edf2csv 0.8.72 → 0.8.74

package/dist/edf/header.js

@@ -240,6 +240,30 @@ function resolveStartDateTime(dateRaw, timeRaw, recordingId = '') {
  * @param fileSize Total size of the file on disk, used to derive the real record count.
  */
 export function parseHeader(buf, fileSize) {
+    /*
+      The first argument, checked before anything is read out of it.
+  
+      The api page offers this function on its own, so it is reached by a caller holding bytes
+      they read themselves — and it took whatever it was handed. A number or a plain object came
+      back as Node's own `TypeError: bytes.subarray is not a function`, which names a method the
+      caller never called; `undefined` as a property read on a local.
+  
+      Worse, a string got an answer *about the recording*:
+  
+          parseHeader('0       ...', 4_000_000)
+          EdfError FILE_TOO_SMALL: An EDF header alone needs 256 bytes, but only 11 of this
+          4,000,000-byte file reached the parser.
+  
+      A string has a `length`, so it reached the short-header branch below and was reported as a
+      truncated file — the code a script branches on to quarantine a bad recording, raised over a
+      recording nobody had read. That is the distinction `readRecords` draws in as many words:
+      "an `OptionError`, because it is the call that is wrong and not the recording". The same
+      check `decodeRecordAnnotations` makes of its own byte argument, for the reason given there.
+    */
+    if (!ArrayBuffer.isView(buf)) {
+        throw new OptionError(`buf must be the header block as bytes, got ${describeValue(buf)}. parseHeader takes ` +
+            `the bytes read from the file and the size of the file they came out of.`);
+    }
     /*
       The second argument, checked before anything is derived from it.
   

package/dist/edf/header.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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sContent":["/**\n * EDF / EDF+ header parsing.\n *\n * Layout (all fields are ASCII, left-justified, space-padded):\n *\n *   fixed header, 256 bytes\n *     0    8   version ('0', or 255 + 'BIOSEMI' for BDF)\n *     8   80   patient identification\n *    88   80   recording identification\n *   168    8   start date  dd.mm.yy\n *   176    8   start time  hh.mm.ss\n *   184    8   number of bytes in the header record\n *   192   44   reserved  ('EDF+C' / 'EDF+D' live here)\n *   236    8   number of data records (-1 if unknown)\n *   244    8   duration of a data record, in seconds (may be fractional)\n *   252    4   number of signals (ns)\n *\n *   signal header, ns * 256 bytes, stored FIELD-major rather than signal-major:\n *   all ns labels, then all ns transducer types, and so on.\n *     ns * 16   label\n *     ns * 80   transducer type\n *     ns *  8   physical dimension\n *     ns *  8   physical minimum\n *     ns *  8   physical maximum\n *     ns *  8   digital minimum\n *     ns *  8   digital maximum\n *     ns * 80   prefiltering\n *     ns *  8   number of samples in each data record\n *     ns * 32   reserved\n */\n\nimport { EdfError } from './errors.js';\nimport type { Diagnostic } from './errors.js';\nimport { counted, grouped, listed } from '../format/list.js';\nimport { plain } from '../format/number.js';\n// The shell-quoting rule for a label, shared rather than repeated: this hint and\n// `--channels`' own \"did you mean\" have to print the same command for the same label.\nimport { typeable } from '../convert/channels.js';\nimport { OptionError, describeValue } from '../convert/options.js';\nimport { decodeLatin1 } from './bytes.js';\n\n/** Label the EDF+ spec reserves for the annotations channel. */\nexport const ANNOTATIONS_LABEL = 'EDF Annotations';\n/** BDF+ uses its own spelling for the same channel. */\nexport const BDF_ANNOTATIONS_LABEL = 'BDF Annotations';\n\nexport const FIXED_HEADER_BYTES = 256;\nexport const SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES = 256;\n\nexport interface EdfSignal {\n  /** Position in the file, 0-based. Stable even when labels collide. */\n  index: number;\n  label: string;\n  transducer: string;\n  physicalDimension: string;\n  physicalMin: number;\n  physicalMax: number;\n  digitalMin: number;\n  digitalMax: number;\n  prefiltering: string;\n  samplesPerRecord: number;\n  reserved: string;\n  /** True for the EDF+ 'EDF Annotations' channel, which carries text, not signal. */\n  isAnnotations: boolean;\n  /** samplesPerRecord / recordDuration, in Hz. */\n  samplingRate: number;\n  /** Byte offset of this signal's samples within one data record. */\n  byteOffsetInRecord: number;\n}\n\nexport interface EdfHeader {\n  version: string;\n  patientId: string;\n  recordingId: string;\n  /** Raw 'dd.mm.yy' as written in the file. */\n  startDateRaw: string;\n  /** Raw 'hh.mm.ss' as written in the file. */\n  startTimeRaw: string;\n  /** Resolved start instant, or null when the file's date/time fields are unusable. */\n  startDateTime: Date | null;\n  /**\n   * Header size in bytes, computed from the signal count rather than read from the field.\n   *\n   * Every data record offset is derived from this, so it has to be the one the layout\n   * actually uses: 256 for the fixed header plus 256 per signal. A writer that fills the\n   * field in carelessly is common enough to have its own warning, HEADER_BYTES_MISMATCH,\n   * and trusting the field over the arithmetic would put every sample at the wrong offset.\n   */\n  headerBytes: number;\n  /**\n   * What the header's own length field says, which need not be the above.\n   *\n   * Exposed for the same reason `declaredRecordCount` is: the two disagreeing is a fact\n   * about the file, and a caller checking how a recording was written should be able to see\n   * what it claimed rather than only what was believed.\n   */\n  declaredHeaderBytes: number;\n  reserved: string;\n  isEdfPlus: boolean;\n  /** True for BioSemi BDF/BDF+ files, whose samples are 3 bytes rather than 2. */\n  isBdf: boolean;\n  /** 'EDF+C' continuous, 'EDF+D' discontinuous, or null for plain EDF. */\n  continuity: 'EDF+C' | 'EDF+D' | null;\n  /** As declared in the header. -1 means \"unknown\", which the spec permits. */\n  declaredRecordCount: number;\n  recordDuration: number;\n  signalCount: number;\n  signals: EdfSignal[];\n  bytesPerSample: number;\n  recordBytes: number;\n}\n\n/** Everything derived by combining the header with the file's real size. */\nexport interface EdfHeaderInfo {\n  header: EdfHeader;\n  /** Record count implied by the actual file size — the one we trust for reading. */\n  recordCount: number;\n  /** Bytes after the last complete data record. */\n  trailingBytes: number;\n  diagnostics: Diagnostic[];\n}\n\n/**\n * Whether a spreadsheet reads this field as the start of a formula rather than as text.\n *\n * `=` and `@` unconditionally; every list of these characters names two more, and this had\n * `-` as an exception with the reason written out on the warnings page: \"a lone `-` is a\n * real convention for no unit ... and neither is evaluated unless what follows it parses as a\n * formula\". Which is the condition, and it was not being applied — nothing with a leading\n * minus was flagged at all. A channel labelled `-2+3` opens as a column headed `1`, and\n * `-HYPERLINK(\"http://...\",\"EEG\")` is a name the spreadsheet resolves, in silence.\n *\n * So the exception is what it says it is rather than the whole character. A lone `-` is left\n * as text by every spreadsheet and is not flagged; a field that is entirely a number reads as\n * that number, which is what the header says, and is not flagged either. Anything else after\n * the minus is arithmetic or a name.\n *\n * And `+` takes the same exception, which it did not. It is the same rule in the spreadsheet —\n * Lotus compatibility, which converts a leading `+` or `-` to a formula when what follows one\n * parses as a formula and leaves it as text when it does not — so the two signs cannot differ\n * here for a reason that comes from the sign. A channel labelled `+100` was warned about as\n * something a spreadsheet \"reads as the start of a formula rather than as text\", over a cell\n * that opens as 100, which is what the header says; `-100` beside it said nothing, and under\n * `--strict` the difference was an exit code. `+1+1` is still arithmetic and still flagged.\n */\nexport function startsFormula(text: string): boolean {\n  if (/^[=@]/u.test(text)) return true;\n  if (!/^[+-]./u.test(text)) return false;\n  // `\\.\\d*` and not `\\.\\d+`, which is the spelling DECIMAL_FIELD and DECIMAL_DURATION both\n  // use for the same question. A trailing point is a number with nothing after it — Excel\n  // opens `+1.` as 1 — and one character of difference between three copies of one grammar\n  // had this warning firing on a field the paragraph above exempts by name, and failing\n  // --strict for it.\n  return !/^[+-](?:\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\\d+)?$/u.test(text);\n}\n\n/**\n * A byte the terminal treats as an instruction rather than as text.