadata
+      -fileOrder[NUM] [-]TAG           Set file processing order
+      -i DIR      (-ignore)            Ignore specified directory name
+      -if[NUM] EXPR                    Conditionally process files
+      -m          (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
+      -o OUTFILE  (-out)               Set output file or directory name
+      -overwrite_original              Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
+      -overwrite_original_in_place     Overwrite original by copying tmp file
+      -P          (-preserve)          Preserve file modification date/time
+      -password PASSWD                 Password for processing protected files
+      -progress[NUM][:[TITLE]]         Show file progress count
+      -q          (-quiet)             Quiet processing
+      -r[.]       (-recurse)           Recursively process subdirectories
+      -scanForXMP                      Brute force XMP scan
+      -u          (-unknown)           Extract unknown tags
+      -U          (-unknown2)          Extract unknown binary tags too
+      -wm MODE    (-writeMode)         Set mode for writing/creating tags
+      -z          (-zip)               Read/write compressed information
+
+    Other options
+
+      -@ ARGFILE                       Read command-line arguments from file
+      -k          (-pause)             Pause before terminating
+      -list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x]         List various exiftool capabilities
+      -ver                             Print exiftool version number
+      --                               End of options
+
+    Special features
+
+      -geotag TRKFILE                  Geotag images from specified GPS log
+      -globalTimeShift SHIFT           Shift all formatted date/time values
+      -use MODULE                      Add features from plug-in module
+
+    Utilities
+
+      -delete_original[!]              Delete "_original" backups
+      -restore_original                Restore from "_original" backups
+
+    Advanced options
+
+      -api OPT[[^]=[VAL]]              Set ExifTool API option
+      -common_args                     Define common arguments
+      -config CFGFILE                  Specify configuration file name
+      -echo[NUM] TEXT                  Echo text to stdout or stderr
+      -efile[NUM][!] TXTFILE           Save names of files with errors
+      -execute[NUM]                    Execute multiple commands on one line
+      -fileNUM ALTFILE                 Load tags from alternate file
+      -list_dir                        List directories, not their contents
+      -srcfile FMT                     Process a different source file
+      -stay_open FLAG                  Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF
+      -userParam PARAM[[^]=[VAL]]      Set user parameter (API UserParam opt)
+
+  Option Details
+   Tag operations
+    -*TAG*
+         Extract information for the specified tag (eg. "-CreateDate").
+         Multiple tags may be specified in a single command. A tag name is
+         the handle by which a piece of information is referenced. See
+         Image::ExifTool::TagNames for documentation on available tag names.
+         A tag name may include leading group names separated by colons (eg.
+         "-EXIF:CreateDate", or "-Doc1:XMP:Creator"), and each group name
+         may be prefixed by a digit to specify family number (eg.
+         "-1IPTC:City"). (Note that the API SavePath and SaveFormat options
+         must be used for the family 5 and 6 groups respectively to be
+         available.) Use the -listg option to list available group names by
+         family.
+
+         A special tag name of "All" may be used to indicate all meta
+         information (ie. -All). This is particularly useful when a group
+         name is specified to extract all information in a group (but beware
+         that unless the -a option is also used, some tags in the group may
+         be suppressed by same-named tags in other groups). The wildcard
+         characters "?" and "*" may be used in a tag name to match any
+         single character and zero or more characters respectively. These
+         may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group
+         name of "*" (or "All") may be used to extract all instances of a
+         tag (as if -a was used). Note that arguments containing wildcards
+         must be quoted on the command line of most systems to prevent shell
+         globbing.
+
+         A "#" may be appended to the tag name to disable the print
+         conversion on a per-tag basis (see the -n option). This may also be
+         used when writing or copying tags.
+
+         If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted
+         (as if "-All" had been specified).
+
+         Note: Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when
+         extracting information. Use the -s option to see the tag names
+         instead.
+
+    --*TAG*
+         Exclude specified tag from extracted information. Same as the -x
+         option. Group names and wildcards are permitted as described above
+         for -TAG. Once excluded from the output, a tag may not be
+         re-included by a subsequent option. May also be used following a
+         -tagsFromFile option to exclude tags from being copied (when
+         redirecting to another tag, it is the source tag that should be
+         excluded), or to exclude groups from being deleted when deleting
+         all information (eg. "-all= --exif:all" deletes all but EXIF
+         information). But note that this will not exclude individual tags
+         from a group delete (unless a family 2 group is specified, see note
+         4 below). Instead, individual tags may be recovered using the
+         -tagsFromFile option (eg. "-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist").
+
+         To speed processing when reading XMP, exclusions in XMP groups also
+         bypass processing of the corresponding XMP property and any
+         contained properties. For example, "--xmp-crs:all" may speed
+         processing significantly in cases where a large number of XMP-crs
+         tags exist. To use this feature to bypass processing of a specific
+         XMP property, the property name must be used instead of the
+         ExifTool tag name (eg. "--xmp-crs:dabs"). Also, "XMP-all" may be
+         used to to indicate any XMP namespace (eg. "--xmp-all:dabs").
+
+    -*TAG*[+-^]=[*VALUE*]
+         Write a new value for the specified tag (eg. "-comment=wow"), or
+         delete the tag if no *VALUE* is given (eg. "-comment="). "+=" and
+         "-=" are used to add or remove existing entries from a list, or to
+         shift date/time values (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl and note 6
+         below for more details). "+=" may also be used to increment
+         numerical values (or decrement if *VALUE* is negative), and "-="
+         may be used to conditionally delete or replace a tag (see "WRITING
+         EXAMPLES" for examples). "^=" is used to write an empty string
+         instead of deleting the tag when no *VALUE* is given, but otherwise
+         it is equivalent to "=". (Note that the caret must be quoted on the
+         Windows command line.)
+
+         *TAG* may contain one or more leading family 0, 1, 2 or 7 group
+         names, prefixed by optional family numbers, and separated colons.
+         If no group name is specified, the tag is created in the preferred
+         group, and updated in any other location where a same-named tag
+         already exists. The preferred group in JPEG and TIFF-format images
+         is the first group in the following list where *TAG* is valid: 1)
+         EXIF, 2) IPTC, 3) XMP.
+
+         The wildcards "*" and "?" may be used in tag names to assign the
+         same value to multiple tags. When specified with wildcards,
+         "Unsafe" tags are not written. A tag name of "All" is equivalent to
+         "*" (except that it doesn't require quoting, while arguments with
+         wildcards do on systems with shell globbing), and is often used
+         when deleting all metadata (ie. "-All=") or an entire group (eg.
+         "-XMP-dc:All=", see note 4 below). Note that not all groups are
+         deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 "Adobe" group is not removed by
+         default with "-All=" because it may affect the appearance of the
+         image. However, color space information is removed, so the colors
+         may be affected (but this may be avoided by copying back the tags
+         defined by the ColorSpaceTags shortcut). Use the -listd option for
+         a complete list of deletable groups, and see note 5 below regarding
+         the "APP" groups. Also, within an image some groups may be
+         contained within others, and these groups are removed if the
+         containing group is deleted:
+
+           JPEG Image:
+           - Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
+             GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
+           - Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
+           - Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.
+
+           TIFF Image:
+           - Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
+             InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
+
+           MOV/MP4 Video:
+           - Deleting ItemList also deletes Keys tags.
+
+         Notes:
+
+         1) Many tag values may be assigned in a single command. If two
+         assignments affect the same tag, the latter takes precedence
+         (except for list-type tags, for which both values are written).
+
+         2) In general, MakerNotes tags are considered "Permanent", and may
+         be edited but not created or deleted individually. This avoids many
+         potential problems, including the inevitable compatibility problems
+         with OEM software which may be very inflexible about the
+         information it expects to find in the maker notes.
+
+         3) Changes to PDF files by ExifTool are reversible (by deleting the
+         update with "-PDF-update:all=") because the original information is
+         never actually deleted from the file. So ExifTool alone may not be
+         used to securely edit metadata in PDF files.
+
+         4) Specifying "-GROUP:all=" deletes the entire group as a block
+         only if a single family 0 or 1 group is specified. Otherwise all
+         deletable tags in the specified group(s) are removed individually,
+         and in this case is it possible to exclude individual tags from a
+         mass delete. For example, "-time:all --Exif:Time:All" removes all
+         deletable Time tags except those in the EXIF. This difference also
+         applies if family 2 is specified when deleting all groups. For
+         example, "-2all:all=" deletes tags individually, while "-all:all="
+         deletes entire blocks.
+
+         5) The "APP" group names ("APP0" through "APP15") are used to
+         delete JPEG application segments which are not associated with
+         another deletable group. For example, specifying "-APP14:All=" will
+         NOT delete the APP14 "Adobe" segment because this is accomplished
+         with "-Adobe:All". But note that these unnamed APP segments may not
+         be excluded with "--APPxx:all" when deleting all information.
+
+         6) When shifting a value, the shift is applied to the original
+         value of the tag, overriding any other values previously assigned
+         to the tag on the same command line. To shift a date/time value and
+         copy it to another tag in the same operation, use the
+         -globalTimeShift option.
+
+         Special feature: Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal
+         with a leading "0x", and simple rational values may be specified as
+         fractions.
+
+    -*TAG*<=*DATFILE* or -*TAG*<=*FMT*
+         Set the value of a tag from the contents of file *DATFILE*. The
+         file name may also be given by a *FMT* string where %d, %f and %e
+         represent the directory, file name and extension of the original
+         *FILE* (see the -w option for more details). Note that quotes are
+         required around this argument to prevent shell redirection since it
+         contains a "<" symbol. If *DATFILE*/*FMT* is not provided, the
+         effect is the same as "-TAG=", and the tag is simply deleted. "+<="
+         or "-<=" may also be used to add or delete specific list entries,
+         or to shift date/time values.
+
+    -tagsFromFile *SRCFILE* or *FMT*
+         Copy tag values from *SRCFILE* to *FILE*. Tag names on the command
+         line after this option specify the tags to be copied, or excluded
+         from the copy. Wildcards are permitted in these tag names. If no
+         tags are specified, then all possible tags (see note 1 below) from
+         the source file are copied to same-named tags in the preferred
+         location of the output file (the same as specifying "-all"). More
+         than one -tagsFromFile option may be used to copy tags from
+         multiple files.
+
+         By default, this option will update any existing and writable
+         same-named tags in the output *FILE*, but will create new tags only
+         in their preferred groups. This allows some information to be
+         automatically transferred to the appropriate group when copying
+         between images of different formats. However, if a group name is
+         specified for a tag then the information is written only to this
+         group (unless redirected to another group, see below). If "All" is
+         used as a group name, then the specified tag(s) are written to the
+         same family 1 group they had in the source file (ie. the same
+         specific location, like ExifIFD or XMP-dc). For example, the common
+         operation of copying all writable tags to the same specific
+         locations in the output *FILE* is achieved by adding "-all:all". A
+         different family may be specified by adding a leading family number
+         to the group name (eg. "-0all:all" preserves the same general
+         location, like EXIF or XMP).
+
+         *SRCFILE* may be the same as *FILE* to move information around
+         within a single file. In this case, "@" may be used to represent
+         the source file (ie. "-tagsFromFile @"), permitting this feature to
+         be used for batch processing multiple files. Specified tags are
+         then copied from each file in turn as it is rewritten. For advanced
+         batch use, the source file name may also be specified using a *FMT*
+         string in which %d, %f and %e represent the directory, file name
+         and extension of *FILE*. (eg. the current *FILE* would be
+         represented by "%d%f.%e", with the same effect as "@"). See the -w
+         option for *FMT* string examples.
+
+         A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be
+         specified for each copied tag. With this feature, information may
+         be written to a tag with a different name or group. This is done
+         using "-*DSTTAG*<*SRCTAG*" or "-*SRCTAG*>*DSTTAG*" on the command
+         line after -tagsFromFile, and causes the value of *SRCTAG* to be
+         copied from *SRCFILE* and written to *DSTTAG* in *FILE*. Has no
+         effect unless *SRCTAG* exists in *SRCFILE*. Note that this argument
+         must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is no "="
+         sign as when assigning new values. Source and/or destination tags
+         may be prefixed by a group name and/or suffixed by "#". Wildcards
+         are allowed in both the source and destination tag names. A
+         destination group and/or tag name of "All" or "*" writes to the
+         same family 1 group and/or tag name as the source (but the family
+         may be specified by adding a leading number to the group name, eg.
+         "0All" writes to the same family 0 group as the source). If no
+         destination group is specified, the information is written to the
+         preferred group. Whitespace around the ">" or "<" is ignored. As a
+         convenience, "-tagsFromFile @" is assumed for any redirected tags
+         which are specified without a prior -tagsFromFile option. Copied
+         tags may also be added or deleted from a list with arguments of the
+         form "-*SRCTAG*+<*DSTTAG*" or "-*SRCTAG*-<*DSTTAG*" (but see Note 5
+         below).
+
+         An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving
+         tag names to be used on the right hand side of the "<" symbol with
+         the syntax "-*DSTTAG*<*STR*", where tag names in *STR* are prefixed
+         with a "$" symbol. See the -p option and the "Advanced formatting
+         feature" section for more details about this syntax. Strings
+         starting with a "=" sign must insert a single space after the "<"
+         to avoid confusion with the "<=" operator which sets the tag value
+         from the contents of a file. A single space at the start of the
+         string is removed if it exists, but all other whitespace in the
+         string is preserved. See note 8 below about using the redirection
+         feature with list-type stags, shortcuts or when using wildcards in
+         tag names.
+
+         See "COPYING EXAMPLES" for examples using -tagsFromFile.
+
+         Notes:
+
+         1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of the
+         image) are considered "Unsafe" to write, and are only copied if
+         specified explicitly (ie. no wildcards). See the tag name
+         documentation for more details about "Unsafe" tags.
+
+         2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being
+         copied (--*TAG*), and deleting a tag (-*TAG*=). Excluding a tag
+         prevents it from being copied to the destination image, but
+         deleting will remove a pre-existing tag from the image.
+
+         3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't
+         affected like other information by subsequent tag assignments on
+         the command line, and individual makernote tags may not be excluded
+         from a block copy. Also, since the PreviewImage referenced from the
+         maker notes may be rather large, it is not copied, and must be
+         transferred separately if desired.
+
+         4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the
+         point of the -tagsFromFile option in the command line. Any tag
+         assignment to the right of the -tagsFromFile option is made after
+         all tags are copied. For example, new tag values are set in the
+         order One, Two, Three then Four with this command:
+
+             exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg
+
+         This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between the
+         copied and assigned tags because later operations may override
+         earlier ones.
