effect-app 4.0.0-beta.6 → 4.0.0-beta.60

package/src/{ServiceMap.ts → Context.ts}

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
-/**
- * We're doing the long way around here with assignTag, TagBase & TagBaseTagged,
- * because there's a typescript compiler issue where it will complain about Equal.symbol, and Hash.symbol not being accessible.
- * https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/52644
- */
 
 import { type Effect, Layer, type Scope, type Types } from "effect"
-import * as ServiceMap from "effect/ServiceMap"
-import { Yieldable } from "./Effect.js"
+import * as SM from "effect/ServiceMap"
+import { type Yieldable } from "./Effect.js"
 
 export * from "effect/ServiceMap"
 
-export interface Opaque<Self extends object, in out Shape extends object> extends ServiceMap.Key<Self, Self>, Yieldable<Opaque<Self, Shape>, Self, never, Self> {
-  // temp while sorting out https://github.com/Effect-TS/effect-smol/pull/1534
-  of(self: Shape): Self
-  serviceMap(self: Shape): ServiceMap.ServiceMap<Self>
+export { type ServiceMap as Context } from "effect/ServiceMap"
+export { isServiceMap as isContext } from "effect/ServiceMap"
+
+export interface Opaque<Self extends object, in out Shape extends object>
+  extends SM.Key<Self, Self>, Yieldable<Opaque<Self, Shape>, Self, never, Self>
+{
+  of(this: void, self: Shape): Self
+  serviceMap(self: Shape): SM.ServiceMap<Self>
   // a version that leverages the Shape -> Self conversion
   toLayer: <E, R>(
     eff: Effect.Effect<Shape, E, R>
@@ -24,11 +23,11 @@ export interface Opaque<Self extends object, in out Shape extends object> extend
 }
 
 // export interface OpaqueMake<Self extends object, in out Shape extends object, E, R>
-//   extends ServiceMap.Service<Self, Self>
+//   extends SM.Service<Self, Self>
 // {
 //   // temp while sorting out https://github.com/Effect-TS/effect-smol/pull/1534
 //   of(self: Shape): Self
-//   serviceMap2(self: Shape): ServiceMap.ServiceMap<Self>
+//   serviceMap2(self: Shape): SM.ServiceMap<Self>
 //   // a version that leverages the Shape -> Self conversion
 //   toLayer: {
 //     <E, R>(
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ export function assignTag<Identifier extends object, Shape extends object = Iden
   creationError?: Error
 ) {
   return <S extends object>(cls: S): S & Opaque<Identifier, Shape> => {
-    const tag = ServiceMap.Service<Identifier, Shape>(key)
+    const tag = SM.Service<Identifier, Shape>(key)
     let fields = tag
     if (Reflect.ownKeys(cls).includes("key")) {
       const { key, ...rest } = tag
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ export const Opaque: {
     id: Identifier,
     options?: {
       readonly make: ((...args: Args) => Effect.Effect<Shape, E, R>) | Effect.Effect<Shape, E, R> | undefined
-    } | undefined
+    }
   ) =>
     & OpaqueClass<Self, Identifier, Shape>
     & ([Types.unassigned] extends [R] ? unknown
@@ -178,10 +177,10 @@ export const Opaque: {
     >
     & { readonly make: Make }
 } = () => (id: string, options: any) => {
-  const svc = ServiceMap.Service()(id, options) as any
+  const svc = SM.Service()(id, options) as any
   return Object.assign(svc, {
     toLayer: (eff: Effect.Effect<any, any, any>) => {
-      return Layer.effect(svc as any, eff)
+      return Layer.effect(svc, eff)
     }
   })
 }

package/src/Effect.ts

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 /* eslint-disable prefer-destructuring */
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
 
-import { Effect, Option, Ref, type ServiceMap } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Option, Ref } from "effect"
 import * as Def from "effect/Deferred"
 import * as Fiber from "effect/Fiber"
 import type { Scope } from "effect/Scope"
 import type { Semaphore } from "effect/Semaphore"
+import type * as Context from "./Context.js"
 import { curry } from "./Function.js"
 import { typedKeysOf } from "./utils.js"
 
