effect-browser 0.2.0-beta.9 → 0.3.0-beta.5

package/src/internal/pictures/clock.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/**
+ * The browser's clock read on the owner's: estimates of their offset from timed probes, how an
+ * estimate ages, and the one mapping a browser's pages share. `pictures.ts` takes the probes.
+ */
+import { Duration, Effect, Option } from "effect";
+
+export interface Probe {
+  readonly hostStart: number;
+  readonly hostEnd: number;
+  readonly browserTime: number;
+}
+
+export interface Estimate {
+  /** Browser epoch milliseconds minus the owner's host monotonic milliseconds. */
+  readonly offsetMillis: number;
+  /** Either transport direction can own the entire round trip; symmetry is not assumed. */
+  readonly uncertaintyMillis: number;
+  readonly roundTripMillis: number;
+  readonly sampledAt: number;
+}
+
+/** The fastest complete probe limits uncertainty without mistaking transit delay for clock offset. */
+export const estimate = (probes: ReadonlyArray<Probe>): Option.Option<Estimate> => {
+  let best: Estimate | undefined;
+
+  for (const probe of probes) {
+    const roundTripMillis = probe.hostEnd - probe.hostStart;
+
+    if (
+      !Number.isFinite(probe.hostStart) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(probe.hostEnd) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(probe.browserTime) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(roundTripMillis) ||
+      roundTripMillis < 0
+    )
+      continue;
+    const sampledAt = probe.hostStart + roundTripMillis / 2;
+    const offsetMillis = probe.browserTime - sampledAt;
+
+    if (
+      !Number.isFinite(offsetMillis) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(probe.browserTime - probe.hostStart) ||
+      !Number.isFinite(probe.browserTime - probe.hostEnd)
+    )
+      continue;
+    if (best === undefined || roundTripMillis < best.roundTripMillis)
+      best = {
+        offsetMillis,
+        uncertaintyMillis: roundTripMillis / 2,
+        roundTripMillis,
+        sampledAt,
+      };
+  }
+
+  return Option.fromUndefinedOr(best);
+};
+
+// Two machines' clocks drift apart by up to about 100 parts per million, so an estimate says this
+// much less about the offset for each millisecond of its age.
+const driftPerMillis = 1e-4;
+
+/** An estimate's uncertainty at `hostTime`, wider the further that is from when it was sampled. */
+export const uncertaintyAt = (estimate: Estimate, hostTime: number): number =>
+  estimate.uncertaintyMillis + Math.abs(hostTime - estimate.sampledAt) * driftPerMillis;
+
+// Ten seconds widen an estimate by a millisecond, far less than a remote round trip, so it is
+// measured again no more often than this.
+const renewAfter = Duration.seconds(10);
+
+/**
+ * The browser's one epoch mapping, shared by its pages, input runs and capture generations. It is
+ * measured on first need, by the first capture, never ahead of it.
+ */
+export interface Mapping {
+  /** The latest estimate, without measuring: input uses it, and never waits for one. */
+  readonly latest: () => Estimate | undefined;
+  /** The latest estimate, measured through `measure` only while the browser has none. */
+  readonly current: <E>(measure: Effect.Effect<Estimate, E>) => Effect.Effect<Estimate, E>;
+  /**
+   * Measure again once ten seconds have passed since the latest measurement began. A failed
+   * measurement keeps the estimate, which keeps widening with its age.
+   */
+  readonly renew: <E>(measure: Effect.Effect<Estimate, E>) => Effect.Effect<void>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether a new measurement should replace the current estimate. Each interval contains the true
+ * offset, so overlapping intervals agree and the narrower one is kept, the current one widened by
+ * its age: a probe delayed behind a busy page cannot widen every tab's stamps. A disjoint
+ * measurement means the clocks moved (a wall clock step, or drift between a remote browser and
+ * this host), so the newer evidence wins.
+ */
+export const supersedes = (next: Estimate, current: Estimate): boolean => {
+  const aged = uncertaintyAt(current, next.sampledAt);
+
+  return (
+    next.uncertaintyMillis <= aged ||
+    Math.abs(next.offsetMillis - current.offsetMillis) > next.uncertaintyMillis + aged
+  );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Every renderer of a browser reads the same host wall clock, so the offset belongs to the
+ * browser rather than a page. A busy page cannot fail work that an earlier estimate can serve.
+ */
+export const mapping = (now: () => number): Mapping => {
+  let latest: Estimate | undefined;
+  let measuredAt = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+
+  // Called where a measurement is decided, so no other can be decided before this one begins.