\n *\n * C0 and C1, plus DEL. Tab is included deliberately: it is harmless to a terminal but it\n * makes a CSV column name that cannot be typed or matched reliably, which is the other half\n * of what this warning is for.\n */\nfunction isControlCharacter(character: string): boolean {\n  const code = character.codePointAt(0) as number;\n  return code <= 0x1f || (code >= 0x7f && code <= 0x9f);\n}\n\nconst dec = (buf: Uint8Array, start: number, len: number): string =>\n  decodeLatin1(buf, start, start + len);\n\n/** EDF fields are space-padded; trailing NULs also occur in files written by sloppy tools. */\nconst trimField = (s: string): string => s.replace(/[\\0\\s]+$/u, '').replace(/^\\s+/u, '');\n\n/**\n * How many signals the fixed header says there are, read exactly as `parseHeader` will.\n *\n * `EdfFile.open` needs this before it can know how much header to read, and it used to work\n * it out with its own `Number(...)` — which was NUL-tolerant but not comma-tolerant, unlike\n * every other numeric field here. A header written with a comma decimal separator, which\n * COMMA_DECIMAL exists to accept and which the documentation lists this field among, was\n * therefore never given its signal headers at all, and the file died on a message that\n * contradicted itself: \"needs a 768-byte header, but the file is only 848 bytes\".\n *\n * Sharing the parse is what keeps the two from disagreeing again about which files are\n * readable. Null means \"not a usable count\", and the caller reads no further header — the\n * real error then comes from `parseHeader`, which is the one place that decides.\n */\nexport function peekSignalCount(fixed: Uint8Array): number | null {\n  const text = normaliseNumberField(dec(fixed, 252, 4)).text;\n  if (!DECIMAL_FIELD.test(text)) return null;\n  const count = Number(text);\n  return Number.isInteger(count) && count > 0 ? count : null;\n}\n\n/**\n * What EDF allows a numeric field to look like, which is less than `Number()` allows.\n *\n * A sign, digits, an optional fractional part, an optional exponent — the spec's own grammar,\n * plus the exponent form the 8-character physical bounds need to reach a magnetometer's range\n * and which real headers use.\n *\n * `Number()` accepts a great deal more, and every one of those forms is a header this tool\n * would have read as a number nobody wrote. A physical maximum of `0x64` came out as 100: it\n * printed as `-100 to 100` in the channel table, went into channels.csv as `physical_max,100`,\n * and set the gain every sample on that channel was scaled by — a whole calibration invented\n * from four bytes that are not a decimal number, exit 0, no diagnostic. `0b1100100` and `0o144`\n * are the same hundred, and `0x02` in the signal-count field is a two-channel recording.\n *\n * The same mistake as `#0x2` reaching channel 2 through `--channels`, `--decimals 0o5` writing\n * five places and `--jobs 0x10` running sixteen, all of which have their own comments and their\n * own fixes. Those were values somebody typed. These are the fields every number in the output\n * is computed from, and the page describing them says \"all fields are ASCII\" and gives the\n * layout digit by digit.\n */\nconst DECIMAL_FIELD = /^[+-]?(?:\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\\d+)?$/u;\n\n/** A numeric header field, trimmed and with a comma decimal separator turned into a dot. */\nfunction normaliseNumberField(raw: string): { text: string; sawComma: boolean } {\n  const text = trimField(raw);\n  // Some writers emit a comma decimal separator despite the spec requiring '.'.\n  if (text.includes(',') && !text.includes('.')) {\n    return { text: text.replace(',', '.'), sawComma: true };\n  }\n  return { text, sawComma: false };\n}\n\n/**\n * What a header field that is not the number it must be usually means.\n *\n * `BAD_HEADER_FIELD` is raised four ways — an empty numeric field, one that does not parse, one\n * that must be whole and is not, and a signal declaring a negative sample count — and one of\n * the four carried this. The other three printed a bare sentence about a field and stopped,\n * which is the same gap `EdfFile.#UNREADABLE_HINT` was written to close on the read side: a\n * family of errors where one member says what the cause usually is and the rest do not.\n *\n * An empty field is if anything the plainer symptom of the two. A truncated download stops\n * mid-header and leaves the rest as spaces; a byte-shifted file reads a field off the wrong\n * offset and finds whitespace as often as it finds digits. The page has said all four mean\n * this since they were documented together.\n */\nconst BAD_FIELD_HINT = 'The file may be truncated, byte-shifted, or not an EDF file at all.';\n\nfunction parseNumberField(\n  raw: string,\n  field: string,\n  { integer = false, sawComma }: { integer?: boolean; sawComma?: { value: boolean } } = {},\n): number {\n  const normalised = normaliseNumberField(raw);\n  const text = normalised.text;\n  if (normalised.sawComma && sawComma) sawComma.value = true;\n  if (text === '') {\n    throw new EdfError('BAD_HEADER_FIELD', `Header field \"${field}\" is empty.`, BAD_FIELD_HINT);\n  }\n  const n = DECIMAL_FIELD.test(text) ? Number(text) : NaN;\n  if (!Number.isFinite(n)) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'BAD_HEADER_FIELD',\n      `Header field \"${field}\" is not a number (found ${JSON.stringify(text)}).`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n  if (integer && !Number.isInteger(n)) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'BAD_HEADER_FIELD',\n      `Header field \"${field}\" must be a whole number (found ${JSON.stringify(text)}).`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n  return n;\n}\n\n/** Whether the start time names the sixtieth second. See LEAP_SECOND_START. */\nfunction namesLeapSecond(timeRaw: string): boolean {\n  const t = /^(\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(timeRaw));\n  return t !== null && Number(t[3]) === 60;\n}\n\nconst MONTHS = ['JAN', 'FEB', 'MAR', 'APR', 'MAY', 'JUN', 'JUL', 'AUG', 'SEP', 'OCT', 'NOV', 'DEC'];\n\n/**\n * The date an EDF+ recording ID states, which is the only place the file writes a full year.\n *\n * EDF+ requires the recording identification field to begin `Startdate dd-MMM-yyyy`, and\n * requires it to agree with the header's own date field. It is a four-digit year, so it says\n * something the eight-character date field physically cannot.\n */\nfunction recordingIdStartdate(\n  recordingId: string,\n): { day: number; month: number; year: number } | null {\n  const stated = /^Startdate\\s+(\\d{2})-([A-Za-z]{3})-(\\d{4})(?:\\s|$)/u.exec(recordingId.trim());\n  if (!stated) return null;\n  const month = MONTHS.indexOf((stated[2] as string).toUpperCase()) + 1;\n  if (month === 0) return null;\n  return { day: Number(stated[1]), month, year: Number(stated[3]) };\n}\n\n/**\n * EDF stores a two-digit year. The spec pins the century: 85-99 mean 1985-1999\n * and 00-84 mean 2000-2084. Files outside 1985-2084 cannot express their date.\n *\n * Which is why EDF+ writes it again in full, in the recording identification field, and why\n * that is used here when it is there. The rule alone reports a recording made in 1984 as 2084\n * and one made in 2085 as 1985 — a hundred years out, on a file that states the year plainly\n * four fields earlier. Taken only where the two agree about everything the header can express:\n * the same day, the same month, and a four-digit year ending in the two digits the header\n * wrote. A recording ID that contradicts the header is a different problem and is left to the\n * spec's rule, which is at least the one the format defines.\n */\nfunction resolveStartDateTime(\n  dateRaw: string,\n  timeRaw: string,\n  recordingId = '',\n): Date | null {\n  const d = /^(\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(dateRaw));\n  const t = /^(\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(timeRaw));\n  if (!d || !t) return null;\n\n  const dd = Number(d[1]);\n  const mm = Number(d[2]);\n  const yy = Number(d[3]);\n  const hh = Number(t[1]);\n  const mi = Number(t[2]);\n  const ss = Number(t[3]);\n\n  if (mm < 1 || mm > 12 || dd < 1 || dd > 31 || hh > 23 || mi > 59 || ss > 60) return null;\n\n  const stated = recordingIdStartdate(recordingId);\n  const year =\n    stated !== null && stated.day === dd && stated.month === mm && stated.year % 100 === yy\n      ? stated.year\n      : yy >= 85\n        ? 1900 + yy\n        : 2000 + yy;\n  const date = new Date(Date.UTC(year, mm - 1, dd, hh, mi, Math.min(ss, 59)));\n  // Reject dates that rolled over, e.g. 31.02.\n  if (date.getUTCMonth() !== mm - 1 || date.getUTCDate() !== dd) return null;\n  return date;\n}\n\n/**\n * Parse the fixed 256-byte header plus the per-signal header block.\n *\n * @param buf   At least FIXED_HEADER_BYTES + ns * SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES bytes.\n * @param fileSize Total size of the file on disk, used to derive the real record count.\n */\nexport function parseHeader(buf: Uint8Array, fileSize: number): EdfHeaderInfo {\n  /*\n    The second argument, checked before anything is derived from it.