+
+         5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs from that of
+         assigned tags for list-type tags and conditional replacements
+         because each copy operation on a tag overrides any previous
+         operations. While this avoids duplicate list items when copying
+         groups of tags from a file containing redundant information, it
+         also prevents values of different tags from being copied into the
+         same list when this is the intent. To accumulate values from
+         different operations into the same list, add a "+" after the
+         initial "-" of the argument. For example:
+
+             exiftool -tagsfromfile @ '-subject<make' '-+subject<model' ...
+
+         Similarly, "-+DSTTAG" must be used when conditionally replacing a
+         tag to prevent overriding earlier conditions.
+
+         6) The -a option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when
+         copying tags from *SRCFILE*, but the highest priority tag is always
+         copied last so it takes precedence.
+
+         7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags. See the
+         -struct option for details.
+
+         8) With the redirection feature, copying a tag directly (ie.
+         "'-*DSTTAG*<*SRCTAG*'") is not the same as interpolating its value
+         inside a string (ie. "'-*DSTTAG*<$*SRCTAG*'") for source tags which
+         are list-type tags, shortcut tags, tag names containing wildcards,
+         or UserParam variables. When copying directly, the values of each
+         matching source tag are copied individually to the destination tag
+         (as if they were separate assignments). However, when interpolated
+         inside a string, list items and the values of shortcut tags are
+         concatenated (with a separator set by the -sep option), and
+         wildcards are not allowed. Also, UserParam variables are available
+         only when interpolated in a string. Another difference is that a
+         minor warning is generated if a tag doesn't exist when
+         interpolating its value in a string (with "$"), but isn't when
+         copying the tag directly.
+
+         Finally, the behaviour is different when a destination tag or group
+         of "All" is used. When copying directly, a destination group and/or
+         tag name of "All" writes to the same family 1 group and/or tag name
+         as the source. But when interpolated in a string, the identity of
+         the source tags are lost and the value is written to all possible
+         groups/tags. For example, the string form must be used in the
+         following command since the intent is to set the value of all
+         existing date/time tags from "CreateDate":
+
+             exiftool "-time:all<$createdate" -wm w FILE
+
+    -x *TAG* (-exclude)
+         Exclude the specified tag. There may be multiple -x options. This
+         has the same effect as --*TAG* on the command line. See the --*TAG*
+         documentation above for a complete description.
+
+   Input-output text formatting
+    Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most
+    output text formats. The exceptions are -b, -csv, -j and -X.
+
+    -args (-argFormat)
+         Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for
+         use with the -@ option when writing. May be combined with the -G
+         option to include group names. This feature may be used to
+         effectively copy tags between images, but allows the metadata to be
+         altered by editing the intermediate file ("out.args" in this
+         example):
+
+             exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg > out.args
+             exiftool -@ out.args -sep ", " dst.jpg
+
+         Note: Be careful when copying information with this technique since
+         it is easy to write tags which are normally considered "Unsafe".
+         For instance, the FileName and Directory tags are excluded in the
+         example above to avoid renaming and moving the destination file.
+         Also note that the second command above will produce warning
+         messages for any tags which are not writable.
+
+         As well, the -sep option should be used as in the second command
+         above to maintain separate list items when writing metadata back to
+         image files, and the -struct option may be used when extracting to
+         preserve structured XMP information.
+
+    -b, --b (-binary, --binary)
+         Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or
+         descriptions (-b or -binary). This option is mainly used for
+         extracting embedded images or other binary data, but it may also be
+         useful for some text strings since control characters (such as
+         newlines) are not replaced by '.' as they are in the default
+         output. By default, list items are separated by a newline when
+         extracted with the -b option, but this may be changed (see the -sep
+         option for details). May be combined with -j, -php or -X to extract
+         binary data in JSON, PHP or XML format, but note that "Unsafe" tags
+         are not extracted as binary unless they are specified explicitly or
+         the API RequestAll option is set to 3 or higher.
+
+         With a leading double dash (--b or --binary), tags which contain
+         binary data are suppressed in the output when reading.
+
+    -c *FMT* (-coordFormat)
+         Set the print format for GPS coordinates. *FMT* uses the same
+         syntax as a "printf" format string. The specifiers correspond to
+         degrees, minutes and seconds in that order, but minutes and seconds
+         are optional. For example, the following table gives the output for
+         the same coordinate using various formats:
+
+                     FMT                  Output
+             -------------------    ------------------
+             "%d deg %d' %.2f"\"    54 deg 59' 22.80"  (default for reading)
+             "%d %d %.8f"           54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
+             "%d deg %.4f min"      54 deg 59.3800 min
+             "%.6f degrees"         54.989667 degrees
+
+         Notes:
+
+         1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is
+         different when copying tags using the -tagsFromFile option.
+
+         2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or W)
+         is appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a "+" or "-" to
+         the format specifier (eg. "%+.6f" or "%-.6f") prints a signed
+         coordinate instead. ("+" adds a leading "+" for positive
+         coordinates, but "-" does not.)
+
+         3) This print formatting may be disabled with the -n option to
+         extract coordinates as signed decimal degrees.
+
+    -charset [[*TYPE*=]*CHARSET*]
+         If *TYPE* is "ExifTool" or not specified, this option sets the
+         ExifTool character encoding for output tag values when reading and
+         input values when writing, with a default of "UTF8". If no
+         *CHARSET* is given, a list of available character sets is returned.
+         Valid *CHARSET* values are:
+
+             CHARSET     Alias(es)        Description
+             ----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
+             UTF8        cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters (default)
+             Latin       cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
+             Latin2      cp1250           Windows Latin2 (Central European)
+             Cyrillic    cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
+             Greek       cp1253           Windows Greek
+             Turkish     cp1254           Windows Turkish
+             Hebrew      cp1255           Windows Hebrew
+             Arabic      cp1256           Windows Arabic
+             Baltic      cp1257           Windows Baltic
+             Vietnam     cp1258           Windows Vietnamese
+             Thai        cp874            Windows Thai
+             DOSLatinUS  cp437            DOS Latin US
+             DOSLatin1   cp850            DOS Latin1
+             DOSCyrillic cp866            DOS Cyrillic
+             MacRoman    cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
+             MacLatin2   cp10029          Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
+             MacCyrillic cp10007          Macintosh Cyrillic
+             MacGreek    cp10006          Macintosh Greek
+             MacTurkish  cp10081          Macintosh Turkish
+             MacRomanian cp10010          Macintosh Romanian
+             MacIceland  cp10079          Macintosh Icelandic
+             MacCroatian cp10082          Macintosh Croatian
+
+         *TYPE* may be "FileName" to specify the encoding of file names on
+         the command line (ie. *FILE* arguments). In Windows, this triggers
+         use of wide-character i/o routines, thus providing support for
+         Unicode file names. See the "WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES" section
+         below for details.
+
+         Other values of *TYPE* listed below are used to specify the
+         internal encoding of various meta information formats.
+
+             TYPE       Description                                  Default
+             ---------  -------------------------------------------  -------
+             EXIF       Internal encoding of EXIF "ASCII" strings    (none)
+             ID3        Internal encoding of ID3v1 information       Latin
+             IPTC       Internal IPTC encoding to assume when        Latin
+                         IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
+             Photoshop  Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings   Latin
+             QuickTime  Internal encoding of QuickTime strings       MacRoman
+             RIFF       Internal encoding of RIFF strings            0
+
+         See <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q10> for more information about
+         coded character sets, and the Image::ExifTool Options for more
+         details about the -charset settings.
+
+    -csv[[+]=*CSVFILE*]
+         Export information in CSV format, or import information if
+         *CSVFILE* is specified. When importing, the CSV file must be in
+         exactly the same format as the exported file. The first row of the
+         *CSVFILE* must be the ExifTool tag names (with optional group
+         names) for each column of the file, and values must be separated by
+         commas. A special "SourceFile" column specifies the files
+         associated with each row of information (and a SourceFile of "*"
+         may be used to define default tags to be imported for all files
+         which are combined with any tags specified for the specific
+         SourceFile processed). The -csvDelim option may be used to change
+         the input/output field delimiter if something other than a comma is
+         required.
+
+         The following examples demonstrate basic use of the -csv option:
+
+             # generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
+             exiftool -common -csv dir > out.csv
+
+             # update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
+             exiftool -csv=a.csv dir
+
+         When importing, empty values are ignored unless the -f option is
+         used and the API MissingTagValue is set to an empty string (in
+         which case the tag is deleted). Also, FileName and Directory
+         columns are ignored if they exist (ie. ExifTool will not attempt to
+         write these tags with a CSV import), but all other columns are
+         imported. To force a tag to be deleted, use the -f option and set
+         the value to "-" in the CSV file (or to the MissingTagValue if this
+         API option was used). Multiple databases may be imported in a
+         single command.
+
+         When exporting a CSV file, the -g or -G option adds group names to
+         the tag headings. If the -a option is used to allow duplicate tag
+         names, the duplicate tags are only included in the CSV output if
+         the column headings are unique. Adding the -G4 option ensures a
+         unique column heading for each tag. The -b option may be added to
+         output binary data, encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by
+         ASCII "base64:" as the first 7 bytes of the value). Values may also
+         be encoded in base64 if the -charset option is used and the value
+         contains invalid characters.
+
+         When exporting specific tags, the CSV columns are arranged in the
+         same order as the specified tags provided the column headings
+         exactly match the specified tag names, otherwise the columns are
+         sorted in alphabetical order.
+
+         When importing from a CSV file, only files specified on the command
+         line are processed. Any extra entries in the CSV file are ignored.
+
+         List-type tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the
+         -sep option may be used to split them back into separate items when
+         importing.
+
+         Special feature: -csv+=*CSVFILE* may be used to add items to
+         existing lists. This affects only list-type tags. Also applies to
+         the -j option.
+
+         Note that this option is fundamentally different than all other
+         output format options because it requires information from all
+         input files to be buffered in memory before the output is written.
+         This may result in excessive memory usage when processing a very
+         large number of files with a single command. Also, it makes this
+         option incompatible with the -w and -W options. When processing a
+         large number of files, it is recommended to either use the JSON
+         (-j) or XML (-X) output format, or use -p to generate a
+         fixed-column CSV file instead of using the -csv option.
+
+    -csvDelim *STR*
+         Set the delimiter for separating CSV entries for CSV file
+         input/output via the -csv option. *STR* may contain "\t", "\n",
+         "\r" and "\\" to represent TAB, LF, CR and '\' respectively. A
+         double quote is not allowed in the delimiter. Default is ','.
+
+    -d *FMT* (-dateFormat)
+         Set the format for date/time tag values. The *FMT* string may
+         contain formatting codes beginning with a percent character ("%")
+         to represent the various components of a date/time value. The
+         specifics of the *FMT* syntax are system dependent -- consult the
+         "strftime" man page on your system for details. The default format
+         is equivalent to "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S". This option has no effect on
+         date-only or time-only tags and ignores timezone information if
+         present. ExifTool adds a %f format code to represent fractional
+         seconds, and supports an optional width to specify the number of
+         digits after the decimal point (eg. %3f would give something like
+         .437), and a minus sign to drop the decimal point (eg. "%-3f" would
+         give 437). Only one -d option may be used per command. Requires
+         POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece for the inversion conversion when
+         writing.
+
+    -D (-decimal)
+         Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.
+
+    -E, -ex, -ec (-escapeHTML, -escapeXML, -escapeC)
+         Escape characters in output tag values for HTML (-E), XML (-ex) or
+         C (-ec). For HTML, all characters with Unicode code points above
+         U+007F are escaped as well as the following 5 characters: & (&amp;)
+         ' (&#39;) " (&quot;) > (&gt;) and < (&lt;). For XML, only these 5
+         characters are escaped. The -E option is implied with -h, and -ex
+         is implied with -X. For C, all control characters and the backslash
+         are escaped. The inverse conversion is applied when writing tags.
+
+    -f (-forcePrint)
+         Force printing of tags even if they don't exist. This option
+         applies to tags specified on the command line, or with the -p, -if
+         or -tagsFromFile options. When -f is used, the value of any missing
+         tag is set to a dash ("-") by default, but this may be configured
+         via the API MissingTagValue option. -f is also used to add a
+         'flags' attribute to the -listx output, or to allow tags to be
+         deleted when writing with the -csv=*CSVFILE* feature.
+
+    -g[*NUM*][:*NUM*...] (-groupHeadings)
+         Organize output by tag group. *NUM* specifies a group family
+         number, and may be 0 (general location), 1 (specific location), 2
+         (category), 3 (document number), 4 (instance number), 5 (metadata
+         path), 6 (EXIF/TIFF format), 7 (tag ID) or 8 (file number). -g0 is
+         assumed if a family number is not specified. May be combined with
+         other options to add group names to the output. Multiple families
+         may be specified by separating them with colons. By default the
+         resulting group name is simplified by removing any leading "Main:"
+         and collapsing adjacent identical group names, but this can be
+         avoided by placing a colon before the first family number (eg.
+         -g:3:1). Use the -listg option to list group names for a specified
+         family. The API SavePath and SaveFormat options are automatically
+         enabled if the respective family 5 or 6 group names are requested.
+         See the API GetGroup documentation for more information.
+
+    -G[*NUM*][:*NUM*...] (-groupNames)
+         Same as -g but print group name for each tag. -G0 is assumed if
+         *NUM* is not specified. May be combined with a number of other
+         options to add group names to the output. Note that *NUM* may be
+         added wherever -G is mentioned in the documentation. See the -g
+         option above for details.
+
+    -h (-htmlFormat)
+         Use HTML table formatting for output. Implies the -E option. The
+         formatting options -D, -H, -g, -G, -l and -s may be used in
+         combination with -h to influence the HTML format.
+
+    -H (-hex)
+         Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.
+
+    -htmlDump[*OFFSET*]
+         Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF
+         information. This can be a very powerful tool for low-level
+         analysis of EXIF information. The -htmlDump option is also invoked
+         if the -v and -h options are used together. The verbose level
+         controls the maximum length of the blocks dumped. An *OFFSET* may
+         be given to specify the base for displayed offsets. If not
+         provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used. Use -htmlDump0 for
+         absolute offsets. Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG information is
+         dumped, but the -u option can be used to give a raw hex dump of
+         other file formats.