+  const adopt = <E>(measure: Effect.Effect<Estimate, E>) => {
+    measuredAt = now();
+
+    return measure.pipe(
+      Effect.map((estimate) => {
+        if (latest === undefined || supersedes(estimate, latest)) latest = estimate;
+
+        return latest;
+      }),
+    );
+  };
+
+  return {
+    latest: () => latest,
+    current: (measure) =>
+      Effect.suspend(() => (latest === undefined ? adopt(measure) : Effect.succeed(latest))),
+    renew: (measure) =>
+      Effect.suspend(() =>
+        latest === undefined || now() - measuredAt < Duration.toMillis(renewAfter)
+          ? Effect.void
+          : Effect.ignore(adopt(measure)),
+      ),
+  };
+};
+
+export const toHostTime = (calibration: Estimate, browserEpochMillis: number): number =>
+  browserEpochMillis - calibration.offsetMillis;
+
+/** CDP input timestamps use seconds, unlike browser frame timestamps and the owner's clock. */
+export const toBrowserSeconds = (calibration: Estimate, hostMillis: number): number =>
+  (hostMillis + calibration.offsetMillis) / 1000;

package/src/internal/pictures/pictures.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+/**
+ * Pictures of a page: screenshots, frames of a stated age, zooms, and its screencast with the clock
+ * that times its frames. A new picture is taken on the page's own protocol session, one at a time:
+ * one call where a device pixel is a CSS pixel and nothing is cropped, and two otherwise, unless
+ * Playwright emulates the viewport. The page's first clipped picture also holds the screen it reads.
+ */
+import { Duration, Effect, Option, Schedule, Schema, Semaphore } from "effect";
+
+import { BrowserError, Failed, InvalidRequest } from "../../BrowserError.ts";
+import { Frame, Image, Screenshot } from "../../Frame.ts";
+import { type FrameOptions, Region, type ScreenshotOptions, Zoom } from "../../Page.ts";
+import { type Bridge, scriptCall } from "../page/bridge.ts";
+import { decodeWith, failWith, type PageContext, reasonOf, undispatched } from "../page/context.ts";
+import type { Viewport } from "../page/viewport.ts";
+import * as Capture from "./capture.ts";
+import * as BrowserClock from "./clock.ts";
+import * as Transport from "./transport.ts";
+
+/** Read a JPEG's dimensions from its start-of-frame marker. */
+export const jpegSize = (bytes: Uint8Array): Capture.Size | undefined => {
+  let offset = 2;
+
+  while (offset + 9 < bytes.length) {
+    if (bytes[offset] !== 0xff) return undefined;
+    const marker = bytes[offset + 1] ?? 0;
+    const length = ((bytes[offset + 2] ?? 0) << 8) | (bytes[offset + 3] ?? 0);
+
+    if (marker >= 0xc0 && marker <= 0xc3)
+      return {
+        height: ((bytes[offset + 5] ?? 0) << 8) | (bytes[offset + 6] ?? 0),
+        width: ((bytes[offset + 7] ?? 0) << 8) | (bytes[offset + 8] ?? 0),
+      };
+    offset += 2 + length;
+  }
+
+  return undefined;
+};
+
+/** Read a PNG's dimensions from its header chunk. */
+export const pngSize = (bytes: Uint8Array): Capture.Size | undefined => {
+  if (bytes.length < 24 || bytes[1] !== 0x50 || bytes[2] !== 0x4e || bytes[3] !== 0x47)
+    return undefined;
+  const view = new DataView(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength);
+
+  return { width: view.getUint32(16), height: view.getUint32(20) };
+};
+
+/** The format a new picture is taken in. */
+export type Format = "jpeg" | "png";
+
+// The part of `Page.getLayoutMetrics` a clip needs: the visual viewport's place in the document and
+// its pinch scale, and the content's size in device and CSS pixels, whose ratio is the device's.
+const LayoutMetrics = Schema.Struct({
+  cssVisualViewport: Schema.Struct({
+    pageX: Schema.Finite,
+    pageY: Schema.Finite,
+    scale: Schema.Finite.check(Schema.isGreaterThan(0)),
+  }),
+  contentSize: Schema.Struct({ width: Schema.Finite }),
+  cssContentSize: Schema.Struct({ width: Schema.Finite }),
+});
+
+// A screencast frame shows the page as it was when it was painted, and a new picture costs a round
+// trip, so by default a frame painted this recently is reused.