@@ -116,10 +117,10 @@ export function joinAll<E, A>(fibers: Iterable<Fiber.Fiber<A, E>>): Effect.Effec
 }
 
 type ServiceA<T> = T extends Effect.Effect<infer S, any, any> ? S
-  : T extends ServiceMap.Service<any, infer S> ? S
+  : T extends Context.Service<any, infer S> ? S
   : never
 type ServiceR<T> = T extends Effect.Effect<any, any, infer R> ? R
-  : T extends ServiceMap.Service<infer I, any> ? I
+  : T extends Context.Service<infer I, any> ? I
   : never
 type ServiceE<T> = T extends Effect.Effect<any, infer E, any> ? E : never
 // type Values<T> = T extends { [s: string]: infer S } ? ServiceA<S> : never
@@ -144,24 +145,25 @@ export interface EffectUnunified<R, E, A> extends Effect.Effect<R, E, A> {}
 
 export type LowerFirst<S extends PropertyKey> = S extends `${infer First}${infer Rest}` ? `${Lowercase<First>}${Rest}`
   : S
-export type LowerServices<T extends Record<string, ServiceMap.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>> = {
+export type LowerServices<T extends Record<string, Context.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>> = {
   [key in keyof T as LowerFirst<key>]: ServiceA<T[key]>
 }
 
-export function allLower<T extends Record<string, ServiceMap.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>>(
+export function allLower<T extends Record<string, Context.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>>(
   services: T
 ) {
   return Effect.all(
     typedKeysOf(services).reduce((prev, cur) => {
-      const svc = services[cur]
-      prev[((cur as string)[0]!.toLowerCase() + (cur as string).slice(1)) as unknown as LowerFirst<typeof cur>] = svc // "_id" in svc && svc._id === TagTypeId ? svc : svc
+      const svc = services[cur]!
+      prev[((cur as string)[0]!.toLowerCase() + (cur as string).slice(1)) as unknown as LowerFirst<typeof cur>] =
+        "asEffect" in svc ? svc.asEffect() : svc
       return prev
     }, {} as any),
     { concurrency: "inherit" }
   ) as any as Effect.Effect<LowerServices<T>, ValuesE<T>, ValuesR<T>>
 }
 
-export function allLowerWith<T extends Record<string, ServiceMap.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>, A>(
+export function allLowerWith<T extends Record<string, Context.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>, A>(
   services: T,
   fn: (services: LowerServices<T>) => A
 ) {
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ export function allLowerWith<T extends Record<string, ServiceMap.Service<any, an
 }
 
 export function allLowerWithEffect<
-  T extends Record<string, ServiceMap.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>,
+  T extends Record<string, Context.Service<any, any> | Effect.Effect<any, any, any>>,
   R,
   E,
   A

package/src/Layer.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { type Array, Effect, Layer, type Scope, type ServiceMap, type Types } from "effect"
+import { type Array, Effect, Layer, type Scope, type Types } from "effect"
 import { type Yieldable } from "effect/Effect"
 import { dual } from "effect/Function"
+import type * as Context from "./Context.js"
 import { type EffectGenUtils } from "./utils/gen.js"
 
 export * from "effect/Layer"
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ type MakeGenNo<S> = {
   readonly make: () => Generator<unknown, S>
 }
 type MakeErr<Opts> = Opts extends { make: () => any } ? EffectGenUtils.Error<Opts["make"]> : never
-type MakeContext<Opts> = Opts extends { make: () => any } ? EffectGenUtils.ServiceMap<Opts["make"]> : never
+type MakeContext<Opts> = Opts extends { make: () => any } ? EffectGenUtils.Context<Opts["make"]> : never
 
 type DependenciesOpt = { dependencies?: Array.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<Layer.Any> }
 type Dependencies = { dependencies: Array.NonEmptyReadonlyArray<Layer.Any> }
@@ -41,12 +42,12 @@ type PackedOrUnpackedLayer<I, Opts> = Opts extends Dependencies ? PackedLayers<I
 