+
+    -j[[+]=*JSONFILE*] (-json)
+         Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console
+         output, or import JSON file if *JSONFILE* is specified. This option
+         may be combined with -g to organize the output into objects by
+         group, or -G to add group names to each tag. List-type tags with
+         multiple items are output as JSON arrays unless -sep is used. By
+         default XMP structures are flattened into individual tags in the
+         JSON output, but the original structure may be preserved with the
+         -struct option (this also causes all list-type XMP tags to be
+         output as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists would be output
+         as simple strings). The -a option is implied when -json is used,
+         but entries with identical JSON names are suppressed in the output.
+         (-G4 may be used to ensure that all tags have unique JSON names.)
+         Adding the -D or -H option changes tag values to JSON objects with
+         "val" and "id" fields, and adding -l adds a "desc" field, and a
+         "num" field if the numerical value is different from the converted
+         "val". The -b option may be added to output binary data, encoded in
+         base64 if necessary (indicated by ASCII "base64:" as the first 7
+         bytes of the value), and -t may be added to include tag table
+         information (see -t for details). The JSON output is UTF-8
+         regardless of any -L or -charset option setting, but the UTF-8
+         validation is disabled if a character set other than UTF-8 is
+         specified. Note that ExifTool quotes JSON values only if they don't
+         look like numbers (regardless of the original storage format or the
+         relevant metadata specification).
+
+         If *JSONFILE* is specified, the file is imported and the tag
+         definitions from the file are used to set tag values on a per-file
+         basis. The special "SourceFile" entry in each JSON object
+         associates the information with a specific target file. An object
+         with a missing SourceFile or a SourceFile of "*" defines default
+         tags for all target files which are combined with any tags
+         specified for the specific SourceFile processed. The imported JSON
+         file must have the same format as the exported JSON files with the
+         exception that options exporting JSON objects instead of simple
+         values are not compatible with the import file format (ie. export
+         with -D, -H, -l, or -T is not compatible, and use -G instead of
+         -g). Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file may be suffixed
+         with a "#" to disable print conversion.
+
+         Unlike CSV import, empty values are not ignored, and will cause an
+         empty value to be written if supported by the specific metadata
+         type. Tags are deleted by using the -f option and setting the tag
+         value to "-" (or to the MissingTagValue setting if this API option
+         was used). Importing with -j+=*JSONFILE* causes new values to be
+         added to existing lists.
+
+    -l (-long)
+         Use long 2-line Canon-style output format. Adds a description and
+         unconverted value (if it is different from the converted value) to
+         the XML, JSON or PHP output when -X, -j or -php is used. May also
+         be combined with -listf, -listr or -listwf to add descriptions of
+         the file types.
+
+    -L (-latin)
+         Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead
+         of the default UTF-8. When writing, -L specifies that input text
+         values are Latin1 instead of UTF-8. Equivalent to "-charset latin".
+
+    -lang [*LANG*]
+         Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values.
+         *LANG* is "de", "fr", "ja", etc. Use -lang with no other arguments
+         to get a list of available languages. The default language is "en"
+         if -lang is not specified. Note that tag/group names are always
+         English, independent of the -lang setting, and translation of
+         warning/error messages has not yet been implemented. May also be
+         combined with -listx to output descriptions in one language only.
+
+         By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters,
+         but the -L or -charset option may be used to invoke other
+         encodings. Note that ExifTool uses Unicode::LineBreak if available
+         to help preserve the column alignment of the plain text output for
+         languages with a variable-width character set.
+
+         Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are
+         welcome to help improve this by submitting their own translations.
+         To submit a translation, follow these steps (you must have Perl
+         installed for this):
+
+         1. Download and unpack the latest Image-ExifTool full distribution.
+
+         2. "cd" into the Image-ExifTool directory.
+
+         3. Run this command to make an XML file of the desired tags (eg.
+         EXIF):
+
+            ./exiftool -listx -exif:all > out.xml
+
+         4. Copy this text into a file called "import.pl" in the exiftool
+         directory:
+
+             push @INC, 'lib';
+             require Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML;
+             my $file = shift or die "Expected XML file name\n";
+             $Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::makeMissing = shift;
+             Image::ExifTool::TagInfoXML::BuildLangModules($file,8);
+
+         5. Run the "import.pl" script to Import the XML file, generating
+         the "MISSING" entries for your language (eg. Russian):
+
+            perl import.pl out.xml ru
+
+         6. Edit the generated language module
+         lib/Image/ExifTool/Lang/ru.pm, and search and replace all "MISSING"
+         strings in the file with your translations.
+
+         7. Email the module ('ru.pm' in this example) to philharvey66 at
+         gmail.com
+
+         8. Thank you!!
+
+    -listItem *INDEX*
+         For list-type tags, this causes only the item with the specified
+         index to be extracted. *INDEX* is 0 for the first item in the list.
+         Negative indices may also be used to reference items from the end
+         of the list. Has no effect on single-valued tags. Also applies to
+         tag values when copying from a tag, and in -if conditions.
+
+    -n (--printConv)
+         Disable print conversion for all tags. By default, extracted values
+         are converted to a more human-readable format, but the -n option
+         disables this conversion, revealing the machine-readable values.
+         For example:
+
+             > exiftool -Orientation -S a.jpg
+             Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
+             > exiftool -Orientation -S -n a.jpg
+             Orientation: 6
+
+         The print conversion may also be disabled on a per-tag basis by
+         suffixing the tag name with a "#" character:
+
+             > exiftool -Orientation# -Orientation -S a.jpg
+             Orientation: 6
+             Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
+
+         These techniques may also be used to disable the inverse print
+         conversion when writing. For example, the following commands all
+         have the same effect:
+
+             > exiftool -Orientation="Rotate 90 CW" a.jpg
+             > exiftool -Orientation=6 -n a.jpg
+             > exiftool -Orientation#=6 a.jpg
+
+    -p[-] *STR* or *FMTFILE* (-printFormat)
+         Print output in the format specified by the given string or file.
+         The argument is interpreted as a string unless a file of that name
+         exists, in which case the string is loaded from the contents of the
+         file. Tag names in the format string or file begin with a "$"
+         symbol and may contain leading group names and/or a trailing "#"
+         (to disable print conversion). Case is not significant. Braces "{}"
+         may be used around the tag name to separate it from subsequent text
+         (and must be used if subsequent text begins with an alphanumeric
+         character, hyphen, underline, colon or number sign). Use $$ to
+         represent a "$" symbol, and $/ for a newline. When the string
+         argument is used (ie. *STR*), a newline is added to the end of the
+         string unless -p- is specified or the -b option is used.
+
+         Multiple -p options may be used. Lines beginning with "#[HEAD]" and
+         "#[TAIL]" are output before the first processed file and after the
+         last processed file respectively. Lines beginning with "#[SECT]"
+         and "#[ENDS]" are output before and after each section of files. A
+         section is defined as a group of consecutive files with the same
+         section header (eg. files are grouped by directory if "#[SECT]"
+         contains $directory). Lines beginning with "#[BODY]" and lines not
+         beginning with "#" are output for each processed file. Lines
+         beginning with "#[IF]" are not output, but all BODY lines are
+         skipped if any tag on an IF line doesn't exist. Other lines
+         beginning with "#" are ignored. (To output a line beginning with
+         "#", use "#[BODY]#".) For example, this format file:
+
+             # this is a comment line
+             #[HEAD]-- Generated by ExifTool $exifToolVersion --
+             File: $FileName - $DateTimeOriginal
+             (f/$Aperture, ${ShutterSpeed}s, ISO $EXIF:ISO)
+             #[TAIL]-- end --
+
+         with this command:
+
+             exiftool -p test.fmt a.jpg b.jpg
+
+         produces output like this:
+
+             -- Generated by ExifTool 12.96 --
+             File: a.jpg - 2003:10:31 15:44:19
+             (f/5.6, 1/60s, ISO 100)
+             File: b.jpg - 2006:05:23 11:57:38
+             (f/8.0, 1/13s, ISO 100)
+             -- end --
+
+         The values of List-type tags with multiple items, Shortcut tags
+         representing multiple tags, and matching tags when the "All" group
+         is specified are joined according the -sep option setting when
+         interpolated in the string. (Note that when "All" is used as a
+         group name, dupicate tags are included regardless of the Duplicates
+         option setting.) When "All" is used as a tag name, a value of 1 is
+         returned if any tag exists in the specified group, or 0 otherwise
+         (unless the "All" group is also specified, in which case the values
+         of all matching tags are joined).
+
+         When -ee (-extractEmbedded) is combined with -p, embedded documents
+         are effectively processed as separate input files.
+
+         If a specified tag does not exist, a minor warning is issued and
+         the line with the missing tag is not printed. However, the -f
+         option may be used to set the value of missing tags to '-' (but
+         this may be configured via the API MissingTagValue option), or the
+         -m option may be used to ignore minor warnings and leave the
+         missing values empty. Alternatively, -q -q may be used to simply
+         suppress the warning messages.
+
+         The "Advanced formatting feature" may be used to modify the values
+         of individual tags within the -p option string.
+
+         Note that the API RequestTags option is automatically set for all
+         tags used in the *FMTFILE* or *STR*. This allows all other tags to
+         be ignored using -API IgnoreTags=all, resulting in reduced memory
+         usage and increased speed.
+
+    -php Format output as a PHP Array. The -g, -G, -D, -H, -l, -sep and
+         -struct options combine with -php, and duplicate tags are handled
+         in the same way as with the -json option. As well, the -b option
+         may be added to output binary data, and -t may be added to include
+         tag table information (see -t for details). Here is a simple
+         example showing how this could be used in a PHP script:
+
+             <?php
+             eval('$array=' . `exiftool -php -q image.jpg`);
+             print_r($array);
+             ?>
+
+    -s[*NUM*] (-short)
+         Short output format. Prints tag names instead of descriptions. Add
+         *NUM* or up to 3 -s options for even shorter formats:
+
+             -s1 or -s        - print tag names instead of descriptions
+             -s2 or -s -s     - no extra spaces to column-align values
+             -s3 or -s -s -s  - print values only (no tag names)
+
+         Also effective when combined with -t, -h, -X or -listx options.
+
+    -S (-veryShort)
+         Very short format. The same as -s2 or two -s options. Tag names are
+         printed instead of descriptions, and no extra spaces are added to
+         column-align values.
+
+    -sep *STR* (-separator)
+         Specify separator string for items in list-type tags. When reading,
+         the default is to join list items with ", ". When writing, this
+         option causes values assigned to list-type tags to be split into
+         individual items at each substring matching *STR* (otherwise they
+         are not split by default). Space characters in *STR* match zero or
+         more whitespace characters in the value.
+
+         Note that an empty separator ("") is allowed, and will join items
+         with no separator when reading, or split the value into individual
+         characters when writing.
+
+         For pure binary output (-b used without -j, -php or -X), the first
+         -sep option specifies a list-item separator, and a second -sep
+         option specifies a terminator for the end of the list (or after
+         each value if not a list). In these strings, "\n", "\r" and "\t"
+         may be used to represent a newline, carriage return and tab
+         respectively. By default, binary list items are separated by a
+         newline, and no terminator is added.
+
+    -sort, --sort
+         Sort output by tag description, or by tag name if the -s option is
+         used. When sorting by description, the sort order will depend on
+         the -lang option setting. Without the -sort option, tags appear in
+         the order they were specified on the command line, or if not
+         specified, the order they were extracted from the file. By default,
+         tags are organized by groups when combined with the -g or -G
+         option, but this grouping may be disabled with --sort.
+
+    -struct, --struct
+         Output structured XMP information instead of flattening to
+         individual tags. This option works well when combined with the XML
+         (-X) and JSON (-j) output formats. For other output formats, XMP
+         structures and lists are serialized into the same format as when
+         writing structured information (see
+         <https://exiftool.org/struct.html> for details). When copying,
+         structured tags are copied by default unless --struct is used to
+         disable this feature (although flattened tags may still be copied
+         by specifying them individually unless -struct is used). These
+         options have no effect when assigning new values since both
+         flattened and structured tags may always be used when writing.
+
+    -t (-tab)
+         Output a tab-delimited list of description/values (useful for
+         database import). May be combined with -s to print tag names
+         instead of descriptions, or -S to print tag values only,
+         tab-delimited on a single line. The -t option may be combined with
+         -j, -php or -X to add tag table information ("table", tag "id", and
+         "index" for cases where multiple conditional tags exist with the
+         same ID).
+
+    -T (-table)
+         Output tag values in table form. Equivalent to -t -S -q -f.
+
+    -v[*NUM*] (-verbose)
+         Print verbose messages. *NUM* specifies the level of verbosity in
+         the range 0-5, with higher numbers being more verbose. If *NUM* is
+         not given, then each -v option increases the level of verbosity by
+         1. With any level greater than 0, most other options are ignored
+         and normal console output is suppressed unless specific tags are
+         extracted. Using -v0 causes the console output buffer to be flushed
+         after each line (which may be useful to avoid delays when piping
+         exiftool output), and prints the name of each processed file when
+         writing and the new file name when renaming, moving or copying.
+         Verbose levels above -v0 do not flush after each line. Also see the
+         -progress option.
+
+    -w[+|!] *EXT* or *FMT* (-textOut)
+         Write console output to files with names ending in *EXT*, one for
+         each source file. The output file name is obtained by replacing the
+         source file extension (including the '.') with the specified
+         extension (and a '.' is added to the start of *EXT* if it doesn't
+         already contain one). Alternatively, a *FMT* string may be used to
+         give more control over the output file name and directory. In the
+         format string, %d, %f and %e represent the directory, filename and
+         extension of the source file, and %c represents a copy number which
+         is automatically incremented if the file already exists. %d
+         includes the trailing '/' if necessary, but %e does not include the
+         leading '.'. For example:
+
+             -w %d%f.txt       # same effect as "-w txt"
+             -w dir/%f_%e.out  # write files to "dir" as "FILE_EXT.out"
+             -w dir2/%d%f.txt  # write to "dir2", keeping dir structure
+             -w a%c.txt        # write to "a.txt" or "a1.txt" or "a2.txt"...
+
+         Existing files will not be changed unless an exclamation point is
+         added to the option name (ie. -w! or -textOut!) to overwrite the
+         file, or a plus sign (ie. -w+ or -textOut+) to append to the
+         existing file. Both may be used (ie. -w+! or -textOut+!) to
+         overwrite output files that didn't exist before the command was
+         run, and append the output from multiple source files. For example,
+         to write one output file for all source files in each directory:
+
+             exiftool -filename -createdate -T -w+! %d/out.txt -r DIR
+
+         Capitalized format codes %D, %F, %E and %C provide slightly
+         different alternatives to the lower case versions. %D does not
+         include the trailing '/', %F is the full filename including
+         extension, %E includes the leading '.', and %C increments the count
+         for each processed file (see below).
