effect 4.0.0-beta.102 → 4.0.0-beta.103

package/dist/Schema.js

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ const TypeId = InternalSchema.TypeId;
  *
  * **Example** (Schema for a parametric `Box<A>` type)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Effect, Option, Schema, SchemaIssue as Issue, SchemaParser } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Effect, Schema, SchemaIssue as Issue, SchemaParser } from "effect"
  *
  * interface Box<A> {
  *   readonly value: A
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ const TypeId = InternalSchema.TypeId;
  *     ([itemCodec]) =>
  *       (u, ast, options) => {
  *         if (!isBox(u)) {
- *           return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option.some(u)))
+ *           return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast))
  *         }
  *         return Effect.map(
  *           SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(itemCodec)(u.value, options),
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ const TypeId = InternalSchema.TypeId;
  *   )
  *
  * const schema = Box(Schema.Number)
+ * Effect.runSync(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(schema)({ value: 1 })) // => { value: 1 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ export function declareConstructor() {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a schema for a custom `UserId` branded type)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * type UserId = string & { readonly _tag: "UserId" }
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ export function declareConstructor() {
  *   title: "UserId",
  *   description: "A user identifier starting with 'user_'"
  * })
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(UserId)("user_123") // => "user_123"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link declareConstructor} for creating schemas for parametric types.
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ export function declareConstructor() {
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function declare(is, annotations) {
-  return declareConstructor()([], () => (input, ast) => is(input) ? Effect.succeed(input) : Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input))), annotations);
+  return declareConstructor()([], () => (input, ast) => is(input) ? Effect.succeed(input) : Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast)), annotations);
 }
 /**
  * Returns a schema widened to the fully-parameterized {@link Bottom} interface,
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ export function declare(is, annotations) {
  *
  * **Example** (Inspecting all type parameters of a schema)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.String
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ export function revealBottom(bottom) {
  *
  * **Example** (Adding a title and description)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const Age = Schema.Natural.pipe(
@@ -203,6 +205,7 @@ export function revealBottom(bottom) {
  *     description: "A non-negative integer representing age in years"
  *   })
  * )
+ * Schema.resolveAnnotations(Age)?.title // => "Age"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link annotateEncoded} to annotate the encoded side instead.
@@ -225,7 +228,7 @@ export function annotate(annotations) {
  *
  * **Example** (Adding a title to the encoded representation)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.NumberFromString.pipe(
@@ -234,8 +237,7 @@ export function annotate(annotations) {
  *   })
  * )
  *
- * console.log(Schema.toEncoded(schema).ast.annotations?.title)
- * // "my title"
+ * Schema.toEncoded(schema).ast.annotations?.title // => "my title"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link annotate} to annotate the type side instead.
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@ export function annotateEncoded(annotations) {
  *
  * **Example** (Customizing the missing-key message for a required field)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Struct({
@@ -271,6 +273,7 @@ export function annotateEncoded(annotations) {
  *     })
  *   )
  * })
+ * schema.fields.username.ast.context?.annotations?.messageMissingKey // => "Username is required"
  * ```
  *
  * @category annotations
@@ -293,7 +296,7 @@ export function annotateKey(annotations) {
  *
  * **Example** (Recovering encoded type from a schema variable)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema: Schema.Schema<number> = Schema.NumberFromString
@@ -313,18 +316,14 @@ export {
 /**
  * Returns `true` if `u` is a {@link SchemaError}.
  *
- * **Example** (Narrowing Schema errors in a catch block)
+ * **Example** (Narrowing Schema errors)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Result, Schema } from "effect"
  *
- * try {
- *   Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Number)("oops")
- * } catch (err) {
- *   if (Schema.isSchemaError(err)) {
- *     console.log(err._tag) // "SchemaError"
- *   }
- * }
+ * const result = Result.try(() => Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Number)("oops"))
+ * const error: unknown = Result.isFailure(result) ? result.failure : undefined
+ * Schema.isSchemaError(error) // => true
  * ```
  *
  * @category guards
@@ -338,25 +337,22 @@ isSchemaError,
  * **Details**
  *
  * The `issue` field contains a structured {@link SchemaIssue.Issue} tree describing
- * every validation failure, including the path to the problematic value,
- * expected types, and actual values received. `message` renders the issue tree
- * as a human-readable string.
+ * every validation failure, including the path to the problematic value and
+ * the expected type or constraint. Built-in issues have no `actual` field,
+ * and built-in messages do not include the rejected value. Other Issue fields
+ * and custom annotations or messages are not sanitized. `message` renders the
+ * issue tree as a human-readable string.
  *
  * Use {@link isSchemaError} to narrow an unknown value to `SchemaError`.
  *
- * **Example** (Catching a SchemaError)
+ * **Example** (Inspecting a SchemaError)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Result, Schema } from "effect"
  *
- * try {
- *   Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Number)("not a number")
- * } catch (err) {
- *   if (Schema.isSchemaError(err)) {
- *     console.log(err.message)
- *     // Expected number, actual "not a number"
- *   }
- * }
+ * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownResult(Schema.Number)("not a number")
+ * const message = Result.isFailure(result) ? result.failure.message : ""
+ * message // => "Expected number"
  * ```
  *
  * @category errors
@@ -383,7 +379,7 @@ function makeStandardResult(exit) {
  *
  * **Example** (Creating a standard schema from a regular schema)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * // Define custom hook functions for error formatting
@@ -421,16 +417,21 @@ function makeStandardResult(exit) {
  *   name: "Alice",
  *   age: 30
  * })
- * console.log(validResult) // { value: { name: "Alice", age: 30 } }
- *
  * const invalidResult = standardSchema["~standard"].validate({
  *   name: "",
  *   age: 200
  * })
- * console.log(invalidResult) // { issues: [{ path: ["name"], message: "..." }, { path: ["age"], message: "..." }] }
+ *
+ * if (validResult instanceof Promise || invalidResult instanceof Promise) {
+ *   throw new Error("Expected synchronous validation")
+ * }
+ * if ("value" in validResult) {
+ *   validResult.value // => { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
+ * }
+ * invalidResult.issues?.map((issue) => issue.path) // => [["name"], ["age"]]
  * ```
  *
- * @category Standard Schema
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toStandardSchemaV1(self, options) {
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ export function toStandardSchemaV1(self, options) {
   };
   const formatter = SchemaIssue.makeFormatterStandardSchemaV1(options);
   const validate = value => {
-    const scheduler = new Scheduler.MixedScheduler();
+    const scheduler = new Scheduler.MixedScheduler("sync");
     const fiber = Effect.runFork(Effect.match(decodeUnknownEffect(value, parseOptions), {
       onFailure: formatter,
       onSuccess: value => ({
@@ -503,7 +504,7 @@ function toBaseStandardJSONSchemaV1(self, target) {
  *
  * https://github.com/standard-schema/standard-schema/pull/134
  *
- * @category Standard Schema
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toStandardJSONSchemaV1(self) {
@@ -550,19 +551,19 @@ export function toStandardJSONSchemaV1(self) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a basic type guard)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const isString = Schema.is(Schema.String)
  *
- * console.log(isString("hello")) // true
- * console.log(isString(42)) // false
+ * isString("hello") // => true
+ * isString(42) // => false
  *
  * // Type narrowing in action
  * const value: unknown = "hello"
  * if (isString(value)) {
  *   // value is now typed as string
- *   console.log(value.toUpperCase()) // "HELLO"
+ *   value.toUpperCase() // => "HELLO"
  * }
  * ```
  *
@@ -592,21 +593,23 @@ export const is = SchemaParser.is;
  *
  * **Example** (Asserting and narrowing an input)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Schema, SchemaIssue } from "effect"
  *
  * const input: unknown = "hello"
  *
  * // This will pass silently (no return value) and narrow input to string
  * Schema.asserts(Schema.String, input)
- * console.log(input.toUpperCase())
+ * input.toUpperCase() // => "HELLO"
  *
  * // This will throw an error
  * try {
  *   const invalid: unknown = 123
  *   Schema.asserts(Schema.String, invalid)
  * } catch (error) {
- *   console.log("Non-string assertion failed as expected")
+ *   if (error instanceof Error) {
+ *     SchemaIssue.isIssue(error.cause) // => true
+ *   }
  * }
  * ```
  *
@@ -732,7 +735,7 @@ export function decodeUnknownExit(schema, options) {
   };
 }
 function fromIssueExit(exit) {
-  return Exit_.isSuccess(exit) ? Exit_.succeed(exit.value) : Exit_.failCause(Cause_.map(exit.cause, issue => new SchemaError(issue)));
+  return Exit_.isSuccess(exit) ? exit : Exit_.failCause(Cause_.map(exit.cause, issue => new SchemaError(issue)));
 }
 /**
  * Decodes a typed input (the schema's `Encoded` type) against a schema
@@ -967,19 +970,12 @@ export const decodePromise = decodeUnknownPromise;
  *
  * **Example** (Decoding with a transformation schema)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const NumberFromString = Schema.NumberFromString
  *
- * console.log(Schema.decodeUnknownSync(NumberFromString)("42"))
- * // Output: 42
- *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(NumberFromString)("not a number")
- * // throws SchemaError: NumberFromString
- * //   └─ Encoded side transformation failure
- * //      └─ NumberFromString
- * //         └─ Expected a numeric string, actual "not a number"
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(NumberFromString)("42") // => 42
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link SchemaParser.decodeUnknownSync} for the adapter that throws an `Error` whose cause is `SchemaIssue.Issue`
@@ -1038,13 +1034,12 @@ export const decodeSync = decodeUnknownSync;
  *
  * **Example** (Encoding a value to a string)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const NumberFromString = Schema.NumberFromString
  *
- * Effect.runPromise(Schema.encodeUnknownEffect(NumberFromString)(42)).then(console.log)
- * // Output: "42"
+ * await Effect.runPromise(Schema.encodeUnknownEffect(NumberFromString)(42)) // => "42"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link SchemaParser.encodeUnknownEffect} for the adapter that fails with `SchemaIssue.Issue` directly
@@ -1413,7 +1408,7 @@ export function isSchema(u) {
  *
  * **Example** (Creating a struct with optional key)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Struct({
@@ -1457,7 +1452,7 @@ export const requiredKey = /*#__PURE__*/Struct_.lambda(self => self.schema);
  *
  * **Example** (Defining an optional field accepting undefined)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Struct({
@@ -1549,11 +1544,12 @@ export function flip(schema) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a string literal)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Literal("hello")
  * // Type: Schema.Literal<"hello">
+ * Schema.decodeSync(schema)("hello") // => "hello"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link Literals} for a schema that represents a union of literals.
@@ -1594,11 +1590,11 @@ function templateLiteralFromParts(parts) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a URL path pattern)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.TemplateLiteral(["/user/", Schema.Number])
- * // matches strings like "/user/123", "/user/42", etc.
+ * Schema.is(schema)("/user/123") // => true
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link TemplateLiteralParser} for a schema that also parses matched parts into a tuple.
@@ -1626,11 +1622,11 @@ export function TemplateLiteral(parts) {
  *
  * **Example** (Parsing path parameters)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.TemplateLiteralParser(["/user/", Schema.NumberFromString])
- * // decodes "/user/42" => readonly ["/user/", 42]
+ * Schema.decodeSync(schema)("/user/42") // => ["/user/", 42]
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link TemplateLiteral} for a validation-only version that keeps the string encoded.
@@ -1647,7 +1643,7 @@ export function TemplateLiteralParser(parts) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a direction enum)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * enum Direction {
@@ -1656,7 +1652,7 @@ export function TemplateLiteralParser(parts) {
  * }
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Enum(Direction)
- * // accepts "Up" or "Down"
+ * Schema.decodeSync(schema)(Direction.Up) // => "Up"
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -1742,7 +1738,7 @@ export const Number = /*#__PURE__*/make(SchemaAST.number);
  *
  * @see {@link BooleanFromBit} for a schema that decodes bit literals `0` or `1` into a boolean
  *
- * @category boolean
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const Boolean = /*#__PURE__*/make(SchemaAST.boolean);
@@ -1801,11 +1797,12 @@ export const ObjectKeyword = /*#__PURE__*/make(SchemaAST.objectKeyword);
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a specific symbol)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const mySymbol = Symbol.for("mySymbol")
  * const schema = Schema.UniqueSymbol(mySymbol)
+ * Schema.decodeSync(schema)(mySymbol) === mySymbol // => true
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link Symbol} for a schema that accepts any symbol.
