effect-assistant 0.1.0 → 0.3.0

package/src/Timeline.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+/**
+ * This module provides a chat's timeline: the chat as its user sees it. A chat client receives the
+ * timeline and nothing else.
+ *
+ * A {@link Timeline} holds the chat's items: the messages with their blocks, and the app's own
+ * events it shows (each typed with its event, see {@link EventItem}). It also holds the chat's
+ * {@link Activity}, and whether the last turn failed or the chat was deleted. It never contains the
+ * model's output, tool calls or results, what the model read, or why a turn failed. The server
+ * streams {@link Change}s by piping the assistant's `subscribe` through {@link changes}, and the
+ * client folds them with {@link fold} (or {@link apply}, from {@link empty}). On the server,
+ * {@link fromEntries} builds a whole timeline from a chat's log, and {@link snapshot} the whole
+ * timeline as one change.
+ *
+ * **Only the app events in `show` reach the timeline**, and none by default: an event that is only
+ * for the assistant, like a summary of the chat, stays out. The RPC's schema, `Change([...])`,
+ * names the same events and types the client's timeline with them.
+ *
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+import { dual } from "effect/Function"
+import * as Match from "effect/Match"
+import * as Option from "effect/Option"
+import * as Schema from "effect/Schema"
+import * as SchemaTransformation from "effect/SchemaTransformation"
+import * as Stream from "effect/Stream"
+import type * as Assistant from "./Assistant.ts"
+import * as AssistantActivity from "./AssistantActivity.ts"
+import * as AssistantEvent from "./AssistantEvent.ts"
+import * as BlockKit from "./BlockKit.ts"
+import { InputId } from "./InputId.ts"
+import * as AppEvents from "./internal/events.ts"
+import { toJson } from "./internal/schema.ts"
+
+/**
+ * Schema for the status of a block. A block is `"open"` while it accepts an answer, `"answered"`
+ * once the user has used it, and `"closed"` when it closed without an answer because the user
+ * answered in words or moved on.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const BlockStatus = Schema.Literals(["open", "answered", "closed"])
+
+/**
+ * The status of a block.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type BlockStatus = typeof BlockStatus.Type
+
+/**
+ * Schema for a block on an assistant's message. It holds the block's kind, its props (JSON, as
+ * the block's props schema encodes them), its status, and the user's answer (JSON, as the block's
+ * answer schema encodes it).
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const Block = Schema.Struct({
+  kind: Schema.String,
+  props: Schema.Json,
+  status: BlockStatus,
+  answer: Schema.optional(Schema.Json)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Represents a block on an assistant's message.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type Block = typeof Block.Type
+
+/**
+ * Schema for a message the user sent. `at` is when it was stored, in epoch
+ * milliseconds.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const UserMessage = Schema.TaggedStruct("UserMessage", {
+  id: InputId,
+  text: Schema.String,
+  attachments: Schema.optional(Schema.Array(AssistantEvent.Attachment)),
+  at: Schema.Finite
+})
+
+/**
+ * Represents a message the user sent.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type UserMessage = typeof UserMessage.Type
+
+/**
+ * Schema for a message the assistant sent the user, including its block if it has one.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const AssistantMessage = Schema.TaggedStruct("AssistantMessage", {
+  id: Schema.String,
+  text: Schema.String,
+  at: Schema.Finite,
+  block: Schema.optional(Block)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Represents a message the assistant sent the user.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type AssistantMessage = typeof AssistantMessage.Type
+
+/**
+ * Represents one of the app's own events in the timeline: an item between the messages, in the
+ * order the chat stored it.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The item's `_tag` is the event's, so a match over a timeline's items takes a handler per event
+ * beside `UserMessage` and `AssistantMessage`. The event, decoded with its schema, is in `event`,
+ * and the item's own fields sit beside it rather than spread into it: an event may have an `id` or
+ * an `at` of its own, and a class instance keeps its prototype. `id` is fixed per entry of the
+ * chat's log, and `at` is when the event was stored, in epoch milliseconds.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export type EventItem<E> = E extends { readonly _tag: infer Tag extends string }
+  ? { readonly _tag: Tag; readonly id: string; readonly at: number; readonly event: E }
+  : never
+
+/**
+ * Represents an item in the chat's timeline: a message the user or the assistant sent, or one of
+ * the app's own events it shows (see {@link EventItem}).