+const defaultMaxAge = Duration.millis(250);
+
+// Chromium answers this while the page has no surface to copy yet, as just after a navigation. The
+// page has one from its first frame, so the picture is taken again a frame later, within the
+// picture's own deadline.
+const surfaceless = (error: BrowserError) =>
+  error.reason._tag === "Failed" && error.reason.detail.includes("Unable to capture screenshot");
+
+const untilPainted = <A, R>(capture: Effect.Effect<A, BrowserError, R>) =>
+  capture.pipe(Effect.retry({ while: surfaceless, schedule: Schedule.spaced("16 millis") }));
+
+/**
+ * Measure this page's clock against the browser's, in a world without the page script: no DOM
+ * markers, input, navigation or extra tabs. Each of three probes reads the browser's time between
+ * two stamps of the owner's clock, and the fastest bounds the offset best. A busy page answers each
+ * probe late, behind its own work, so the probes that answered within two seconds serve, and the
+ * measurement fails only if none did: a wide estimate keeps a capture going, and a renewal while
+ * its frames flow narrows it.
+ */
+const calibrator = (page: PageContext, bridge: Bridge) => {
+  const { native, now, within } = page;
+  const { send } = page.protocol;
+
+  // A round trip to the page like any other read, so traced as one.
+  const probe = (contextId: number) =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const hostStart = now();
+
+      const { result, exceptionDetails } = yield* native("calibrate", () =>
+        send("Runtime.evaluate", {
+          contextId,
+          expression: "performance.timeOrigin + performance.now()",
+          returnByValue: true,
+        }),
+      ).pipe(page.span("Page.evaluate", { function: "clock" }, "Trace"));
+
+      const hostEnd = now();
+      const browserTime: unknown = result.value;
+
+      if (exceptionDetails !== undefined || typeof browserTime !== "number")
+        return yield* failWith(
+          "calibrate",
+          new Failed({ detail: "the browser clock probe did not return a timestamp" }),
+        );
+
+      return { hostStart, hostEnd, browserTime };
+    });
+
+  const answered = (contextId: number) =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const probes: Array<BrowserClock.Probe> = [];
+
+      yield* Effect.forEach(
+        [1, 2, 3],
+        () => Effect.map(probe(contextId), (one) => probes.push(one)),
+        {
+          discard: true,
+        },
+      ).pipe(
+        within("calibrate", Duration.seconds(2)),
+        Effect.catch((error) => (probes.length === 0 ? Effect.fail(error) : Effect.void)),
+      );
+
+      return probes;
+    });
+
+  return bridge.bareWorld("calibrate").pipe(
+    Effect.flatMap(answered),
+    Effect.flatMap((probes) =>
+      Option.match(BrowserClock.estimate(probes), {
+        onNone: () =>
+          failWith(
+            "calibrate",
+            new Failed({ detail: "the browser clock probes did not define a finite interval" }),
+          ),
+        onSome: Effect.succeed,
+      }),
+    ),
+    within("calibrate", Duration.seconds(4)),
+    // The fastest probe's round trip: the transport's, plus a trivial script.
+    Effect.tap((estimate) =>
+      Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("roundTripMillis", Math.round(estimate.roundTripMillis * 10) / 10),
+    ),
+    page.span("Page.calibrateClock", {}, "Debug"),
+    page.owned,
+  );
+};
+
+// The screen as the page reads it.
+const ScreenSize = Schema.Struct({ width: Schema.Int, height: Schema.Int });
+
+// A new picture in CSS pixels. Where a device pixel is not a CSS pixel, or for a crop, it is
+// Playwright's clip over fresh layout metrics: document coordinates from the visual viewport's
+// place, and its pinch scale divided by the device's. Chromium draws such a capture into a
+// running screencast, so the capture leaves out what is painted meanwhile.
+//
+// Chromium takes a clipped picture through the device emulation of the session that asks for it,
+// then restores the view's size and what that session emulated. The page's own session emulated
+// nothing, so its crops cleared a screen another session emulates, as Browserbase's own does: so
+// before its first clipped picture, it holds a copy of the screen the page reads, which every later
+// picture restores. And a picture taken during another would restore the other's clip, so they go
+// one at a time.
+const camera = (
+  page: PageContext,
+  bridge: Bridge,
+  viewport: Viewport,
+  capture: Capture.Controller,
+) => {
+  const { playwright, settings, native, within } = page;
+  const { send } = page.protocol;
+  const actionMillis = Duration.toMillis(settings.actionTimeout);
+  // Device pixels per CSS pixel, as the page's layout metrics last gave it. A picture taken in one
+  // call is checked by its size, so a page whose ratio changes is measured again.