+
+         Notes:
+
+         1) In a Windows BAT file the "%" character is represented by "%%",
+         so an argument like "%d%f.txt" is written as "%%d%%f.txt".
+
+         2) If the argument for -w does not contain a valid format code (eg.
+         %f), then it is interpreted as a file extension, but there are
+         three different ways to create a single output file from multiple
+         source files:
+
+             # 1. Shell redirection
+             exiftool FILE1 FILE2 ... > out.txt
+
+             # 2. With the -w option and a zero-width format code
+             exiftool -w+! %0fout.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...
+
+             # 3. With the -W option (see the -W option below)
+             exiftool -W+! out.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...
+
+         Advanced features:
+
+         A substring of the original file name, directory or extension may
+         be taken by specifying a field width immediately following the '%'
+         character. If the width is negative, the substring is taken from
+         the end. The substring position (characters to ignore at the start
+         or end of the string) may be given by a second optional value after
+         a decimal point. For example:
+
+             Input File Name     Format Specifier    Output File Name
+             ----------------    ----------------    ----------------
+             Picture-123.jpg     %7f.txt             Picture.txt
+             Picture-123.jpg     %-.4f.out           Picture.out
+             Picture-123.jpg     %7f.%-3f            Picture.123
+             Picture-123a.jpg    Meta%-3.1f.txt      Meta123.txt
+
+         (Note that special characters may have a width of greater than
+         one.)
+
+         For %d and %D, the field width/position specifiers may be applied
+         to the directory levels instead of substring position by using a
+         colon instead of a decimal point in the format specifier. For
+         example:
+
+             Source Dir     Format   Result       Notes
+             ------------   ------   ----------   ------------------
+             pics/2012/02   %2:d     pics/2012/   take top 2 levels
+             pics/2012/02   %-:1d    pics/2012/   up one directory level
+             pics/2012/02   %:1d     2012/02/     ignore top level
+             pics/2012/02   %1:1d    2012/        take 1 level after top
+             pics/2012/02   %-1:D    02           bottom level folder name
+             /Users/phil    %:2d     phil/        ignore top 2 levels
+
+         (Note that the root directory counts as one level when an absolute
+         path is used as in the last example above.)
+
+         For %c, these modifiers have a different effects. If a field width
+         is given, the copy number is padded with zeros to the specified
+         width. A leading '-' adds a dash before the copy number, and a '+'
+         adds an underline. By default, the copy number is omitted from the
+         first file of a given name, but this can be changed by adding a
+         decimal point to the modifier. For example:
+
+             -w A%-cZ.txt      # AZ.txt, A-1Z.txt, A-2Z.txt ...
+             -w B%5c.txt       # B.txt, B00001.txt, B00002.txt ...
+             -w C%.c.txt       # C0.txt, C1.txt, C2.txt ...
+             -w D%-.c.txt      # D-0.txt, D-1.txt, D-2.txt ...
+             -w E%-.4c.txt     # E-0000.txt, E-0001.txt, E-0002.txt ...
+             -w F%-.4nc.txt    # F-0001.txt, F-0002.txt, F-0003.txt ...
+             -w G%+c.txt       # G.txt, G_1.txt G_2.txt ...
+             -w H%-lc.txt      # H.txt, H-b.txt, H-c.txt ...
+             -w I.%.3uc.txt    # I.AAA.txt, I.AAB.txt, I.AAC.txt ...
+
+         A special feature allows the copy number to be incremented for each
+         processed file by using %C (upper case) instead of %c. This allows
+         a sequential number to be added to output file names, even if the
+         names are different. For %C, a copy number of zero is not omitted
+         as it is with %c. A leading '-' causes the number to be reset at
+         the start of each new directory (in the original directory
+         structure if the files are being moved), and '+' has no effect. The
+         number before the decimal place gives the starting index, the
+         number after the decimal place gives the field width. The following
+         examples show the output filenames when used with the command
+         "exiftool rose.jpg star.jpg jet.jpg ...":
+
+             -w %C%f.txt       # 0rose.txt, 1star.txt, 2jet.txt
+             -w %f-%10C.txt    # rose-10.txt, star-11.txt, jet-12.txt
+             -w %.3C-%f.txt    # 000-rose.txt, 001-star.txt, 002-jet.txt
+             -w %57.4C%f.txt   # 0057rose.txt, 0058star.txt, 0059jet.txt
+
+         All format codes may be modified by 'l' or 'u' to specify lower or
+         upper case respectively (ie. %le for a lower case file extension).
+         When used to modify %c or %C, the numbers are changed to an
+         alphabetical base (see example H above). Also, %c and %C may be
+         modified by 'n' to count using natural numbers starting from 1,
+         instead of 0 (see example F above).
+
+         This same *FMT* syntax is used with the -o and -tagsFromFile
+         options, although %c and %C are only valid for output file names.
+
+    -W[+|!] *FMT* (-tagOut)
+         This enhanced version of the -w option allows a separate output
+         file to be created for each extracted tag. See the -w option
+         documentation above for details of the basic functionality. Listed
+         here are the differences between -W and -w:
+
+         1) With -W, a new output file is created for each extracted tag.
+
+         2) -W supports four additional format codes: %t, %g and %s
+         represent the tag name, group name, and suggested extension for the
+         output file (based on the format of the data), and %o represents
+         the value of the OriginalRawFileName or OriginalFileName tag from
+         the input file (including extension). The %g code may be followed
+         by a single digit to specify the group family number (eg. %g1),
+         otherwise family 0 is assumed. The substring width/position/case
+         specifiers may be used with these format codes in exactly the same
+         way as with %f and %e.
+
+         3) The argument for -W is interpreted as a file name if it contains
+         no format codes. (For -w, this would be a file extension.) This
+         change allows a simple file name to be specified, which, when
+         combined with the append feature, provides a method to write
+         metadata from multiple source files to a single output file without
+         the need for shell redirection. For example, the following pairs of
+         commands give the same result:
+
+             # overwriting existing text file
+             exiftool test.jpg > out.txt     # shell redirection
+             exiftool test.jpg -W+! out.txt  # equivalent -W option
+
+             # append to existing text file
+             exiftool test.jpg >> out.txt    # shell redirection
+             exiftool test.jpg -W+ out.txt   # equivalent -W option
+
+         4) Adding the -v option to -W sends a list of the tags and output
+         file names to the console instead of giving a verbose dump of the
+         entire file. (Unless appending all output to one file for each
+         source file by using -W+ with an output file *FMT* that does not
+         contain %t, %g, %s or %o.)
+
+         5) Individual list items are stored in separate files when -W is
+         combined with -b, but note that for separate files to be created %c
+         or %C must be used in *FMT* to give the files unique names.
+
+    -Wext *EXT*, --Wext *EXT* (-tagOutExt)
+         This option is used to specify the type of output file(s) written
+         by the -W option. An output file is written only if the suggested
+         extension matches *EXT*. Multiple -Wext options may be used to
+         write more than one type of file. Use --Wext to write all but the
+         specified type(s).
+
+    -X (-xmlFormat)
+         Use ExifTool-specific RDF/XML formatting for console output.
+         Implies the -a option, so duplicate tags are extracted. The
+         formatting options -b, -D, -H, -l, -s, -sep, -struct and -t may be
+         used in combination with -X to affect the output, but note that the
+         tag ID (-D, -H and -t), binary data (-b) and structured output
+         (-struct) options are not effective for the short output (-s).
+         Another restriction of -s is that only one tag with a given group
+         and name may appear in the output. Note that the tag ID options
+         (-D, -H and -t) will produce non-standard RDF/XML unless the -l
+         option is also used.
+
+         By default, -X outputs flattened tags, so -struct should be added
+         if required to preserve XMP structures. List-type tags with
+         multiple values are formatted as an RDF Bag, but they are combined
+         into a single string when -s or -sep is used. Using -L changes the
+         XML encoding from "UTF-8" to "windows-1252". Other -charset
+         settings change the encoding only if there is a corresponding
+         standard XML character set. The -b option causes binary data values
+         to be written, encoded in base64 if necessary. The -t option adds
+         tag table information to the output (see -t for details).
+
+         Note: This output is NOT the same as XMP because it uses
+         dynamically-generated property names corresponding to the ExifTool
+         tag names with ExifTool family 1 group names as namespaces, and not
+         the standard XMP properties and namespaces. To write XMP instead,
+         use the -o option with an XMP extension for the output file.
+
+   Processing control
+    -a, --a (-duplicates, --duplicates)
+         Allow (-a) or suppress (--a) duplicate tag names to be extracted.
+         By default, duplicate tags are suppressed when reading unless the
+         -ee or -X options are used or the Duplicates option is enabled in
+         the configuration file. When writing, this option allows multiple
+         Warning messages to be shown. Duplicate tags are always extracted
+         when copying.
+
+    -e (--composite)
+         Extract existing tags only -- don't generate composite tags.
+
+    -ee[*NUM*] (-extractEmbedded)
+         Extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded
+         EPS information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files, embedded
+         MPF images in JPEG and MPO files, streaming metadata in AVCHD
+         videos, and the resource fork of Mac OS files. Implies the -a
+         option. Use -g3 or -G3 to identify the originating document for
+         extracted information. Embedded documents containing sub-documents
+         are indicated with dashes in the family 3 group name. (eg. "Doc2-3"
+         is the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded document.) Note that
+         this option may increase processing time substantially, especially
+         for PDF files with many embedded images or videos with streaming
+         metadata.
+
+         When used with -ee, the -p option is evaluated for each embedded
+         document as if it were a separate input file. This allows, for
+         example, generation of GPS track logs from timed metadata in
+         videos. See <https://exiftool.org/geotag.html#Inverse> for
+         examples.
+
+         Setting *NUM* to 2 causes the H264 video stream in MP4 videos to be
+         parsed until the first Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI)
+         message is decoded, or 3 to parse the entire H624 stream and decode
+         all SEI information. For M2TS videos, a setting of 3 causes the
+         entire file to be parsed in search of unlisted programs which may
+         contain timed GPS.
+
+    -ext[+] *EXT*, --ext *EXT* (-extension)
+         Process only files with (-ext) or without (--ext) a specified
+         extension. There may be multiple -ext and --ext options. A plus
+         sign may be added (ie. -ext+) to add the specified extension to the
+         normally processed files. EXT may begin with a leading ".", which
+         is ignored. Case is not significant. "*" may be used to process
+         files with any extension (or none at all), as in the last three
+         examples:
+
+             exiftool -ext JPG DIR             # process only JPG files
+             exiftool --ext cr2 --ext dng DIR  # supported files but CR2/DNG
+             exiftool -ext+ txt DIR            # supported files plus TXT
+             exiftool -ext "*" DIR             # process all files
+             exiftool -ext "*" --ext xml DIR   # process all but XML files
+             exiftool -ext "*" --ext . DIR     # all but those with no ext
+
+         Using this option has two main advantages over specifying "*.*EXT*"
+         on the command line: 1) It applies to files in subdirectories when
+         combined with the -r option. 2) The -ext option is
+         case-insensitive, which is useful when processing files on
+         case-sensitive filesystems.
+
+         Note that all files specified on the command line will be processed
+         regardless of extension unless the -ext option is used.
+
+    -F[*OFFSET*] (-fixBase)
+         Fix the base for maker notes offsets. A common problem with some
+         image editors is that offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted
+         properly when the file is modified. This may cause the wrong values
+         to be extracted for some maker note entries when reading the edited
+         file. This option allows an integer *OFFSET* to be specified for
+         adjusting the maker notes base offset. If no *OFFSET* is given,
+         ExifTool takes its best guess at the correct base. Note that
+         exiftool will automatically fix the offsets for images which store
+         original offset information (eg. newer Canon models). Offsets are
+         fixed permanently if -F is used when writing EXIF to an image. eg)
+
+             exiftool -F -exif:resolutionunit=inches image.jpg
+
+    -fast[*NUM*]
+         Increase speed of extracting information. With -fast (or -fast1),
+         ExifTool will not scan to the end of a JPEG image to check for an
+         AFCP or PreviewImage trailer, or past the first comment in GIF
+         images or the audio/video data in WAV/AVI files to search for
+         additional metadata. These speed benefits are small when reading
+         images directly from disk, but can be substantial if piping images
+         through a network connection. For more substantial speed benefits,
+         -fast2 also causes exiftool to avoid extracting any EXIF MakerNote
+         information, and to stop processing at the IDAT chunk of PNG images
+         and the mdat atom of QuickTime-format files (but note that some
+         files may store metadata after this). -fast3 avoids extracting
+         metadata from the file, and returns only pseudo System tags, but
+         still reads the file header to obtain an educated guess at
+         FileType. -fast4 doesn't even read the file header, and returns
+         only System tags and a FileType based on the file extension. -fast5
+         also disables generation of the Composite tags (like -e). Has no
+         effect when writing.
+
+         Note that a separate -fast setting may be used for evaluation of a
+         -if condition, or when ordering files with the -fileOrder option.
+         See the -if and -fileOrder options for details.
+
+    -fileOrder[*NUM*] [-]*TAG*
+         Set file processing order according to the sorted value of the
+         specified *TAG*. Without this option, files are processed in the
+         order returned by the system, which is commonly by file name, but
+         this is filesystem dependent. For example, to process files in
+         order of date:
+
+             exiftool -fileOrder DateTimeOriginal DIR
+
+         Additional -fileOrder options may be added for secondary sort keys.
+         Numbers are sorted numerically, and all other values are sorted
+         alphabetically. Files missing the specified tag are sorted last.
+         The sort order may be reversed by prefixing the tag name with a "-"
+         (eg. "-fileOrder -createdate"). Print conversion of the sorted
+         values is disabled with the -n option, or a "#" appended to the tag
+         name. Other formatting options (eg. -d) have no effect on the
+         sorted values. Note that the -fileOrder option can incur large
+         performance penalty since it involves an additional initial
+         processing pass of all files, but this impact may be reduced by
+         specifying a *NUM* to effectively set the -fast level for the
+         initial pass. For example, -fileOrder4 may be used if *TAG* is a
+         pseudo System tag. If multiple -fileOrder options are used, the
+         extraction is done at the lowest -fast level. Note that files are
+         sorted across directory boundaries if multiple input directories
+         are specified.