+ *
+ * **Example** (Showing each item of a chat)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Timeline } from "effect-assistant"
+ * import * as Match from "effect/Match"
+ * import * as Schema from "effect/Schema"
+ *
+ * class DailyBudgetReached extends Schema.TaggedClass<DailyBudgetReached>()("DailyBudgetReached", {}) {}
+ *
+ * const line = (item: Timeline.Item<DailyBudgetReached>) =>
+ *   Match.valueTags(item, {
+ *     UserMessage: (sent) => `You: ${sent.text}`,
+ *     AssistantMessage: (sent) => `Assistant: ${sent.text}`,
+ *     DailyBudgetReached: () => "You've reached today's budget."
+ *   })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export type Item<Events = never> = UserMessage | AssistantMessage | EventItem<Events>
+
+/**
+ * Schema for a specialist that is working for the assistant. It holds the specialist's name and
+ * when it started, in epoch milliseconds.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const SpecialistWorking = Schema.Struct({
+  specialist: Schema.String,
+  since: Schema.Finite
+})
+
+/**
+ * Represents a specialist that is working for the assistant.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type SpecialistWorking = typeof SpecialistWorking.Type
+
+/**
+ * Schema for what is working in the chat.
+ *
+ * `working` is true while the assistant runs a turn, or when a turn is about to start for
+ * something that arrived. `specialists` lists the specialists that are working. When the chat is
+ * idle, nothing is working, even if a workflow is waiting on a timer or on the user.
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const Activity = Schema.Struct({
+  working: Schema.Boolean,
+  specialists: Schema.Array(SpecialistWorking)
+})
+
+/**
+ * Represents what is working in the chat.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export type Activity = typeof Activity.Type
+
+/**
+ * Represents a chat's timeline: the chat as its user sees it, typed with the app's events it shows.
+ * It holds the chat's items in order, what is working in it, whether the last turn failed, and
+ * whether the chat was deleted. `seq` is the position in the chat's log that the timeline is up to.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export interface Timeline<Events = never> {
+  readonly seq: number
+  readonly items: ReadonlyArray<Item<Events>>
+  readonly activity: Activity
+  /** Whether the last turn failed with no message after it. */
+  readonly failed: boolean
+  /** Whether the chat was deleted. A deleted chat accepts nothing more, and its stream ends. */
+  readonly deleted: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents a change to a chat's timeline, typed with the app's events it shows.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * A change holds each item that is new or changed (for example, a message whose block was
+ * answered or closed), in full. It also holds the current activity, whether the last turn failed,
+ * and whether the chat was deleted. `seq` is the position in the chat's log that the change is up
+ * to.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export interface Change<Events = never> {
+  readonly seq: number
+  readonly items: ReadonlyArray<Item<Events>>
+  readonly activity: Activity
+  readonly failed: boolean
+  readonly deleted: boolean
+}
+
+const eventItem = (schema: AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema) =>
+  Schema.Struct({ _tag: Schema.Literal(AppEvents.tagOf(schema)), id: Schema.String, at: Schema.Finite, event: schema })
+
+function makeChange<const Events extends ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema> = readonly []>(
+  events?: Events
+): Schema.Codec<Change<Events[number]["Type"]>, Schema.Json>
+// The overload states the decoded type: an item per given schema, each typed with its own event.
+function makeChange(events: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema> = []): Schema.Top {
+  const AnyItem = Schema.toCodecJson(Schema.Union([UserMessage, AssistantMessage, ...events.map(eventItem)]))
+  const decodeItem = Schema.decodeUnknownOption(AnyItem)
+  const encodeItem = Schema.encodeUnknownSync(AnyItem)
+
+  return Schema.Struct({
+    seq: Schema.Int,
+    // An item for an event this schema doesn't name, or that doesn't decode (from a newer server, say), is left out
+    // rather than failing the whole change.