+  let ratio = 1;
+  const alone = Semaphore.makeUnsafe(1).withPermits(1);
+  let screenHeld = false;
+
+  // The copy has the screen alone: the view keeps its own size, and the device its pixel ratio.
+  const holdScreen = (operation: string) =>
+    Effect.suspend(() =>
+      screenHeld
+        ? Effect.void
+        : bridge.evaluate(operation, scriptCall("screenSize")).pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap(decodeWith(operation, ScreenSize)),
+            Effect.flatMap(({ width, height }) =>
+              native(operation, () =>
+                send("Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride", {
+                  width: 0,
+                  height: 0,
+                  deviceScaleFactor: 0,
+                  mobile: false,
+                  screenWidth: width,
+                  screenHeight: height,
+                }),
+              ).pipe(alone),
+            ),
+            Effect.andThen(
+              Effect.sync(() => {
+                screenHeld = true;
+              }),
+            ),
+          ),
+    );
+
+  const decoded = (operation: string, data: Uint8Array, format: Format) => {
+    const size = format === "png" ? pngSize(data) : jpegSize(data);
+
+    return size === undefined
+      ? failWith(
+          operation,
+          new Failed({ detail: `the browser's picture is not a ${format.toUpperCase()}` }),
+        )
+      : Effect.succeed(new Image({ data, mediaType: `image/${format}`, ...size }));
+  };
+
+  const shot = (
+    operation: string,
+    format: Format,
+    quality: number,
+    clip?: Capture.Size & { readonly x: number; readonly y: number; readonly scale: number },
+  ) =>
+    native(operation, () =>
+      send("Page.captureScreenshot", {
+        format,
+        ...(format === "jpeg" ? { quality } : {}),
+        ...(clip === undefined ? {} : { clip }),
+      }),
+    ).pipe(
+      alone,
+      untilPainted,
+      Effect.flatMap(({ data }) => decoded(operation, Buffer.from(data, "base64"), format)),
+    );
+
+  // Playwright's own picture, taken on the session where it emulates the viewport.
+  const emulatedShot = (operation: string, format: Format, quality: number, crop?: Region) =>
+    native(
+      operation,
+      () =>
+        playwright.screenshot({
+          type: format,
+          ...(format === "jpeg" ? { quality } : {}),
+          scale: "css",
+          timeout: actionMillis,
+          ...(crop === undefined ? {} : { clip: crop }),
+        }),
+      actionMillis,
+    ).pipe(
+      alone,
+      untilPainted,
+      Effect.flatMap((data) => decoded(operation, data, format)),
+    );
+
+  return (operation: string, quality: number, crop?: Region, format: Format = "jpeg") =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const known = viewport.knownViewport();
+      let whole: Image | undefined;
+
+      if (crop === undefined && ratio === 1) {
+        whole = yield* shot(operation, format, quality);
+        if (whole.width === known?.width && whole.height === known.height) return whole;
+      }
+      // Where Playwright emulates the viewport, on its own session, its own picture restores it.
+      const emulated = playwright.viewportSize();
+
+      if (emulated !== null) {
+        if (whole !== undefined) ratio = whole.width / emulated.width;
+
+        return yield* capture.excluding(emulatedShot(operation, format, quality, crop));
+      }
+
+      const [metrics] = yield* Effect.all(
+        [
+          native(operation, () => send("Page.getLayoutMetrics")).pipe(
+            Effect.flatMap(decodeWith(operation, LayoutMetrics)),
+          ),
+          crop === undefined ? Effect.void : holdScreen(operation),
+        ],
+        { concurrency: 2 },
+      );
+
+      const measured = metrics.contentSize.width / metrics.cssContentSize.width;
+
+      ratio = Number.isFinite(measured) && measured > 0 ? measured : 1;
+      if (crop === undefined && ratio === 1) {
+        const image = whole ?? (yield* shot(operation, format, quality));
+
+        viewport.remember(image);
+
+        return image;
+      }
+      const rect = crop ?? { x: 0, y: 0, ...(known ?? (yield* viewport.viewportFor(operation))) };
+      const { pageX, pageY, scale } = metrics.cssVisualViewport;
+
+      yield* holdScreen(operation);
+
+      // A crop on this session draws its frames at the crop's own size, so only those leave the
+      // capture, and the page's own keep flowing.