\n\n    Every count this function reports about the data comes out of `fileSize`, and nothing\n    asked what it was. Omit it — which a JavaScript caller does by writing the call the way\n    the one-argument functions beside it are written — and the arithmetic runs on `undefined`:\n\n        parseHeader(bytes).recordCount            // NaN\n        parseHeader(bytes).diagnostics[0].message\n        // \"The header declares 2 data records but the file contains NaN. Converting the NaN\n        //  records that are present.\"\n\n    A header object claiming NaN records, a warning that says NaN out loud, and no error —\n    and `recordCount * recordDuration`, which is how the duration is worked out everywhere\n    this value goes, is NaN from there on. `null` was worse from 0.8.5, when the counts in\n    these messages started being grouped: grouping it is a TypeError raised from inside the\n    number formatter, naming nothing the caller wrote.\n\n    The same `OptionError` `assertInputPath` raises for the first argument of `EdfFile.open`,\n    for the same reason given there: it is the call that is wrong, not the recording.\n  */\n  if (typeof fileSize !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(fileSize) || fileSize < 0) {\n    throw new OptionError(\n      `fileSize must be the number of bytes in the file, got ${describeValue(fileSize)}.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const diagnostics: Diagnostic[] = [];\n  const sawComma = { value: false };\n\n  if (buf.length < FIXED_HEADER_BYTES) {\n    /*\n      Which of the two is actually short — the same question the FILE_TOO_SMALL fifty lines\n      down was fixed for, in the words its comment still uses: \"The file size was quoted\n      either way, so a caller that had read too little ... produced arithmetic that refuted\n      itself.\" This is the raising that comment describes, and it went on doing it:\n\n          parseHeader(new Uint8Array(100), 5000)\n          File is 5,000 bytes; an EDF header alone needs at least 256.\n\n      5,000 is not less than 256. A reader following that sentence looks for a truncation\n      that is not there, and the number they are given to check against the file is the one\n      that is fine. Reached from the library, where the caller holds both — `EdfFile.open`\n      reads 256 bytes before it reads anything else, so the two agree by construction there.\n    */\n    const short = fileSize < FIXED_HEADER_BYTES;\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'FILE_TOO_SMALL',\n      short\n        ? `File is ${counted(fileSize, 'byte')}; an EDF header alone needs at least ${FIXED_HEADER_BYTES}.`\n        : `An EDF header alone needs ${FIXED_HEADER_BYTES} bytes, but only ` +\n          `${grouped(buf.length)} of this ${grouped(fileSize)}-byte file reached the parser.`,\n      short\n        ? 'A file this small is truncated, or is not an EDF or BDF recording at all: every one of ' +\n          'them opens with a fixed 256-byte header.'\n        : 'parseHeader takes the header block and the size of the file it came out of. This ' +\n          'call was given fewer bytes than the header it was asked to read.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  // BDF (BioSemi) marks itself with byte 255 followed by 'BIOSEMI', and stores\n  // 3-byte samples instead of 2. Everything else about the layout is identical.\n  const isBdf = buf[0] === 0xff && dec(buf, 1, 7) === 'BIOSEMI';\n  const version = isBdf ? 'BIOSEMI' : trimField(dec(buf, 0, 8));\n\n  const patientId = trimField(dec(buf, 8, 80));\n  const recordingId = trimField(dec(buf, 88, 80));\n  const startDateRaw = trimField(dec(buf, 168, 8));\n  const startTimeRaw = trimField(dec(buf, 176, 8));\n  const headerBytes = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 184, 8), 'number of header bytes', {\n    integer: true,\n    sawComma,\n  });\n  const reserved = trimField(dec(buf, 192, 44));\n  const declaredRecordCount = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 236, 8), 'number of data records', {\n    integer: true,\n    sawComma,\n  });\n  const recordDuration = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 244, 8), 'duration of a data record', {\n    sawComma,\n  });\n  const signalCount = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 252, 4), 'number of signals', {\n    integer: true,\n    sawComma,\n  });\n\n  if (signalCount <= 0) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'INVALID_SIGNAL_COUNT',\n      `Header declares ${counted(signalCount, 'signal')}; expected at least 1.`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n  if (!(recordDuration > 0)) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'INVALID_RECORD_DURATION',\n      `Header declares a data record duration of ${plain(recordDuration)}s; expected a positive number.`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const expectedHeaderBytes = FIXED_HEADER_BYTES + signalCount * SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES;\n  if (buf.length < expectedHeaderBytes) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'FILE_TOO_SMALL',\n      /*\n        Which of the two is actually short.\n\n        The file size was quoted either way, so a caller that had read too little — the\n        signal count parsed one way here and another way there — produced arithmetic that\n        refuted itself: \"needs a 768-byte header, but the file is only 848 bytes\". A reader\n        following that looks for a truncation that is not there.\n      */\n      `File declares ${counted(signalCount, 'signal')}, which needs a ${grouped(expectedHeaderBytes)}-byte header, ` +\n        (fileSize < expectedHeaderBytes\n          ? `but the file is only ${grouped(fileSize)} bytes.`\n          : `but only ${grouped(buf.length)} bytes of it were handed to the parser.`),\n      'Either the recording is truncated inside its own header, or the signal count was ' +\n        'read from bytes that are not it. Both leave the channel descriptions unfinished.',\n    );\n  }\n  if (headerBytes !== expectedHeaderBytes) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'HEADER_BYTES_MISMATCH',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `Header says it is ${grouped(headerBytes)} bytes, but ${counted(signalCount, 'signal')} ` +\n        `${signalCount === 1 ? 'requires' : 'require'} ${grouped(expectedHeaderBytes)} bytes. ` +\n        `Using the value computed from the signal count.`,\n      hint:\n        'Where the data starts is worked out from the signal count, not from this field, so ' +\n        'nothing is read from the wrong offset. A writer that got this one wrong may have ' +\n        'got others wrong too.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  // Signal headers are field-major: all labels, then all transducers, and so on.\n  const base = FIXED_HEADER_BYTES;\n  const readField = (offsetUnits: number, width: number, i: number): string =>\n    dec(buf, base + offsetUnits * signalCount + i * width, width);\n\n  // EDF+ writes 'EDF+C'/'EDF+D' here; BDF+ writes 'BDF+C'/'BDF+D'. The two mean the\n  // same thing, so both are normalised to a single continuity marker.\n  const continuityTag = /^(?:EDF|BDF)\\+([CD])/u.exec(reserved);\n  const continuity: 'EDF+C' | 'EDF+D' | null =\n    continuityTag === null ? null : continuityTag[1] === 'D' ? 'EDF+D' : 'EDF+C';\n\n  const signals: EdfSignal[] = [];\n  let byteOffsetInRecord = 0;\n  const bytesPerSample = isBdf ? 3 : 2;\n  const seenLabels = new Map<string, number[]>();\n  const emptyLabels: number[] = [];\n\n  for (let i = 0; i < signalCount; i++) {\n    const label = trimField(readField(0, 16, i));\n    const transducer = trimField(readField(16, 80, i));\n    const physicalDimension = trimField(readField(96, 8, i));\n    const physicalMin = parseNumberField(readField(104, 8, i), `physical minimum (signal ${i})`, {\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const physicalMax = parseNumberField(readField(112, 8, i), `physical maximum (signal ${i})`, {\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const digitalMin = parseNumberField(readField(120, 8, i), `digital minimum (signal ${i})`, {\n      integer: true,\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const digitalMax = parseNumberField(readField(128, 8, i), `digital maximum (signal ${i})`, {\n      integer: true,\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const prefiltering = trimField(readField(136, 80, i));\n    const samplesPerRecord = parseNumberField(\n      readField(216, 8, i),\n      `samples per record (signal ${i})`,\n      { integer: true, sawComma },\n    );\n    const sigReserved = trimField(readField(224, 32, i));\n\n    if (samplesPerRecord < 0) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'BAD_HEADER_FIELD',\n        `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") declares ${samplesPerRecord} samples per record.`,\n        BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const isAnnotations = label === ANNOTATIONS_LABEL || label === BDF_ANNOTATIONS_LABEL;\n\n    signals.push({\n      index: i,\n      label,\n      transducer,\n      physicalDimension,\n      physicalMin,\n      physicalMax,\n      digitalMin,\n      digitalMax,\n      prefiltering,\n      samplesPerRecord,\n      reserved: sigReserved,\n      isAnnotations,\n      samplingRate: samplesPerRecord / recordDuration,\n      byteOffsetInRecord,\n    });\n    byteOffsetInRecord += samplesPerRecord * bytesPerSample;\n\n    if (!isAnnotations) {\n      /*\n        A label is free text out of the file, and it becomes a column name in signals.csv.