equilibria-mcp-server 1.0.0

package/dist/templates/externalities.js

@@ -0,0 +1,997 @@
+/**
+ * Externalities and Public Goods Templates
+ *
+ * Templates for market failures including negative and positive externalities,
+ * Pigouvian taxes/subsidies, Coase theorem, and public goods.
+ *
+ * Phase 3.6: Externalities & Public Goods
+ */
+// ============================================================================
+// PHASE 3.6: EXTERNALITIES & PUBLIC GOODS
+// ============================================================================
+/**
+ * Negative Externality
+ *
+ * Market with external costs (pollution). MSC > MPC.
+ * Shows market failure: overproduction relative to social optimum.
+ */
+const negativeExternality = {
+    id: 'negative_externality',
+    name: 'Negative Externality',
+    description: 'Market with external costs (e.g., pollution). Marginal Social Cost exceeds Marginal Private Cost. Market overproduces relative to socially optimal quantity.',
+    category: 'market_structures',
+    level: 'undergraduate',
+    tags: ['externality', 'negative externality', 'pollution', 'market failure', 'MSC', 'MPC'],
+    parameters: {
+        demandIntercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 100,
+            description: 'Demand intercept',
+        },
+        demandSlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'Demand slope',
+        },
+        mpcIntercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 10,
+            description: 'Marginal private cost intercept',
+        },
+        mpcSlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'Marginal private cost slope',
+        },
+        externalCostPerUnit: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 20,
+            description: 'External cost per unit (constant)',
+        },
+    },
+    generate: (params) => {
+        const a = params.demandIntercept ?? 100;
+        const b = params.demandSlope ?? 1;
+        const c0 = params.mpcIntercept ?? 10;
+        const c1 = params.mpcSlope ?? 1;
+        const EC = params.externalCostPerUnit ?? 20;
+        return {
+            metadata: {
+                specVersion: '1.3',
+                title: 'Negative Externality',
+                description: 'MSC = MPC + MEC',
+            },
+            parameters: {
+                a: { value: a, label: 'Demand Intercept', min: 50, max: 150 },
+                b: { value: b, label: 'Demand Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                c0: { value: c0, label: 'MPC Intercept', min: 0, max: 30 },
+                c1: { value: c1, label: 'MPC Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                EC: { value: EC, label: 'External Cost', min: 5, max: 50 },
+                // Market equilibrium (MPC = D)
+                Q_market: {
+                    expression: '(a - c0) / (b + c1)',
+                    label: 'Q_market',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                P_market: {
+                    expression: 'a - b * Q_market',
+                    label: 'P_market',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Social optimum (MSC = D)
+                Q_social: {
+                    expression: '(a - c0 - EC) / (b + c1)',
+                    label: 'Q_social',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                P_social: {
+                    expression: 'a - b * Q_social',
+                    label: 'P_social',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Overproduction
+                overproduction: {
+                    expression: 'Q_market - Q_social',
+                    label: 'Overproduction',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Deadweight loss
+                DWL: {
+                    expression: '0.5 * EC * overproduction',
+                    label: 'DWL',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Chart bounds
+                chartMaxQ: { expression: 'Q_market * 1.3', hidden: true },
+                chartMaxP: { expression: 'a * 1.1', hidden: true },
+            },
+            charts: [
+                {
+                    id: 'main',
+                    title: 'Negative Externality: Overproduction',
+                    xAxis: { label: 'Quantity (Q)', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxQ' },
+                    yAxis: { label: 'Price, Cost', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxP' },
+                    elements: [
+                        // DWL triangle
+                        {
+                            id: 'dwl',
+                            type: 'polygon',
+                            points: [
+                                { x: 'Q_social', y: 'P_social' },
+                                { x: 'Q_market', y: 'P_market' },
+                                { x: 'Q_market', y: 'c0 + c1 * Q_market + EC' },
+                            ],
+                            fill: '#EF4444',
+                            opacity: 0.3,
+                            label: 'DWL',
+                        },
+                        // Demand (MPB = MSB for negative externality in production)
+                        {
+                            id: 'demand',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'a - b * x',
+                            color: '#2563EB',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'Demand (MPB = MSB)',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'a / b' },