+      return yield* capture.excluding(
+        shot(operation, format, quality, {
+          x: pageX + rect.x,
+          y: pageY + rect.y,
+          width: Math.floor(rect.width / scale + 1e-3),
+          height: Math.floor(rect.height / scale + 1e-3),
+          scale: scale / ratio,
+        }),
+        crop !== undefined,
+      );
+    }).pipe(within(operation));
+};
+
+// A duration in milliseconds, or NaN for an input that is no duration.
+const millisOf = (input: Duration.Input) =>
+  Option.match(Duration.fromInput(input), { onNone: () => Number.NaN, onSome: Duration.toMillis });
+
+// The newest screencast frame, if it shows the page as the caller asked: painted at most `maxAge`
+// ago at the earliest its timing allows, after the current document began, and with
+// `after: "input"` after the page's latest input, which a read asks in its turn, once the action
+// in flight has ended. It must have the viewport's size, as a new picture would. A screencast sends
+// only changes and can miss a final paint, so a frame is only ever as current as its age, and a
+// page that keeps painting while the next document loads leaves its own frames newest when the
+// navigation returns.
+const reuse =
+  (page: PageContext, viewport: Viewport, capture: Capture.Controller) =>
+  (operation: string, options: FrameOptions) =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const maxAge = millisOf(options.maxAge ?? defaultMaxAge);
+
+      if (!(maxAge >= 0))
+        return yield* failWith(
+          operation,
+          new InvalidRequest({ detail: "maxAge must be a duration of zero or more" }),
+        );
+      const latest = yield* capture.latest;
+      const known = viewport.knownViewport();
+      const { activity } = page;
+
+      return Option.filter(latest, (frame) => {
+        const earliest = frame.hostTime - frame.timing.uncertaintyMillis;
+
+        return (
+          page.now() - earliest <= maxAge &&
+          earliest > activity.documentAt &&
+          (options.after !== "input" || earliest > activity.inputAt) &&
+          frame.width === known?.width &&
+          frame.height === known.height
+        );
+      });
+    });
+
+/** Where a picture came from: a frame the screencast had delivered, or a new screenshot. */
+const sourceOf = (reused: Option.Option<Frame>) => (Option.isSome(reused) ? "frame" : "screenshot");
+
+export const make = Effect.fnUntraced(function* (
+  page: PageContext,
+  bridge: Bridge,
+  viewport: Viewport,
+) {
+  const { id, clock, settings, mapping, now, span, owned, lane, within } = page;
+  const calibrateClock = calibrator(page, bridge);
+
+  // A failure from a capture connection is already the capture's own.
+  const error = (cause: unknown) =>
+    Schema.is(BrowserError)(cause)
+      ? cause
+      : undispatched("screencast", reasonOf(cause, undefined, page.closedBy()));
+
+  // Input and capture share the owner's monotonic clock; caller-provided clocks cannot move it.
+  // Registration measures nothing: a page that is busy while it opens, such as a popup running
+  // its first script, must still be tracked. The browser's mapping serves every other page, so
+  // only a browser with no estimate yet needs this page's renderer to answer.
+  const capture = yield* Capture.make({
+    id,
+    transport:
+      page.capture === undefined
+        ? Effect.succeed(Transport.own(page, bridge))
+        : Transport.apart(page, bridge, page.capture, error, yield* Effect.scope),
+    clock,
+    // A capture starts once the page's own session keeps it painting behind other tabs, which a
+    // renderer stuck in a script never confirms, and with the browser's clock mapped. Only a
+    // browser's first capture waits for a measurement; every frame takes the newest estimate.
+    calibrate: page.focused.pipe(within("focus"), Effect.andThen(mapping.current(calibrateClock))),
+    latest: mapping.latest,
+    // Once the estimate is ten seconds old, the page measures again while its frames flow. A
+    // failure there shows in its `Page.calibrateClock` span, and the estimate stays.
+    renew: mapping.renew(calibrateClock),
+    // Frames are reused only after the current document began, which the page's own session sees
+    // only with the Page domain on: a read turns it on, and so does a capture as it starts.
+    watch: bridge.currentDocument("screencast"),
+    frameHistory: settings.frameHistory,
+    viewport: Effect.suspend(() => viewport.viewportFor("screencast")),
+    imageSize: jpegSize,
+    error,
+  });
+
+  const picture = camera(page, bridge, viewport, capture);
+  const reusable = reuse(page, viewport, capture);
+  // Pictures in flight are shared, never kept: their callers say how old one may be.