@@ -1837,7 +1834,7 @@ function makeStruct(ast, fields) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a basic struct)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const Person = Schema.Struct({
@@ -1849,9 +1846,7 @@ function makeStruct(ast, fields) {
  * // { readonly name: string; readonly age: number; readonly email?: string }
  * type Person = typeof Person.Type
  *
- * const alice = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })
- * console.log(alice)
- * // { name: 'Alice', age: 30 }
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({ name: "Alice", age: 30 }) // => { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -1874,7 +1869,7 @@ export function Struct(fields) {
  *
  * **Example** (Adding fields to a union of structs)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema, Tuple } from "effect"
  *
  * // Add a new field to all members of a union of structs
@@ -1882,6 +1877,7 @@ export function Struct(fields) {
  *   Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.String }),
  *   Schema.Struct({ b: Schema.Number })
  * ]).mapMembers(Tuple.map(Schema.fieldsAssign({ c: Schema.Number })))
+ * Schema.decodeSync(schema)({ a: "a", c: 1 }) // => { a: "a", c: 1 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category combinators
@@ -1904,16 +1900,14 @@ const canonicalPropertyKey = key => typeof key === "symbol" ? key : globalThis.S
  *
  * **Example** (Renaming `name` to `full_name` in the encoded form)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const Person = Schema.Struct({ name: Schema.String, age: Schema.Number })
  * const Encoded = Person.pipe(Schema.encodeKeys({ name: "full_name" }))
  *
  * // Decodes { full_name: "Alice", age: 30 } → { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
- * const alice = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Encoded)({ full_name: "Alice", age: 30 })
- * console.log(alice)
- * // { name: 'Alice', age: 30 }
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Encoded)({ full_name: "Alice", age: 30 }) // => { name: "Alice", age: 30 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category transforming
@@ -1958,7 +1952,7 @@ export function encodeKeys(mapping) {
  *
  * **Example** (Adding a computed `fullName` field)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Option, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const Person = Schema.Struct({ first: Schema.String, last: Schema.String })
@@ -1970,8 +1964,7 @@ export function encodeKeys(mapping) {
  * )
  *
  * const alice = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Extended)({ first: "Alice", last: "Smith" })
- * console.log(alice.fullName)
- * // Alice Smith
+ * alice.fullName // => "Alice Smith"
  * ```
  *
  * @category transforming
@@ -2026,9 +2019,16 @@ derive) {
  * For transformed key schemas, property selection is based on encoded property
  * names before the selected key is decoded.
  *
+ * **Gotchas**
+ *
+ * When decoded or encoded key transformations produce the same property key,
+ * sequential parsing applies selected own properties in selection order, so
+ * the later selected property overwrites the earlier value. With concurrency
+ * greater than `1`, completion order determines which value is retained.
+ *
  * **Example** (Defining a string-keyed record of numbers)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Record(Schema.String, Schema.Number)
@@ -2036,17 +2036,14 @@ derive) {
  * // { readonly [x: string]: number }
  * type R = typeof schema.Type
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ a: 1, b: 2 })
- * console.log(result)
- * // { a: 1, b: 2 }
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)({ a: 1, b: 2 }) // => { a: 1, b: 2 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
-export function Record(key, value, options) {
-  const keyValueCombiner = options?.keyValueCombiner?.decode || options?.keyValueCombiner?.encode ? new SchemaAST.KeyValueCombiner(options.keyValueCombiner.decode, options.keyValueCombiner.encode) : undefined;
-  return make(SchemaAST.record(key.ast, value.ast, keyValueCombiner), {
+export function Record(key, value) {
+  return make(SchemaAST.record(key.ast, value.ast), {
     key,
     value
   });
@@ -2064,7 +2061,7 @@ export function Record(key, value, options) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining structs with string-indexed extra keys)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.StructWithRest(
@@ -2099,14 +2096,12 @@ function makeTuple(ast, elements) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a pair of string and number)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Tuple([Schema.String, Schema.Number])
  *
- * const pair = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(["hello", 42])
- * console.log(pair)
- * // [ 'hello', 42 ]
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(["hello", 42]) // => ["hello", 42]
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2128,7 +2123,7 @@ export function Tuple(elements) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining tuples with rest elements)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * // [string, number, ...boolean[]]
@@ -2137,9 +2132,7 @@ export function Tuple(elements) {
  *   [Schema.Boolean]
  * )
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(["hello", 1, true, false])
- * console.log(result)
- * // [ 'hello', 1, true, false ]
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(["hello", 1, true, false]) // => ["hello", 1, true, false]
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2164,14 +2157,12 @@ export {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining an array of strings)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Array(Schema.String)
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(["a", "b", "c"])
- * console.log(result)
- * // [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(["a", "b", "c"]) // => ["a", "b", "c"]
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2184,13 +2175,12 @@ ArraySchema as Array };
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a non-empty array of numbers)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.NonEmptyArray(Schema.Number)
  *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)([1, 2, 3])  // ok
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)([])          // throws
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)([1, 2, 3]) // => [1, 2, 3]
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2250,13 +2240,16 @@ export function UniqueArray(item) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining mutable arrays)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.mutable(Schema.Array(Schema.Number))
  *
  * // number[]   (mutable)
  * type T = typeof schema.Type
+ * const value: T = [1, 2]
+ * value.push(3)
+ * value // => [1, 2, 3]
  * ```
  *
  * @category transforming
@@ -2288,13 +2281,13 @@ function makeUnion(ast, members) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a string or number union)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Union([Schema.String, Schema.Number])
  *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)("hello") // "hello"
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(42)       // 42
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)("hello") // => "hello"
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(42) // => 42
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2308,11 +2301,11 @@ export function Union(members, options) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining status codes)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Literals(["active", "inactive", "pending"])
- * // accepts "active", "inactive", or "pending"
+ * Schema.decodeSync(schema)("active") // => "active"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link Literal} for a schema that represents a single literal.
@@ -2363,7 +2356,7 @@ export const NullishOr = /*#__PURE__*/Struct_.lambda(self => Union([self, Null,
  *
  * **Example** (Defining recursive tree schemas)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * interface Tree {
@@ -2375,6 +2368,7 @@ export const NullishOr = /*#__PURE__*/Struct_.lambda(self => Union([self, Null,
  *   value: Schema.Number,
  *   children: Schema.Array(Schema.suspend((): Schema.Codec<Tree> => Tree))
  * })
+ * Schema.decodeSync(Tree)({ value: 1, children: [] }) // => { value: 1, children: [] }
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2389,12 +2383,14 @@ export function suspend(f) {
  *
  * **Example** (Adding checks to a schema)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const AgeSchema = Schema.Finite.pipe(
  *   Schema.check(Schema.isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0), Schema.isLessThanOrEqualTo(120))
  * )
+ * Schema.is(AgeSchema)(42) // => true
+ * Schema.is(AgeSchema)(121) // => false
  * ```
  *
  * @category filtering
@@ -2471,14 +2467,17 @@ export function fromBrand(identifier, ctor) {
  *
  * **Example** (Logging decode failures)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
+ * const events: Array<string> = []
  * const Logged = Schema.String.pipe(
  *   Schema.middlewareDecoding((effect) =>
- *     Effect.tapError(effect, (issue) => Effect.log("decode failed", issue))
+ *     Effect.tapError(effect, () => Effect.sync(() => events.push("decode failed")))
  *   )
  * )
+ * Effect.runSync(Effect.result(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(Logged)(42)))
+ * events // => ["decode failed"]
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link catchDecoding} for a simpler error-recovery variant
@@ -2501,14 +2500,17 @@ export function middlewareDecoding(decode) {
  *
  * **Example** (Logging encode failures)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
+ * const events: Array<string> = []
  * const Logged = Schema.String.pipe(
  *   Schema.middlewareEncoding((effect) =>
- *     Effect.tapError(effect, (issue) => Effect.log("encode failed", issue))
+ *     Effect.tapError(effect, () => Effect.sync(() => events.push("encode failed")))
  *   )
  * )
+ * Effect.runSync(Effect.result(Schema.encodeUnknownEffect(Logged)(42)))
+ * events // => ["encode failed"]
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link catchEncoding} for a simpler error-recovery variant
@@ -2530,12 +2532,13 @@ export function middlewareEncoding(encode) {
  *
  * **Example** (Returning a default on decode failure)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Option, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Number.pipe(
  *   Schema.catchDecoding((_issue) => Effect.succeed(Option.some(0)))
  * )
+ * Effect.runSync(Schema.decodeUnknownEffect(schema)("invalid")) // => 0
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link catchDecodingWithContext} to add service requirements to the handler
@@ -2640,7 +2643,7 @@ export function decodeTo(to, transformation) {
  *
  * **Example** (Trimming string values during encoding/decoding)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
  *
  * const Trimmed = Schema.String.pipe(
@@ -2650,8 +2653,7 @@ export function decodeTo(to, transformation) {
  *   })
  * )
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Trimmed)("  hello  ")
- * // result: "hello"
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Trimmed)("  hello  ") // => "hello"
  * ```
  *
  * @category transforming
@@ -2678,7 +2680,7 @@ export function encodeTo(to, transformation) {
  *
  * **Example** (Upper-casing encoded strings)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema, SchemaGetter } from "effect"
  *
  * const UpperFromLower = Schema.String.pipe(
@@ -2687,6 +2689,7 @@ export function encodeTo(to, transformation) {
  *     encode: SchemaGetter.transform((s: string) => s.toUpperCase())
  *   })
  * )
+ * Schema.encodeSync(UpperFromLower)("hello") // => "HELLO"
  * ```
  *
  * @category transforming
@@ -2707,7 +2710,7 @@ export function encode(transformation) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining an optional field with a static default)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const MySchema = Schema.Struct({
@@ -2717,8 +2720,7 @@ export function encode(transformation) {
  *   )
  * })
  *
- * const value = MySchema.make({})
- * // value: { name: "anonymous" }
+ * MySchema.make({}).name // => "anonymous"
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -2753,15 +2755,14 @@ function toIssueEffect(self) {
  *
  * **Example** (Providing a default for a missing struct key)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const MySchema = Schema.Struct({
  *   name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.withDecodingDefaultKey(Effect.succeed("anonymous")))
  * })
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MySchema)({})
- * // result: { name: "anonymous" }
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MySchema)({}).name // => "anonymous"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link withDecodingDefault} for the value-level variant (key absent **or** `undefined`)
@@ -2828,15 +2829,14 @@ export function withDecodingDefaultTypeKey(defaultValue, options) {
  *
  * **Example** (Providing a default for an optional field value)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const MySchema = Schema.Struct({
  *   name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.optional, Schema.withDecodingDefault(Effect.succeed("anonymous")))
  * })
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MySchema)({ name: undefined })
- * // result: { name: "anonymous" }
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(MySchema)({ name: undefined }).name // => "anonymous"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link withDecodingDefaultKey} for the key-level variant (key absent only, not `undefined`)
@@ -2892,14 +2892,14 @@ export function withDecodingDefaultType(defaultValue, options) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a discriminated union tag)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const A = Schema.Struct({ _tag: Schema.tag("A"), value: Schema.Number })
  *
  * // _tag is optional in make, auto-filled to "A"
  * const a = A.make({ value: 42 })
- * // a: { _tag: "A", value: 42 }
+ * a // => { _tag: "A", value: 42 }
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link tagDefaultOmit} to also omit the tag during encoding
@@ -2925,7 +2925,7 @@ export function tag(literal) {
  *
  * **Example** (Omitting tags during encoding)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const A = Schema.Struct({
@@ -2934,8 +2934,7 @@ export function tag(literal) {
  * })
  *
  * // Encode strips the _tag field
- * const encoded = Schema.encodeUnknownSync(A)({ _tag: "A", value: 1 })
- * // encoded: { value: 1 }
+ * Schema.encodeUnknownSync(A)({ _tag: "A", value: 1 }) // => { value: 1 }
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link tag} for the variant that keeps the tag during encoding
@@ -2962,7 +2961,7 @@ export function tagDefaultOmit(literal) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a tagged struct shorthand)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * // Defines a struct with a fixed `_tag` field
@@ -2975,19 +2974,20 @@ export function tagDefaultOmit(literal) {
  *   _tag: Schema.tag("A"),
  *   a: Schema.String
  * })
+ * void tagged
+ * void equivalent
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Accessing the literal value of the tag)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const tagged = Schema.TaggedStruct("A", {
  *   a: Schema.String
  * })
  *
- * // literal: "A"
- * const literal = tagged.fields._tag.schema.literal
+ * tagged.fields._tag.schema.literal // => "A"
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -3009,7 +3009,7 @@ export function TaggedStruct(value, fields) {
  *
  * **Example** (Adding tagged-union utilities to an existing union)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const A = Schema.TaggedStruct("A", { value: Schema.Number })