+
+    -i *DIR* (-ignore)
+         Ignore specified directory name. *DIR* may be either an individual
+         folder name, or a full path. If a full path is specified, it must
+         match the Directory tag exactly to be ignored. Use multiple -i
+         options to ignore more than one directory name. A special *DIR*
+         value of "SYMLINKS" (case sensitive) may be specified to avoid
+         recursing into directories which are symbolic links when the -r
+         option is used. As well, a value of "HIDDEN" (case sensitive) may
+         be used to ignore files with names that start with a "." (ie.
+         hidden files on Unix systems) when scanning a directory.
+
+    -if[*NUM*] *EXPR*
+         Specify a condition to be evaluated before processing each *FILE*.
+         *EXPR* is a Perl-like logic expression containing tag names
+         prefixed by "$" symbols. It is evaluated with the tags from each
+         *FILE* in turn, and the file is processed only if the expression
+         returns true. Unlike Perl variable names, tag names are not case
+         sensitive and may contain a hyphen. As well, tag names may have a
+         leading group names separated by colons, and/or a trailing "#"
+         character to disable print conversion. The expression $GROUP:all
+         evaluates to 1 if any tag exists in the specified "GROUP", or 0
+         otherwise (see note 2 below). When multiple -if options are used,
+         all conditions must be satisfied to process the file. Returns an
+         exit status of 2 if all files fail the condition. Below are a few
+         examples:
+
+             # extract shutterspeed from all Canon images in a directory
+             exiftool -shutterspeed -if "$make eq 'Canon'" dir
+
+             # add one hour to all images created on or after Apr. 2, 2006
+             exiftool -alldates+=1 -if "$CreateDate ge '2006:04:02'" dir
+
+             # set EXIF ISO value if possible, unless it is set already
+             exiftool "-exif:iso<iso" -if "not $exif:iso" dir
+
+             # find images containing a specific keyword (case insensitive)
+             exiftool -if "$keywords =~ /harvey/i" -filename dir
+
+         Adding *NUM* to the -if option causes a separate processing pass to
+         be executed for evaluating *EXPR* at a -fast level given by *NUM*
+         (see the -fast option documentation for details). Without *NUM*,
+         only one processing pass is done at the level specified by the
+         -fast option. For example, using -if5 is possible if *EXPR* uses
+         only pseudo System tags, and may significantly speed processing if
+         enough files fail the condition.
+
+         The expression has access to the current ExifTool object through
+         $self, and the following special functions are available to allow
+         short-circuiting of the file processing. Both functions have a
+         return value of 1. Case is significant for function names.
+
+             End()    - end processing after this file
+             EndDir() - end processing of files in the current directory
+                        after this file (not compatible with -fileOrder)
+
+         Notes:
+
+         1) The -n and -b options also apply to tags used in *EXPR*.
+
+         2) Some binary data blocks are not extracted unless specified
+         explicitly. These tags are not available for use in the -if
+         condition unless they are also specified on the command line. The
+         alternative is to use the $GROUP:all syntax. (eg. Use $exif:all
+         instead of $exif in *EXPR* to test for the existence of EXIF tags.)
+
+         3) Tags in the string are interpolated in a similar way to -p
+         before the expression is evaluated. In this interpolation, $/ is
+         converted to a newline and $$ represents a single "$" symbol. So
+         Perl variables, if used, require a double "$", and regular
+         expressions ending in $/ must use $$/ instead.
+
+         4) The condition accesses only tags from the file being processed
+         unless the -fileNUM option is used to read an alternate file and
+         the corresponding family 8 group name is specified for the tag. See
+         the -fileNUM option details for more information.
+
+         5) The -a option has no effect on the evaluation of the expression,
+         and the values of duplicate tags are accessible only by specifying
+         a group name (such as a family 4 instance number, eg. $Copy1:TAG,
+         $Copy2:TAG, etc).
+
+         6) A special "OK" UserParam is available to test the success of the
+         previous command when -execute was used, and may be used like any
+         other tag in the condition (ie. "$OK").
+
+         7) The API RequestTags option is automatically set for all tags
+         used in the -if condition.
+
+    -m (-ignoreMinorErrors)
+         Ignore minor errors and warnings. This enables writing to files
+         with minor errors and disables some validation checks which could
+         result in minor warnings. Generally, minor errors/warnings indicate
+         a problem which usually won't result in loss of metadata if
+         ignored. However, there are exceptions, so ExifTool leaves it up to
+         you to make the final decision. Minor errors and warnings are
+         indicated by "[minor]" at the start of the message. Warnings which
+         affect processing when ignored are indicated by "[Minor]" (with a
+         capital "M"). Note that this causes missing values in
+         -tagsFromFile, -p and -if strings to be set to an empty string
+         rather than an undefined value.
+
+    -o *OUTFILE* or *FMT* (-out)
+         Set the output file or directory name when writing information.
+         Without this option, when any "real" tags are written the original
+         file is renamed to "FILE_original" and output is written to *FILE*.
+         When writing only FileName and/or Directory "pseudo" tags, -o
+         causes the file to be copied instead of moved, but directories
+         specified for either of these tags take precedence over that
+         specified by the -o option.
+
+         *OUTFILE* may be "-" to write to stdout. The output file name may
+         also be specified using a *FMT* string in which %d, %f and %e
+         represent the directory, file name and extension of *FILE*. Also,
+         %c may be used to add a copy number. See the -w option for *FMT*
+         string examples.
+
+         The output file is taken to be a directory name if it already
+         exists as a directory or if the name ends with '/'. Output
+         directories are created if necessary. Existing files will not be
+         overwritten. Combining the -overwrite_original option with -o
+         causes the original source file to be erased after the output file
+         is successfully written.
+
+         A special feature of this option allows the creation of certain
+         types of files from scratch, or with the metadata from another type
+         of file. The following file types may be created using this
+         technique:
+
+             XMP, EXIF, EXV, MIE, ICC/ICM, VRD, DR4
+
+         The output file type is determined by the extension of *OUTFILE*
+         (specified as "-.EXT" when writing to stdout). The output file is
+         then created from a combination of information in *FILE* (as if the
+         -tagsFromFile option was used), and tag values assigned on the
+         command line. If no *FILE* is specified, the output file may be
+         created from scratch using only tags assigned on the command line.
+
+    -overwrite_original
+         Overwrite the original *FILE* (instead of preserving it by adding
+         "_original" to the file name) when writing information to an image.
+         Caution: This option should only be used if you already have
+         separate backup copies of your image files. The overwrite is
+         implemented by renaming a temporary file to replace the original.
+         This deletes the original file and replaces it with the edited
+         version in a single operation. When combined with -o, this option
+         causes the original file to be deleted if the output file was
+         successfully written (ie. the file is moved instead of copied).
+
+    -overwrite_original_in_place
+         Similar to -overwrite_original except that an extra step is added
+         to allow the original file attributes to be preserved. For example,
+         on a Mac this causes the original file creation date, type,
+         creator, label color, icon, Finder tags, other extended attributes
+         and hard links to the file to be preserved (but note that the Mac
+         OS resource fork is always preserved unless specifically deleted
+         with "-rsrc:all="). This is implemented by opening the original
+         file in update mode and replacing its data with a copy of a
+         temporary file before deleting the temporary. The extra step
+         results in slower performance, so the -overwrite_original option
+         should be used instead unless necessary.
+
+         Note that this option reverts to the behaviour of the
+         -overwrite_original option when also writing the FileName and/or
+         Directory tags.
+
+    -P (-preserve)
+         Preserve the filesystem modification date/time ("FileModifyDate")
+         of the original file when writing. Note that some filesystems store
+         a creation date (ie. "FileCreateDate" on Windows and Mac systems)
+         which is not affected by this option. This creation date is
+         preserved on Windows systems where Win32API::File and Win32::API
+         are available regardless of this setting. For other systems, the
+         -overwrite_original_in_place option may be used if necessary to
+         preserve the creation date. The -P option is superseded by any
+         value written to the FileModifyDate tag.
+
+    -password *PASSWD*
+         Specify password to allow processing of password-protected PDF
+         documents. If a password is required but not given, a warning is
+         issued and the document is not processed. This option is ignored if
+         a password is not required.
+
+    -progress[NUM][:[*TITLE*]]
+         Show the progress when processing files. Without a colon, the
+         -progress option adds a progress count in brackets after the name
+         of each processed file, giving the current file number and the
+         total number of files to be processed. Implies the -v0 option,
+         causing the names of processed files to also be printed when
+         writing. When combined with the -if option, the total count
+         includes all files before the condition is applied, but files that
+         fail the condition will not have their names printed. If NUM is
+         specified, the progress is shown every NUM input files.
+
+         If followed by a colon (ie. -progress:), the console window title
+         is set according to the specified *TITLE* string. If no *TITLE* is
+         given, a default *TITLE* string of "ExifTool %p%%" is assumed. In
+         the string, %f represents the file name, %p is the progress as a
+         percent, %r is the progress as a ratio, %##b is a progress bar of
+         width "##" (where "##" is an integer specifying the bar width in
+         characters, or 20 characters by default if "##" is omitted), and %%
+         is a % character. May be combined with the normal -progress option
+         to also show the progress count in console messages. (Note: For
+         this feature to function correctly on Mac/Linux, stderr must go to
+         the console.)
+
+    -q (-quiet)
+         Quiet processing. One -q suppresses normal informational messages,
+         and a second -q suppresses warnings as well. Error messages can not
+         be suppressed, although minor errors may be downgraded to warnings
+         with the -m option, which may then be suppressed with "-q -q".
+
+    -r[.] (-recurse)
+         Recursively process files in subdirectories. Only meaningful if
+         *FILE* is a directory name. Subdirectories with names beginning
+         with "." are not processed unless "." is added to the option name
+         (ie. -r. or -recurse.). By default, exiftool will also follow
+         symbolic links to directories if supported by the system, but this
+         may be disabled with "-i SYMLINKS" (see the -i option for details).
+         Combine this with -ext options to control the types of files
+         processed.
+
+    -scanForXMP
+         Scan all files (even unsupported formats) for XMP information
+         unless found already. When combined with the -fast option, only
+         unsupported file types are scanned. Warning: It can be time
+         consuming to scan large files.
+
+    -u (-unknown)
+         Extract values of unknown tags. Add another -u to also extract
+         unknown information from binary data blocks. This option applies to
+         tags with numerical tag ID's, and causes tag names like
+         "Exif_0xc5d9" to be generated for unknown information. It has no
+         effect on information types which have human-readable tag ID's
+         (such as XMP), since unknown tags are extracted automatically from
+         these formats.
+
+    -U (-unknown2)
+         Extract values of unknown tags as well as unknown information from
+         some binary data blocks. This is the same as two -u options.
+
+    -wm *MODE* (-writeMode)
+         Set mode for writing/creating tags. *MODE* is a string of one or
+         more characters from the list below. The default write mode is
+         "wcg".
+
+             w - Write existing tags
+             c - Create new tags
+             g - create new Groups as necessary
+
+         For example, use "-wm cg" to only create new tags (and avoid
+         editing existing ones).
+
+         The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the metadata
+         structure. For XMP or IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the
+         family 0 group), but for EXIF this is the individual IFD (the
+         family 1 group).
+
+    -z (-zip)
+         When reading, causes information to be extracted from .gz and .bz2
+         compressed images (only one image per archive; requires gzip and
+         bzip2 to be available). When writing, causes compressed information
+         to be written if supported by the metadata format (eg. PNG supports
+         compressed textual metadata, JXL supports compressed EXIF and XML,
+         and MIE supports any compressed metadata), disables the recommended
+         padding in embedded XMP (saving 2424 bytes when writing XMP in a
+         file), and writes XMP in shorthand format -- the equivalent of
+         setting the API Compress=1 and Compact="NoPadding,Shorthand".
+
+   Other options
+    -@ *ARGFILE*
+         Read command-line arguments from the specified file. The file
+         contains one argument per line (NOT one option per line -- some
+         options require additional arguments, and all arguments must be
+         placed on separate lines). Blank lines and lines beginning with "#"
+         are ignored (unless they start with "#[CSTR]", in which case the
+         rest of the line is treated as a C string, allowing standard C
+         escape sequences such as "\n" for a newline). White space at the
+         start of a line is removed. Normal shell processing of arguments is
+         not performed, which among other things means that arguments should
+         not be quoted and spaces are treated as any other character.
+         *ARGFILE* may exist relative to either the current directory or the
+         exiftool directory unless an absolute pathname is given.
+
+         For example, the following *ARGFILE* will set the value of
+         Copyright to "Copyright YYYY, Phil Harvey", where "YYYY" is the
+         year of CreateDate:
+
+             -d
+             %Y
+             -copyright<Copyright $createdate, Phil Harvey
+
+         Arguments in *ARGFILE* behave exactly the same as if they were
+         entered at the location of the -@ option on the command line, with
+         the exception that the -config and -common_args options may not be
+         used in an *ARGFILE*.
+
+    -k (-pause)
+         Pause with the message "-- press any key --" before terminating.
+         This option is used to prevent the command window from closing when
+         run as a Windows drag and drop application.
+
+    -list, -listw, -listf, -listr, -listwf, -listg[*NUM*], -listd, -listx,
+    -listgeo
+         Print a list of all valid tag names (-list), all writable tag names
+         (-listw), all supported file extensions (-listf), all recognized
+         file extensions (-listr), all writable file extensions (-listwf),
+         all tag groups [in a specified family] (-listg[*NUM*]), all
+         deletable tag groups (-listd), an XML database of tag details
+         including language translations (-listx), or the Geolocation
+         database (-listgeo). The -list, -listw and -listx options may be
+         followed by an additional argument of the form "-GROUP:All" to list
+         only tags in a specific group, where "GROUP" is one or more family
+         0-2 group names (excepting EXIF IFD groups) separated by colons.
+         With -listg, *NUM* may be given to specify the group family,
+         otherwise family 0 is assumed. The -l option may be combined with
+         -listf, -listr or -listwf to add file descriptions to the list. The
+         -lang option may be combined with -listx to output descriptions in
+         a single language, and the -sort and/or -lang options may be
+         combined with -listgeo. Also, the API GeolocMinPop, GeolocFeature
+         and GeolocAltNames options apply to the -listgeo output. Here are
+         some examples:
+
+             -list               # list all tag names
+             -list -EXIF:All     # list all EXIF tags
+             -list -xmp:time:all # list all XMP tags relating to time
+             -listw -XMP-dc:All  # list all writable XMP-dc tags
+             -listf              # list all supported file extensions
+             -listr              # list all recognized file extensions
+             -listwf             # list all writable file extensions
+             -listg1             # list all groups in family 1
+             -listd              # list all deletable groups
+             -listx -EXIF:All    # list database of EXIF tags in XML format
+             -listx -XMP:All -s  # list short XML database of XMP tags
+             -listgeo -lang de   # list geolocation database in German
+
+         When combined with -listx, the -s option shortens the output by
+         omitting the descriptions and values (as in the last example
+         above), and -f adds 'flags' and 'struct' attributes if applicable.