+                        },
+                        // MPC (supply)
+                        {
+                            id: 'mpc',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'c0 + c1 * x',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MPC (Supply)',
+                        },
+                        // MSC = MPC + MEC
+                        {
+                            id: 'msc',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'c0 + EC + c1 * x',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MSC = MPC + MEC',
+                        },
+                        // External cost arrow
+                        {
+                            id: 'ec-arrow',
+                            type: 'arrow',
+                            x1: 'Q_market * 0.7',
+                            y1: 'c0 + c1 * Q_market * 0.7',
+                            x2: 'Q_market * 0.7',
+                            y2: 'c0 + EC + c1 * Q_market * 0.7',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                        },
+                        // Market equilibrium
+                        {
+                            id: 'market-eq',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_market',
+                            y: 'P_market',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            size: 10,
+                            label: 'Market Eq.',
+                            droplines: { x: true, y: true },
+                        },
+                        // Social optimum
+                        {
+                            id: 'social-opt',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_social',
+                            y: 'P_social',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            size: 10,
+                            label: 'Social Opt.',
+                            droplines: { x: true, y: true },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    annotations: [
+                        {
+                            id: 'ec-label',
+                            text: 'MEC = $${EC}',
+                            x: 'Q_market * 0.75',
+                            y: 'c0 + EC / 2 + c1 * Q_market * 0.7',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'dwl-label',
+                            text: 'DWL = $${DWL:.0f}',
+                            x: '(Q_social + Q_market) / 2',
+                            y: '(P_market + c0 + c1 * Q_market + EC) / 2',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'overprod-label',
+                            text: 'Overproduction = ${overproduction:.1f}',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.6',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.15',
+                            color: '#6B7280',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+/**
+ * Positive Externality
+ *
+ * Market with external benefits (education, vaccines). MSB > MPB.
+ * Shows market failure: underproduction relative to social optimum.
+ */
+const positiveExternality = {
+    id: 'positive_externality',
+    name: 'Positive Externality',
+    description: 'Market with external benefits (e.g., education, vaccines). Marginal Social Benefit exceeds Marginal Private Benefit. Market underproduces.',
+    category: 'market_structures',
+    level: 'undergraduate',
+    tags: ['externality', 'positive externality', 'education', 'market failure', 'MSB', 'MPB'],
+    parameters: {
+        mpbIntercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 100,
+            description: 'Marginal private benefit intercept',
+        },
+        mpbSlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'MPB slope',
+        },
+        supplyIntercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 10,
+            description: 'Supply intercept',
+        },
+        supplySlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'Supply slope',
+        },
+        externalBenefitPerUnit: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 20,
+            description: 'External benefit per unit',
+        },
+    },
+    generate: (params) => {
+        const a = params.mpbIntercept ?? 100;
+        const b = params.mpbSlope ?? 1;
+        const c0 = params.supplyIntercept ?? 10;
+        const c1 = params.supplySlope ?? 1;
+        const EB = params.externalBenefitPerUnit ?? 20;
+        return {
+            metadata: {
+                specVersion: '1.3',
+                title: 'Positive Externality',
+                description: 'MSB = MPB + MEB',
+            },
+            parameters: {
+                a: { value: a, label: 'MPB Intercept', min: 50, max: 150 },
+                b: { value: b, label: 'MPB Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                c0: { value: c0, label: 'Supply Intercept', min: 0, max: 30 },
+                c1: { value: c1, label: 'Supply Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                EB: { value: EB, label: 'External Benefit', min: 5, max: 50 },
+                // Market equilibrium (MPB = Supply)
+                Q_market: {
+                    expression: '(a - c0) / (b + c1)',
+                    label: 'Q_market',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                P_market: {
+                    expression: 'c0 + c1 * Q_market',