@@ -3022,6 +3022,7 @@ export function TaggedStruct(value, fields) {
  *   A: (a) => `number: ${a.value}`,
  *   B: (b) => `name: ${b.name}`
  * })
+ * result // => "number: 1"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link TaggedUnion} for a shorthand that builds the union from scratch
@@ -3089,7 +3090,7 @@ export function toTaggedUnion(tag) {
  *
  * **Example** (Pattern matching a discriminated union)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const Shape = Schema.TaggedUnion({
@@ -3102,6 +3103,7 @@ export function toTaggedUnion(tag) {
  *   Circle: (c) => Math.PI * c.radius ** 2,
  *   Rectangle: (r) => r.width * r.height
  * })
+ * Math.round(area * 100) / 100 // => 78.54
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link toTaggedUnion} to augment an existing union instead
@@ -3136,7 +3138,7 @@ export function TaggedUnion(casesByTag) {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining opaque structs)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * class Person extends Schema.Opaque<Person>()(
@@ -3147,7 +3149,7 @@ export function TaggedUnion(casesByTag) {
  *
  * // Decoded value is Person, not { name: string }
  * const person = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Person)({ name: "Alice" })
- * // person: Person
+ * person.name // => "Alice"
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -3164,13 +3166,13 @@ export function Opaque() {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a schema for a built-in class)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const DateSchema = Schema.instanceOf(Date)
  *
  * const decoded = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(DateSchema)(new Date("2024-01-01"))
- * // decoded: Date
+ * decoded.toISOString() // => "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -3210,8 +3212,8 @@ export function link() {
  *
  * **Example** (Reporting failure at a nested path)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Result, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Struct({ password: Schema.String, confirmPassword: Schema.String }).check(
  *   Schema.makeFilter((o) =>
@@ -3221,15 +3223,16 @@ export function link() {
  *   )
  * )
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)({ password: "123456", confirmPassword: "1234567" })))
- * // Failure(Cause([Fail(SchemaError: password and confirmPassword must match
- * //   at ["password"])]))
+ * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownResult(schema)({ password: "123456", confirmPassword: "1234567" })
+ * if (Result.isFailure(result) && result.failure.issue._tag === "Filter" && result.failure.issue.issue._tag === "Pointer") {
+ *   result.failure.issue.issue.path // => ["password"]
+ * }
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Reporting multiple failures at once)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Result, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.Finite, b: Schema.Finite, c: Schema.Finite }).check(
  *   Schema.makeFilter((o) => {
@@ -3242,11 +3245,10 @@ export function link() {
  *   })
  * )
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)({ a: 1, b: 0, c: 0 })))
- * // Failure(Cause([Fail(SchemaError: b must be greater than 0
- * //   at ["b"]
- * // c must be greater than 0
- * //   at ["c"])]))
+ * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownResult(schema)({ a: 1, b: 0, c: 0 })
+ * if (Result.isFailure(result) && result.failure.issue._tag === "Filter" && result.failure.issue.issue._tag === "Composite") {
+ *   result.failure.issue.issue.issues.map((issue) => issue._tag === "Pointer" ? issue.path : []) // => [["b"], ["c"]]
+ * }
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -3284,7 +3286,7 @@ const TRIMMED_PATTERN = "^\\S[\\s\\S]*\\S$|^\\S$|^$";
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `patterns`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the trimmed pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isTrimmed(annotations) {
@@ -3318,7 +3320,7 @@ export function isTrimmed(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isTrimmed} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isTrimmedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isTrimmed", Null, ({
@@ -3338,7 +3340,7 @@ export const isTrimmedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("e
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `patterns`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the specified RegExp pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isPattern(regExp, annotations) {
@@ -3368,7 +3370,7 @@ const IsPatternPayload = /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
  *
  * @see {@link isPattern} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isPatternReviver = {
@@ -3394,7 +3396,7 @@ export const isPatternReviver = {
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `patterns`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the number string pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isStringFinite(annotations) {
@@ -3414,7 +3416,7 @@ export function isStringFinite(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isStringFinite} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isStringFiniteReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isStringFinite", Null, ({
@@ -3434,7 +3436,7 @@ export const isStringFiniteReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviv
  * This check corresponds to a `pattern` constraint with the same signed
  * base-10 integer pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isStringBigInt(annotations) {
@@ -3454,7 +3456,7 @@ export function isStringBigInt(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isStringBigInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isStringBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isStringBigInt", Null, ({
@@ -3469,7 +3471,7 @@ export const isStringBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviv
  * The check uses the pattern `^Symbol\((.*)\)$`. It is not a general test for
  * whether a string can be passed to JavaScript's `Symbol()` function.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isStringSymbol(annotations) {
@@ -3489,7 +3491,7 @@ export function isStringSymbol(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isStringSymbol} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isStringSymbolReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isStringSymbol", Null, ({
@@ -3533,7 +3535,7 @@ const getUUIDRegExp = version => {
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the UUID pattern.
  *
  * @see {@link isGUID} for shape-only GUID validation.
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isUUID(version, annotations) {
@@ -3565,7 +3567,7 @@ export function isUUID(version, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isUUID} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isUUIDReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isUUID", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -3596,7 +3598,7 @@ const GUID_REGEXP = /^([0-9a-fA-F]{8}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-[0-9a-fA-F]{
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the GUID pattern.
  *
  * @see {@link isUUID} for strict UUID validation.
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isGUID(annotations) {
@@ -3624,7 +3626,7 @@ export function isGUID(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isGUID} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGUIDReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGUID", Null, ({
@@ -3646,7 +3648,7 @@ export const isGUIDReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effe
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `patterns`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the ULID pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isULID(annotations) {
@@ -3674,7 +3676,7 @@ export function isULID(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isULID} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isULIDReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isULID", Null, ({
@@ -3695,7 +3697,7 @@ export const isULIDReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effe
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `patterns`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the Base64 pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isBase64(annotations) {
@@ -3724,7 +3726,7 @@ export function isBase64(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isBase64} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBase64Reviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isBase64", Null, ({
@@ -3746,7 +3748,7 @@ export const isBase64Reviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("ef
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `patterns`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings match the Base64URL pattern.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isBase64Url(annotations) {
@@ -3775,7 +3777,7 @@ export function isBase64Url(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isBase64Url} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBase64UrlReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isBase64Url", Null, ({
@@ -3789,7 +3791,7 @@ export const isBase64UrlReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver(
  * RegExp metacharacters in the prefix are escaped in JSON Schema and arbitrary
  * metadata so that the generated patterns retain literal `startsWith` semantics.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isStartsWith(startsWith, annotations) {
@@ -3826,7 +3828,7 @@ export function isStartsWith(startsWith, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isStartsWith} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isStartsWithReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isStartsWith", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -3843,7 +3845,7 @@ export const isStartsWithReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver
  * RegExp metacharacters in the suffix are escaped in JSON Schema and arbitrary
  * metadata so that the generated patterns retain literal `endsWith` semantics.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isEndsWith(endsWith, annotations) {
@@ -3880,7 +3882,7 @@ export function isEndsWith(endsWith, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isEndsWith} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isEndsWithReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isEndsWith", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -3898,7 +3900,7 @@ export const isEndsWithReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("
  * arbitrary metadata so that the generated patterns retain literal `includes`
  * semantics.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isIncludes(includes, annotations) {
@@ -3935,7 +3937,7 @@ export function isIncludes(includes, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isIncludes} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isIncludesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isIncludes", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -3954,7 +3956,7 @@ const UPPERCASED_PATTERN = "^[^a-z]*$";
  * such as digits, punctuation, and whitespace. It rejects strings that would
  * change when uppercased.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isUppercased(annotations) {
@@ -3988,7 +3990,7 @@ export function isUppercased(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isUppercased} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isUppercasedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isUppercased", Null, ({
@@ -4004,7 +4006,7 @@ const LOWERCASED_PATTERN = "^[^A-Z]*$";
  * such as digits, punctuation, and whitespace. It rejects strings that would
  * change when lowercased.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isLowercased(annotations) {
@@ -4038,7 +4040,7 @@ export function isLowercased(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isLowercased} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLowercasedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLowercased", Null, ({
@@ -4054,7 +4056,7 @@ const CAPITALIZED_PATTERN = "^[^a-z]?.*$";
  * Empty strings pass. Strings whose first character has no lowercase form, such
  * as a digit, punctuation mark, or whitespace, also pass.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isCapitalized(annotations) {
@@ -4088,7 +4090,7 @@ export function isCapitalized(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isCapitalized} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isCapitalizedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isCapitalized", Null, ({
@@ -4104,7 +4106,7 @@ const UNCAPITALIZED_PATTERN = "^[^A-Z]?.*$";
  * Empty strings pass. Strings whose first character has no uppercase form, such
  * as a digit, punctuation mark, or whitespace, also pass.
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isUncapitalized(annotations) {
@@ -4138,7 +4140,7 @@ export function isUncapitalized(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isUncapitalized} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category String checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isUncapitalizedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isUncapitalized", Null, ({
@@ -4147,7 +4149,7 @@ export const isUncapitalizedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevi
 /**
  * Schema for finite numbers, rejecting `NaN`, `Infinity`, and `-Infinity`.
  *
- * @category Number
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Finite = /*#__PURE__*/make(SchemaAST.finite);
@@ -4166,7 +4168,7 @@ export const Finite = /*#__PURE__*/make(SchemaAST.finite);
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies `noNaN: true` and
  * `noInfinity: true` constraints to ensure generated numbers are finite.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isFinite = SchemaAST.isFinite;
@@ -4179,7 +4181,7 @@ export const isFinite = SchemaAST.isFinite;
  *
  * @see {@link isFinite} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isFiniteReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isFinite", Null, ({
@@ -4189,7 +4191,7 @@ export const isFiniteReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("ef
  * Creates a greater-than (`>`) check for any ordered type from an
  * `Order.Order` instance.
  *
- * @category Order checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function makeIsGreaterThan(options) {
@@ -4216,7 +4218,7 @@ export function makeIsGreaterThan(options) {
  * Creates a greater-than-or-equal-to (`>=`) check for any ordered type from an
  * `Order.Order` instance.
  *
- * @category Order checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo(options) {
@@ -4242,7 +4244,7 @@ export function makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo(options) {
  * Creates a less-than (`<`) check for any ordered type from an `Order.Order`
  * instance.
  *
- * @category Order checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function makeIsLessThan(options) {
@@ -4269,7 +4271,7 @@ export function makeIsLessThan(options) {
  * Creates a less-than-or-equal-to (`<=`) check for any ordered type from an
  * `Order.Order` instance.
  *
- * @category Order checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo(options) {
@@ -4295,7 +4297,7 @@ export function makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo(options) {
  * Creates an inclusive or exclusive range check for any ordered type from an
  * `Order.Order` instance.
  *
- * @category Order checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function makeIsBetween(deriveOptions) {
@@ -4333,7 +4335,7 @@ export function makeIsBetween(deriveOptions) {
  * Creates a divisibility check for any numeric type from a remainder function
  * and a zero value.