+    items: Schema.Array(Schema.Json).pipe(
+      Schema.decodeTo(
+        Schema.Array(Schema.toType(AnyItem)),
+        SchemaTransformation.transform<ReadonlyArray<typeof AnyItem.Type>, ReadonlyArray<Schema.Json>>({
+          decode: (json) => json.flatMap((item) => Option.toArray(decodeItem(item))),
+          encode: (items) => items.map((item) => encodeItem(item))
+        })
+      )
+    ),
+    activity: Activity,
+    failed: Schema.Boolean,
+    deleted: Schema.Boolean
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates the schema for the changes to a chat's timeline, with items for the given app events,
+ * in JSON.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * It is the success schema of the RPC that streams a chat's timeline: name the events the chat's
+ * users see, the same ones the handler passes to {@link changes} as `show`. Each item decodes its
+ * event with that event's schema, so the client gets `Change<Events>` typed with them and folds it
+ * with {@link fold}, no definition needed. `Change()` carries no app events.
+ *
+ * A handler whose changes show an event the schema doesn't name doesn't compile.
+ *
+ * **Example** (An RPC that streams a chat's timeline, with the budget notice)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { ChatId, Timeline } from "effect-assistant"
+ * import * as Rpc from "effect/rpc/Rpc"
+ * import * as Schema from "effect/Schema"
+ *
+ * class DailyBudgetReached extends Schema.TaggedClass<DailyBudgetReached>()("DailyBudgetReached", {}) {}
+ *
+ * const Subscribe = Rpc.make("Subscribe", {
+ *   payload: { chatId: ChatId.ChatId },
+ *   success: Timeline.Change([DailyBudgetReached]),
+ *   stream: true
+ * })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category schemas
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export const Change: <const Events extends ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema> = readonly []>(
+  events?: Events
+) => Schema.Codec<Change<Events[number]["Type"]>, Schema.Json> = makeChange
+
+/**
+ * The timeline of a chat before anything has happened in it, with no items and nothing working.
+ * Use it as the starting point when folding changes with {@link apply}.
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const empty: Timeline = {
+  seq: 0,
+  items: [],
+  activity: { working: false, specialists: [] },
+  failed: false,
+  deleted: false
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the timeline after a change.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Each item in the change replaces the item with the same id, in place, and new items are added
+ * after the rest. The change's activity, `failed`, and `deleted` replace the timeline's. Applying a
+ * change twice changes nothing, so a client that resubscribes from the start can fold again and get
+ * the same timeline.
+ *
+ * The timeline is typed with the change's events, as its RPC's schema decoded them (see
+ * {@link Change}). To fold a stream of changes, use {@link fold}: in
+ * `Stream.scan(() => Timeline.empty, Timeline.apply)`, TypeScript fixes the state's type from
+ * `empty` before it sees the changes' events, so that form needs the timeline's type written out.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Folding changes into your own state)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Timeline } from "effect-assistant"
+ *
+ * interface State<Events> {
+ *   readonly timeline: Timeline.Timeline<Events>
+ *   readonly unread: number
+ * }
+ *
+ * const next = <Events>(state: State<Events>, change: Timeline.Change<Events>): State<Events> => ({
+ *   timeline: Timeline.apply(state.timeline, change),
+ *   unread: state.unread + change.items.length
+ * })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category combinators
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const apply = <Events>(timeline: Timeline<Events>, change: Change<Events>): Timeline<Events> => {
+  const changed = new Map(change.items.map((item) => [item.id, item]))
+  const known = new Set(timeline.items.map((item) => item.id))
+
+  return {
+    seq: Math.max(timeline.seq, change.seq),
+    items: [
+      ...timeline.items.map((item) => changed.get(item.id) ?? item),
+      ...change.items.filter((item) => !known.has(item.id))
+    ],
+    activity: change.activity,
+    failed: change.failed,
+    deleted: change.deleted
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the timelines a stream of changes folds to, from {@link empty}, typed with the changes'
+ * events.