+         The flags are formatted as a comma-separated list of the following
+         possible values: Avoid, Binary, List, Mandatory, Permanent,
+         Protected, Unknown and Unsafe (see the Tag Name documentation). For
+         XMP List tags, the list type (Alt, Bag or Seq) is added to the
+         flags, and flattened structure tags are indicated by a Flattened
+         flag with 'struct' giving the ID of the parent structure.
+
+         Note that none of the -list options require an input *FILE*.
+
+    -ver Print exiftool version number. The -v option may be added to print
+         addition system information (see the README file of the full
+         distribution for more details about optional libraries), or -v2 to
+         also list the Perl include directories.
+
+    --   Indicates the end of options. Any remaining arguments are treated
+         as file names, even if they begin with a dash ("-").
+
+   Special features
+    -geotag *TRKFILE*
+         Geotag images from the specified GPS track log file. Using the
+         -geotag option is equivalent to writing a value to the "Geotag"
+         tag. The GPS position is interpolated from the track at a time
+         specified by the value written to the "Geotime" tag. If "Geotime"
+         is not specified, the value is copied from "DateTimeOriginal#" (the
+         "#" is added to copy the unformatted value, avoiding potential
+         conflicts with the -d option). For example, the following two
+         commands are equivalent:
+
+             exiftool -geotag trk.log image.jpg
+             exiftool -geotag trk.log "-Geotime<DateTimeOriginal#" image.jpg
+
+         When the "Geotime" value is converted to UTC, the local system
+         timezone is assumed unless the date/time value contains a timezone.
+         Writing "Geotime" causes the following tags to be written (provided
+         they can be calculated from the track log, and they are supported
+         by the destination metadata format): GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef,
+         GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSAltitude, GPSAltitudeRef,
+         GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp, GPSDateTime, GPSTrack, GPSTrackRef,
+         GPSSpeed, GPSSpeedRef, GPSImgDirection, GPSImgDirectionRef,
+         GPSPitch, GPSRoll, GPSCoordinates, AmbientTemperature and
+         CameraElevationAngle. By default, in image files tags are created
+         in EXIF, and updated in XMP only if they already exist. In
+         QuickTime-format files GPSCoordinates is created in the preferred
+         location (ItemList by default) as well as in XMP. However,
+         "EXIF:Geotime", "XMP:Geotime" or "QuickTime:Geotime" may be
+         specified to write to write only to one group. Also,
+         "ItemList:Geotime", "Keys:Geotime" or "UserData:Geotime" may be
+         used to write to a specific location in QuickTime-format files.
+         Note that GPSPitch and GPSRoll are non-standard, and require
+         user-defined tags in order to be written.
+
+         The "Geosync" tag may be used to specify a time correction which is
+         applied to each "Geotime" value for synchronization with GPS time.
+         For example, the following command compensates for image times
+         which are 1 minute and 20 seconds behind GPS:
+
+             exiftool -geosync=+1:20 -geotag a.log DIR
+
+         Advanced "Geosync" features allow a piecewise linear time drift
+         correction and synchronization from previously geotagged images.
+         See "geotag.html" in the full ExifTool distribution for more
+         information.
+
+         Multiple -geotag options may be used to concatenate GPS track log
+         data. Also, a single -geotag option may be used to load multiple
+         track log files by using wildcards in the *TRKFILE* name, but note
+         that in this case *TRKFILE* must be quoted on most systems (with
+         the notable exception of Windows) to prevent filename expansion.
+         For example:
+
+             exiftool -geotag "TRACKDIR/*.log" IMAGEDIR
+
+         Currently supported track file formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL,
+         KML, IGC, Garmin XML and TCX, Magellan PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR,
+         Bramor gEO, Winplus Beacon TXT, and GPS/IMU CSV files. See
+         "GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES" for examples. Also see "geotag.html" in the
+         full ExifTool distribution and the Image::ExifTool Options for more
+         details and for information about geotag configuration options.
+
+         The API Geolocation option may be set to the value "geotag" to also
+         write the name, province/state and country of the nearest city
+         while geotagging. See <https://exiftool.org/geolocation.html> for
+         details.
+
+    -globalTimeShift *SHIFT*
+         Shift all formatted date/time values by the specified amount when
+         reading. Does not apply to unformatted (-n) output. *SHIFT* takes
+         the same form as the date/time shift when writing (see
+         Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details), with a negative shift being
+         indicated with a minus sign ("-") at the start of the *SHIFT*
+         string. For example:
+
+             # return all date/times, shifted back by 1 hour
+             exiftool -globalTimeShift -1 -time:all a.jpg
+
+             # set the file name from the shifted CreateDate (-1 day) for
+             # all images in a directory
+             exiftool "-filename<createdate" -globaltimeshift "-0:0:1 0:0:0" \
+                 -d %Y%m%d-%H%M%S.%%e dir
+
+    -use *MODULE*
+         Add features from specified plug-in *MODULE*. Currently, the MWG
+         module is the only plug-in module distributed with exiftool. This
+         module adds read/write support for tags as recommended by the
+         Metadata Working Group. As a convenience, "-use MWG" is assumed if
+         the group name prefix starts with "MWG:" exactly for any requested
+         tag. See the MWG Tags documentation for more details. Note that
+         this option is not reversible, and remains in effect until the
+         application terminates, even across the -execute option.
+
+   Utilities
+    -restore_original
+    -delete_original[!]
+         These utility options automate the maintenance of the "_original"
+         files created by exiftool. They have no effect on files without an
+         "_original" copy. The -restore_original option restores the
+         specified files from their original copies by renaming the
+         "_original" files to replace the edited versions. For example, the
+         following command restores the originals of all JPG images in
+         directory "DIR":
+
+             exiftool -restore_original -ext jpg DIR
+
+         The -delete_original option deletes the "_original" copies of all
+         files specified on the command line. Without a trailing "!" this
+         option prompts for confirmation before continuing. For example, the
+         following command deletes "a.jpg_original" if it exists, after
+         asking "Are you sure?":
+
+             exiftool -delete_original a.jpg
+
+         These options may not be used with other options to read or write
+         tag values in the same command, but may be combined with options
+         such -ext, -if, -r, -q and -v.
+
+   Advanced options
+    Among other things, the advanced options allow complex processing to be
+    performed from a single command without the need for additional
+    scripting. This may be particularly useful for implementations such as
+    Windows drag-and-drop applications. These options may also be used to
+    improve performance in multi-pass processing by reducing the overhead
+    required to load exiftool for each invocation.
+
+    -api [*OPT[[^]=[VAL]]*]
+         Set ExifTool API option. *OPT* is an API option name. The option
+         value is set to 1 if *=VAL* is omitted. If *VAL* is omitted, the
+         option value is set to undef if "=" is used, or an empty string
+         with "^=". If *OPT* is not specified a list of available options is
+         returned. The option name is not case senstive, but the option
+         values are. See Image::ExifTool Options for option details. This
+         overrides API options set via the config file. Note that the
+         exiftool app sets some API options internally, and attempts to
+         change these via the command line will have no effect.
+
+    -common_args
+         Specifies that all arguments following this option are common to
+         all executed commands when -execute is used. This and the -config
+         option are the only options that may not be used inside a -@
+         *ARGFILE*. Note that by definition this option and its arguments
+         MUST come after all other options on the command line.
+
+    -config *CFGFILE*
+         Load specified configuration file instead of the default
+         ".ExifTool_config". If used, this option must come before all other
+         arguments on the command line and applies to all -execute'd
+         commands. This file is used to create user-defined tags as well as
+         set default ExifTool options. The *CFGFILE* must exist relative to
+         the current working directory or the exiftool application directory
+         unless an absolute path is specified. Loading of the default config
+         file may be disabled by setting *CFGFILE* to an empty string (ie.
+         ""). See <https://exiftool.org/config.html> and
+         config_files/example.config in the full ExifTool distribution for
+         details about the configuration file syntax.
+
+    -echo[*NUM*] *TEXT*
+         Echo *TEXT* to stdout (-echo or -echo1) or stderr (-echo2). Text is
+         output as the command line is parsed, before the processing of any
+         input files. *NUM* may also be 3 or 4 to output text (to stdout or
+         stderr respectively) after processing is complete. For -echo3 and
+         -echo4, "${status}" may be used in the *TEXT* string to represent
+         the numerical exit status of the command (see "EXIT STATUS").
+
+    -efile[*NUM*][!] *TXTFILE*
+         Save the names of files giving errors (*NUM* missing or 1), files
+         that were unchanged (*NUM* is 2), files that fail the -if condition
+         (*NUM* is 4), files that were updated (*NUM* is 8), files that were
+         created (*NUM* is 16), or any combination thereof by summing *NUM*
+         (eg. -efile3 is the same has having both -efile and -efile2 options
+         with the same *TXTFILE*). By default, file names are appended to
+         any existing *TXTFILE*, but *TXTFILE* is overwritten if an
+         exclamation point is added to the option (eg. -efile!). Saves the
+         name of the file specified by the -srcfile option if applicable.
+
+    -execute[*NUM*]
+         Execute command for all arguments up to this point on the command
+         line (plus any arguments specified by -common_args). The result is
+         as if the commands were executed as separate command lines (with
+         the exception of the -config and -use options which remain in
+         effect for subsequent commands). Allows multiple commands to be
+         executed from a single command line. *NUM* is an optional number
+         that is echoed in the "{ready}" message when using the -stay_open
+         feature. If a *NUM* is specified, the -q option no longer
+         suppresses the output "{readyNUM}" message.
+
+    -file*NUM* *ALTFILE*
+         Read tags from an alternate source file. Among other things, this
+         allows tags from different files to be compared and combined using
+         the -if and -p options. *NUM* is any string of digits. Tags from
+         alternate files are accessed via the corresponding family 8 group
+         name (eg. "File1:TAG" for the -file1 option, "File2:TAG" for
+         -file2, etc). *ALTFILE* may contain filename formatting codes like
+         the -w option (%d, %f, etc), and/or tag names with a leading "$"
+         symbol to access tags from the source file in the same way as the
+         -p option (so any other dollar symbol in the file name must be
+         doubled, eg. "money$$.jpg"). For example, assuming that the
+         OriginalFileName tag has been set in the edited file, a command to
+         copy Rights from the original file could look like this:
+
+             exiftool -file1 '$originalfilename' '-rights<file1:rights' edited.jpg
+
+         Subtle note: If a -tagsFromFile option is used, tags in the
+         *ALTFILE* argument come from the *SRCFILE* that applies to the
+         first argument accessing tags from the corresponding "FileNUM"
+         group.
+
+         User-defined Composite tags may access tags from alternate files
+         using the appropriate (case-sensitive) family 8 group name.
+
+    -list_dir
+         List directories themselves instead of their contents. This option
+         effectively causes directories to be treated as normal files when
+         reading and writing. For example, with this option the output of
+         the "ls -la" command on Mac/Linux may be approximated by this
+         exiftool command:
+
+             exiftool -list_dir -T -ls-l -api systemtags -fast5 .* *
+
+         (The -T option formats the output in tab-separated columns, -ls-l
+         is a shortcut tag, the API SystemTags option is required to extract
+         some necessary tags, and the -fast5 option is added for speed since
+         only system tags are being extracted.)
+
+    -srcfile *FMT*
+         Specify a different source file to be processed based on the name
+         of the original *FILE*. This may be useful in some special
+         situations for processing related preview images or sidecar files.
+         See the -w option for a description of the *FMT* syntax. Note that
+         file name *FMT* strings for all options are based on the original
+         *FILE* specified from the command line, not the name of the source
+         file specified by -srcfile.
+
+         For example, to copy metadata from NEF files to the corresponding
+         JPG previews in a directory where other JPG images may exist:
+
+             exiftool -ext nef -tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f.jpg dir
+
+         If more than one -srcfile option is specified, the files are tested
+         in order and the first existing source file is processed. If none
+         of the source files already exist, then exiftool uses the first
+         -srcfile specified.
+
+         A *FMT* of "@" may be used to represent the original *FILE*, which
+         may be useful when specifying multiple -srcfile options (eg. to
+         fall back to processing the original *FILE* if no sidecar exists).
+
+         When this option is used, two special UserParam tags
+         (OriginalFileName and OriginalDirectory) are generated to allow
+         access to the original *FILE* name and directory.
+
+    -stay_open *FLAG*
+         If *FLAG* is 1 or "True" (case insensitive), causes exiftool keep
+         reading from the -@ *ARGFILE* even after reaching the end of file.
+         This feature allows calling applications to pre-load exiftool, thus
+         avoiding the overhead of loading exiftool for each command. The
+         procedure is as follows:
+
+         1) Execute "exiftool -stay_open True -@ *ARGFILE*", where *ARGFILE*
+         is the name of an existing (possibly empty) argument file or "-" to
+         pipe arguments from the standard input.
+
+         2) Write exiftool command-line arguments to *ARGFILE*, one argument
+         per line (see the -@ option for details).
+
+         3) Write "-execute\n" to *ARGFILE*, where "\n" represents a newline
+         sequence. (Note: You may need to flush your write buffers here if
+         using buffered output.) ExifTool will then execute the command with
+         the arguments received up to this point, send a "{ready}" message
+         to stdout when done (unless the -q or -T option is used), and
+         continue trying to read arguments for the next command from
+         *ARGFILE*. To aid in command/response synchronization, any number
+         appended to the -execute option is echoed in the "{ready}" message.
+         For example, "-execute613" results in "{ready613}". When this
+         number is added, -q no longer suppresses the "{ready}" message.
+         (Also, see the -echo3 and -echo4 options for additional ways to
+         pass signals back to your application.)
+
+         4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each command.
+
+         5) Write "-stay_open\nFalse\n" (or "-stay_open\n0\n") to *ARGFILE*
+         when done. This will cause exiftool to process any remaining
+         command-line arguments then exit normally.
+
+         The input *ARGFILE* may be changed at any time before step 5 above
+         by writing the following lines to the currently open *ARGFILE*:
+
+             -stay_open
+             True
+             -@
+             NEWARGFILE
+
+         This causes *ARGFILE* to be closed, and *NEWARGFILE* to be kept
+         open. (Without the -stay_open here, exiftool would have returned to
+         reading arguments from *ARGFILE* after reaching the end of
+         *NEWARGFILE*.)