  *
- * @category Numeric checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function makeIsMultipleOf(options) {
@@ -4367,7 +4369,7 @@ function encodeNumberPayload(number) {
  * `exclusiveMinimum` constraint to ensure generated numbers are greater than
  * the specified value.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThan = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
@@ -4396,7 +4398,7 @@ export const isGreaterThan = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
  *
  * @see {@link isGreaterThan} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGreaterThan", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -4420,7 +4422,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevive
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `minimum` constraint
  * to ensure generated numbers are greater than or equal to the specified value.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualTo = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -4449,7 +4451,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualTo = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo({
  *
  * @see {@link isGreaterThanOrEqualTo} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGreaterThanOrEqualTo", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -4473,7 +4475,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFil
  * `exclusiveMaximum` constraint to ensure generated numbers are less than the
  * specified value.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThan = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
@@ -4502,7 +4504,7 @@ export const isLessThan = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
  *
  * @see {@link isLessThan} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLessThan", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -4526,7 +4528,7 @@ export const isLessThanReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `maximum` constraint
  * to ensure generated numbers are less than or equal to the specified value.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualTo = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -4555,7 +4557,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualTo = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
  *
  * @see {@link isLessThanOrEqualTo} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualToReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLessThanOrEqualTo", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -4582,7 +4584,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualToReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilter
  * `exclusiveMaximum` flags to ensure generated numbers fall within the
  * specified range.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetween = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
@@ -4624,7 +4626,7 @@ export const isBetween = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
  *
  * @see {@link isBetween} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isBetween", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -4650,7 +4652,7 @@ export const isBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("e
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies constraints to ensure
  * generated numbers are multiples of the specified divisor.
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMultipleOf = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsMultipleOf({
@@ -4681,7 +4683,7 @@ export const isMultipleOf = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsMultipleOf({
  *
  * @see {@link isMultipleOf} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Number checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMultipleOfReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMultipleOf", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -4705,7 +4707,7 @@ export const isMultipleOfReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies an `integer: true`
  * constraint to ensure generated numbers are integers.
  *
- * @category Integer checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isInt(annotations) {
@@ -4738,7 +4740,7 @@ export function isInt(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Integer checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isInt", Null, ({
@@ -4747,7 +4749,7 @@ export const isIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effec
 /**
  * Schema for integers, rejecting `NaN`, `Infinity`, and `-Infinity`.
  *
- * @category Number
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Int = /*#__PURE__*/Number.check(/*#__PURE__*/isInt());
@@ -4760,7 +4762,7 @@ export const Int = /*#__PURE__*/Number.check(/*#__PURE__*/isInt());
  *
  * @see {@link Int} for safe integers that may be negative
  *
- * @category Number
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const Natural = /*#__PURE__*/Int.check(/*#__PURE__*/isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0));
@@ -4780,7 +4782,7 @@ export const Natural = /*#__PURE__*/Int.check(/*#__PURE__*/isGreaterThanOrEqualT
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies integer and range
  * constraints to ensure generated numbers are 32-bit signed integers.
  *
- * @category Integer checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isInt32(annotations) {
@@ -4808,7 +4810,7 @@ export function isInt32(annotations) {
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies integer and range
  * constraints to ensure generated numbers are 32-bit unsigned integers.
  *
- * @category Integer checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isUint32(annotations) {
@@ -4840,7 +4842,7 @@ function formatDateRuntime(date) {
  * one millisecond after the specified value to ensure generated Date objects are
  * greater than it.
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
@@ -4878,7 +4880,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
  * to ensure generated Date objects are greater than or equal to the specified
  * date.
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -4910,7 +4912,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualT
  * one millisecond before the specified value to ensure generated Date objects
  * are less than it.
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
@@ -4948,7 +4950,7 @@ export const isLessThanDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
  * to ensure generated Date objects are less than or equal to the specified
  * date.
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualToDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -4986,7 +4988,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualToDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
  * constraints to ensure generated Date objects fall within the specified range,
  * shifting exclusive bounds by one millisecond.
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetweenDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
@@ -5027,7 +5029,7 @@ export const isBetweenDate = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
  * `exclusiveMinimum + 1n` to ensure generated BigInts are greater than the
  * specified value.
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
@@ -5060,7 +5062,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
  * to ensure generated BigInt values are greater than or equal to the specified
  * value.
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -5092,7 +5094,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqua
  * `exclusiveMaximum - 1n` to ensure generated BigInts are less than the
  * specified value.
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
@@ -5125,7 +5127,7 @@ export const isLessThanBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
  * to ensure generated BigInt values are less than or equal to the specified
  * value.
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualToBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -5158,7 +5160,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualToBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
  * constraints to ensure generated BigInt values fall within the specified
  * range.
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetweenBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
@@ -5191,7 +5193,7 @@ export const isBetweenBigInt = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
 /**
  * Validates that a BigDecimal is greater than the specified value (exclusive).
  *
- * @category BigDecimal checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
@@ -5202,7 +5204,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThan({
  * Validates that a BigDecimal is greater than or equal to the specified value
  * (inclusive).
  *
- * @category BigDecimal checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -5212,7 +5214,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsGreaterThanOr
 /**
  * Validates that a BigDecimal is less than the specified value (exclusive).
  *
- * @category BigDecimal checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
@@ -5223,7 +5225,7 @@ export const isLessThanBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThan({
  * Validates that a BigDecimal is less than or equal to the specified value
  * (inclusive).
  *
- * @category BigDecimal checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualToBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualTo({
@@ -5238,7 +5240,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualToBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsLessThanOrEqualT
  * The minimum and maximum boundaries are inclusive by default. Pass
  * `exclusiveMinimum` or `exclusiveMaximum` to exclude either boundary.
  *
- * @category BigDecimal checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetweenBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
@@ -5264,14 +5266,16 @@ export const isBetweenBigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/makeIsBetween({
  *
  * **Example** (Checking minimum length)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const NonEmptyStringSchema = Schema.String.check(Schema.isMinLength(1))
  * const NonEmptyArraySchema = Schema.Array(Schema.Number).check(Schema.isMinLength(1))
+ * Schema.is(NonEmptyStringSchema)("a") // => true
+ * Schema.is(NonEmptyArraySchema)([1]) // => true
  * ```
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isMinLength(minLength, annotations) {
@@ -5312,7 +5316,7 @@ export function isMinLength(minLength, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isMinLength} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMinLengthReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMinLength", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5337,7 +5341,7 @@ export const isMinLengthReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver(
  * When generating test data with fast-check, this applies a `minLength: 1`
  * constraint to ensure generated strings or arrays are non-empty.
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isNonEmpty(annotations) {
@@ -5360,7 +5364,7 @@ export function isNonEmpty(annotations) {
  * constraint to ensure generated strings or arrays have at most the required
  * length.
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isMaxLength(maxLength, annotations) {
@@ -5401,7 +5405,7 @@ export function isMaxLength(maxLength, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isMaxLength} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMaxLengthReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMaxLength", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5427,7 +5431,7 @@ export const isMaxLengthReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver(
  * `maxLength` constraints to ensure generated strings or arrays have a length
  * within the specified range.
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isLengthBetween(minimum, maximum, annotations) {
@@ -5479,7 +5483,7 @@ export function isLengthBetween(minimum, maximum, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isLengthBetween} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Length checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLengthBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLengthBetween", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5506,7 +5510,7 @@ export const isLengthBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevi
  * `minLength` constraint. Generators for values with a final `.size`, such as
  * sets and maps, interpret it as final cardinality.
  *
- * @category Size checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isMinSize(minSize, annotations) {
@@ -5541,7 +5545,7 @@ export function isMinSize(minSize, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isMinSize} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Size checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMinSizeReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMinSize", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5567,7 +5571,7 @@ export const isMinSizeReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("e
  * `maxLength` constraint. Generators for values with a final `.size`, such as
  * sets and maps, interpret it as final cardinality.
  *
- * @category Size checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isMaxSize(maxSize, annotations) {
@@ -5602,7 +5606,7 @@ export function isMaxSize(maxSize, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isMaxSize} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Size checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMaxSizeReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMaxSize", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5628,7 +5632,7 @@ export const isMaxSizeReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("e
  * `minLength` and `maxLength` constraints. Generators for values with a final
  * `.size`, such as sets and maps, interpret them as final cardinality.
  *
- * @category Size checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isSizeBetween(minimum, maximum, annotations) {
@@ -5666,7 +5670,7 @@ export function isSizeBetween(minimum, maximum, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isSizeBetween} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Size checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isSizeBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isSizeBetween", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5693,7 +5697,7 @@ export const isSizeBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevive
  * `minLength` constraint. Object generators interpret it as the final number
  * of own properties.
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isMinProperties(minProperties, annotations) {
@@ -5730,7 +5734,7 @@ export function isMinProperties(minProperties, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isMinProperties} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMinPropertiesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMinProperties", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5755,7 +5759,7 @@ export const isMinPropertiesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevi
  * `maxLength` constraint. Object generators interpret it as the final number
  * of own properties.
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isMaxProperties(maxProperties, annotations) {
@@ -5792,7 +5796,7 @@ export function isMaxProperties(maxProperties, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isMaxProperties} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isMaxPropertiesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isMaxProperties", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5818,7 +5822,7 @@ export const isMaxPropertiesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevi
  * `minLength` and `maxLength` constraints. Object generators interpret them as
  * the final number of own properties.
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isPropertiesLengthBetween(minimum, maximum, annotations) {
@@ -5859,7 +5863,7 @@ export function isPropertiesLengthBetween(minimum, maximum, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isPropertiesLengthBetween} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isPropertiesLengthBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isPropertiesLengthBetween", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -5882,7 +5886,7 @@ export const isPropertiesLengthBetweenReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.make
  * For string property names, this corresponds to the `propertyNames` constraint
  * in JSON Schema.
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isPropertyNames(keySchema, annotations) {
@@ -5899,7 +5903,7 @@ export function isPropertyNames(keySchema, annotations) {
       }
     }
     if (Arr.isArrayNonEmpty(issues)) {
-      return new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), issues);
+      return new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, issues);
     }
     return true;
   }, {
@@ -5932,7 +5936,7 @@ export function isPropertyNames(keySchema, annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isPropertyNames} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Object checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isPropertyNamesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isPropertyNames", Null, ({
@@ -5952,7 +5956,7 @@ export const isPropertyNamesReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevi
  * `unique: true` constraint. Array generators translate it to `fast-check`
  * `uniqueArray` using Effect equality.
  *
- * @category Array checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function isUnique(annotations) {
@@ -5985,7 +5989,7 @@ export function isUnique(annotations) {
  *
  * @see {@link isUnique} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Array checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isUniqueReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isUnique", Null, ({
@@ -5995,7 +5999,7 @@ export const isUniqueReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("ef
  * Schema for non-empty strings. Validates that a string has at least one
  * character.
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const NonEmptyString = /*#__PURE__*/String.check(/*#__PURE__*/isNonEmpty());
@@ -6015,14 +6019,14 @@ export const NonEmptyString = /*#__PURE__*/String.check(/*#__PURE__*/isNonEmpty(
  * @see {@link NonEmptyString} for strings with length greater than zero
  * @see {@link isLengthBetween} for the underlying length check
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Char = /*#__PURE__*/String.check(/*#__PURE__*/isLengthBetween(1, 1));
 /**
  * Schema for `Option<A>` values.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function Option(value) {
@@ -6033,10 +6037,10 @@ export function Option(value) {
       }
       return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(value)(input.value, options), {
         onSuccess: Option_.some,
-        onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["value"], issue)])
+        onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["value"], issue)])
       });
     }
-    return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+    return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
   }, {
     representation: {
       id: "effect/schema/Option",
@@ -6088,7 +6092,7 @@ export function Option(value) {
  *
  * @see {@link Option} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const OptionReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Option", Null, ({
@@ -6106,7 +6110,7 @@ export const OptionReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver(
  * Decoding maps `null` to `None` and all other values to `Some`. Encoding maps
  * `None` to `null` and maps `Some` to its value.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function OptionFromNullOr(schema) {
@@ -6121,7 +6125,7 @@ export function OptionFromNullOr(schema) {
  * Decoding maps `undefined` to `None` and all other values to `Some`. Encoding
  * maps `None` to `undefined` and maps `Some` to its value.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function OptionFromUndefinedOr(schema) {
@@ -6137,7 +6141,7 @@ export function OptionFromUndefinedOr(schema) {
  * `options.onNoneEncoding`, which defaults to `undefined`, and maps `Some` to
  * its value.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function OptionFromNullishOr(schema, options) {
@@ -6151,7 +6155,7 @@ export function OptionFromNullishOr(schema, options) {
  * Decoding maps a missing key to `None` and a present value to `Some`.