+ *
+ * **Example** (A chat's timeline on the client)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Timeline } from "effect-assistant"
+ * import * as Schema from "effect/Schema"
+ * import * as Stream from "effect/Stream"
+ *
+ * class DailyBudgetReached extends Schema.TaggedClass<DailyBudgetReached>()("DailyBudgetReached", {}) {}
+ *
+ * // The stream of an RPC whose success schema is `Timeline.Change([DailyBudgetReached])`.
+ * declare const changes: Stream.Stream<Timeline.Change<DailyBudgetReached>>
+ *
+ * const timelines = changes.pipe(Timeline.fold) // Stream<Timeline.Timeline<DailyBudgetReached>>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @category combinators
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export const fold = <Events, E, R>(
+  changes: Stream.Stream<Change<Events>, E, R>
+): Stream.Stream<Timeline<Events>, E, R> => changes.pipe(Stream.scan((): Timeline<Events> => empty, apply))
+
+/**
+ * Returns whether nothing is working in the chat: no turn is running or about to start, and no
+ * specialist is working.
+ *
+ * @category guards
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const isIdle = <Events>(timeline: Timeline<Events>): boolean =>
+  !timeline.activity.working && timeline.activity.specialists.length === 0
+
+interface AnyEventItem {
+  readonly _tag: string
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly at: number
+  readonly event: { readonly _tag: string }
+}
+
+// What the fold below builds: the overloads that use it type its items with the events shown.
+interface AnyChange {
+  readonly seq: number
+  readonly items: ReadonlyArray<UserMessage | AssistantMessage | AnyEventItem>
+  readonly activity: Activity
+  readonly failed: boolean
+  readonly deleted: boolean
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents the options for building a chat's timeline from its log.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export interface ShowOptions<Show extends ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>> {
+  /**
+   * The schemas of the app's events the chat's users see. Each becomes an item in the timeline;
+   * the app's other events are left out. Defaults to none.
+   */
+  readonly show?: Show | undefined
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents the schemas an assistant's timeline may show: some of its own events.
+ *
+ * @category utility types
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export type Shown<Events> = ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema & { readonly Type: Events }>
+
+function snapshotWith(entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>): Change
+function snapshotWith<Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+  entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>,
+  definition: Definition<Events>,
+  options?: ShowOptions<Show>
+): Change<Show[number]["Type"]>
+function snapshotWith(
+  entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>,
+  _definition?: Schemas,
+  options?: ShowOptions<ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>>
+): AnyChange {
+  const timeline = folding(options?.show ?? [])
+
+  for (const entry of entries) timeline.step(entry)
+
+  return timeline.snapshot
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a chat's whole timeline as one change, built from the entries of its log.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use it on the server for an RPC that returns a whole chat at once: its success schema is
+ * {@link Change} with the same events as `show`, and the client applies it to {@link empty}.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Only the app's events in `show` become items; without it, the timeline has none.
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export const snapshot: {
+  (entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>): Change
+  <Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+    entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>,
+    definition: Definition<Events>,
+    options?: ShowOptions<Show>
+  ): Change<Show[number]["Type"]>
+} = snapshotWith
+
+function fromEntriesWith(entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>): Timeline
+function fromEntriesWith<Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+  entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>,
+  definition: Definition<Events>,
+  options?: ShowOptions<Show>
+): Timeline<Show[number]["Type"]>
+function fromEntriesWith(
+  entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>,
+  _definition?: Schemas,
+  options?: ShowOptions<ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>>
+): AnyChange {
+  const timeline = folding(options?.show ?? [])
+
+  for (const entry of entries) timeline.step(entry)
+
+  return timeline.snapshot
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a chat's timeline, built from the entries of its log.