+                    label: 'P_market',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Social optimum (MSB = Supply)
+                Q_social: {
+                    expression: '(a + EB - c0) / (b + c1)',
+                    label: 'Q_social',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                P_social: {
+                    expression: 'c0 + c1 * Q_social',
+                    label: 'P_social',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Underproduction
+                underproduction: {
+                    expression: 'Q_social - Q_market',
+                    label: 'Underproduction',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Deadweight loss
+                DWL: {
+                    expression: '0.5 * EB * underproduction',
+                    label: 'DWL',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Chart bounds
+                chartMaxQ: { expression: 'Q_social * 1.3', hidden: true },
+                chartMaxP: { expression: '(a + EB) * 1.1', hidden: true },
+            },
+            charts: [
+                {
+                    id: 'main',
+                    title: 'Positive Externality: Underproduction',
+                    xAxis: { label: 'Quantity (Q)', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxQ' },
+                    yAxis: { label: 'Price, Benefit', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxP' },
+                    elements: [
+                        // DWL triangle
+                        {
+                            id: 'dwl',
+                            type: 'polygon',
+                            points: [
+                                { x: 'Q_market', y: 'a - b * Q_market' },
+                                { x: 'Q_market', y: 'a + EB - b * Q_market' },
+                                { x: 'Q_social', y: 'P_social' },
+                            ],
+                            fill: '#EF4444',
+                            opacity: 0.3,
+                            label: 'DWL',
+                        },
+                        // MPB (private demand)
+                        {
+                            id: 'mpb',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'a - b * x',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MPB (Private Demand)',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'a / b' },
+                        },
+                        // MSB = MPB + MEB
+                        {
+                            id: 'msb',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'a + EB - b * x',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MSB = MPB + MEB',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: '(a + EB) / b' },
+                        },
+                        // Supply (MPC = MSC)
+                        {
+                            id: 'supply',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'c0 + c1 * x',
+                            color: '#2563EB',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'Supply (MPC = MSC)',
+                        },
+                        // External benefit arrow
+                        {
+                            id: 'eb-arrow',
+                            type: 'arrow',
+                            x1: 'Q_market * 0.6',
+                            y1: 'a - b * Q_market * 0.6',
+                            x2: 'Q_market * 0.6',
+                            y2: 'a + EB - b * Q_market * 0.6',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                        },
+                        // Market equilibrium
+                        {
+                            id: 'market-eq',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_market',
+                            y: 'P_market',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            size: 10,
+                            label: 'Market Eq.',
+                            droplines: { x: true, y: true },
+                        },
+                        // Social optimum
+                        {
+                            id: 'social-opt',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_social',
+                            y: 'P_social',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            size: 10,
+                            label: 'Social Opt.',
+                            droplines: { x: true, y: true },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    annotations: [
+                        {
+                            id: 'eb-label',
+                            text: 'MEB = $${EB}',
+                            x: 'Q_market * 0.65',
+                            y: 'a + EB / 2 - b * Q_market * 0.6',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'dwl-label',
+                            text: 'DWL = $${DWL:.0f}',
+                            x: '(Q_market + Q_social) / 2',
+                            y: 'a + EB * 0.5 - b * (Q_market + Q_social) / 2',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'underprod-label',
+                            text: 'Underproduction = ${underproduction:.1f}',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.6',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.9',
+                            color: '#6B7280',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+/**
+ * Pigouvian Tax
+ *
+ * Corrective tax on negative externality that internalizes external cost.