 export const make: {
   <I, S>(
-    tag: ServiceMap.Service<I, S>
+    tag: Context.Service<I, S>
   ): <Opts extends Make<Types.NoInfer<S>, any, any>>(
     options: Opts
   ) => PackedOrUnpackedLayer<I, Opts>
   <I, S, Opts extends Make<Types.NoInfer<S>, any, any>>(
-    tag: ServiceMap.Service<I, S>,
+    tag: Context.Service<I, S>,
     options: Opts
   ): PackedOrUnpackedLayer<I, Opts>
 } = dual(2, (tag, options) => {

package/src/Pure.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
 import { Chunk, Effect, Layer, Result } from "effect"
+import * as Context from "./Context.js"
 import { tuple } from "./Function.js"
-import * as ServiceMap from "./ServiceMap.js"
 
 const S1 = Symbol()
 const S2 = Symbol()
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ export function GMU<W, S, S2, GA, MR, ME>(modify: (i: GA) => Pure<W, S, S2, MR,
   ) => GMU_(get, modify, update)
 }
 
-const tagg = ServiceMap.Service<{ env: PureEnv<never, unknown, never> }>("PureEnv")
+const tagg = Context.Service<{ env: PureEnv<never, unknown, never> }>("PureEnv")
 function castTag<W, S, S2>() {
-  return tagg as any as ServiceMap.Service<PureEnvEnv<W, S, S2>, PureEnvEnv<W, S, S2>>
+  return tagg as any as Context.Service<PureEnvEnv<W, S, S2>, PureEnvEnv<W, S, S2>>
 }
 
 export const ServiceTag = Symbol()
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ export abstract class PhantomTypeParameter<Identifier extends keyof any, Instant
   }
 }
 
-export type ServiceShape<T extends ServiceMap.ServiceClass.Shape<any, any>> = Omit<
+export type ServiceShape<T extends Context.ServiceClass.Shape<any, any>> = Omit<
   T,
-  keyof ServiceMap.ServiceClass.Shape<any, any>
+  keyof Context.ServiceClass.Shape<any, any>
 >
 
 export abstract class ServiceTagged<ServiceKey> extends PhantomTypeParameter<string, ServiceKey> {}
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ export interface PureEnvEnv<W, S, S2> extends ServiceTagged<typeof PureEnvEnv> {
 }
 
 export function get<S>(): Pure<never, S, S, never, never, S> {
-  return (castTag<never, S, S>() as any).use((_: any) => _.env.state)
+  return (castTag<never, S, S>()).useSync((_) => _.env.state)
 }
 
 export function set<S>(s: S): Pure<never, S, S, never, never, void> {
-  return (castTag<never, S, S>() as any).use((_: any) => {
+  return (castTag<never, S, S>()).useSync((_) => {
     _.env.state = s
   })
 }
@@ -129,13 +129,13 @@ export function set<S>(s: S): Pure<never, S, S, never, never, void> {
 export type PureLogT<W> = Pure<W, unknown, never, never, never, void>
 
 export function log<W>(w: W): PureLogT<W> {
-  return (castTag<W, unknown, never>() as any).use((_: any) => {
+  return (castTag<W, unknown, never>()).useSync((_) => {
     _.env.log = Chunk.append(_.env.log, w)
   })
 }
 
 export function logMany<W>(w: Iterable<W>): PureLogT<W> {
-  return (castTag<W, unknown, never>() as any).use((_: any) => {
+  return (castTag<W, unknown, never>()).useSync((_) => {
     _.env.log = Chunk.appendAll(_.env.log, Chunk.fromIterable(w))
   })
 }
@@ -150,17 +150,16 @@ export function runAll<R, E, A, W3, S1, S3, S4 extends S1>(
 > {
   const a = Effect
     .flatMap(self, (x) =>
-      (castTag<W3, S1, S3>() as any)
-        .use(
-          ({ env: _ }: any) => Effect.sync(() => ({ log: _.log, state: _.state }))
+      (castTag<W3, S1, S3>())
+        .useSync(
+          ({ env: _ }) => ({ log: _.log, state: _.state })
         )
         .pipe(
-          Effect.flatMap((_: any) => Effect.succeed(_)),
           Effect.map(
-            ({ log, state }: any) => tuple(log, Result.succeed(tuple(state, x)))
+            ({ log, state }) => tuple(log, Result.succeed(tuple(state, x)))
           )
         ))
-    .pipe(Effect.catch((err: any) => (tagg as any).use((env: any) => tuple(env.env.log, Result.fail(err)))))
+    .pipe(Effect.catch((err: any) => tagg.useSync((env) => tuple(env.env.log, Result.fail(err)))))
   return Effect.provide(a, Layer.succeed(tagg, { env: makePureEnv<W3, S3, S4>(s) as any }) as any) as any
 }
 