+ *
+ * **When to use**
+ *
+ * Use it in server-side code that reads a whole chat. A client gets the timeline as a stream from
+ * {@link changes} instead, and an RPC that returns a whole chat sends a {@link snapshot}.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * Only the app's events in `show` become items, typed with their schemas; without it, the timeline
+ * has none.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Building a chat's timeline from its log)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { type ChatId, ChatLog, Timeline } from "effect-assistant"
+ * import * as Effect from "effect/Effect"
+ *
+ * const timelineOf = (chatId: ChatId.ChatId) =>
+ *   ChatLog.ChatLog.use((log) => log.read(chatId)).pipe(
+ *     Effect.map((entries) => Timeline.fromEntries(entries))
+ *   )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link changes} for a stream of changes instead of a whole timeline
+ *
+ * @category constructors
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export const fromEntries: {
+  (entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>): Timeline
+  <Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+    entries: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry>,
+    definition: Definition<Events>,
+    options?: ShowOptions<Show>
+  ): Timeline<Show[number]["Type"]>
+} = fromEntriesWith
+
+interface Schemas {
+  readonly events: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>
+}
+
+interface Folding {
+  readonly step: (entry: AssistantEvent.AnyEntry) => AnyChange | undefined
+  readonly snapshot: AnyChange
+}
+
+const activityOf = (activity: AssistantActivity.State): Activity => ({
+  working: activity.turnSince !== undefined || activity.queued,
+  specialists: [...activity.specialists.values()].map((run) => ({
+    specialist: run.specialist,
+    since: run.since
+  }))
+})
+
+const sameActivity = (a: Activity, b: Activity) =>
+  a.working === b.working &&
+  a.specialists.length === b.specialists.length &&
+  a.specialists.every((run, i) => {
+    const other = b.specialists[i]
+
+    return other !== undefined && run.specialist === other.specialist && run.since === other.since
+  })
+
+const folding = (show: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>): Folding => {
+  const shown = new Map(show.map((schema) => [AppEvents.tagOf(schema), schema]))
+  let seq = 0
+  let failed = false
+  let deleted = false
+  let activity = AssistantActivity.empty
+  let blocks: ReadonlyMap<string, BlockKit.State> = new Map()
+  // The items in order, and the assistant's messages as stored: their blocks change as the chat goes on.
+  const items = new Map<string, UserMessage | AssistantMessage | AnyEventItem>()
+  const sent = new Map<string, AssistantEvent.AssistantMessage>()
+
+  const blockOf = (message: AssistantEvent.AssistantMessage): Block | undefined => {
+    if (message.block === undefined) return undefined
+
+    const state = blocks.get(message.id)
+    const status = state === undefined || state.open ? "open" : state.answer === undefined ? "closed" : "answered"
+    const block: Block = { kind: message.block.kind, props: toJson(message.block.props), status }
+
+    return state?.answer === undefined ? block : { ...block, answer: toJson(state.answer.value) }
+  }
+
+  const itemOf = (message: AssistantEvent.AssistantMessage, at: number): AssistantMessage => {
+    const block = blockOf(message)
+
+    return block === undefined
+      ? AssistantMessage.make({ id: message.id, text: message.text, at })
+      : AssistantMessage.make({ id: message.id, text: message.text, at, block })
+  }
+
+  const touched = (event: AssistantEvent.AssistantEvent, at: number): ReadonlyArray<string> =>
+    Match.value(event).pipe(
+      Match.tagsExhaustive({
+        UserMessage: (message) => {
+          items.set(
+            message.id,
+            message.attachments === undefined
+              ? UserMessage.make({ id: message.id, text: message.text, at })
+              : UserMessage.make({
+                  id: message.id,
+                  text: message.text,
+                  attachments: message.attachments,
+                  at
+                })
+          )
+          failed = false
+
+          return [message.id]
+        },
+        AssistantMessage: (message) => {
+          sent.set(message.id, message)
+          items.set(message.id, itemOf(message, at))
+          failed = false
+
+          return [message.id, ...(message.closes ?? [])]
+        },
+        BlockAnswer: (answer) => {
+          failed = false
+
+          return [answer.messageId]
+        },
+        BlocksClosed: (closed) => closed.messageIds,
+        TurnFailed: () => {
+          failed = true
+
+          return []
+        },
+        ModelOutput: () => [],
+        ToolStarted: () => [],
+        ToolResult: () => [],
+        TurnStarted: () => [],
+        TurnCompleted: () => [],
+        SpecialistStarted: () => [],
+        SpecialistFinished: () => [],
+        ChatDeleted: () => {
+          deleted = true
+
+          return []
+        }
+      })
+    )
+
+  // Decoded as `subscribe` streams it, or as the log stores it; one that doesn't decode is left out.