\n\n        `--info` has escaped control bytes since it was written, because an ANSI escape in a\n        header can drive the reader's terminal — `\\x1b[2J` clears the screen. The CSV had no\n        such protection and needed none for correctness: quoting makes any byte safe for a\n        parser, and this still passes the label through exactly as the file gives it, because\n        losing what the header says is not an improvement.\n\n        What was missing is the sentence saying so. A recording whose channel is labelled\n        `\\x1b[2Jgone` converted with no warning at all, and `cat signals.csv` then cleared\n        the terminal — while a script referencing that column by name carried an invisible\n        control character in it. NONPRINTABLE_LABEL has been declared and documented as\n        reserved since 0.1; this is it doing its job.\n      */\n      /*\n        Which of the two fields carries them, because the consequences are not the same.\n\n        The message said \"label or unit\", and then said the bytes \"will appear in the CSV\n        column name\" and that \"the name cannot be typed\" — both of which are about the label.\n        A channel labelled plainly `ECG` in a unit of `u\\x07V` got all of it: its column is\n        `ECG`, `--channels ECG` selects it and exits 0, and the byte is in channels.csv's\n        `unit` cell, which the warning never mentioned. Three sentences, none of them true of\n        the file that raised it, on a warning whose whole purpose is to say where an invisible\n        byte went.\n      */\n      /*\n        All four free-text fields, not the two that were checked.\n\n        `transducer` and `prefiltering` are free text out of the header exactly as the label\n        and the unit are, and they land in channels.csv exactly as the unit does — so an ESC\n        byte in a transducer field reached the CSV raw with nothing said, and `cat\n        channels.csv` would drive the terminal. That is the hazard this warning exists for,\n        two columns over. 0.5.71 made it name which field carries them; this is the rest of\n        the fields it can name.\n      */\n      const fields = [\n        ['label', label],\n        ['unit', physicalDimension],\n        ['transducer', transducer],\n        ['prefiltering', prefiltering],\n      ] as const;\n      const affected = fields.filter(([, text]) => [...text].some(isControlCharacter));\n      const control = affected.flatMap(([, text]) => [...text].filter(isControlCharacter));\n      if (control.length > 0) {\n        /*\n          How many of them get named is the header's decision, and it was unbounded.\n\n          Every other enumeration whose length the file controls goes through `listed`, which\n          is the helper written for exactly this — \"without letting the file decide how long\n          the sentence gets\". This one joined the whole set. Four free-text fields of 16, 8, 80\n          and 80 bytes can carry 63 distinct control codes between them, and did:\n\n              warning: Signal 0's label, unit and transducer contain 63 control characters\n              (\\x01, \\x02, \\x03, ... \\x9e), which will appear in the CSV column name and in\n              channels.csv exactly as the header has them.\n\n          549 characters on one line, from a warning whose point is the short sentence around\n          the list. The count is already in that sentence — \"63 control characters\" — so the\n          tail the cut hides is the part the reader was told twice.\n        */\n        const shown = listed(\n          [...new Set(control)].map(\n            (c) => `\\\\x${(c.codePointAt(0) as number).toString(16).padStart(2, '0')}`,\n          ),\n        );\n        const inLabel = affected.some(([name]) => name === 'label');\n        // \"label and unit\", not \"label, unit\" — `listed` is for long enumerations that get\n        // truncated, and this is a sentence with at most four items in it.\n        const names = affected.map(([name]) => name);\n        const named =\n          names.length === 1\n            ? (names[0] as string)\n            : `${names.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${names[names.length - 1] as string}`;\n        // Where they land, which is the question the reader has. A label becomes a column\n        // name in signals.csv; the other three are cells of channels.csv and nothing else.\n        // Named down to the cell when there is one of them, because that is the answer to\n        // \"where did it go\" — `channels.csv` alone leaves a reader scanning fourteen columns.\n        /*\n          And whether there is a channels.csv at all, which this took for granted.\n\n          `--stdout` writes the signal table and nothing else — no channels.csv, no\n          annotations.csv, no metadata.json. A control byte in a unit reaches no file at all\n          in that mode, and this said it would be in a cell of one:\n\n              $ edf2csv control-labels.edf --stdout | less\n              warning: Signal 0's label and unit contain 2 control characters (\\x1b), which\n                       will appear in the CSV column name and in channels.csv's unit cell\n                       exactly as the header has them.\n                       ... Printing the CSV to a terminal may do more than print it.\n\n          Which is the mode this warning matters most in: `--stdout` *is* printing the CSV to\n          a terminal, and the hint two lines down says so. The header is parsed before any\n          destination is chosen, so the sentence says what is true of both rather than\n          guessing — the same reason the `DUPLICATE_LABEL` hint above names two layouts.\n        */\n        const cells = affected.filter(([name]) => name !== 'label').map(([name]) => name);\n        const where =\n          cells.length === 1\n            ? `channels.csv's ${cells[0] as string} cell in any conversion that writes one`\n            : 'the channels.csv of any conversion that writes one';\n        /*\n          \"The CSV column name\" is the wide layout's answer, given in both.\n\n          A long signals.csv has three columns — time_s, channel, value — and a label is not\n          one of them: it is a value in the `channel` column, once per row. So a control byte\n          in a label reaches one cell of the header line under the default layout and every\n          row of the table under `--layout long`, and the sentence naming where it went named\n          only the first. Same fault 0.8.24 fixed for `DUPLICATE_LABEL`'s message and 0.8.43\n          for its hint.\n\n          The parser cannot know the layout, and unlike those two this sentence does not have\n          room to name both — it already carries the field list, the byte list and where the\n          cell fields land. \"The channel's name\" is what both layouts call it: the term the\n          long layout's own warnings use, and what a column name is.\n        */\n        const lands =\n          inLabel && cells.length > 0\n            ? `which will appear as the channel's name in signals.csv and in ${where}`\n            : inLabel\n              ? \"which will appear as the channel's name in signals.csv\"\n              : `which will appear in ${where}`;\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'NONPRINTABLE_LABEL',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i}'s ${named} ${affected.length === 1 ? 'contains' : 'contain'} ` +\n            // A comma before the closing clause, which now has a clause of its own inside it.\n            `${counted(control.length, 'control character')} (${shown}), ${lands}, exactly as the ` +\n            `header has ${control.length === 1 ? 'it' : 'them'}.`,\n          hint:\n            /*\n              Every branch has to print a command that works.\n\n              The middle one quoted the label back, which is right until the label is empty:\n              an unlabelled channel got `--channels \"\"`, and that exits 2 with \"--channels was\n              given but lists no channel names\". A hint whose command fails is worse than no\n              hint, and this warning's whole job is to say how to reach a channel whose header\n              text you cannot type. `EMPTY_LABEL` already says the position is the only way in\n              for such a channel; so does this now.\n\n              A comma is the third way. `--channels` separates names with one, and splits on\n              every occurrence, so a channel labelled `EEG Fpz-Cz, ref` cannot be selected by\n              name at all: the quoted-back advice printed `--channels \"EEG Fpz-Cz, ref\"`, which\n              exits 2 with `No channel named \"EEG Fpz-Cz\"` — a channel the file does not have,\n              named after half of one it does. Commas in labels are ordinary, since EDF labels\n              are free text, and the CSV header quotes them; only this one hint claimed\n              something about them that isn't so.