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ export function runA<R, E, A, W3, S1, S3, S4 extends S1>(
 export function modify<S2, A, S3>(
   mod: (s: S2) => readonly [S3, A]
 ): Effect.Effect<A, never, { env: PureEnv<never, S2, S3> }> {
-  return (castTag<never, S3, S2>() as any).use((_: any) => {
+  return (castTag<never, S3, S2>()).useSync((_) => {
     const [s, a] = mod(_.env.state)
     _.env.state = s as any
     return a
@@ -210,10 +209,10 @@ export function modifyM<W, R, E, A, S2, S3>(
 ): Effect.Effect<A, E, FixEnv<R, W, S2, S3>> {
   // return serviceWithEffect(_ => Ref.modifyM_(_.state, mod))
   return Effect.flatMap(
-    (castTag<W, S3, S2>() as any).use((_: any) => _),
+    (castTag<W, S3, S2>()).useSync((_) => _),
     (_: any) =>
       Effect.map(mod(_.env.state), ([s, a]: any) => {
-        _.env.state = s as any
+        _.env.state = s
         return a
       })
   ) as any

package/src/Schema/Class.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any */
-import { pipe, Struct as Struct2 } from "effect"
+import { Effect, Option, pipe, Schema, SchemaAST, SchemaIssue, Struct as Struct2 } from "effect"
 import type { Struct } from "effect/Schema"
 import * as S from "effect/Schema"
 
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ type MissingSelfGeneric<Usage extends string, Params extends string = ""> =
   `Missing \`Self\` generic - use \`class Self extends ${Usage}<Self>()(${Params}{ ... })\``
 
 export interface PropsExtensions<Fields> {
-  // include: <NewProps extends S.Struct.Fields>(
-  //   fnc: (fields: Fields) => NewProps
-  // ) => NewProps
   pick: <P extends keyof Fields>(...keys: readonly P[]) => Pick<Fields, P>
   omit: <P extends keyof Fields>(...keys: readonly P[]) => Omit<Fields, P>
 }
@@ -26,6 +23,57 @@ type HasFields<Fields extends Struct.Fields> = {
   readonly from: HasFields<Fields>
 }
 