+  const eventItemOf = (entry: AssistantEvent.AnyEntry): Option.Option<AnyEventItem> => {
+    const schema = shown.get(entry.event._tag)
+
+    if (schema === undefined) return Option.none()
+
+    const event = Schema.is(schema)(entry.event) ? Option.some(entry.event) : AppEvents.decodeWith(schema, entry.event)
+
+    return Option.map(event, (decoded) => ({
+      _tag: decoded._tag,
+      id: `app-event:${entry.seq}`,
+      at: entry.at,
+      event: decoded
+    }))
+  }
+
+  const step = (entry: AssistantEvent.AnyEntry): AnyChange | undefined => {
+    const before = { activity: activityOf(activity), failed, deleted }
+    const { event } = entry
+
+    seq = entry.seq
+    activity = AssistantActivity.apply(activity, entry)
+
+    if (!AssistantEvent.isLibraryEvent(event)) {
+      const now = activityOf(activity)
+
+      return Option.match(eventItemOf(entry), {
+        onNone: () =>
+          sameActivity(before.activity, now) ? undefined : { seq, items: [], activity: now, failed, deleted },
+        onSome: (item) => {
+          items.set(item.id, item)
+
+          return { seq, items: [item], activity: now, failed, deleted }
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    blocks = BlockKit.apply(blocks, event)
+
+    const changed = [...new Set(touched(event, entry.at))].flatMap((id) => {
+      const message = sent.get(id)
+      const current = items.get(id)
+
+      if (message === undefined || current === undefined) return current === undefined ? [] : [current]
+
+      const next = itemOf(message, current.at)
+      items.set(id, next)
+
+      return [next]
+    })
+
+    const now = activityOf(activity)
+
+    return changed.length === 0 &&
+      failed === before.failed &&
+      deleted === before.deleted &&
+      sameActivity(before.activity, now)
+      ? undefined
+      : { seq, items: changed, activity: now, failed, deleted }
+  }
+
+  return {
+    step,
+    get snapshot() {
+      return { seq, items: [...items.values()], activity: activityOf(activity), failed, deleted }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const merge = (changes: ReadonlyArray<AnyChange>): AnyChange | undefined => {
+  const last = changes.at(-1)
+
+  if (last === undefined) return undefined
+
+  const items = new Map<string, UserMessage | AssistantMessage | AnyEventItem>()
+
+  for (const change of changes) for (const item of change.items) items.set(item.id, item)
+
+  return {
+    seq: last.seq,
+    items: [...items.values()],
+    activity: last.activity,
+    failed: last.failed,
+    deleted: last.deleted
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents an assistant's definition as the timeline reads it. An assistant made with
+ * `Assistant.make` fits it.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+export interface Definition<Events = never> {
+  /** The schemas of the assistant's events. */
+  readonly events: ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>
+  /** The schema of the chat's entries, typed with the assistant's events: it types `show`. */
+  readonly Entry: Schema.Codec<Assistant.Entry<Events>, Schema.Json>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Represents the options accepted by {@link changes}.
+ *
+ * @category models
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export interface ChangesOptions<
+  Show extends ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema> = readonly []
+> extends ShowOptions<Show> {
+  /**
+   * The `seq` up to which the client already has the timeline. The result contains only the
+   * changes after it. Defaults to `0`, every change.