+ */
+const pigouvianTax = {
+    id: 'pigouvian_tax',
+    name: 'Pigouvian Tax',
+    description: 'Corrective tax equal to marginal external cost. Shifts private supply to align with social cost, achieving efficient outcome.',
+    category: 'market_structures',
+    level: 'undergraduate',
+    tags: ['Pigouvian tax', 'corrective tax', 'externality', 'policy', 'efficiency'],
+    parameters: {
+        demandIntercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 100,
+            description: 'Demand intercept',
+        },
+        demandSlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'Demand slope',
+        },
+        mpcIntercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 10,
+            description: 'MPC intercept',
+        },
+        mpcSlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'MPC slope',
+        },
+        externalCost: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 20,
+            description: 'Marginal external cost (= optimal tax)',
+        },
+    },
+    generate: (params) => {
+        const a = params.demandIntercept ?? 100;
+        const b = params.demandSlope ?? 1;
+        const c0 = params.mpcIntercept ?? 10;
+        const c1 = params.mpcSlope ?? 1;
+        const t = params.externalCost ?? 20;
+        return {
+            metadata: {
+                specVersion: '1.3',
+                title: 'Pigouvian Tax',
+                description: 't* = MEC',
+            },
+            parameters: {
+                a: { value: a, label: 'Demand Intercept', min: 50, max: 150 },
+                b: { value: b, label: 'Demand Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                c0: { value: c0, label: 'MPC Intercept', min: 0, max: 30 },
+                c1: { value: c1, label: 'MPC Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                t: { value: t, label: 'Tax = MEC', min: 5, max: 50 },
+                // Before tax (market equilibrium)
+                Q_before: { expression: '(a - c0) / (b + c1)', label: 'Q (before)', readonly: true },
+                P_before: { expression: 'a - b * Q_before', label: 'P (before)', readonly: true },
+                // After tax (efficient equilibrium)
+                Q_after: {
+                    expression: '(a - c0 - t) / (b + c1)',
+                    label: 'Q (after)',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                P_consumer: {
+                    expression: 'a - b * Q_after',
+                    label: 'P (consumer)',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                P_producer: {
+                    expression: 'P_consumer - t',
+                    label: 'P (producer)',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Tax revenue
+                taxRevenue: {
+                    expression: 't * Q_after',
+                    label: 'Tax Revenue',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Reduction in externality
+                reduction: {
+                    expression: 'Q_before - Q_after',
+                    label: 'Q Reduction',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Chart bounds
+                chartMaxQ: { expression: 'Q_before * 1.3', hidden: true },
+                chartMaxP: { expression: 'a * 1.1', hidden: true },
+            },
+            charts: [
+                {
+                    id: 'main',
+                    title: 'Pigouvian Tax: t* = MEC',
+                    xAxis: { label: 'Quantity (Q)', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxQ' },
+                    yAxis: { label: 'Price, Cost', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxP' },
+                    elements: [
+                        // Tax revenue rectangle
+                        {
+                            id: 'tax-revenue',
+                            type: 'rectangle',
+                            x1: 0,
+                            y1: 'P_producer',
+                            x2: 'Q_after',
+                            y2: 'P_consumer',
+                            fill: '#7C3AED',
+                            opacity: 0.3,
+                            label: 'Tax Revenue',
+                        },
+                        // Demand
+                        {
+                            id: 'demand',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'a - b * x',
+                            color: '#2563EB',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'Demand',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'a / b' },
+                        },
+                        // MPC (original supply)
+                        {
+                            id: 'mpc',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'c0 + c1 * x',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            strokeWidth: 2,
+                            lineStyle: 'dashed',
+                            label: 'MPC',
+                        },
+                        // MPC + tax (new supply)
+                        {
+                            id: 'mpc-tax',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'c0 + t + c1 * x',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MPC + Tax = MSC',
+                        },
+                        // Before tax equilibrium
+                        {
+                            id: 'before-eq',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_before',
+                            y: 'P_before',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            size: 8,
+                            label: 'Before Tax',
+                        },
+                        // After tax equilibrium
+                        {
+                            id: 'after-eq',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_after',
+                            y: 'P_consumer',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            size: 10,
+                            label: 'Efficient (After Tax)',
+                            droplines: { x: true, y: true },
+                        },
+                        // Tax wedge
+                        {
+                            id: 'tax-wedge',
+                            type: 'arrow',
+                            x1: 'Q_after',
+                            y1: 'P_producer',
+                            x2: 'Q_after',
+                            y2: 'P_consumer',
+                            color: '#7C3AED',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    annotations: [
+                        {
+                            id: 'tax-label',
+                            text: 'Tax = $${t}',
+                            x: 'Q_after + chartMaxQ * 0.05',
+                            y: '(P_consumer + P_producer) / 2',
+                            color: '#7C3AED',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'revenue-label',
+                            text: 'Revenue = $${taxRevenue:.0f}',
+                            x: 'Q_after / 2',
+                            y: '(P_consumer + P_producer) / 2',
+                            color: '#7C3AED',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'efficiency',
+                            text: 'Tax internalizes externality → Efficient',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.5',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.15',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+/**
+ * Coase Theorem
+ *
+ * Shows how private bargaining can achieve efficiency
+ * regardless of initial property rights allocation.