\n            */\n            /*\n              And a fourth way, which this branch printed straight past.\n\n              A shell expands `$`, a backtick and a backslash inside double quotes, so a\n              channel labelled `EEG $ref` was answered with `--channels \"EEG $ref\"` — which\n              arrives as `EEG ` and exits 2 on a channel the file does not have. A backtick\n              opens a command substitution and the pasted line does not even finish. That is\n              the failure 0.7.18 fixed for `--channels`' own suggestion, and `typeable` is the\n              rule it fixed it with: double quotes where they survive, single quotes where\n              they do not, null where nothing does. Asking it settles which branch this takes\n              as well, so the two cannot disagree about one label again.\n            */\n            (typeable(label) === null\n              ? `Address the channel by position with --channels \"#${i}\" rather than by name, ` +\n                `since ${\n                  inLabel\n                    ? 'the name cannot be typed'\n                    : label === ''\n                      ? 'it has no label'\n                      : 'a comma in the label would read as two names'\n                }. `\n              : `The column name is unaffected, so --channels ${typeable(label) as string} still selects it. `) +\n            'Printing the CSV to a terminal may do more than print it.',\n        });\n      }\n\n      /*\n        Header text a spreadsheet will run rather than read.\n\n        The same four free-text fields, asked a different question. `=`, `+` and `@` start a\n        formula in Excel, LibreOffice and Sheets no matter which file the cell came from, and\n        these fields land in a CSV header row and in channels.csv verbatim — so a channel\n        labelled `=1+1` opens as a column headed 2, and `=HYPERLINK(...)` opens as a link\n        nobody in the reading chain wrote. SECURITY.md already calls these fields\n        attacker-controlled because they reach filenames; this is where they reach a program\n        that executes text.\n\n        Not `-`, which the same advice usually includes. A lone `-` is a real convention for\n        \"no unit\" and appears in the fixtures, a leading `-` on a montage label is ordinary,\n        and neither is executed unless what follows parses as a formula — so warning on it\n        would fire on files that are fine, which is how a warning gets ignored.\n\n        Said, not fixed. Prefixing the cell with a quote is the usual mitigation and would mean\n        writing something the header does not say, which is the one thing this tool refuses to\n        do; NONPRINTABLE_LABEL answers control bytes the same way.\n      */\n      const formulaic = fields.filter(([, text]) => startsFormula(text));\n      if (formulaic.length > 0) {\n        const names = formulaic.map(([name]) => name);\n        const named =\n          names.length === 1\n            ? (names[0] as string)\n            : `${names.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${names[names.length - 1] as string}`;\n        const shown = [...new Set(formulaic.map(([, text]) => text[0] as string))].join(', ');\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'FORMULA_LABEL',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i}'s ${named} ${formulaic.length === 1 ? 'starts' : 'start'} with ` +\n            `${shown}, which Excel, LibreOffice and Google Sheets read as the start of a ` +\n            `formula rather than as text.`,\n          hint:\n            'The text is written exactly as the header has it, so the cell is what the ' +\n            'recording says. Open the CSV with pandas or R, or import it into the ' +\n            'spreadsheet as text, if you do not want it evaluated.',\n        });\n      }\n\n      if (label === '') {\n        // Collected, not reported here: what this channel's column ends up called depends on\n        // whether some later channel is literally labelled `signal_<i>`, and inside this loop\n        // the later channels do not exist yet. See the pass below.\n        emptyLabels.push(i);\n      } else {\n        // Collected rather than reported here: a label repeated five times should\n        // produce one warning naming all five, not four near-identical pairs.\n        const seen = seenLabels.get(label);\n        if (seen) seen.push(i);\n        else seenLabels.set(label, [i]);\n      }\n\n      if (samplesPerRecord === 0) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'NO_SAMPLES',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message: `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") carries no samples at all (0 per data record).`,\n          hint: 'It is described in channels.csv but left out of the converted data.',\n        });\n      }\n\n      /*\n        Too large to represent, and too small — the second was silent.\n\n        The gain is the span divided by the digital range, and a span of 2e-320 over 65,535\n        codes is 3e-325: below the smallest subnormal double, so it underflows to +0. The\n        scaler's flat-range branch then handed every code the same physical value, and a\n        channel of 65,536 distinct readings became one repeated number with nothing raised at\n        all. One power of ten away, at 1e-319, the same file raises VALUE_RESOLUTION.\n\n        Both are the same fact about the header — the span cannot be turned into a mapping —\n        so both get this code, and both leave the cells empty rather than filling them with a\n        value the header cannot justify.\n      */\n      const span = physicalMax - physicalMin;\n      const underflowed = span !== 0 && span / (digitalMax - digitalMin) === 0;\n      if (!Number.isFinite(span) || underflowed) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'UNUSABLE_PHYSICAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") declares a physical range from ${physicalMin} to ` +\n            `${physicalMax}, whose span is too ${underflowed ? 'small' : 'large'} to ` +\n            `represent, so its values cannot be scaled.`,\n          hint: 'Its cells are left empty rather than filled with a value the header cannot justify.',\n        });\n      } else if (digitalMax === digitalMin) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'DEGENERATE_DIGITAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") has digital minimum equal to digital maximum ` +\n            `(${digitalMin}), so its values cannot be scaled.`,\n          hint: 'Its cells are left empty rather than filled with a value the header cannot justify.',\n        });\n      } else if (physicalMax === physicalMin) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'DEGENERATE_PHYSICAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") has physical minimum equal to physical maximum ` +\n            `(${physicalMin}), so every sample converts to the same value.`,\n          /*\n            The one branch of the four that fills the cells, and the only one that said\n            nothing about them.\n\n            Its three neighbours all end \"Its cells are left empty rather than filled with a\n            value the header cannot justify\", which is the opposite of what happens here: the\n            mapping is defined — it has one point in it — so `physicalMin` is written into\n            every cell, and a reader who had learned the family's answer from the branch above\n            gets it backwards. A column of one repeated number is also the shape a genuinely\n            flat recording takes, which is the confusion worth heading off.\n          */\n          hint:\n            'Its cells carry that value rather than being left empty, since the mapping is ' +\n            'defined — it just has one point in it. The distinct digital codes behind them ' +\n            'are not recoverable from the CSV.',\n        });\n      } else if ((physicalMax - physicalMin) * (digitalMax - digitalMin) < 0) {\n        /*\n          Polarity is inverted when the gain is negative, and the gain is\n          (physicalMax - physicalMin) / (digitalMax - digitalMin) — so it is the sign of the\n          two spans together that matters, not the physical pair alone.\n\n          Testing only `physicalMax < physicalMin` was wrong in both directions. A file with\n          its DIGITAL bounds reversed is just as inverted and drew no warning at all, handing\n          back sign-flipped EEG with nothing to indicate it. A file with BOTH pairs reversed\n          has a positive gain and is not inverted, yet was warned about — a message that was\n          simply untrue of that recording.\n        */\n        const reversed =\n          physicalMax < physicalMin\n            ? `physical minimum ${physicalMin} above physical maximum ${physicalMax}`\n            : `digital minimum ${digitalMin} above digital maximum ${digitalMax}`;\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'INVERTED_PHYSICAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message: `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") declares ${reversed}, which inverts its polarity.