+   */
+  readonly after?: number | undefined
+}
+
+function changesWith<E, R, Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+  entries: Stream.Stream<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry, E, R>,
+  definition: Definition<Events>,
+  options?: ChangesOptions<Show>
+): Stream.Stream<Change<Show[number]["Type"]>, E, R>
+function changesWith<E, R>(
+  entries: Stream.Stream<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry, E, R>,
+  _definition: Schemas,
+  options?: ChangesOptions<ReadonlyArray<AssistantEvent.AppEventSchema>>
+): Stream.Stream<AnyChange, E, R> {
+  const after = options?.after ?? 0
+
+  return entries.pipe(
+    Stream.mapAccumArray(
+      () => folding(options?.show ?? []),
+      (timeline, chunk) => {
+        const changed = chunk.flatMap((entry) => {
+          const change = timeline.step(entry)
+
+          return change === undefined || entry.seq <= after ? [] : [change]
+        })
+
+        const merged = merge(changed)
+
+        return [timeline, merged === undefined ? [] : [merged]]
+      }
+    )
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the stream of changes to a chat's timeline that its entries produce, for a chat client.
+ *
+ * **Details**
+ *
+ * The entries must stream from the start of the chat's log, as `assistant.subscribe(chatId)` does
+ * without `after`. The fold reads every entry, because a message depends on earlier entries: its
+ * block is answered or closed later. `after` only skips emitting the changes up to that `seq`, so a
+ * client that has the timeline up to a `seq` receives only what changed since. Pass `after` here,
+ * not to `subscribe`: a subscription that starts after a `seq` gives the fold an incomplete log,
+ * and the changes it produces are wrong.
+ *
+ * Each chunk of entries becomes one change; the stored entries, for example, arrive as one chunk.
+ *
+ * **Only the app's events in `show` reach the client.** Each one becomes an item between the
+ * messages (see {@link EventItem}); the app's other events, like a summary of the chat for the
+ * model, are left out. Without `show`, none are shown. The changes are typed with the events shown,
+ * so the RPC's success schema names the same ones (`Timeline.Change([...])`), and a handler that
+ * shows one the schema doesn't name doesn't compile. A timeline shows a turn as working once it
+ * starts, or from the user's input.
+ *
+ * **Example** (Streaming a chat's timeline to a client, with the one app event its user sees)
+ *
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Assistant, type ChatId, Timeline } from "effect-assistant"
+ * import * as Schema from "effect/Schema"
+ * import * as Stream from "effect/Stream"
+ *
+ * class Summary extends Schema.TaggedClass<Summary>()("Summary", { text: Schema.String, throughSeq: Schema.Int }) {}
+ * class DailyBudgetReached extends Schema.TaggedClass<DailyBudgetReached>()("DailyBudgetReached", {}) {}
+ *
+ * const MyAssistant = Assistant.make("my-assistant", { events: [Summary, DailyBudgetReached] })
+ *
+ * // The summary is for the model: only the budget notice reaches the user.
+ * const watch = (chatId: ChatId.ChatId, after: number) =>
+ *   Stream.unwrap(
+ *     MyAssistant.useSync((assistant) =>
+ *       assistant.subscribe(chatId).pipe(Timeline.changes(MyAssistant, { show: [DailyBudgetReached], after }))
+ *     )
+ *   )
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @see {@link fold} for folding the changes into a timeline on the client
+ *
+ * @category utils
+ * @since 0.3.0
+ */
+export const changes: {
+  <Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+    definition: Definition<Events>,
+    options?: ChangesOptions<Show>
+  ): <E, R>(entries: Stream.Stream<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry, E, R>) => Stream.Stream<Change<Show[number]["Type"]>, E, R>
+  <E, R, Events, const Show extends Shown<Events> = readonly []>(
+    entries: Stream.Stream<AssistantEvent.AnyEntry, E, R>,
+    definition: Definition<Events>,
+    options?: ChangesOptions<Show>
+  ): Stream.Stream<Change<Show[number]["Type"]>, E, R>
+} = dual((args) => Stream.isStream(args[0]), changesWith)