+ */
+const coaseTheorem = {
+    id: 'coase_theorem',
+    name: 'Coase Theorem',
+    description: 'When transaction costs are zero and property rights are well-defined, private bargaining achieves efficient outcome regardless of initial rights allocation.',
+    category: 'market_structures',
+    level: 'undergraduate',
+    tags: ['Coase theorem', 'property rights', 'bargaining', 'externality', 'efficiency'],
+    parameters: {
+        pollutionLevels: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 10,
+            description: 'Maximum pollution units',
+        },
+        marginalBenefitPolluter: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 100,
+            description: 'Polluter MB intercept',
+        },
+        marginalDamageVictim: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 10,
+            description: 'Victim MD per unit',
+        },
+    },
+    generate: (params) => {
+        const maxQ = params.pollutionLevels ?? 10;
+        const MB_intercept = params.marginalBenefitPolluter ?? 100;
+        const MD = params.marginalDamageVictim ?? 10;
+        return {
+            metadata: {
+                specVersion: '1.3',
+                title: 'Coase Theorem',
+                description: 'Private bargaining solution',
+            },
+            parameters: {
+                maxQ: { value: maxQ, label: 'Max Pollution', min: 5, max: 20 },
+                MB_int: { value: MB_intercept, label: 'MB Intercept', min: 50, max: 150 },
+                MD: { value: MD, label: 'MD per unit', min: 5, max: 30 },
+                // MB slope (linear decline)
+                MB_slope: { expression: 'MB_int / maxQ', hidden: true },
+                // Efficient pollution level: MB = MD
+                Q_efficient: {
+                    expression: '(MB_int - MD) / MB_slope',
+                    label: 'Q* (efficient)',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Total benefit at efficient level
+                totalBenefitPolluter: {
+                    expression: '0.5 * (MB_int + MD) * Q_efficient',
+                    label: 'Polluter Benefit',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Total damage at efficient level
+                totalDamageVictim: {
+                    expression: 'MD * Q_efficient',
+                    label: 'Victim Damage',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Net social gain
+                netGain: {
+                    expression: 'totalBenefitPolluter - totalDamageVictim',
+                    label: 'Net Social Gain',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Chart bounds
+                chartMaxQ: { expression: 'maxQ * 1.2', hidden: true },
+                chartMaxP: { expression: 'MB_int * 1.1', hidden: true },
+            },
+            charts: [
+                {
+                    id: 'main',
+                    title: 'Coase Theorem: Bargaining to Efficiency',
+                    xAxis: { label: 'Pollution Level (Q)', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxQ' },
+                    yAxis: { label: 'MB, MD ($)', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxP' },
+                    elements: [
+                        // Net gain from pollution (up to efficient level)
+                        {
+                            id: 'net-benefit',
+                            type: 'area',
+                            topBoundary: 'mb-curve',
+                            bottomBoundary: 'MD',
+                            leftBoundary: '0',
+                            rightBoundary: 'Q_efficient',
+                            color: '#22C55E',
+                            opacity: 0.3,
+                            label: 'Net Social Benefit',
+                        },
+                        // Marginal Benefit to polluter (declining)
+                        {
+                            id: 'mb-curve',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'MB_int - MB_slope * x',
+                            color: '#2563EB',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MB (Polluter)',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'maxQ' },
+                        },
+                        // Marginal Damage to victim (constant)
+                        {
+                            id: 'md-line',
+                            type: 'horizontalLine',
+                            y: 'MD',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MD (Victim)',
+                        },
+                        // Efficient point
+                        {
+                            id: 'efficient',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_efficient',
+                            y: 'MD',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            size: 12,
+                            label: 'MB = MD',
+                            droplines: { x: true, y: true },
+                        },