  * Encoding maps `None` to a missing key and maps `Some` to its value.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function OptionFromOptionalKey(schema) {
@@ -6167,7 +6171,7 @@ export function OptionFromOptionalKey(schema) {
  * maps all other values to `Some`. Encoding maps `None` to a missing key and
  * maps `Some` to its value.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function OptionFromOptional(schema) {
@@ -6184,7 +6188,7 @@ export function OptionFromOptional(schema) {
  * according to `options.onNoneEncoding`: `"omit"` encodes a missing key,
  * `null` encodes `null`, and `undefined` encodes `undefined`.
  *
- * @category Option
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function OptionFromOptionalNullOr(schema, options) {
@@ -6204,18 +6208,18 @@ export function OptionFromOptionalNullOr(schema, options) {
 export function Result(success, failure) {
   const schema = declareConstructor()([success, failure], ([success, failure]) => (input, ast, options) => {
     if (!Result_.isResult(input)) {
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     }
     switch (input._tag) {
       case "Success":
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeEffect(success)(input.success, options), {
           onSuccess: Result_.succeed,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["success"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["success"], issue)])
         });
       case "Failure":
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeEffect(failure)(input.failure, options), {
           onSuccess: Result_.fail,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["failure"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["failure"], issue)])
         });
     }
   }, {
@@ -6300,13 +6304,7 @@ const RedactedOptionsPayload = /*#__PURE__*/declare(input => {
 });
 const RedactedRepresentationPayload = /*#__PURE__*/Union([Null, RedactedOptionsPayload]);
 /**
- * Schema for values that hide sensitive information from error output and
- * inspection.
- *
- * **Details**
- *
- * If the wrapped schema fails, the issue will be redacted to prevent both
- * the actual value and the schema details from being exposed.
+ * Schema for `Redacted` values, which hide their contents from inspection.
  *
  * Options:
  *
@@ -6320,7 +6318,7 @@ const RedactedRepresentationPayload = /*#__PURE__*/Union([Null, RedactedOptionsP
  *   sensitive and should not be exposed in JSON.
  *
  * @see {@link RedactedFromValue} for decoding raw values and wrapping them in `Redacted`.
- * @category Redacted
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function Redacted(value, options) {
@@ -6340,14 +6338,13 @@ export function Redacted(value, options) {
       const label = decodeLabel !== undefined ? Effect.mapErrorEager(decodeLabel(input.label, poptions), issue => new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["label"], issue)) : Effect.void;
       return Effect.flatMapEager(label, () => Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(value)(Redacted_.value(input), poptions), {
         onSuccess: () => input,
-        onFailure: (/** ignore the actual issue because of security reasons */
+        onFailure: (/** ignore the issue because of security reasons */
         ) => {
-          const oinput = Option_.some(input);
-          return new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, oinput, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["value"], new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(oinput))]);
+          return new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["value"], new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue())]);
         }
       }));
     }
-    return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+    return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
   }, {
     representation: {
       id: "effect/schema/Redacted",
@@ -6361,7 +6358,7 @@ export function Redacted(value, options) {
       importDeclarations: [`import * as Redacted from "effect/Redacted"`]
     }),
     expected: "Redacted",
-    toCodecJson: ([value]) => link()(redact(value), {
+    toCodecJson: ([value]) => link()(value, {
       decode: SchemaGetter.transform(e => Redacted_.make(e, {
         label
       })),
@@ -6391,7 +6388,7 @@ export function Redacted(value, options) {
  *
  * @see {@link Redacted} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Redacted
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const RedactedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Redacted", RedactedRepresentationPayload, ({
@@ -6402,27 +6399,17 @@ export const RedactedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationRevive
   const schema = Redacted(typeParameters[0], payload ?? undefined);
   return annotations === undefined ? schema : schema.annotate(annotations);
 });
-/**
- * Middleware that wraps decoded errors in `Redacted`, preventing sensitive
- * schema details from leaking in error messages.
- *
- * @category Redacted
- * @since 4.0.0
- */
-export function redact(schema) {
-  return middlewareDecoding(Effect.mapErrorEager(SchemaIssue.redact))(schema);
-}
 /**
  * Decodes a value and wraps it in `Redacted<A>`. Unlike {@link Redacted} which
  * expects the input to already be a `Redacted` instance, this schema decodes
  * the raw value and wraps it.
  *
  * @see {@link Redacted} for schemas whose input is already a `Redacted` value.
- * @category Redacted
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function RedactedFromValue(value, options) {
-  return redact(value).pipe(decodeTo(Redacted(toType(value), {
+  return decodeTo(Redacted(toType(value), {
     label: options?.label,
     disallowJsonEncode: options?.disallowEncode
   }), {
@@ -6430,7 +6417,7 @@ export function RedactedFromValue(value, options) {
       label: options?.label
     })),
     encode: options?.disallowEncode ? SchemaGetter.forbidden(oe => "Cannot encode Redacted" + (Option_.isSome(oe) && typeof oe.value.label === "string" ? ` with label: "${oe.value.label}"` : "")) : SchemaGetter.transform(Redacted_.value)
-  }));
+  })(value);
 }
 /**
  * Creates a schema for `Cause.Reason` values using separate schemas for typed
@@ -6449,24 +6436,24 @@ export function RedactedFromValue(value, options) {
  * @see {@link Cause} for constructing schemas for full Cause values
  * @see {@link CauseReasonIso} for the ISO shape of each cause reason
  *
- * @category CauseReason
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function CauseReason(error, defect) {
   const schema = declareConstructor()([error, defect], ([error, defect]) => (input, ast, options) => {
     if (!Cause_.isReason(input)) {
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     }
     switch (input._tag) {
       case "Fail":
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(error)(input.error, options), {
           onSuccess: Cause_.makeFailReason,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["error"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["error"], issue)])
         });
       case "Die":
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(defect)(input.defect, options), {
           onSuccess: Cause_.makeDieReason,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["defect"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["defect"], issue)])
         });
       case "Interrupt":
         return Effect.succeed(input);
@@ -6524,7 +6511,7 @@ export function CauseReason(error, defect) {
  *
  * @see {@link CauseReason} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category CauseReason
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const CauseReasonReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/CauseReason", Null, ({
@@ -6586,7 +6573,7 @@ function causeReasonToFormatter(error, defect) {
  * @see {@link CauseReason} for the schema used by each individual cause reason
  * @see {@link CauseIso} for the ordered array representation used by the schema ISO
  *
- * @category Cause
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function Cause(error, defect) {
@@ -6594,11 +6581,11 @@ export function Cause(error, defect) {
     const failures = ArraySchema(CauseReason(error, defect));
     return (input, ast, options) => {
       if (!Cause_.isCause(input)) {
-        return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+        return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
       }
       return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(failures)(input.reasons, options), {
         onSuccess: Cause_.fromReasons,
-        onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["failures"], issue)])
+        onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["failures"], issue)])
       });
     };
   }, {
@@ -6638,7 +6625,7 @@ export function Cause(error, defect) {
  *
  * @see {@link Cause} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Cause
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const CauseReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Cause", Null, ({
@@ -6705,7 +6692,7 @@ const errorSchemaCache = [];
  * traces are omitted by default for security. Pass `{ includeStack: true }` to
  * include stack traces, or `{ excludeCause: true }` to omit causes.
  *
- * @category constructors
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function Error(options) {
@@ -6740,7 +6727,7 @@ export function Error(options) {
  *
  * @see {@link Error} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Error
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const ErrorReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Error", ErrorRepresentationPayload, ({
@@ -6789,7 +6776,7 @@ const defectSchemaCache = [];
  *   string representation.
  *
  * @see {@link Error} for a schema that only accepts JavaScript `Error` values.
- * @category constructors
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function Defect(options) {
@@ -6811,7 +6798,7 @@ export function Defect(options) {
  * Use when serializing or validating an effect outcome where success, typed
  * failure, and defects each need their own schema.
  *
- * @category Exit
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function Exit(value, error, defect) {
@@ -6819,18 +6806,18 @@ export function Exit(value, error, defect) {
     const cause = Cause(error, defect);
     return (input, ast, options) => {
       if (!Exit_.isExit(input)) {
-        return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+        return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
       }
       switch (input._tag) {
         case "Success":
           return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(value)(input.value, options), {
             onSuccess: Exit_.succeed,
-            onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["value"], issue)])
+            onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["value"], issue)])
           });
         case "Failure":
           return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(cause)(input.cause, options), {
             onSuccess: Exit_.failCause,
-            onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["cause"], issue)])
+            onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["cause"], issue)])
           });
       }
     };
@@ -6908,7 +6895,7 @@ export function Exit(value, error, defect) {
  *
  * @see {@link Exit} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Exit
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const ExitReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Exit", Null, ({
@@ -6964,7 +6951,7 @@ function entriesArbitrary(fc, ctx, key, value, fromIterable) {
  * Schema for readonly maps whose keys and values conform to the provided
  * schemas.
  *
- * @category ReadonlyMap
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function ReadonlyMap(key, value) {
@@ -6974,10 +6961,10 @@ export function ReadonlyMap(key, value) {
       if (input instanceof globalThis.Map) {
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(array)([...input], options), {
           onSuccess: array => new globalThis.Map(array),
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["entries"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["entries"], issue)])
         });
       }
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     };
   }, {
     representation: {
@@ -7020,7 +7007,7 @@ export function ReadonlyMap(key, value) {
  *
  * @see {@link ReadonlyMap} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category ReadonlyMap
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const ReadonlyMapReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/ReadonlyMap", Null, ({
@@ -7033,7 +7020,7 @@ export const ReadonlyMapReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationRev
 /**
  * Schema for hash maps whose keys and values conform to the provided schemas.
  *
- * @category HashMap
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function HashMap(key, value) {
@@ -7043,10 +7030,10 @@ export function HashMap(key, value) {
       if (HashMap_.isHashMap(input)) {
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(entries)(HashMap_.toEntries(input), options), {
           onSuccess: HashMap_.fromIterable,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["entries"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["entries"], issue)])
         });
       }
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     };
   }, {
     representation: {
@@ -7090,7 +7077,7 @@ export function HashMap(key, value) {
  *
  * @see {@link HashMap} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category HashMap
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const HashMapReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/HashMap", Null, ({
@@ -7103,7 +7090,7 @@ export const HashMapReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver
 /**
  * Schema for readonly sets whose values conform to the provided element schema.
  *
- * @category ReadonlySet
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function ReadonlySet(value) {
@@ -7113,10 +7100,10 @@ export function ReadonlySet(value) {
       if (input instanceof globalThis.Set) {
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(array)([...input], options), {
           onSuccess: array => new globalThis.Set(array),
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["values"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["values"], issue)])
         });
       }
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     };
   }, {
     representation: {
@@ -7158,7 +7145,7 @@ export function ReadonlySet(value) {
  *
  * @see {@link ReadonlySet} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category ReadonlySet
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const ReadonlySetReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/ReadonlySet", Null, ({
@@ -7171,7 +7158,7 @@ export const ReadonlySetReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationRev
 /**
  * Schema for hash sets whose values conform to the provided element schema.
  *
- * @category HashSet
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function HashSet(value) {
@@ -7181,10 +7168,10 @@ export function HashSet(value) {
       if (HashSet_.isHashSet(input)) {
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(values)(Arr.fromIterable(input), options), {
           onSuccess: HashSet_.fromIterable,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["values"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["values"], issue)])
         });
       }
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     };
   }, {
     representation: {
@@ -7226,7 +7213,7 @@ export function HashSet(value) {
  *
  * @see {@link HashSet} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category HashSet
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const HashSetReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/HashSet", Null, ({
@@ -7239,7 +7226,7 @@ export const HashSetReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver
 /**
  * Schema for chunks whose values conform to the provided element schema.