`,\n          hint: 'The values are converted exactly as the header specifies, inversion included.',\n        });\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /*\n    What an unlabelled channel is actually called, which the message used to guess.\n\n    A channel with no label takes `signal_<index>` — unless another channel is literally\n    labelled that, which EDF permits, since labels are free text and nothing enforces anything\n    about them. Then both collide and both are suffixed. The warning said \"It will appear as\n    \"signal_0\"\" while the file's header read `time_s,signal_0_ch0,signal_0_ch1`: the one\n    sentence the run printed named a column that exists in neither signals.csv nor\n    channels.csv.\n\n    The other half was silent. The channel that genuinely carries the label `signal_0` lost\n    its own column name to a collision with a synthesised one, and nothing said so —\n    DUPLICATE_LABEL did not fire, because the two labels are not the same label. Both halves\n    are one sentence here, because they are one event.\n\n    No specific suffixed name is quoted. The suffix rule has a second pass for names that are\n    still shared afterwards, and a message that hard-coded `_ch<index>` would be guessing again\n    in exactly the way this is fixing.\n  */\n  for (const index of emptyLabels) {\n    const taken = seenLabels.get(`signal_${index}`);\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'EMPTY_LABEL',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        taken === undefined\n          ? `Signal ${index} has no label. It will appear as \"signal_${index}\".`\n          : `Signal ${index} has no label, so it takes the name \"signal_${index}\" — which ` +\n            `${taken.length === 1 ? 'signal' : 'signals'} ${listed(taken.map(String))} already ` +\n            `${taken.length === 1 ? 'carries' : 'carry'} as a label, so both columns are ` +\n            `suffixed with their position instead.`,\n      /*\n        The position, not the word \"position\".\n\n        A hint that offers a command has to offer one that can be typed — 0.7.18 and 0.7.19\n        went through the others making sure each one could be pasted, and NONPRINTABLE_LABEL\n        two hundred lines up writes `--channels \"#${i}\"` with the number in it. This one said\n        `--channels \"#<position>\"` while the sentence above it began \"Signal 0\", so the\n        reader was asked to carry a number across from the message and put it in themselves.\n      */\n      hint:\n        'The name is built from the position rather than read from the header, so it moves ' +\n        `if the file's channels do. Select the channel as --channels \"#${index}\" to say ` +\n        'which one you mean without depending on it.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  /*\n    A timestamp that is not one.\n\n    EDF gives the start date and time eight characters each, and nothing stops a writer\n    putting `32.13.99` and `25.61.61` there. `--info` has always echoed the raw fields with\n    \"(unparseable)\" beside them, but nothing was raised: the conversion exited 0, `--strict`\n    passed, and metadata.json recorded `start_datetime_local: null` with no note against it.\n\n    Every other unusable header field reports itself — a degenerate digital range, a physical\n    span that cannot be represented, a comma decimal separator, a header whose declared size\n    disagrees with its signal count. This was the one that did not, and it is the field\n    output-files points at for turning `time_s` into an absolute instant.\n  */\n  /*\n    The sixtieth second, which is a second UTC has and a calendar date does not.\n\n    `resolveStartDateTime` admits `ss === 60` on purpose — a recorder synchronised to UTC\n    through a leap second writes `23.59.60`, and refusing it would throw away a date that is\n    otherwise perfectly good over one second. What it then does is `Math.min(ss, 59)`, because\n    `Date.UTC(..., 60)` rolls over into the next minute and would move the instant the other\n    way, by fifty-nine seconds more.\n\n    Keeping the nearest instant is the right answer. Keeping it in silence was not: `--info`\n    printed `Recorded 2020-01-01 23:59:59` and metadata.json recorded the same, for a header\n    that says `23.59.60`, with `--strict` exiting 0. Every other header field this tool cannot\n    represent exactly says so — a comma decimal separator, a physical span that overflows, a\n    record count that disagrees with the file — and this is the field `time_s` is documented as\n    being added to.\n  */\n  if (\n    namesLeapSecond(startTimeRaw) &&\n    resolveStartDateTime(startDateRaw, startTimeRaw, recordingId) !== null\n  ) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'LEAP_SECOND_START',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `The header's start time (\"${startTimeRaw}\") names the sixtieth second of a minute, ` +\n        `which no calendar date has.`,\n      hint:\n        'It is recorded as the fifty-ninth second, one second earlier, since that is the ' +\n        'nearest instant a date can hold. time_s is unaffected — it counts from the start of ' +\n        'the recording either way.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  /*\n    Two dates in one header, disagreeing.\n\n    EDF+ requires the recording identification field's `Startdate` to be the header's start\n    date. Where it is, its four digits settle the century — see resolveStartDateTime. Where it\n    is not, one of the two is wrong and there is no way to tell which, so the date field is\n    used, being the one the format defines. That was done in silence, on a header that plainly\n    contradicts itself:\n\n        Recorded   2002-03-02 22:15:00\n        Recording  Startdate 05-MAR-2002 PSG-1234/2002 NN Telemetry03\n\n    The same shape as a record count that disagrees with the file, or a declared header size\n    that disagrees with the signal count, both of which have said so for versions.\n  */\n  const statedDate = recordingIdStartdate(recordingId);\n  const headerDate = /^(\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(startDateRaw));\n  if (statedDate !== null && headerDate !== null) {\n    const day = Number(headerDate[1]);\n    const month = Number(headerDate[2]);\n    const yy = Number(headerDate[3]);\n    if (statedDate.day !== day || statedDate.month !== month || statedDate.year % 100 !== yy) {\n      diagnostics.push({\n        code: 'START_DATE_MISMATCH',\n        severity: 'warning',\n        message:\n          `The header's start date (\"${startDateRaw}\") and the date its recording ` +\n          `identification states (\"${String(statedDate.day).padStart(2, '0')}-` +\n          `${MONTHS[statedDate.month - 1] as string}-${statedDate.year}\") are different ` +\n          `dates, which EDF+ does not permit.`,\n        hint:\n          'The start date field is used, since that is the one the format defines. Which of ' +\n          'the two is right is not knowable from the file, so start_datetime_local may name ' +\n          'the wrong day.',\n      });\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (resolveStartDateTime(startDateRaw, startTimeRaw, recordingId) === null) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'START_TIME_UNREADABLE',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `The header's start date and time (\"${startDateRaw}\" and ` +\n        `\"${startTimeRaw}\") are not a date and a time, so the recording has ` +\n        `no start instant.`,\n      hint:\n        'time_s is unaffected — it counts from the start of the recording either way. What ' +\n        'cannot be done is turning it into a wall-clock instant, and metadata.json records ' +\n        'start_datetime_local as null.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  for (const [label, indices] of seenLabels) {\n    if (indices.length < 2) continue;\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'DUPLICATE_LABEL',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      /*\n        Cut by the function that cuts every other list in a sentence here.\n\n        `join` names all of them, however many there are, and a header may declare as many\n        channels as it likes under one label: a 200-channel montage all labelled `T8-P8` — which\n        is exactly the kind of file this warning is for, since CHB-MIT ships two of them —\n        produced a single 1,100-character line of positions with the sentence that mattered at\n        the front of it. `listed` shows eight and counts the rest, which is what the rate\n        warning, the leftover-file warning, the channel-position lists in `--channels` and the\n        `EMPTY_LABEL` message one loop up all already do. This was the last `join` of a\n        file-controlled list left in a diagnostic.\n\n        Two positions render identically either way, so the ordinary duplicate reads as it\n        always has.\n      */\n      /*\n        Positions written `#N`, which is how a position is written everywhere it is meant to be\n        typed: `--channels \"#0\"`, \"This file has signal channels at #0, #1, #2\", and this\n        warning's own namesake from channel selection — \"(positions #0, #1); all of them were\n        selected\". This one said \"(positions 0, 1)\", two paragraphs above the page that tells\n        the reader to \"address it by position with #N\". The number is the same; the form that\n        works is not.