+                        // Scenario markers
+                        {
+                            id: 'victim-rights',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 0,
+                            y: 0,
+                            color: '#7C3AED',
+                            label: 'Victim has rights',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'polluter-rights',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'maxQ',
+                            y: 0,
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            label: 'Polluter has rights',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    annotations: [
+                        {
+                            id: 'efficient-label',
+                            text: 'Q* = ${Q_efficient:.1f}',
+                            x: 'Q_efficient + chartMaxQ * 0.05',
+                            y: 'MD + chartMaxP * 0.1',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'scenario1',
+                            text: 'If victim has rights: Polluter pays to pollute',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.5',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.9',
+                            color: '#7C3AED',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'scenario2',
+                            text: 'If polluter has rights: Victim pays to reduce',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.5',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.82',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'result',
+                            text: 'Same efficient Q* either way!',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.5',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.74',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+/**
+ * Public Goods
+ *
+ * Non-rivalrous and non-excludable goods. Shows vertical summation of
+ * demand curves and the free-rider problem.
+ */
+const publicGoods = {
+    id: 'public_goods',
+    name: 'Public Goods',
+    description: 'Non-rivalrous, non-excludable goods. Social demand is vertical sum of individual demands. Free-rider problem leads to underprovision.',
+    category: 'market_structures',
+    level: 'undergraduate',
+    tags: ['public goods', 'non-rivalry', 'non-excludability', 'free rider', 'vertical summation'],
+    parameters: {
+        person1Intercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 50,
+            description: 'Person 1 WTP intercept',
+        },
+        person2Intercept: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 40,
+            description: 'Person 2 WTP intercept',
+        },
+        demandSlope: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 1,
+            description: 'Common demand slope',
+        },
+        marginalCost: {
+            type: 'number',
+            default: 30,
+            description: 'Marginal cost of provision',
+        },
+    },
+    generate: (params) => {
+        const a1 = params.person1Intercept ?? 50;
+        const a2 = params.person2Intercept ?? 40;
+        const b = params.demandSlope ?? 1;
+        const MC = params.marginalCost ?? 30;
+        return {
+            metadata: {
+                specVersion: '1.3',
+                title: 'Public Goods',
+                description: 'Vertical summation of demand',
+            },
+            parameters: {
+                a1: { value: a1, label: 'Person 1 WTP', min: 20, max: 80 },
+                a2: { value: a2, label: 'Person 2 WTP', min: 20, max: 80 },
+                b: { value: b, label: 'Demand Slope', min: 0.5, max: 2, step: 0.1 },
+                MC: { value: MC, label: 'Marginal Cost', min: 10, max: 60 },
+                // Social demand (vertical sum): P = (a1 + a2) - 2bQ
+                socialIntercept: { expression: 'a1 + a2', hidden: true },
+                socialSlope: { expression: '2 * b', hidden: true },
+                // Optimal provision: Social MB = MC
+                Q_optimal: {
+                    expression: '(a1 + a2 - MC) / (2 * b)',
+                    label: 'Q* (optimal)',
+                    readonly: true,
+                },
+                // Individual WTP at optimal Q
+                WTP1_opt: { expression: 'a1 - b * Q_optimal', label: 'WTP₁ at Q*', readonly: true },
+                WTP2_opt: { expression: 'a2 - b * Q_optimal', label: 'WTP₂ at Q*', readonly: true },
+                // Market provision (if private good)
+                Q_private: { expression: '(a1 - MC) / b', hidden: true },
+                // Chart bounds
+                chartMaxQ: { expression: 'max(a1, a2) / b * 1.2', hidden: true },
+                chartMaxP: { expression: 'socialIntercept * 1.1', hidden: true },
+            },
+            charts: [
+                {
+                    id: 'main',
+                    title: 'Public Good: Vertical Summation',
+                    xAxis: { label: 'Quantity of Public Good', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxQ' },