  *
- * @category Chunk
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export function Chunk(value) {
@@ -7249,10 +7236,10 @@ export function Chunk(value) {
       if (Chunk_.isChunk(input)) {
         return Effect.mapBothEager(SchemaParser.decodeUnknownEffect(values)(Arr.fromIterable(input), options), {
           onSuccess: Chunk_.fromIterable,
-          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, Option_.some(input), [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["values"], issue)])
+          onFailure: issue => new SchemaIssue.Composite(ast, [new SchemaIssue.Pointer(["values"], issue)])
         });
       }
-      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     };
   }, {
     representation: {
@@ -7294,7 +7281,7 @@ export function Chunk(value) {
  *
  * @see {@link Chunk} for creating the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Chunk
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const ChunkReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Chunk", Null, ({
@@ -7311,7 +7298,7 @@ export const ChunkReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeDeclarationReviver("
  *
  * The default JSON serializer encodes a `RegExp` as `{ source, flags }`.
  *
- * @category RegExp
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const RegExp = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.RegExp, {
@@ -7330,8 +7317,8 @@ export const RegExp = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.RegExp, {
   }), SchemaTransformation.transformOrFail({
     decode: e => Effect.try({
       try: () => new globalThis.RegExp(e.source, e.flags),
-      catch: e => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option_.some(e), {
-        message: globalThis.String(e)
+      catch: () => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue({
+        message: "Expected valid RegExp source and flags"
       })
     }),
     encode: regExp => Effect.succeed({
@@ -7355,7 +7342,7 @@ export const RegExp = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.RegExp, {
  *
  * @see {@link RegExp} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category RegExp
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const RegExpReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/RegExp", RegExp);
@@ -7371,7 +7358,7 @@ const URLString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  *
  * - encodes `URL` as a `string`
  *
- * @category URL
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const URL = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.URL, {
@@ -7397,7 +7384,7 @@ export const URL = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.URL, {
  *
  * @see {@link URL} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category URL
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const URLReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/URL", URL);
@@ -7412,7 +7399,7 @@ export const URLReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schem
  * Encoding:
  * - A `URL` is encoded as a `string`
  *
- * @category URL
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const URLFromString = /*#__PURE__*/URLString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(URL, SchemaTransformation.urlFromString));
@@ -7454,17 +7441,17 @@ const DateString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a Date schema)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Date)(new Date("2024-01-01"))
- * // => Date { 2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z }
+ * const date = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Date)(new Date("2024-01-01"))
+ * date.toISOString() // => "2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link DateFromString} for decoding strings into Date instances
  * @see {@link DateFromMillis} for decoding epoch milliseconds into Date instances
  *
- * @category Date
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const Date = /*#__PURE__*/declare(input => input instanceof globalThis.Date && !globalThis.Number.isNaN(input.getTime()), {
@@ -7491,7 +7478,7 @@ export const Date = /*#__PURE__*/declare(input => input instanceof globalThis.Da
  *
  * @see {@link Date} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Date
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Date", Date);
@@ -7517,7 +7504,7 @@ export const DateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/sche
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtcFromString} for decoding date-time strings into UTC values
  * @see {@link Date} for accepting Date instances directly
  *
- * @category Date
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const DateFromString = /*#__PURE__*/DateString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Date, SchemaTransformation.dateFromString));
@@ -7546,7 +7533,7 @@ export const DateFromString = /*#__PURE__*/DateString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo
  * @see {@link DateFromString} for decoding string-encoded dates
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtcFromMillis} for decoding epoch milliseconds into UTC values
  *
- * @category Date
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateFromMillis = /*#__PURE__*/Int.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Date, SchemaTransformation.dateFromMillis));
@@ -7560,14 +7547,13 @@ export const DateFromMillis = /*#__PURE__*/Int.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Date,
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a Duration schema)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Duration, Schema } from "effect"
  *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Duration)(Duration.seconds(5))
- * // => Duration(5s)
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.Duration)(Duration.seconds(5)) // => Duration.seconds(5)
  * ```
  *
- * @category Duration
+ * @category schemas
  *
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
@@ -7641,7 +7627,7 @@ export const Duration = /*#__PURE__*/declare(Duration_.isDuration, {
  *
  * @see {@link Duration} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Duration
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DurationReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Duration", Duration);
@@ -7660,7 +7646,7 @@ const DurationString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Encoding:
  * - A `Duration` is encoded as a parseable `string`.
  *
- * @category Duration
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DurationFromString = /*#__PURE__*/DurationString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Duration, SchemaTransformation.durationFromString));
@@ -7678,7 +7664,7 @@ export const DurationFromString = /*#__PURE__*/DurationString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/
  * fails when the duration cannot be represented as nanoseconds, such as
  * `Duration.infinity` or `Duration.negativeInfinity`.
  *
- * @category Duration
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const DurationFromNanos = /*#__PURE__*/BigInt.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Duration, SchemaTransformation.durationFromNanos));
@@ -7698,7 +7684,7 @@ export const DurationFromNanos = /*#__PURE__*/BigInt.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(
  *
  * `NaN` is decoded as `Duration.zero`, matching `Duration.millis`.
  *
- * @category Duration
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const DurationFromMillis = /*#__PURE__*/Number.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Duration, SchemaTransformation.durationFromMillis));
@@ -7768,7 +7754,7 @@ function bigDecimalScaleConstraints(ordered) {
  *
  * @see {@link BigDecimalFromString} for parsing string input into a BigDecimal
  *
- * @category BigDecimal
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const BigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/declare(BigDecimal_.isBigDecimal, {
@@ -7811,7 +7797,7 @@ export const BigDecimal = /*#__PURE__*/declare(BigDecimal_.isBigDecimal, {
  *
  * @see {@link BigDecimal} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category BigDecimal
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const BigDecimalReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/BigDecimal", BigDecimal);
@@ -7839,7 +7825,7 @@ export const BigDecimalReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effec
  * @see {@link BigIntFromString} for parsing base-10 integer strings into bigint values
  * @see {@link NumberFromString} for parsing JavaScript number strings
  *
- * @category BigDecimal
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const BigDecimalFromString = /*#__PURE__*/BigDecimalString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(BigDecimal, SchemaTransformation.bigDecimalFromString));
@@ -7847,32 +7833,6 @@ const JsonString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
   expected: "a string that will be decoded as JSON",
   contentMediaType: "application/json"
 });
-/**
- * Schema that decodes a JSON-encoded string into an `unknown` value.
- *
- * **Details**
- *
- * Decoding:
- * - A `string` is decoded as an `unknown` value.
- * - If the string is not valid JSON, decoding fails.
- *
- * Encoding:
- * - Any value is encoded as a JSON string using `JSON.stringify`.
- * - If the value is not a valid JSON value, encoding fails.
- *
- * **Example** (Decoding unknown JSON strings)
- *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
- *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(Schema.UnknownFromJsonString)(`{"a":1,"b":2}`)
- * // => { a: 1, b: 2 }
- * ```
- *
- * @category schemas
- * @since 4.0.0
- */
-export const UnknownFromJsonString = /*#__PURE__*/fromJsonString(Unknown);
 /**
  * Returns a schema that decodes a JSON string and then decodes the parsed value
  * using the given schema.
@@ -7882,27 +7842,31 @@ export const UnknownFromJsonString = /*#__PURE__*/fromJsonString(Unknown);
  * This is useful when working with JSON-encoded strings where the actual
  * structure of the value is known and described by an existing schema.
  *
- * The resulting schema first parses the input string as JSON, and then runs the
- * provided schema on the parsed result.
+ * During decoding, the resulting schema first parses the input string as JSON,
+ * using `reviver` when provided, and then runs the provided schema on the
+ * parsed result. During encoding, it first encodes with the provided schema and
+ * then passes the result to `JSON.stringify` with the optional `replacer` and
+ * `space`.
  *
- * **Example** (Decoding JSON strings with a schema)
+ * **Example** (Formatting encoded JSON)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.Struct({ a: Schema.Number })
- * const schemaFromJsonString = Schema.fromJsonString(schema)
+ * const schemaFromJsonString = Schema.fromJsonString(schema, { space: 2 })
  *
- * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schemaFromJsonString)(`{"a":1,"b":2}`)
- * // => { a: 1 }
+ * Schema.encodeSync(schemaFromJsonString)({ a: 1 }) // => "{\n  \"a\": 1\n}"
  * ```
  *
- * @category constructors
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
-export function fromJsonString(schema) {
-  return JsonString.pipe(decodeTo(schema, SchemaTransformation.fromJsonString));
+export function fromJsonString(schema, options) {
+  return JsonString.pipe(decodeTo(schema, SchemaTransformation.fromJsonString(options)));
 }
+/** @internal */
+export const UnknownFromJsonString = /*#__PURE__*/fromJsonString(Unknown);
 /**
  * Schema for JavaScript `File` objects.
  *
@@ -7911,7 +7875,7 @@ export function fromJsonString(schema) {
  * The default JSON serializer encodes a `File` as `{ data, type, name, lastModified }`
  * where `data` is base64-encoded.
  *
- * @category file
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const File = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.File, {
@@ -7931,8 +7895,8 @@ export const File = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.File, {
     lastModified: Int
   }), SchemaTransformation.transformOrFail({
     decode: e => Result_.match(Encoding.decodeBase64(e.data), {
-      onFailure: error => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option_.some(e.data), {
-        message: error.message
+      onFailure: () => Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue({
+        message: "Expected a valid Base64 string"
       })),
       onSuccess: bytes => {
         const buffer = new globalThis.Uint8Array(bytes);
@@ -7952,8 +7916,8 @@ export const File = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.File, {
           lastModified: file.lastModified
         };
       },
-      catch: e => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue(Option_.some(file), {
-        message: globalThis.String(e)
+      catch: () => new SchemaIssue.InvalidValue({
+        message: "Expected File to be readable"
       })
     })
   }))
@@ -7967,7 +7931,7 @@ export const File = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.File, {
  *
  * @see {@link File} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category file
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const FileReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/File", File);
@@ -7979,7 +7943,7 @@ export const FileReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/sche
  * The default JSON serializer encodes a `FormData` as an array of `[key, entry]`
  * pairs where each entry is tagged as `"String"` or `"File"`.
  *
- * @category FormData
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const FormData = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.FormData, {
@@ -8032,7 +7996,7 @@ export const FormData = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.FormData, {
  *
  * @see {@link FormData} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category FormData
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const FormDataReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/FormData", FormData);
@@ -8057,7 +8021,7 @@ export const FormDataReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/
  *
  * **Example** (Decoding a flat structure)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.fromFormData(
@@ -8070,13 +8034,12 @@ export const FormDataReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/
  * formData.append("a", "1")
  * formData.append("b", "2")
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)(formData)))
- * // Success({"a":"1"})
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(formData) // => { a: "1" }
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Decoding nested fields)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.fromFormData(
@@ -8094,13 +8057,12 @@ export const FormDataReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/
  * formData.append("b[c]", "2")
  * formData.append("b[d]", "3")
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)(formData)))
- * // Success({"a":"1","b":{"c":"2","d":"3"}})
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(formData) // => { a: "1", b: { c: "2", d: "3" } }
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Parsing non-string values)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.fromFormData(
@@ -8114,8 +8076,7 @@ export const FormDataReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/
  * const formData = new FormData()
  * formData.append("a", "1")
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)(formData)))
- * // Success({"a":1}) // Note: the value is a number
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(formData) // => { a: 1 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category decoding
@@ -8131,7 +8092,7 @@ export function fromFormData(schema) {
  *
  * The default JSON serializer encodes a `URLSearchParams` as a query string.