+export type Class<Self, S extends S.Top & { readonly fields: Struct.Fields }, Inherited> = S.Class<Self, S, Inherited>
+
+/**
+ * Build a modified Declaration that accepts struct-matching values during
+ * encoding, given the original Declaration and the class's fields.
+ */
+function makeRelaxedDeclaration(
+  ast: SchemaAST.Declaration,
+  fields: Schema.Struct.Fields,
+  cls: any
+): SchemaAST.Declaration {
+  const structSchema = Schema.Struct(fields)
+  const isStructValue = Schema.is(structSchema)
+  return new SchemaAST.Declaration(
+    ast.typeParameters,
+    () => (input: unknown, self: SchemaAST.Declaration) => {
+      if (input instanceof cls || isStructValue(input)) {
+        return Effect.succeed(input)
+      }
+      return Effect.fail(new SchemaIssue.InvalidType(self, Option.some(input)))
+    },
+    ast.annotations,
+    ast.checks,
+    ast.encoding,
+    ast.context
+  )
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Class — like Schema.Class but with relaxed encoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Like `Schema.Class`, but the resulting class accepts plain objects matching
+ * the struct schema during encoding — not only `instanceof` or type-id
+ * checks.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * import { Class } from "./Class.js"
+ *
+ * class A extends Class<A>("A")({ a: Schema.String }) {}
+ *
+ * // Construction works as normal:
+ * new A({ a: "hello" })
+ *
+ * // Encoding accepts plain objects:
+ * Schema.encodeUnknownSync(A)({ a: "hello" }) // { a: "hello" }
+ * ```
+ */
 export const Class: <Self = never>(identifier: string) => <Fields extends S.Struct.Fields>(
   fieldsOr: Fields | HasFields<Fields>,
   annotations?: ClassAnnotations<Self>
@@ -35,38 +83,84 @@ export const Class: <Self = never>(identifier: string) => <Fields extends S.Stru
     S.Struct<Fields>,
     {}
   > = (identifier) => (fields, annotations) => {
-    const cls = S.Class as any
-    return class extends cls(identifier)(fields, annotations) {
-      constructor(a: any, b = true) {
-        super(a, b)
+    // Build the original Schema.Class
+    const Base = (S.Class as any)(identifier)(fields, annotations)
+    // Get the original ast getter from the base class
+    const originalAstDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Base, "ast")!
+
+    // Cache per-class to avoid recomputing
+    const astCache = new WeakMap<any, SchemaAST.Declaration>()
+
+    return class extends Base {
+      static get ast(): SchemaAST.Declaration {
+        let cached = astCache.get(this)
+        if (cached !== undefined) return cached
+        // Call the original getter with `this` bound to the actual user class,
+        // so getClassSchema(this) creates a schema that uses `new this(...)`.
+        const originalAst = originalAstDescriptor.get!.call(this) as SchemaAST.Declaration
+        cached = makeRelaxedDeclaration(originalAst, Base.fields, this)
+        astCache.set(this, cached)
+        return cached
       }
-      // static readonly include = include(fields)
       static readonly pick = (...selection: any[]) => pipe(this["fields"], Struct2.pick(selection))
       static readonly omit = (...selection: any[]) => pipe(this["fields"], Struct2.omit(selection))
     } as any
   }
 
-export const TaggedClass: <Self = never>(identifier?: string) => <Tag extends string, Fields extends S.Struct.Fields>(
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// TaggedClass — like Schema.TaggedClass but with relaxed encoding
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Like `Schema.TaggedClass`, but the resulting class accepts plain objects
+ * matching the struct schema during encoding.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Schema } from "effect"
+ * import { TaggedClass } from "./Class.js"
+ *
+ * class Circle extends TaggedClass<Circle>()("Circle", {
+ *   radius: Schema.Number
+ * }) {}
+ *
+ * Schema.encodeUnknownSync(Circle)({ _tag: "Circle", radius: 5 })
+ * ```
+ */
+export const TaggedClass: <Self = never>(
+  identifier?: string
+) => <Tag extends string, Fields extends S.Struct.Fields>(
   tag: Tag,
   fieldsOr: Fields | HasFields<Fields>,
   annotations?: ClassAnnotations<Self>
-) => [Self] extends [never] ? MissingSelfGeneric<"Class">
+) => [Self] extends [never] ? MissingSelfGeneric<"TaggedClass">
   : EnhancedClass<
     Self,
     S.Struct<{ readonly _tag: S.tag<Tag> } & Fields>,
     {}
   > = (identifier) => (tag, fields, annotations) => {
-    const cls = S.TaggedClass as any
-    return class extends cls(identifier)(tag, fields, annotations) {
-      constructor(a: any, b = true) {
-        super(a, b)
+    const Base = (S.TaggedClass as any)(identifier)(tag, fields, annotations)
+    const originalAstDescriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Base, "ast")!
+    const astCache = new WeakMap<any, SchemaAST.Declaration>()
+
+    return class extends Base {
+      static get ast(): SchemaAST.Declaration {
+        let cached = astCache.get(this)
+        if (cached !== undefined) return cached
+        const originalAst = originalAstDescriptor.get!.call(this) as SchemaAST.Declaration
+        cached = makeRelaxedDeclaration(originalAst, Base.fields, this)
+        astCache.set(this, cached)
+        return cached
       }
-      // static readonly include = include(fields)
       static readonly pick = (...selection: any[]) => pipe(this["fields"], Struct2.pick(selection))
       static readonly omit = (...selection: any[]) => pipe(this["fields"], Struct2.omit(selection))
     } as any
   }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ExtendedClass — like Class but with extra type parameter for hierarchies
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 export const ExtendedClass: <Self, _SelfFrom>(identifier: string) => <Fields extends S.Struct.Fields>(
   fieldsOr: Fields | HasFields<Fields>,
   annotations?: ClassAnnotations<Self>
@@ -76,6 +170,10 @@ export const ExtendedClass: <Self, _SelfFrom>(identifier: string) => <Fields ext
   {}
 > = Class as any
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ExtendedTaggedClass — like TaggedClass but with extra type parameter for hierarchies
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 export interface EnhancedTaggedClass<Self, Tag extends string, Fields extends Struct.Fields, SelfFrom>
   extends
     EnhancedClass<