\n      */\n      message:\n        `${counted(indices.length, 'signal')} share the label \"${label}\" ` +\n        `(positions ${listed(indices.map((i) => `#${i}`))}).`,\n      /*\n        A sentence about the wide layout, printed in both — the same fault 0.8.24 fixed for\n        the other raiser of this code, two lines further down the same run.\n\n        A long signals.csv has three columns, `time_s`, `channel` and `value`, and none of\n        them comes from a label: a channel appears there as a value in the `channel` column.\n        `label-suffix-collision.edf --layout long` printed both halves back to back:\n\n            warning: 2 signals share the label \"T8\" (positions #0, #1).\n                     Their columns are suffixed with the signal number so they stay\n                     distinguishable.\n            warning: Signal 2 is labelled \"T8_ch0\", ... so it is named \"T8_ch0_ch2\" in the\n                     channel column.\n                     Channel names are unique; look this channel up in channels.csv by its\n                     signal_index.\n\n        The plan raises the second and knows the layout. The header raises this one and\n        cannot: it is parsed before any conversion is planned, and `EdfFile.open` hands these\n        diagnostics to callers who have asked for no layout at all. So the sentence names\n        both, rather than guessing which one is being written.\n      */\n      hint:\n        'Their names are suffixed with the signal number so they stay distinguishable: a ' +\n        'column name each in the wide layout, and a distinct value in the channel column ' +\n        'under --layout long.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const recordBytes = byteOffsetInRecord;\n  if (recordBytes <= 0) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'NO_SAMPLES',\n      'No signal in this file carries any samples (every channel declares 0 samples per record).',\n      'The header describes the channels and nothing has data behind them, so there is no ' +\n        'record to read. A header written before recording began, or copied from another ' +\n        'file, produces this.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (sawComma.value) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'COMMA_DECIMAL',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message: 'Some header numbers use a comma decimal separator, which the EDF spec does not allow.',\n      hint: 'They were read as decimal points. Check the values in the channel table.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const dataBytes = fileSize - expectedHeaderBytes;\n  if (dataBytes < 0) {\n    // With the two figures, like the other two FILE_TOO_SMALL messages and unlike this one,\n    // which named neither — the same thing the NO_DATA_RECORDS message below was fixed for:\n    // \"the message carried no figures at all, so nothing in it could be checked against the\n    // file\". Reached by a caller handing `parseHeader` a header and a smaller size than the\n    // one it came out of, which is a mismatch worth being able to see.\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'FILE_TOO_SMALL',\n      `File is ${counted(fileSize, 'byte')}, which is less than the ${grouped(expectedHeaderBytes)} ` +\n        `its own header occupies.`,\n      'The header and the size came from different reads: parseHeader was handed a byte ' +\n        'count smaller than the header block it was given.',\n    );\n  }\n  const recordCount = Math.floor(dataBytes / recordBytes);\n  const trailingBytes = dataBytes - recordCount * recordBytes;\n\n  if (recordCount === 0) {\n    /*\n      Which of the two, and with the numbers.\n\n      \"The recording was probably interrupted before any data was written\" is right about an\n      empty file and wrong about the other way to get here: a header declaring records larger\n      than the data present. A 606 KB file holding 589 KB of samples — 60% of one record, more\n      than half a million readings — was told no data was written, and the message carried no\n      figures at all, so nothing in it could be checked against the file. The declared record\n      size is the thing to look at, and it was the one thing not said.\n\n      Still an error either way. A record is the unit the format is addressed in, and there is\n      nothing smaller to convert.\n    */\n    const empty = dataBytes === 0;\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'NO_DATA_RECORDS',\n      empty\n        ? 'The file contains a header and no data at all.'\n        : `The file contains ${counted(dataBytes, 'byte')} of data, which is less than the ` +\n          `${grouped(recordBytes)} its header says one data record takes.`,\n      empty\n        ? 'The recording was probably interrupted before any data was written.'\n        : 'Either the recording was cut short part way through its first record, or the ' +\n          'header describes records larger than the ones actually written. Check the ' +\n          'samples-per-record fields against the file size.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (declaredRecordCount === -1) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'RECORD_COUNT_UNKNOWN',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `The header does not say how many data records the file has (-1), which the spec allows ` +\n        `for recordings still in progress. Using the ${counted(recordCount, 'record')} the file actually contains.`,\n      hint:\n        'That count comes from the size of the file, so a recording still being written ' +\n        'converts as much of it as was on disk when this run read it.',\n    });\n  } else if (declaredRecordCount !== recordCount) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'RECORD_COUNT_MISMATCH',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      // Both counts through `counted`, not only the second. A header declaring one record\n      // over a file holding three read \"declares 1 data records\" — the slip the sentence\n      // beside it has been holding to since it was written.\n      message:\n        `The header declares ${counted(declaredRecordCount, 'data record')} but the file ` +\n        `contains ${grouped(recordCount)}. Converting the ${counted(recordCount, 'record')} that ${recordCount === 1 ? 'is' : 'are'} present.`,\n      hint:\n        declaredRecordCount > recordCount\n          ? 'The recording looks truncated. It may have been cut short or copied incompletely.'\n          : 'The file is longer than its header claims.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  if (trailingBytes > 0) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'TRAILING_BYTES',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message: `${counted(trailingBytes, 'byte')} after the last complete data record ${trailingBytes === 1 ? 'was' : 'were'} ignored.`,\n      hint:\n        'A record is the unit this format is addressed in, and a partial one says nothing ' +\n        'about which samples it holds or when they were taken. Every complete record was ' +\n        'converted.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const isEdfPlus = continuity !== null;\n  if (continuity === 'EDF+D') {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'DISCONTINUOUS',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `This is a discontinuous (${isBdf ? 'BDF+D' : 'EDF+D'}) recording: its data records are ` +\n        `not contiguous in time.`,\n      hint: 'Each row carries its true recording time, so gaps stay visible instead of being closed.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const dataSignals = signals.filter((s) => !s.isAnnotations);\n  if (dataSignals.length === 0) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'NO_SIGNAL_CHANNELS',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      /*\n        The marker as the file spells it, which is what the DISCONTINUOUS warning ten lines up\n        already does and what `describeFormat` was fixed for.\n\n        A BDF+ recording holding nothing but its `BDF Annotations` channel — a label this\n        parser recognises by name, beside `EDF Annotations`, and has since annotations were\n        read at all — was told it \"contains only EDF+ annotations\", naming a channel it does\n        not carry and a format it is not. `--info` two lines above says `BDF+ (continuous)`\n        and the channel table names the channel; this warning was the one line disagreeing\n        with both.\n      */\n      message: `This file has no signal channels; it contains only ${isBdf ? 'BDF+' : 'EDF+'} annotations.`,\n      /*\n        What the file is, not what the run will write. The warning underneath it — raised by\n        the conversion rather than by the parser — already answers the second question, in\n        those words: \"annotations.csv holds whatever events it carries. channels.csv lists\n        signal channels, so it has none to list.