  *
- * @category search params
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const URLSearchParams = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.URLSearchParams, {
@@ -8160,7 +8121,7 @@ export const URLSearchParams = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.URLSearchParam
  *
  * @see {@link URLSearchParams} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category search params
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const URLSearchParamsReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/URLSearchParams", URLSearchParams);
@@ -8186,7 +8147,7 @@ export const URLSearchParamsReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("
  *
  * **Example** (Decoding a flat structure)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.fromURLSearchParams(
@@ -8197,13 +8158,12 @@ export const URLSearchParamsReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("
  *
  * const urlSearchParams = new URLSearchParams("a=1&b=2")
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)(urlSearchParams)))
- * // Success({"a":"1"})
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(urlSearchParams) // => { a: "1" }
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Decoding nested fields)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.fromURLSearchParams(
@@ -8218,13 +8178,12 @@ export const URLSearchParamsReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("
  *
  * const urlSearchParams = new URLSearchParams("a=1&b[c]=2&b[d]=3")
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)(urlSearchParams)))
- * // Success({"a":"1","b":{"c":"2","d":"3"}})
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(urlSearchParams) // => { a: "1", b: { c: "2", d: "3" } }
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Parsing non-string values)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const schema = Schema.fromURLSearchParams(
@@ -8237,8 +8196,7 @@ export const URLSearchParamsReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("
  *
  * const urlSearchParams = new URLSearchParams("a=1&b=2")
  *
- * console.log(String(Schema.decodeUnknownExit(schema)(urlSearchParams)))
- * // Success({"a":1}) // Note: the value is a number
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownSync(schema)(urlSearchParams) // => { a: 1 }
  * ```
  *
  * @category decoding
@@ -8261,7 +8219,7 @@ export function fromURLSearchParams(schema) {
  * Encoding:
  * A number is encoded as a `string`.
  *
- * @category Number
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const NumberFromString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8279,7 +8237,7 @@ export const NumberFromString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Encoding:
  * - A finite number is encoded as a `string`.
  *
- * @category Number
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const FiniteFromString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8310,14 +8268,14 @@ export const FiniteFromString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * @see {@link NumberFromString} for parsing JavaScript number strings, including non-finite values
  * @see {@link BigDecimalFromString} for parsing decimal number strings
  *
- * @category BigInt
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const BigIntFromString = /*#__PURE__*/make(SchemaAST.bigIntString).pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(BigInt, SchemaTransformation.bigintFromString));
 /**
  * Schema for strings that contains no leading or trailing whitespaces.
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Trimmed = /*#__PURE__*/String.check(/*#__PURE__*/isTrimmed());
@@ -8332,7 +8290,7 @@ export const Trimmed = /*#__PURE__*/String.check(/*#__PURE__*/isTrimmed());
  * Encoding:
  * - The trimmed string is encoded as is.
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Trim = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8349,7 +8307,7 @@ export const Trim = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Encoding:
  * - A `string` is encoded as a base64-encoded string.
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const StringFromBase64 = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8366,7 +8324,7 @@ export const StringFromBase64 = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Encoding:
  * - A `string` is encoded as a base64 (URL) encoded string.
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const StringFromBase64Url = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8383,7 +8341,7 @@ export const StringFromBase64Url = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Encoding:
  * - A `string` is encoded as a hex string.
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const StringFromHex = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8403,7 +8361,7 @@ export const StringFromHex = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  *
  * **Example** (Decoding URI component strings)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const PaginationSchema = Schema.Struct({
@@ -8415,11 +8373,10 @@ export const StringFromHex = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  *   Schema.decodeTo(Schema.fromJsonString(PaginationSchema))
  * )
  *
- * console.log(Schema.encodeSync(UrlSchema)({ maxItemPerPage: 10, page: 1 }))
- * // %7B%22maxItemPerPage%22%3A10%2C%22page%22%3A1%7D
+ * Schema.encodeSync(UrlSchema)({ maxItemPerPage: 10, page: 1 }) // => "%7B%22maxItemPerPage%22%3A10%2C%22page%22%3A1%7D"
  * ```
  *
- * @category string
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.12.0
  */
 export const StringFromUriComponent = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8429,7 +8386,7 @@ export const StringFromUriComponent = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Schema for property keys accepted by Effect schemas: finite `number`,
  * `symbol`, or `string`.
  *
- * @category PropertyKey
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const PropertyKey = /*#__PURE__*/Union([Finite, Symbol, String]);
@@ -8441,7 +8398,7 @@ export const PropertyKey = /*#__PURE__*/Union([Finite, Symbol, String]);
  * The result contains an `issues` array where each issue has a message and an
  * optional path made of property keys or keyed path segments.
  *
- * @category Standard Schema
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const StandardSchemaV1FailureResult = /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -8468,7 +8425,7 @@ export const StandardSchemaV1FailureResult = /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
  * @see {@link Boolean} for validating values that are already booleans
  * @see {@link Literals} for keeping bit literals instead of decoding them
  *
- * @category boolean
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const BooleanFromBit = /*#__PURE__*/Literals([0, 1]).pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Boolean, /*#__PURE__*/SchemaTransformation.transform({
@@ -8489,7 +8446,7 @@ const Base64String = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  *
  * The default JSON serializer encodes Uint8Array as a Base64 encoded string.
  *
- * @category Uint8Array
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const Uint8Array = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.Uint8Array, {
@@ -8514,7 +8471,7 @@ export const Uint8Array = /*#__PURE__*/instanceOf(globalThis.Uint8Array, {
  *
  * @see {@link Uint8Array} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category Uint8Array
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const Uint8ArrayReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/Uint8Array", Uint8Array);
@@ -8530,7 +8487,7 @@ export const Uint8ArrayReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effec
  * Encoding:
  * - A `Uint8Array` is encoded as a base64-encoded string.
  *
- * @category Uint8Array
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Uint8ArrayFromBase64 = /*#__PURE__*/Base64String.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(Uint8Array, SchemaTransformation.uint8ArrayFromBase64String));
@@ -8546,7 +8503,7 @@ export const Uint8ArrayFromBase64 = /*#__PURE__*/Base64String.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/
  * Encoding:
  * - A `Uint8Array` is encoded as a base64 (URL) encoded string.
  *
- * @category Uint8Array
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Uint8ArrayFromBase64Url = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8567,7 +8524,7 @@ export const Uint8ArrayFromBase64Url = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * Encoding:
  * - A `Uint8Array` is encoded as a hex encoded string.
  *
- * @category Uint8Array
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const Uint8ArrayFromHex = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8594,7 +8551,7 @@ export const Uint8ArrayFromHex = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtcFromMillis} for decoding epoch milliseconds into UTC values
  * @see {@link DateTimeZoned} for preserving zoned DateTime values
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const DateTimeUtc = /*#__PURE__*/declare(u => DateTime.isDateTime(u) && DateTime.isUtc(u), {
@@ -8624,7 +8581,7 @@ export const DateTimeUtc = /*#__PURE__*/declare(u => DateTime.isDateTime(u) && D
  *
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtc} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateTimeUtcReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/DateTimeUtc", DateTimeUtc);
@@ -8649,7 +8606,7 @@ export const DateTimeUtcReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effe
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtcFromMillis} for decoding epoch milliseconds into UTC values
  * @see {@link Date} for validating Date instances without converting them
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.12.0
  */
 export const DateTimeUtcFromDate = /*#__PURE__*/Date.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(DateTimeUtc, {
@@ -8674,7 +8631,7 @@ export const DateTimeUtcFromDate = /*#__PURE__*/Date.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtcFromMillis} for decoding epoch milliseconds into UTC values
  * @see {@link DateFromString} for decoding strings into JavaScript Date instances
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateTimeUtcFromString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
@@ -8695,7 +8652,7 @@ export const DateTimeUtcFromString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * @see {@link DateTimeUtcFromString} for decoding date-time strings into UTC values
  * @see {@link DateFromMillis} for decoding epoch milliseconds into JavaScript Date instances
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateTimeUtcFromMillis = /*#__PURE__*/Int.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(DateTimeUtc, {
@@ -8711,7 +8668,7 @@ export const DateTimeUtcFromMillis = /*#__PURE__*/Int.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo
  *
  * - encodes `DateTime.TimeZone.Offset` as a number (offset in milliseconds)
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneOffset = /*#__PURE__*/declare(DateTime.isTimeZoneOffset, {
@@ -8742,7 +8699,7 @@ export const TimeZoneOffset = /*#__PURE__*/declare(DateTime.isTimeZoneOffset, {
  *
  * @see {@link TimeZoneOffset} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneOffsetReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/TimeZoneOffset", TimeZoneOffset);
@@ -8758,7 +8715,7 @@ const TimeZoneNamedString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  *
  * - encodes `DateTime.TimeZone.Named` as a string (IANA time zone identifier)
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneNamed = /*#__PURE__*/declare(DateTime.isTimeZoneNamed, {
@@ -8786,7 +8743,7 @@ export const TimeZoneNamed = /*#__PURE__*/declare(DateTime.isTimeZoneNamed, {
  *
  * @see {@link TimeZoneNamed} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneNamedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/TimeZoneNamed", TimeZoneNamed);
@@ -8801,7 +8758,7 @@ export const TimeZoneNamedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("ef
  * Encoding:
  * - A `DateTime.TimeZone.Named` is encoded as a `string`.
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneNamedFromString = /*#__PURE__*/TimeZoneNamedString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(TimeZoneNamed, SchemaTransformation.timeZoneNamedFromString));
@@ -8818,7 +8775,7 @@ const TimeZoneString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * - encodes `DateTime.TimeZone` as a string (IANA identifier or offset like
  *   `+03:00`)
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const TimeZone = /*#__PURE__*/declare(DateTime.isTimeZone, {
@@ -8849,7 +8806,7 @@ export const TimeZone = /*#__PURE__*/declare(DateTime.isTimeZone, {
  *
  * @see {@link TimeZone} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/TimeZone", TimeZone);
@@ -8864,7 +8821,7 @@ export const TimeZoneReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/
  * Encoding:
  * - A `DateTime.TimeZone` is encoded as a `string`.
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const TimeZoneFromString = /*#__PURE__*/TimeZoneString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(TimeZone, SchemaTransformation.timeZoneFromString));
@@ -8883,7 +8840,7 @@ const DateTimeZonedString = /*#__PURE__*/String.annotate({
  * - encodes named zones by appending the IANA identifier in brackets, such as
  *   `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sss+HH:MM[Time/Zone]`
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 3.10.0
  */
 export const DateTimeZoned = /*#__PURE__*/declare(u => DateTime.isDateTime(u) && DateTime.isZoned(u), {
@@ -8917,7 +8874,7 @@ export const DateTimeZoned = /*#__PURE__*/declare(u => DateTime.isDateTime(u) &&
  *
  * @see {@link DateTimeZoned} for the corresponding schema
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateTimeZonedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effect/schema/DateTimeZoned", DateTimeZoned);
@@ -8932,7 +8889,7 @@ export const DateTimeZonedReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("ef
  * Encoding:
  * - A `DateTime.Zoned` is encoded as a `string`.
  *
- * @category DateTime
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const DateTimeZonedFromString = /*#__PURE__*/DateTimeZonedString.pipe(/*#__PURE__*/decodeTo(DateTimeZoned, SchemaTransformation.dateTimeZonedFromString));
@@ -9012,7 +8969,12 @@ function makeClass(Inherited, identifier, struct, annotations, proto) {
   return out;
 }
 function getClassTransformation(self) {
-  return new SchemaTransformation.Transformation(SchemaGetter.transform(input => new self(input)), SchemaGetter.passthrough());
+  return new SchemaTransformation.Transformation(SchemaGetter.transform(input => new self(input, {
+    "~payload": {
+      token: payloadToken,
+      value: input
+    }
+  })), SchemaGetter.passthrough());
 }
 function getClassTypeId(identifier) {
   return `~effect/Schema/Class/${identifier}`;
@@ -9025,7 +8987,7 @@ function getClassSchemaFactory(from, identifier, annotations) {
     }
     const transformation = getClassTransformation(self);
     const to = make(new SchemaAST.Declaration([from.ast], () => (input, ast) => {
-      return input instanceof self || Predicate.hasProperty(input, getClassTypeId(identifier)) ? Effect.succeed(input) : Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast, Option_.some(input)));
+      return input instanceof self || Predicate.hasProperty(input, getClassTypeId(identifier)) ? Effect.succeed(input) : Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(ast));
     }, {
       identifier,
       [SchemaAST.ClassTypeId]: ([from]) => new SchemaAST.Link(from, transformation),
@@ -9059,13 +9021,23 @@ function isStruct(schema) {
  * Pass the desired class type as the first type parameter. The second optional
  * type parameter can be used to add nominal brands.