+  const screenshots = lane.shared<Image>("screenshot", false);
+  const frames = lane.shared<Frame>("frame", false);
+
+  // A caller that acts and then looks must see what its action did, so a screenshot waits for the
+  // action in flight and reuses only a frame painted after the page's latest input.
+  const screenshot = (options: ScreenshotOptions = {}) =>
+    screenshots(
+      JSON.stringify([
+        millisOf(options.maxAge ?? defaultMaxAge),
+        options.clip,
+        options.quality,
+        options.format,
+      ]),
+      Effect.gen(function* () {
+        // Screencast frames are JPEGs, so a PNG is always new.
+        const reused =
+          options.clip === undefined && options.format !== "png"
+            ? yield* reusable("screenshot", { maxAge: options.maxAge, after: "input" })
+            : Option.none<Frame>();
+
+        const image = Option.isSome(reused)
+          ? reused.value.image
+          : yield* picture("screenshot", options.quality ?? 80, options.clip, options.format);
+
+        yield* Effect.annotateCurrentSpan({ source: sourceOf(reused), bytes: image.data.length });
+
+        return image;
+      }),
+    ).pipe(span("Page.screenshot"), owned);
+
+  // A new screenshot has no paint time, only the host interval in which it was taken.
+  const taken = (options: FrameOptions) =>
+    Effect.gen(function* () {
+      const reused = yield* reusable("frame", options);
+
+      yield* Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("source", sourceOf(reused));
+      if (Option.isSome(reused)) return reused.value;
+      const startedAt = now();
+      const image = yield* picture("frame", 80);
+      const finishedAt = now();
+
+      return new Frame({
+        page: id,
+        data: image.data,
+        timing: new Screenshot({
+          hostTime: startedAt + (finishedAt - startedAt) / 2,
+          uncertaintyMillis: (finishedAt - startedAt) / 2,
+        }),
+        receivedAt: finishedAt,
+        width: image.width,
+        height: image.height,
+        ...bridge.frameTag(),
+      });
+    });
+
+  // A frame of a stated age that the screencast has costs nothing and waits for no action; one
+  // that must follow the latest input, or a new screenshot, waits for the action in flight.
+  const frame = (options: FrameOptions = {}) =>
+    (options.after === "input"
+      ? Effect.succeed(Option.none<Frame>())
+      : reusable("frame", options)
+    ).pipe(
+      Effect.flatMap(
+        Option.match({
+          onSome: (reused) => Effect.as(Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("source", "frame"), reused),
+          onNone: () =>
+            frames(
+              JSON.stringify([millisOf(options.maxAge ?? defaultMaxAge), options.after]),
+              taken(options),
+            ),
+        }),
+      ),
+      span("Page.frame"),
+      owned,
+    );
+
+  const zoom = (requested: Region) =>
+    lane
+      .read("zoom")(
+        Effect.gen(function* () {
+          const region = yield* Schema.decodeEffect(Region)(requested).pipe(
+            Effect.mapError((error) =>
+              undispatched("zoom", new InvalidRequest({ detail: error.message })),
+            ),
+          );
+
+          // The viewport's latest known size, as the pictures the region was chosen from had it.
+          const size = viewport.knownViewport() ?? (yield* viewport.viewportFor("zoom"));
+
+          if (region.x + region.width > size.width || region.y + region.height > size.height)
+            return yield* failWith(
+              "zoom",
+              new InvalidRequest({ detail: "the crop must fit entirely within the viewport" }),
+            );
+          const image = yield* picture("zoom", 80, region);
+
+          return new Zoom({ page: id, region, image });
+        }).pipe(within("zoom")),
+      )
+      .pipe(span("Page.zoom"), owned);
+
+  const captureStats = (options: { readonly window?: Duration.Input | undefined } = {}) => {
+    if (options.window === undefined) return capture.stats();
+    const millis = millisOf(options.window);
+
+    return millis > 0 && millis <= Duration.toMillis(Capture.countsKept)
+      ? capture.stats(millis)
+      : failWith(
+          "captureStats",
+          new InvalidRequest({ detail: "window must be over zero and at most a minute" }),
+        );
+  };
+
+  // The browser's clock mapping, measured on this page only while the browser has none, as the
+  // change record's times need it.
+  const estimate = mapping.current(calibrateClock);
+
+  return { capture, screenshot, frame, zoom, captureStats, estimate };
+});