+
+         Note: When writing arguments to a disk file there is a delay of up
+         to 0.01 seconds after writing "-execute\n" before exiftool starts
+         processing the command. This delay may be avoided by sending a CONT
+         signal to the exiftool process immediately after writing
+         "-execute\n". (There is no associated delay when writing arguments
+         via a pipe with "-@ -", so the signal is not necessary when using
+         this technique.)
+
+    -userParam *PARAM[[^]=[VAL]]*
+         Set user parameter. *PARAM* is an arbitrary user parameter name.
+         This is an interface to the API UserParam option (see the
+         Image::ExifTool Options documentation), and provides a method to
+         access user-defined parameters in arguments to the -if and -p
+         options as if they were any other tag. Appending a hash tag ("#")
+         to *PARAM* (eg. "-userParam MyTag#=yes") also causes the parameter
+         to be extracted as a normal tag in the UserParam group. Similar to
+         the -api option, the parameter value is set to 1 if *=VAL* is
+         omitted, undef if just *VAL* is omitted with "=", or an empty
+         string if *VAL* is omitted with "^=".
+
+             exiftool -p "$test from $filename" -userparam test=Hello FILE
+
+   Advanced formatting feature
+    An advanced formatting feature allows modification of the value of any
+    tag interpolated within a -if or -p option argument, or a -tagsFromFile
+    redirection string. Tag names within these strings are prefixed by a "$"
+    symbol, and an arbitrary Perl expression may be applied to the tag value
+    by placing braces around the tag name and inserting the expression after
+    the name, separated by a semicolon (ie. "${TAG;EXPR}"). The expression
+    acts on the value of the tag through the default input variable ($_),
+    and has access to the full ExifTool API through the current ExifTool
+    object ($self) and the tag key ($tag). It may contain any valid Perl
+    code, including translation ("tr///") and substitution ("s///")
+    operations, but note that braces within the expression must be balanced.
+    The example below prints the camera Make with spaces translated to
+    underlines, and multiple consecutive underlines replaced by a single
+    underline:
+
+        exiftool -p "${make;tr/ /_/;s/__+/_/g}" image.jpg
+
+    An "@" may be added after the tag name to make the expression act on
+    individual list items for list-type tags, simplifying list processing.
+    Set $_ to undef to remove an item from the list. As an example, the
+    following command returns all subjects not containing the string "xxx":
+
+        exiftool -p "${subject@;$_=undef if /xxx/}" image.jpg
+
+    A default expression of "tr(/\\?*:|"<>\0)()d" is assumed if the
+    expression is empty (ie. "${TAG;}"). This removes the characters / \ ? *
+    : | < > and null from the printed value. (These characters are illegal
+    in Windows file names, so this feature is useful if tag values are used
+    in file names.)
+
+   Helper functions
+    "DateFmt"
+
+    Simplifies reformatting of individual date/time values. This function
+    acts on a standard EXIF-formatted date/time value in $_ and formats it
+    according to the specified format string (see the -d option). To avoid
+    trying to reformat an already-formatted date/time value, a "#" must be
+    added to the tag name (as in the example below) if the -d option is also
+    used. For example:
+
+        exiftool -p "${createdate#;DateFmt('%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S')}" a.jpg
+
+    "ShiftTime"
+
+    Shifts EXIF-formatted date/time string by a specified amount. Start with
+    a leading minus sign to shift backwards in time. See
+    Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details about shift syntax. For example,
+    to shift a date/time value back by one year:
+
+        exiftool -p "${createdate;ShiftTime('-1:0:0 0')}" a.jpg
+
+    "NoDups"
+
+    Removes duplicate items from a list with a separator specified by the
+    -sep option. This function is most useful when copying list-type tags.
+    For example, the following command may be used to remove duplicate
+    Keywords:
+
+        exiftool -sep "##" "-keywords<${keywords;NoDups}" a.jpg
+
+    The -sep option is necessary to split the string back into individual
+    list items when writing to a list-type tag.
+
+    An optional flag argument may be set to 1 to cause "NoDups" to set $_ to
+    undef if no duplicates existed, thus preventing the file from being
+    rewritten unnecessarily:
+
+        exiftool -sep "##" "-keywords<${keywords;NoDups(1)}" a.jpg
+
+    Note that function names are case sensitive.
+
+    ExifTool 12.64 adds an API NoDups option which makes the NoDups helper
+    function largely redundant, with all the functionality except the
+    ability to avoid rewriting the file if there are no duplicates, but with
+    the advantage the duplicates may be removed when accumulating list items
+    from multiple sources. An equivalent to the above commands using this
+    feature would be:
+
+        exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -keywords -api nodups a.jpg
+
+    "SetTags"
+
+    Used to set tags in extracted images. With no arguments, copies all tags
+    from the source file to the embedded image:
+
+        exiftool -p '${previewimage;SetTags}' -b a.arw > preview.jpg
+
+    Arguments may be added to copy or set specific tags. Arguments take
+    exactly the same form as those on the command line when copying or
+    writing tags, but without the leading dash. For example:
+
+        exiftool -p '${previewimage;SetTags("comment=test","title<filename")}' ...
+
+WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES
+    In Windows, command-line arguments are specified using the current code
+    page and are recoded automatically to the system code page. This
+    recoding is not done for arguments in ExifTool arg files, so by default
+    filenames in arg files use the system code page. Unfortunately, these
+    code pages are not complete character sets, so not all file names may be
+    represented.
+
+    ExifTool 9.79 and later allow the file name encoding to be specified
+    with "-charset filename=CHARSET", where "CHARSET" is the name of a valid
+    ExifTool character set, preferably "UTF8" (see the -charset option for a
+    complete list). Setting this triggers the use of Windows wide-character
+    i/o routines, thus providing support for most Unicode file names (see
+    note 4). But note that it is not trivial to pass properly encoded file
+    names on the Windows command line (see
+    <https://exiftool.org/faq.html#Q18> for details), so placing them in a
+    UTF-8 encoded -@ argfile and using "-charset filename=utf8" is
+    recommended if possible.
+
+    A warning is issued if a specified filename contains special characters
+    and the filename character set was not provided. However, the warning
+    may be disabled by setting "-charset filename=""", and ExifTool may
+    still function correctly if the system code page matches the character
+    set used for the file names.
+
+    When a directory name is provided, the file name encoding need not be
+    specified (unless the directory name contains special characters), and
+    ExifTool will automatically use wide-character routines to scan the
+    directory.
+
+    The filename character set applies to the *FILE* arguments as well as
+    filename arguments of -@, -geotag, -o, -p, -srcfile, -tagsFromFile,
+    -csv=, -j= and -*TAG*<=. However, it does not apply to the -config
+    filename, which always uses the system character set. The "-charset
+    filename=" option must come before the -@ option to be effective, but
+    the order doesn't matter with respect to other options.
+
+    Notes:
+
+    1) FileName and Directory tag values still use the same encoding as
+    other tag values, and are converted to/from the filename character set
+    when writing/reading if specified.
+
+    2) Unicode support is not yet implemented for other Windows-based
+    systems like Cygwin.
+
+    3) See "WRITING READ-ONLY FILES" below for a note about editing
+    read-only files with Unicode names.
+
+    4) Unicode file names with surrogate pairs (code points over U+FFFF)
+    still cause problems.
+
+WRITING READ-ONLY FILES
+    In general, ExifTool may be used to write metadata to read-only files
+    provided that the user has write permission in the directory. However,
+    there are three cases where file write permission is also required:
+
+    1) When using the -overwrite_original_in_place option.
+
+    2) When writing only pseudo System tags (eg. FileModifyDate).
+
+    3) On Windows if the file has Unicode characters in its name, and a) the
+    -overwrite_original option is used, or b) the "_original" backup already
+    exists.
+
+    Hidden files in Windows behave as read-only files when attempting to
+    write any real tags to the file -- an error is generated when using the
+    -overwrite_original_in_place, otherwise writing should be successful and
+    the hidden attribute will be removed. But the -if option may be used to
+    avoid processing hidden files (provided Win32API::File is available):
+
+        exiftool -if "$fileattributes !~ /Hidden/" ...
+
+READING EXAMPLES
+    exiftool -a -u -g1 a.jpg
+         Print all meta information in an image, including duplicate and
+         unknown tags, sorted by group (for family 1). For performance
+         reasons, this command may not extract all available metadata.
+         (Metadata in embedded documents, metadata extracted by external
+         utilities, and metadata requiring excessive processing time may not
+         be extracted). Add "-ee3" and "-api RequestAll=3" to the command to
+         extract absolutely everything available.
+
+    exiftool -common dir
+         Print common meta information for all images in "dir". "-common" is
+         a shortcut tag representing common EXIF meta information.
+
+    exiftool -T -createdate -aperture -shutterspeed -iso dir > out.txt
+         List specified meta information in tab-delimited column form for
+         all images in "dir" to an output text file named "out.txt".
+
+    exiftool -s -ImageSize -ExposureTime b.jpg
+         Print ImageSize and ExposureTime tag names and values.
+
+    exiftool -l -canon c.jpg d.jpg
+         Print standard Canon information from two image files.
+
+    exiftool -r -w .txt -common pictures
+         Recursively extract common meta information from files in
+         "pictures" directory, writing text output to ".txt" files with the
+         same names.
+
+    exiftool -b -ThumbnailImage image.jpg > thumbnail.jpg
+         Save thumbnail image from "image.jpg" to a file called
+         "thumbnail.jpg".
+
+    exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw -w _JFR.JPG -ext NEF -r .
+         Recursively extract JPG image from all Nikon NEF files in the
+         current directory, adding "_JFR.JPG" for the name of the output JPG
+         files.
+
+    exiftool -a -b -W %d%f_%t%-c.%s -preview:all dir
+         Extract all types of preview images (ThumbnailImage, PreviewImage,
+         JpgFromRaw, etc.) from files in directory "dir", adding the tag
+         name to the output preview image file names.
+
+    exiftool -d "%r %a, %B %e, %Y" -DateTimeOriginal -S -s -ext jpg .
+         Print formatted date/time for all JPG files in the current
+         directory.
+
+    exiftool -IFD1:XResolution -IFD1:YResolution image.jpg
+         Extract image resolution from EXIF IFD1 information (thumbnail
+         image IFD).
+
+    exiftool "-*resolution*" image.jpg
+         Extract all tags with names containing the word "Resolution" from
+         an image.
+
+    exiftool -xmp:author:all -a image.jpg
+         Extract all author-related XMP information from an image.
+
+    exiftool -xmp -b a.jpg > out.xmp
+         Extract complete XMP data record intact from "a.jpg" and write it
+         to "out.xmp" using the special "XMP" tag (see the Extra tags in
+         Image::ExifTool::TagNames).
+
+    exiftool -p "$filename has date $dateTimeOriginal" -q -f dir
+         Print one line of output containing the file name and
+         DateTimeOriginal for each image in directory "dir".
+
+    exiftool -ee3 -p '$gpslatitude, $gpslongitude, $gpstimestamp' a.m2ts
+         Extract all GPS positions from an AVCHD video.
+
+    exiftool -icc_profile -b -w icc image.jpg
+         Save complete ICC_Profile from an image to an output file with the
+         same name and an extension of ".icc".
+
+    exiftool -htmldump -w tmp/%f_%e.html t/images
+         Generate HTML pages from a hex dump of EXIF information in all
+         images from the "t/images" directory. The output HTML files are
+         written to the "tmp" directory (which is created if it didn't
+         exist), with names of the form "FILENAME_EXT.html".
+
+    exiftool -a -b -ee -embeddedimage -W Image_%.3g3.%s file.pdf
+         Extract embedded JPG and JP2 images from a PDF file. The output
+         images will have file names like "Image_#.jpg" or "Image_#.jp2",
+         where "#" is the ExifTool family 3 embedded document number for the
+         image.
+
+WRITING EXAMPLES
+    Note that quotes are necessary around arguments which contain certain
+    special characters such as ">", "<" or any white space. These quoting
+    techniques are shell dependent, but the examples below will work in
+    the Windows CMD shell.
+
+    exiftool -Comment="This is a new comment" dst.jpg
+         Write new comment to a JPG image (replaces any existing comment).
+
+    exiftool -comment= -o newdir -ext jpg .
+         Remove comment from all JPG images in the current directory,
+         writing the modified images to a new directory.
+
+    exiftool -keywords=EXIF -keywords=editor dst.jpg
+         Replace existing keyword list with two new keywords ("EXIF" and
+         "editor").
+
+    exiftool -Keywords+=word -o newfile.jpg src.jpg
+         Copy a source image to a new file, and add a keyword ("word") to
+         the current list of keywords.
+
+    exiftool -exposurecompensation+=-0.5 a.jpg
+         Decrement the value of ExposureCompensation by 0.5 EV. Note that +=
+         with a negative value is used for decrementing because the -=
+         operator is used for conditional deletion (see next example).
+
+    exiftool -credit-=xxx dir
+         Delete Credit information from all files in a directory where the
+         Credit value was "xxx".
+
+    exiftool -xmp:description-de="k&uuml;hl" -E dst.jpg
+         Write alternate language for XMP:Description, using HTML character
+         escaping to input special characters.
+
+    exiftool -all= dst.jpg
+         Delete all meta information from an image. Note: You should NOT do
+         this to RAW images (except DNG) since proprietary RAW image formats
+         often contain information in the makernotes that is necessary for
+         converting the image.
+
+    exiftool -all= -comment="lonely" dst.jpg
+         Delete all meta information from an image and add a comment back
+         in. (Note that the order is important: -comment="lonely" -all=
+         would also delete the new comment.)
+
+    exiftool -all= --jfif:all dst.jpg
+         Delete all meta information except JFIF group from an image.
+
+    exiftool -Photoshop:All= dst.jpg
+         Delete Photoshop meta information from an image (note that the
+         Photoshop information also includes IPTC).
+
+    exiftool -r -XMP-crss:all= DIR
+         Recursively delete all XMP-crss information from images in a
+         directory.
+
+    exiftool "-ThumbnailImage<=thumb.jpg" dst.jpg
+         Set the thumbnail image from specified file (Note: The quotes are
+         necessary to prevent shell redirection).
+
+    exiftool "-JpgFromRaw<=%d%f_JFR.JPG" -ext NEF -r .
+         Recursively write JPEG images with filenames ending in "_JFR.JPG"
+         to the JpgFromRaw tag of like-named files with extension ".NEF" in
+         the current directory. (This is the inverse of the "-JpgFromRaw"
+         command of the "READING EXAMPLES" section above.)