package/src/Schema/SpecialJsonSchema.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/**
+ * SpecialJsonSchema — A variant of Schema.toJsonSchemaDocument that deduplicates
+ * references sharing the same identifier when they produce identical
+ * representations (based on a string fingerprint).
+ *
+ * Without this, two different AST nodes that have the same identifier and
+ * resolve to the same JSON Schema representation can end up as separate $defs
+ * entries (e.g. "X" and "X1"). This converter collapses them into one.
+ */
+import { Formatter, type JsonSchema, type Schema, SchemaRepresentation } from "effect"
+
+/**
+ * Converts a schema to a JSON Schema Document (draft-2020-12), with an
+ * extra deduplication pass that collapses references sharing the same
+ * base identifier when their representations are identical.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * import { Schema, SchemaGetter, Option, Predicate } from "effect"
+ * import { specialJsonSchemaDocument } from "./SpecialJsonSchema.js"
+ *
+ * const X = Schema.String.annotate({ title: "X", identifier: "X" })
+ *
+ * const s = Schema.Struct({
+ *   a: Schema.NullOr(X).pipe(
+ *     Schema.encodeTo(Schema.optionalKey(X), {
+ *       decode: SchemaGetter.transformOptional(Option.orElseSome(() => null)),
+ *       encode: SchemaGetter.transformOptional(Option.filter(Predicate.isNotNull))
+ *     })
+ *   ),
+ *   b: Schema.NullOr(X),
+ *   c: X
+ * })
+ *
+ * // Without dedup: $defs would contain both "X" and "X1" (identical).
+ * // With specialJsonSchemaDocument: only "X" is emitted.
+ * const doc = specialJsonSchemaDocument(s)
+ * ```
+ */
+export function specialJsonSchemaDocument(
+  schema: Schema.Top,
+  options?: Schema.ToJsonSchemaOptions
+): JsonSchema.Document<"draft-2020-12"> {
+  const doc = SchemaRepresentation.fromAST(schema.ast)
+  const deduped = deduplicateReferences(doc)
+  const jd = SchemaRepresentation.toJsonSchemaDocument(deduped, options)
+  return {
+    dialect: "draft-2020-12",
+    schema: jd.schema,
+    definitions: jd.definitions
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deduplicates references in a Document: when multiple $ref keys share
+ * the same base identifier (e.g. "X" and "X1") and their representations
+ * are identical (by string fingerprint), the duplicates are collapsed into
+ * the first entry found for that identifier.
+ */
+function deduplicateReferences(
+  doc: SchemaRepresentation.Document
+): SchemaRepresentation.Document {
+  const refs = doc.references
+  const refKeys = Object.keys(refs)
+  if (refKeys.length === 0) return doc
+
+  // Group references by base identifier (strip trailing digits added by gen())
+  const identifierGroups = new Map<string, Array<{ key: string; fingerprint: string }>>()
+  for (const key of refKeys) {
+    const base = getBaseIdentifier(key)
+    const fingerprint = Formatter.format(refs[key])
+    const group = identifierGroups.get(base)
+    if (group === undefined) {
+      identifierGroups.set(base, [{ key, fingerprint }])
+    } else {
+      group.push({ key, fingerprint })
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Build a mapping from duplicate keys to their canonical key
+  const remapping = new Map<string, string>()
+  for (const [, group] of identifierGroups) {
+    const seen = new Map<string, string>() // fingerprint -> canonical key
+    for (const entry of group) {
+      const canonical = seen.get(entry.fingerprint)
+      if (canonical !== undefined) {
+        remapping.set(entry.key, canonical)
+      } else {
+        seen.set(entry.fingerprint, entry.key)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (remapping.size === 0) return doc
+
+  // Build new references, excluding duplicates
+  const newRefs: Record<string, SchemaRepresentation.Representation> = {}