+                    yAxis: { label: 'WTP, Cost', min: 0, max: 'chartMaxP' },
+                    elements: [
+                        // Person 1 demand
+                        {
+                            id: 'd1',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'a1 - b * x',
+                            color: '#3B82F6',
+                            strokeWidth: 2,
+                            label: 'D₁ (Person 1)',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'a1 / b' },
+                        },
+                        // Person 2 demand
+                        {
+                            id: 'd2',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'a2 - b * x',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            strokeWidth: 2,
+                            label: 'D₂ (Person 2)',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'a2 / b' },
+                        },
+                        // Social demand (vertical sum)
+                        {
+                            id: 'social-demand',
+                            type: 'line',
+                            equation: 'socialIntercept - socialSlope * x',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'D_Social (D₁ + D₂)',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'socialIntercept / socialSlope' },
+                        },
+                        // MC
+                        {
+                            id: 'mc',
+                            type: 'horizontalLine',
+                            y: 'MC',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                            strokeWidth: 3,
+                            label: 'MC',
+                        },
+                        // Optimal point
+                        {
+                            id: 'optimal',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal',
+                            y: 'MC',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                            size: 12,
+                            label: 'Optimal',
+                            droplines: { x: true },
+                        },
+                        // Individual WTP contributions
+                        {
+                            id: 'wtp1-point',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal',
+                            y: 'WTP1_opt',
+                            color: '#3B82F6',
+                            size: 6,
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'wtp2-point',
+                            type: 'point',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal',
+                            y: 'WTP2_opt',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                            size: 6,
+                        },
+                        // Vertical stacking at Q*
+                        {
+                            id: 'stack-line',
+                            type: 'verticalLine',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal',
+                            color: '#6B7280',
+                            lineStyle: 'dashed',
+                            domain: { min: 0, max: 'MC' },
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    annotations: [
+                        {
+                            id: 'sum-label',
+                            text: 'WTP₁ + WTP₂ = MC',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal + chartMaxQ * 0.1',
+                            y: 'MC',
+                            color: '#16A34A',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'wtp1-label',
+                            text: 'WTP₁ = $${WTP1_opt:.1f}',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal + chartMaxQ * 0.1',
+                            y: 'WTP1_opt',
+                            color: '#3B82F6',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'wtp2-label',
+                            text: 'WTP₂ = $${WTP2_opt:.1f}',
+                            x: 'Q_optimal + chartMaxQ * 0.1',
+                            y: 'WTP2_opt',
+                            color: '#F59E0B',
+                        },
+                        {
+                            id: 'free-rider',
+                            text: 'Free-rider problem: Each hopes other pays',
+                            x: 'chartMaxQ * 0.5',
+                            y: 'chartMaxP * 0.15',
+                            color: '#DC2626',
+                        },
+                    ],
+                },
+            ],
+        };
+    },
+};
+// ============================================================================
+// EXPORTS
+// ============================================================================
+export const externalitiesTemplates = [
+    negativeExternality,
+    positiveExternality,
+    pigouvianTax,
+    coaseTheorem,
+    publicGoods,
+];
+//# sourceMappingURL=externalities.js.map