  *
+ * The `identifier` is the schema's stable runtime name. It is exposed on the
+ * class, stored in the schema AST, and used to label diagnostics and generated
+ * references as well as to format class instances.
+ *
+ * It also derives a runtime marker that recognizes instances across hot module
+ * reloads, where `instanceof` can fail because the constructor has been
+ * replaced. The identifier is explicit because the outer JavaScript class name
+ * is not available while the `extends` expression is evaluated and may change
+ * through renaming or minification.
+ *
  * **Gotchas**
  *
  * Passing `disableChecks` in the options skips constructor validation.
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a basic class)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * class Person extends Schema.Class<Person>("Person")({
@@ -9074,13 +9046,13 @@ function isStruct(schema) {
  * }) {}
  *
  * const alice = new Person({ name: "Alice", age: 30 })
- * console.log(alice.name) // "Alice"
- * console.log(`${alice}`) // "Person({ name: Alice, age: 30 })"
+ * alice.name // => "Alice"
+ * String(alice) // => "Person({\"name\":\"Alice\",\"age\":30})"
  * ```
  *
  * **Example** (Extending a class)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * class Animal extends Schema.Class<Animal>("Animal")({
@@ -9092,8 +9064,8 @@ function isStruct(schema) {
  * }) {}
  *
  * const dog = new Dog({ name: "Rex", breed: "Labrador" })
- * console.log(dog.name) // "Rex"
- * console.log(dog.breed) // "Labrador"
+ * dog.name // => "Rex"
+ * dog.breed // => "Labrador"
  * ```
  *
  * @see {@link TaggedClass} for adding a `_tag` literal field to the class schema
@@ -9128,7 +9100,7 @@ export const Class = identifier => (schema, annotations) => {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a tagged class)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * class Circle extends Schema.TaggedClass<Circle>()("Circle", {
@@ -9136,8 +9108,8 @@ export const Class = identifier => (schema, annotations) => {
  * }) {}
  *
  * const c = new Circle({ radius: 5 })
- * console.log(c._tag) // "Circle"
- * console.log(c.radius) // 5
+ * c._tag // => "Circle"
+ * c.radius // => 5
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -9162,7 +9134,7 @@ export const TaggedClass = identifier => {
  *
  * **Example** (Schema-backed error)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * class NotFound extends Schema.ErrorClass<NotFound>("NotFound")({
@@ -9172,6 +9144,8 @@ export const TaggedClass = identifier => {
  * const program = Effect.gen(function*() {
  *   yield* new NotFound({ id: 1 })
  * })
+ * const error = await Effect.runPromise(Effect.flip(program))
+ * error.id // => 1
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -9195,7 +9169,7 @@ export const ErrorClass = identifier => (schema, annotations) => {
  *
  * **Example** (Defining a tagged error class)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Effect, Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * class NotFound extends Schema.TaggedErrorClass<NotFound>()("NotFound", {
@@ -9205,6 +9179,9 @@ export const ErrorClass = identifier => (schema, annotations) => {
  * const program = Effect.gen(function*() {
  *   yield* new NotFound({ id: 42 })
  * })
+ * const error = await Effect.runPromise(Effect.flip(program))
+ * error._tag // => "NotFound"
+ * error.id // => 42
  * ```
  *
  * @category constructors
@@ -9232,7 +9209,7 @@ export const TaggedErrorClass = identifier => {
  * nodes, impossible constraints, invalid candidates, and recursive schemas
  * without a finite terminal path fail immediately.
  *
- * @category Arbitrary
+ * @category generators
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toArbitraryLazy(schema) {
@@ -9263,7 +9240,7 @@ export function toArbitrary(schema, options) {
  * The annotation is applied through this helper because adding it directly to
  * `Annotations.Bottom` would make schemas invariant.
  *
- * @category Formatter
+ * @category formatting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function overrideToFormatter(toFormatter) {
@@ -9283,7 +9260,7 @@ export function overrideToFormatter(toFormatter) {
  * The optional `onBefore` hook lets you intercept specific AST nodes before
  * the default formatting logic runs.
  *
- * @category Formatter
+ * @category formatting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toFormatter(schema, options) {
@@ -9444,13 +9421,13 @@ export function overrideToEquivalence(toEquivalence) {
  *
  * **Example** (Comparing structs)
  *
- * ```ts
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
  * import { Schema } from "effect"
  *
  * const eq = Schema.toEquivalence(Schema.Struct({ id: Schema.Number, name: Schema.String }))
  *
- * console.log(eq({ id: 1, name: "Alice" }, { id: 1, name: "Alice" })) // true
- * console.log(eq({ id: 1, name: "Alice" }, { id: 2, name: "Alice" })) // false
+ * eq({ id: 1, name: "Alice" }, { id: 1, name: "Alice" }) // => true
+ * eq({ id: 1, name: "Alice" }, { id: 2, name: "Alice" }) // => false
  * ```
  *
  * @category instances
@@ -9470,7 +9447,7 @@ export function toEquivalence(schema) {
  *
  * Use {@link toType} before this function to represent the type side instead.
  *
- * @category Representation
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toRepresentation(schema) {
@@ -9513,7 +9490,7 @@ export function toJsonSchemaDocument(schema, options) {
  * `toCodecJson` callback can return `undefined` when the declaration is already
  * in canonical JSON form.
  *
- * @category Canonical Codecs
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toCodecJson(schema) {
@@ -9528,19 +9505,7 @@ const toCodecJsonASTBase = /*#__PURE__*/SchemaAST.applyToSelfOrLastLinkEncoding(
   return SchemaAST.replaceContextLastLink(out, withoutConstructorDefault(context));
 });
 /** @internal */
-export const toCodecJsonAST = /*#__PURE__*/memoize(ast => {
-  const identifier = InternalAnnotations.resolveIdentifier(ast);
-  const out = toCodecJsonASTBase(ast);
-  if (identifier === undefined || out.encoding === undefined) return out;
-  const encoded = SchemaAST.getLastEncoding(out);
-  if (InternalAnnotations.resolveIdentifier(encoded) !== undefined || InternalAnnotations.resolveIdentifierFallback(encoded) === identifier) {
-    return out;
-  }
-  const annotated = SchemaAST.annotate(encoded, {
-    [InternalAnnotations.IDENTIFIER_FALLBACK_KEY]: identifier
-  });
-  return SchemaAST.applyToSelfOrLastLinkEncoding(() => annotated)(out);
-});
+export const toCodecJsonAST = /*#__PURE__*/memoize(toCodecJsonASTBase);
 function withoutConstructorDefault(context) {
   return context.defaultValue === undefined ? context : new SchemaAST.Context(context.isOptional, context.isMutable, undefined, context.annotations);
 }
@@ -9633,7 +9598,7 @@ function toCodecJsonBase(ast, recur) {
  * Derives an isomorphism codec from a schema. The encoded form is the
  * schema's `Iso` type — the intermediate representation used for round-tripping.
  *
- * @category Canonical Codecs
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toCodecIso(schema) {
@@ -9672,7 +9637,7 @@ function toCodecIsoBase(ast, recur) {
  * `toCodec` encoding. A callback can return `undefined` when the declaration is
  * already in canonical StringTree form.
  *
- * @category Canonical Codecs
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toCodecStringTree(schema) {
@@ -9695,7 +9660,7 @@ export function toCodecStringTree(schema) {
  * decoding convenience rather than a canonical StringTree representation. It
  * does not parse comma-separated strings.
  *
- * @category Canonical Codecs
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toCodecArrayFromSingle(schema) {
@@ -9710,7 +9675,7 @@ export function toCodecArrayFromSingle(schema) {
  * an `Effect` that succeeds with the XML string or fails with `SchemaError` if
  * codec encoding fails.
  *
- * @category Canonical Codecs
+ * @category encoding
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toEncoderXml(codec, options) {
@@ -9919,7 +9884,7 @@ function onSerializerArrayFromSingle(ast) {
  *
  * @see {@link isGreaterThanDate} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGreaterThanDate", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -9937,7 +9902,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRe
  *
  * @see {@link isGreaterThanOrEqualToDate} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGreaterThanOrEqualToDate", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -9955,7 +9920,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.mak
  *
  * @see {@link isLessThanDate} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLessThanDate", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -9973,7 +9938,7 @@ export const isLessThanDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviv
  *
  * @see {@link isLessThanOrEqualToDate} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualToDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLessThanOrEqualToDate", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -9991,7 +9956,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualToDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFi
  *
  * @see {@link isBetweenDate} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category Date checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetweenDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isBetweenDate", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -10012,7 +9977,7 @@ export const isBetweenDateReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevive
  *
  * @see {@link isGreaterThanBigInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGreaterThanBigInt", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -10030,7 +9995,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilter
  *
  * @see {@link isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigInt", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -10048,7 +10013,7 @@ export const isGreaterThanOrEqualToBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.m
  *
  * @see {@link isLessThanBigInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLessThanBigInt", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -10066,7 +10031,7 @@ export const isLessThanBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRev
  *
  * @see {@link isLessThanOrEqualToBigInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isLessThanOrEqualToBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isLessThanOrEqualToBigInt", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -10084,7 +10049,7 @@ export const isLessThanOrEqualToBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.make
  *
  * @see {@link isBetweenBigInt} for creating the corresponding check
  *
- * @category BigInt checks
+ * @category validation
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export const isBetweenBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterReviver("effect/schema/isBetweenBigInt", /*#__PURE__*/Struct({
@@ -10103,7 +10068,7 @@ export const isBetweenBigIntReviver = /*#__PURE__*/InternalSchema.makeFilterRevi
  * Derives an `Iso` optic from a schema that isomorphically converts between
  * the schema's `Type` and its `Iso` (intermediate / serialized form).
  *
- * @category Optic
+ * @category converting
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toIso(schema) {
@@ -10113,7 +10078,7 @@ export function toIso(schema) {
 /**
  * Returns an identity `Iso` over the schema's source (`Type`) side.
  *
- * @category Optic
+ * @category constructors
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toIsoSource(_) {
@@ -10122,7 +10087,7 @@ export function toIsoSource(_) {
 /**
  * Returns an identity `Iso` over the schema's focus (`Iso`) side.
  *
- * @category Optic
+ * @category constructors
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function toIsoFocus(_) {
@@ -10142,7 +10107,7 @@ export function toIsoFocus(_) {
  * provided `decode` and `encode` getters to transform between the schema type
  * and the target codec.
  *
- * @category Optic
+ * @category transforming
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function overrideToCodecIso(to, transformation) {
@@ -10185,7 +10150,7 @@ export function toDifferJsonPatch(schema) {
  * The resulting schema accepts a single node value, an array of trees, or an
  * object whose values are trees.
  *
- * @category Tree
+ * @category schemas
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function Tree(node) {
@@ -10198,11 +10163,10 @@ export function Tree(node) {
  *
  * **Example** (Validating a JSON value)
  *
- * ```ts
- * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * ```ts import.meta.vitest
+ * import { Option, Schema } from "effect"
  *
- * const result = Schema.decodeUnknownOption(Schema.Json)({ key: [1, true, null] })
- * console.log(result._tag) // "Some"
+ * Schema.decodeUnknownOption(Schema.Json)({ key: [1, true, null] }) // => Option.some({ key: [1, true, null] })
  * ```
  *
  * @category schemas
@@ -10268,7 +10232,7 @@ export const MutableJsonReviver = /*#__PURE__*/makeFixedDeclarationReviver("effe
  * annotations are taken from the last check; otherwise they are taken from
  * the base schema instance.
  *
- * @category Schema Resolvers
+ * @category getters
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function resolveAnnotations(schema) {
@@ -10279,7 +10243,7 @@ export function resolveAnnotations(schema) {
  * annotations are those attached via `annotateKey` and live on the AST's
  * `context` rather than on the schema node itself.
  *
- * @category Schema Resolvers
+ * @category getters
  * @since 4.0.0
  */
 export function resolveAnnotationsKey(schema) {