+  for (const key of refKeys) {
+    if (!remapping.has(key)) {
+      newRefs[key] = refs[key]!
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Rewrite $ref pointers throughout the document
+  const newRepresentation = rewriteRefs(doc.representation, remapping)
+  const rewrittenRefs: Record<string, SchemaRepresentation.Representation> = {}
+  for (const [key, rep] of Object.entries(newRefs)) {
+    rewrittenRefs[key] = rewriteRefs(rep, remapping)
+  }
+
+  return { representation: newRepresentation, references: rewrittenRefs }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extracts the base identifier from a reference key by stripping trailing
+ * digits appended by the gen() function during fromASTs.
+ * E.g. "X1" -> "X", "X" -> "X", "MyType2" -> "MyType"
+ */
+function getBaseIdentifier(key: string): string {
+  const match = key.match(/^(.+?)(\d+)$/)
+  return match ? match[1]! : key
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recursively rewrites $ref pointers in a Representation tree.
+ */
+function rewriteRefs(
+  rep: SchemaRepresentation.Representation,
+  remapping: Map<string, string>
+): SchemaRepresentation.Representation {
+  switch (rep._tag) {
+    case "Reference": {
+      const target = remapping.get(rep.$ref)
+      return target !== undefined ? { ...rep, $ref: target } : rep
+    }
+    case "Declaration":
+      return {
+        ...rep,
+        typeParameters: rep.typeParameters.map((tp) => rewriteRefs(tp, remapping)),
+        encodedSchema: rewriteRefs(rep.encodedSchema, remapping)
+      }
+    case "Suspend":
+      return {
+        ...rep,
+        thunk: rewriteRefs(rep.thunk, remapping)
+      }
+    case "Arrays":
+      return {
+        ...rep,
+        elements: rep.elements.map((e) => ({ ...e, type: rewriteRefs(e.type, remapping) })),
+        rest: rep.rest.map((r) => rewriteRefs(r, remapping))
+      }
+    case "Objects":
+      return {
+        ...rep,
+        propertySignatures: rep.propertySignatures.map((ps) => ({
+          ...ps,
+          type: rewriteRefs(ps.type, remapping)
+        })),
+        indexSignatures: rep.indexSignatures.map((is) => ({
+          ...is,
+          parameter: rewriteRefs(is.parameter, remapping),
+          type: rewriteRefs(is.type, remapping)
+        })),
+        checks: rewriteChecks(rep.checks, remapping)
+      }
+    case "Union":
+      return {
+        ...rep,
+        types: rep.types.map((t) => rewriteRefs(t, remapping))
+      }
+    case "TemplateLiteral":
+      return {
+        ...rep,
+        parts: rep.parts.map((p) => rewriteRefs(p, remapping))
+      }
+    case "String": {
+      if (rep.contentSchema !== undefined) {
+        return {
+          ...rep,
+          contentSchema: rewriteRefs(rep.contentSchema, remapping)
+        }
+      }
+      return rep
+    }
+    default:
+      // Leaf nodes: Null, Undefined, Void, Never, Unknown, Any, Boolean,
+      // Symbol, Number, BigInt, Literal, UniqueSymbol, ObjectKeyword, Enum
+      return rep
+  }
+}
+
+// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+function rewriteChecks<M>(
+  checks: ReadonlyArray<SchemaRepresentation.Check<M>>,
+  remapping: Map<string, string>
+): ReadonlyArray<SchemaRepresentation.Check<M>> {
+  return checks.map((c) => {
+    switch (c._tag) {
+      case "Filter": {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        const meta = c.meta as any
+        if (meta && meta._tag === "isPropertyNames" && meta.propertyNames) {
+          return {
+            ...c,
+            meta: { ...meta, propertyNames: rewriteRefs(meta.propertyNames, remapping) }
+          }
+        }
+        return c
+      }
+      case "FilterGroup":
+        // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+        return { ...c, checks: rewriteChecks(c.checks, remapping) as any }
+    }
+  })
+}