+
+    exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-="0:0:0 1:30:0" dir
+         Adjust original date/time of all images in directory "dir" by
+         subtracting one hour and 30 minutes. (This is equivalent to
+         "-DateTimeOriginal-=1.5". See Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for
+         details.)
+
+    exiftool -createdate+=3 -modifydate+=3 a.jpg b.jpg
+         Add 3 hours to the CreateDate and ModifyDate timestamps of two
+         images.
+
+    exiftool -AllDates+=1:30 -if "$make eq 'Canon'" dir
+         Shift the values of DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and ModifyDate
+         forward by 1 hour and 30 minutes for all Canon images in a
+         directory. (The AllDates tag is provided as a shortcut for these
+         three tags, allowing them to be accessed via a single tag.)
+
+    exiftool -xmp:city=Kingston image1.jpg image2.nef
+         Write a tag to the XMP group of two images. (Without the "xmp:"
+         this tag would get written to the IPTC group since "City" exists in
+         both, and IPTC is preferred by default.)
+
+    exiftool -LightSource-="Unknown (0)" dst.tiff
+         Delete "LightSource" tag only if it is unknown with a value of 0.
+
+    exiftool -whitebalance-=auto -WhiteBalance=tung dst.jpg
+         Set "WhiteBalance" to "Tungsten" only if it was previously "Auto".
+
+    exiftool -comment-= -comment="new comment" a.jpg
+         Write a new comment only if the image doesn't have one already.
+
+    exiftool -o %d%f.xmp dir
+         Create XMP meta information data files for all images in "dir".
+
+    exiftool -o test.xmp -owner=Phil -title="XMP File"
+         Create an XMP data file only from tags defined on the command line.
+
+    exiftool "-ICC_Profile<=%d%f.icc" image.jpg
+         Write ICC_Profile to an image from a ".icc" file of the same name.
+
+    exiftool -hierarchicalkeywords="{keyword=one,children={keyword=B}}"
+         Write structured XMP information. See
+         <https://exiftool.org/struct.html> for more details.
+
+    exiftool -trailer:all= image.jpg
+         Delete any trailer found after the end of image (EOI) in a JPEG
+         file. A number of digital cameras store a large PreviewImage after
+         the JPEG EOI, and the file size may be reduced significantly by
+         deleting this trailer. See the JPEG Tags documentation for a list
+         of recognized JPEG trailers.
+
+COPYING EXAMPLES
+    These examples demonstrate the ability to copy tag values between files.
+
+    exiftool -tagsFromFile src.cr2 dst.jpg
+         Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.cr2" to "dst.jpg",
+         writing the information to same-named tags in the preferred groups.
+
+    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg
+         Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.jpg" to "dst.jpg",
+         preserving the original tag groups.
+
+    exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all dst.jpg
+         Erase all meta information from "dst.jpg" image, then copy EXIF
+         tags from "src.jpg".
+
+    exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe bad.jpg
+         Rebuild all EXIF meta information from scratch in an image. This
+         technique can be used in JPEG images to repair corrupted EXIF
+         information which otherwise could not be written due to errors. The
+         "Unsafe" tag is a shortcut for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images
+         which are not normally copied. See the tag name documentation for
+         more details about unsafe tags.
+
+    exiftool -Tagsfromfile a.jpg out.xmp
+         Copy meta information from "a.jpg" to an XMP data file. If the XMP
+         data file "out.xmp" already exists, it will be updated with the new
+         information. Otherwise the XMP data file will be created. Only
+         metadata-only files may be created like this (files containing
+         images may be edited but not created). See "WRITING EXAMPLES" above
+         for another technique to generate XMP files.
+
+    exiftool -tagsFromFile a.jpg -XMP:All= -ThumbnailImage= -m b.jpg
+         Copy all meta information from "a.jpg" to "b.jpg", deleting all XMP
+         information and the thumbnail image from the destination.
+
+    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -title -author=Phil dst.jpg
+         Copy title from one image to another and set a new author name.
+
+    exiftool -TagsFromFile a.jpg -ISO -TagsFromFile b.jpg -comment dst.jpg
+         Copy ISO from one image and Comment from another image to a
+         destination image.
+
+    exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all --subifd:all dst.jpg
+         Copy only the EXIF information from one image to another, excluding
+         SubIFD tags.
+
+    exiftool "-FileModifyDate<DateTimeOriginal" dir
+         Use the original date from the meta information to set the same
+         file's filesystem modification date for all images in a directory.
+         (Note that "-TagsFromFile @" is assumed if no other -TagsFromFile
+         is specified when redirecting information as in this example.)
+
+    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg "-xmp:all<all" dst.jpg
+         Copy all possible information from "src.jpg" and write in XMP
+         format to "dst.jpg".
+
+    exiftool "-Description<${FileName;s/\.[^.]*$//}" dir
+         Set the image Description from the file name after removing the
+         extension. This example uses the "Advanced formatting feature" to
+         perform a substitution operation to remove the last dot and
+         subsequent characters from the file name.
+
+    exiftool -@ iptc2xmp.args -iptc:all= a.jpg
+         Translate IPTC information to XMP with appropriate tag name
+         conversions, and delete the original IPTC information from an
+         image. This example uses iptc2xmp.args, which is a file included
+         with the ExifTool distribution that contains the required arguments
+         to convert IPTC information to XMP format. Also included with the
+         distribution are xmp2iptc.args (which performs the inverse
+         conversion) and a few more .args files for other conversions
+         between EXIF, IPTC and XMP.
+
+    exiftool -tagsfromfile %d%f.CR2 -r -ext JPG dir
+         Recursively rewrite all "JPG" images in "dir" with information
+         copied from the corresponding "CR2" images in the same directories.
+
+    exiftool "-keywords+<make" image.jpg
+         Add camera make to list of keywords.
+
+    exiftool "-comment<ISO=$exif:iso Exposure=${shutterspeed}" dir
+         Set the Comment tag of all images in "dir" from the values of the
+         EXIF:ISO and ShutterSpeed tags. The resulting comment will be in
+         the form "ISO=100 Exposure=1/60".
+
+    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -icc_profile dst.jpg
+         Copy ICC_Profile from one image to another.
+
+    exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.mie
+         Copy all meta information in its original form from a JPEG image to
+         a MIE file. The MIE file will be created if it doesn't exist. This
+         technique can be used to store the metadata of an image so it can
+         be inserted back into the image (with the inverse command) later in
+         a workflow.
+
+    exiftool -o dst.mie -all:all src.jpg
+         This command performs exactly the same task as the command above,
+         except that the -o option will not write to an output file that
+         already exists.
+
+    exiftool -b -jpgfromraw -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -b -previewimage -w
+    %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -tagsfromfile @ -srcfile %d%f_%ue.jpg
+    -overwrite_original -common_args --ext jpg DIR
+         [Advanced] Extract JpgFromRaw or PreviewImage from all but JPG
+         files in DIR, saving them with file names like "image_EXT.jpg",
+         then add all meta information from the original files to the
+         extracted images. Here, the command line is broken into three
+         sections (separated by -execute options), and each is executed as
+         if it were a separate command. The -common_args option causes the
+         "--ext jpg DIR" arguments to be applied to all three commands, and
+         the -srcfile option allows the extracted JPG image to be the source
+         file for the third command (whereas the RAW files are the source
+         files for the other two commands).
+
+RENAMING EXAMPLES
+    By writing the "FileName" and "Directory" tags, files are renamed and/or
+    moved to new directories. This can be particularly useful and powerful
+    for organizing files by date when combined with the -d option. New
+    directories are created as necessary, but existing files will not be
+    overwritten. The format codes %d, %f and %e may be used in the new file
+    name to represent the directory, name and extension of the original
+    file, and %c may be used to add a copy number if the file already exists
+    (see the -w option for details). Note that if used within a date format
+    string, an extra '%' must be added to pass these codes through the
+    date/time parser. (And further note that in a Windows batch file, all
+    '%' characters must also be escaped, so in this extreme case "%%%%f" is
+    necessary to pass a simple "%f" through the two levels of parsing.) See
+    <https://exiftool.org/filename.html> for additional documentation and
+    examples.
+
+    exiftool -filename=new.jpg dir/old.jpg
+         Rename "old.jpg" to "new.jpg" in directory "dir".
+
+    exiftool -directory=%e dir
+         Move all files from directory "dir" into directories named by the
+         original file extensions.
+
+    exiftool "-Directory<DateTimeOriginal" -d %Y/%m/%d dir
+         Move all files in "dir" into a directory hierarchy based on year,
+         month and day of "DateTimeOriginal". eg) This command would move
+         the file "dir/image.jpg" with a "DateTimeOriginal" of "2005:10:12
+         16:05:56" to "2005/10/12/image.jpg".
+
+    exiftool -o . "-Directory<DateTimeOriginal" -d %Y/%m/%d dir
+         Same effect as above except files are copied instead of moved.
+
+    exiftool "-filename<%f_${model;}.%e" dir
+         Rename all files in "dir" by adding the camera model name to the
+         file name. The semicolon after the tag name inside the braces
+         causes characters which are invalid in Windows file names to be
+         deleted from the tag value (see the "Advanced formatting feature"
+         for an explanation).
+
+    exiftool "-FileName<CreateDate" -d %Y%m%d_%H%M%S%%-c.%%e dir
+         Rename all images in "dir" according to the "CreateDate" date and
+         time, adding a copy number with leading '-' if the file already
+         exists ("%-c"), and preserving the original file extension (%e).
+         Note the extra '%' necessary to escape the filename codes (%c and
+         %e) in the date format string.
+
+    exiftool -r "-FileName<CreateDate" -d %Y-%m-%d/%H%M_%%f.%%e dir
+         Both the directory and the filename may be changed together via the
+         "FileName" tag if the new "FileName" contains a '/'. The example
+         above recursively renames all images in a directory by adding a
+         "CreateDate" timestamp to the start of the filename, then moves
+         them into new directories named by date.
+
+    exiftool "-FileName<${CreateDate}_$filenumber.jpg" -d %Y%m%d -ext jpg .
+         Set the filename of all JPG images in the current directory from
+         the CreateDate and FileNumber tags, in the form
+         "20060507_118-1861.jpg".
+
+GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES
+    ExifTool implements geotagging from GPS log files via 3 special tags:
+    Geotag (which for convenience is also implemented as an exiftool
+    option), Geosync and Geotime. The examples below highlight some
+    geotagging features. See <https://exiftool.org/geotag.html> for
+    additional documentation. (Note that geotagging from known GPS
+    coordinates is done by writing the GPS tags directly rather than using
+    the -geotag option.)
+
+    exiftool -geotag track.log a.jpg
+         Geotag an image ("a.jpg") from position information in a GPS track
+         log ("track.log"). Since the "Geotime" tag is not specified, the
+         value of DateTimeOriginal is used for geotagging. Local system time
+         is assumed unless DateTimeOriginal contains a timezone.
+
+    exiftool -geotag track.log -geolocate=geotag a.jpg
+         Geotag an image and also write geolocation information of the
+         nearest city (city name, state/province and country). Read here for
+         more details about the Geolocation feature:
+         <https://exiftool.org/geolocation.html#Write>
+
+    exiftool -geotag t.log -geotime="2009:04:02 13:41:12-05:00" a.jpg
+         Geotag an image with the GPS position for a specific time.
+
+    exiftool -geotag log.gpx "-xmp:geotime<createdate" dir
+         Geotag all images in directory "dir" with XMP tags instead of EXIF
+         tags, based on the image CreateDate.
+
+    exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=-20 dir
+         Geotag images in directory "dir", accounting for image timestamps
+         which were 20 seconds ahead of GPS.
+
+    exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=1.jpg -geosync=2.jpg dir
+         Geotag images using time synchronization from two previously
+         geotagged images (1.jpg and 2.jpg), synchronizing the image and GPS
+         times using a linear time drift correction.
+
+    exiftool -geotag a.log "-geotime<${createdate}+01:00" dir
+         Geotag images in "dir" using CreateDate with the specified
+         timezone. If CreateDate already contained a timezone, then the
+         timezone specified on the command line is ignored.
+
+    exiftool -geotag= a.jpg
+         Delete GPS tags which may have been added by the geotag feature.
+         Note that this does not remove all GPS tags -- to do this instead
+         use "-gps:all=".
+
+    exiftool -xmp:geotag= a.jpg
+         Delete XMP GPS tags which were added by the geotag feature.
+
+    exiftool -xmp:geotag=track.log a.jpg
+         Geotag an image with XMP tags, using the time from
+         DateTimeOriginal.
+
+    exiftool -geotag a.log -geotag b.log -r dir
+         Combine multiple track logs and geotag an entire directory tree of
+         images.
+
+    exiftool -geotag "tracks/*.log" -r dir
+         Read all track logs from the "tracks" directory.
+
+    exiftool -p gpx.fmt dir > out.gpx
+         Generate a GPX track log from all images in directory "dir". This
+         example uses the "gpx.fmt" file included in the full ExifTool
+         distribution package and assumes that the images in "dir" have all
+         been previously geotagged.
+
+PIPING EXAMPLES
+    type a.jpg | exiftool -
+         Extract information from stdin.
+
+    exiftool image.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -
+         Extract information from an embedded thumbnail image.
+
+    type a.jpg | exiftool -iptc:keywords+=fantastic - > b.jpg
+         Add an IPTC keyword in a pipeline, saving output to a new file.
+
+    curl -s http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg | exiftool -fast -
+         Extract information from an image over the internet using the cURL
+         utility. The -fast option prevents exiftool from scanning for
+         trailer information, so only the meta information header is
+         transferred.
+
+    exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -comment=wow - | exiftool
+    a.jpg "-thumbnailimage<=-"
+         Add a comment to an embedded thumbnail image. (Why anyone would
+         want to do this I don't know, but I've included this as an example
+         to illustrate the flexibility of ExifTool.)
+
+INTERRUPTING EXIFTOOL
+    Interrupting exiftool with a CTRL-C or SIGINT will not result in
+    partially written files or temporary files remaining on the hard disk.
+    The exiftool application traps SIGINT and defers it until the end of
+    critical processes if necessary, then does a proper cleanup before
+    exiting.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+    The exiftool application exits with a status of 0 on success, or 1 if an
+    error occurred, or 2 if all files failed the -if condition (for any of
+    the commands if -execute was used).
+
+AUTHOR
+    Copyright 2003-2024, Phil Harvey
+
+    This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+SEE ALSO
+    Image::ExifTool(3pm), Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm),
+    Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm), Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl
+