\" Two consecutive hints saying that would be\n        worse than the one that was missing.\n      */\n      hint:\n        `An ${isBdf ? 'BDF+' : 'EDF+'} file of events and no signal is an ordinary thing: a ` +\n        'scoring file distributed beside the recording it annotates has exactly this shape.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  // A channel declaring zero samples per record has no sampling rate to speak of — it is\n  // reported separately as NO_SAMPLES and no file is written for it. Counting its nominal\n  // 0 Hz as a rate made a single-rate recording warn that it used \"2 different sampling\n  // rates (4 Hz, 0 Hz)\" and claim it was splitting output it never split.\n  const rates = new Set(dataSignals.filter((s) => s.samplesPerRecord > 0).map((s) => s.samplingRate));\n  if (rates.size > 1) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'MIXED_SAMPLING_RATES',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `Channels use ${counted(rates.size, 'different sampling rate')} ` +\n        `(${listed(formatRates([...rates].sort((a, b) => b - a)).map((r) => `${r} Hz`))}).`,\n      hint: 'They are written to one file per rate so no channel is resampled.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  return {\n    header: {\n      version,\n      patientId,\n      recordingId,\n      startDateRaw,\n      startTimeRaw,\n      startDateTime: resolveStartDateTime(startDateRaw, startTimeRaw, recordingId),\n      headerBytes: expectedHeaderBytes,\n      declaredHeaderBytes: headerBytes,\n      reserved,\n      isEdfPlus,\n      isBdf,\n      continuity,\n      declaredRecordCount,\n      recordDuration,\n      signalCount,\n      signals,\n      bytesPerSample,\n      recordBytes,\n    },\n    recordCount,\n    trailingBytes,\n    diagnostics,\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * The recording start as a zone-less wall clock, \"YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS\".\n *\n * EDF stores the start time as local wall-clock digits with no timezone anywhere in\n * the format. `startDateTime` is built with Date.UTC purely so those digits survive a\n * round trip unshifted, which makes it a carrier for the wall clock rather than a\n * real instant. Serialising it with `toISOString()` would append a Z and assert UTC,\n * and any reader converting to local time would then shift the recording by their own\n * offset: 13:43:04 in the file becomes 08:43:04 in New York. The Z is omitted because\n * the file genuinely does not say which zone it meant.\n */\nexport function formatWallClock(date: Date | null): string | null {\n  if (!date) return null;\n  if (!(date instanceof Date)) {\n    throw new OptionError(`date must be a Date or null, got ${describeValue(date)}.`);\n  }\n  /*\n    And an unparseable one, which is a date this cannot state rather than a bad argument.\n\n    `new Date('the third').toISOString()` is a `RangeError: Invalid time value` out of the\n    middle of this function. `null` is what this returns for a recording with no start\n    instant, and that is what an invalid Date is: `START_TIME_UNREADABLE` says the same thing\n    about the same fact, and metadata.json writes `start_datetime_local: null` for it.\n  */\n  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return null;\n  return date.toISOString().slice(0, 19);\n}\n\n/**\n * The recording's format, as `--info`, `metadata.json` and `--json` all name it.\n *\n * `\"EDF\"`, `\"BDF\"`, or one of `\"EDF+ (continuous)\"`, `\"EDF+ (discontinuous)\"`,\n * `\"BDF+ (continuous)\"`, `\"BDF+ (discontinuous)\"`. A BDF+ file reports its own spelling even\n * though `continuity` normalises the marker to the `EDF+` form.\n *\n * This said `EDF+ (EDF+D)` and `BDF+ (EDF+C)`, which are not strings it can return — the\n * parenthetical is the word, not the marker. It is a one-line doc comment on a public export,\n * so it is what a TypeScript consumer's editor shows and what `dist/edf/header.d.ts` ships,\n * and the value it describes is `recording.format` in every metadata.json this tool writes.\n * A consumer branching on the tooltip's spelling never matches. Every documentation page had\n * it right; this was the only place that did not.\n */\nexport function describeFormat(header: EdfHeader): string {\n  /*\n    The argument, which this read two booleans off and asked no questions about.\n\n    Both reads are truthiness tests, so anything without them answers `'EDF'` — including the\n    `EdfFile` whose `.header` this wants, which is one property away and is how the api page\n    writes every other call. `describeFormat(file)` on a discontinuous BDF+ recording returned\n    `'EDF'`: not an error, not a fallback, a confident wrong answer about the file in hand.\n\n    The same check `makeScaler` got in 0.8.61, for the same reason — an exported function that\n    reads fields off an object cannot tell a header from anything else that lacks them.\n  */\n  if (\n    typeof header !== 'object' ||\n    header === null ||\n    typeof header.isBdf !== 'boolean' ||\n    typeof header.isEdfPlus !== 'boolean'\n  ) {\n    throw new OptionError(`header must be a parsed EDF header, got ${describeValue(header)}.`);\n  }\n  const base = header.isBdf ? 'BDF' : 'EDF';\n  if (!header.isEdfPlus) return base;\n  return `${base}+ (${header.continuity === 'EDF+D' ? 'discontinuous' : 'continuous'})`;\n}\n\n/** Render a sampling rate without trailing noise: 256, 0.5, 12.5. */\nexport function formatRate(hz: number): string {\n  // A number, like the neighbours. `formatRate(NaN)` came back as the string \"NaN\", and\n  // `rateSlug` turned it into \"NaNhz\" — a file name this tool cannot write, handed to a\n  // caller the doc comment below describes as \"reaching for the exported slug function to\n  // predict a filename\". A rate that is not a number is not a rate.\n  if (typeof hz !== 'number' || Number.isNaN(hz)) {\n    throw new OptionError(`hz must be a sampling rate in hertz, got ${describeValue(hz)}.`);\n  }\n  if (Number.isInteger(hz)) {\n    /*\n      The same six decimals, in the notation `toFixed` cannot reach.\n\n      Every double past 2^53 is an integer, so this branch takes every large rate — and\n      `String` switches to exponent form at 1e21 and carries the full seventeen digits with\n      it. Four samples in a record of 1e-300s is 3.9999999999999996e+300, which is exactly the\n      float noise the rounding below exists to remove, printed in a `RATE` column of otherwise\n      plain numbers and pasted into an output filename by `rateSlug`. Below 1e21 `String` is\n      already exact and is left alone, so an integer rate a file can really state — 2^53\n      samples in a second — is not rounded to something it is not.\n    */\n    const text = String(hz);\n    return text.includes('e') ? String(Number(hz.toExponential(6))) : text;\n  }\n  const rounded = Number(hz.toFixed(6));\n  // A rate below 5e-7 rounds away to \"0\", which reads as \"this channel has no sampling\n  // rate\" and made the mixed-rate warning contradict itself: it announced two different\n  // rates and then printed both as \"0 Hz\". Exponent form keeps a real rate legible, and\n  // keeps distinct rates distinct in the channel table and in output filenames.\n  if (rounded === 0) return hz.toExponential(3);\n  return String(rounded);\n}\n\n/**\n * Renders a group of rates so that rates which differ read as differing.\n *\n * `formatRate` rounds to six decimals, which is what keeps an ordinary rate free of\n * float noise — 30 samples in a 0.1-second record is 299.99999999999994 as a double,\n * and belongs on screen as 300. Two rates separated by less than that round to one\n * string, so a file carrying 1e-6 Hz and 1.25e-6 Hz warned that it used \"2 different\n * sampling rates (0.000001 Hz, 0.000001 Hz)\" and named both files the same thing.\n *\n * That is the contradiction the exponent fallback above already removes for rates that\n * round away to zero; this is the same one a step further out. On a collision every rate\n * in the group switches to its shortest exact form, which is unique for distinct values,\n * rather than only the pair that collided — one column in one notation reads better than\n * two.\n */\nexport function formatRates(rates: readonly number[]): string[] {\n  // `rates.map` on anything else is a TypeError naming a local of this package; the members\n  // are `formatRate`'s business, one line down.\n  if (!Array.isArray(rates)) {\n    throw new OptionError(`rates must be a list of sampling rates, got ${describeValue(rates)}.`);\n  }\n  const rounded = rates.map(formatRate);\n  const distinct = new Set(rates).size;\n  return new Set(rounded).size === distinct ? rounded : rates.map((hz) => String(hz));\n}\n"]}
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digital maximum\n *     ns * 80   prefiltering\n *     ns *  8   number of samples in each data record\n *     ns * 32   reserved\n */\n\nimport { EdfError } from './errors.js';\nimport type { Diagnostic } from './errors.js';\nimport { counted, grouped, listed } from '../format/list.js';\nimport { plain } from '../format/number.js';\n// The shell-quoting rule for a label, shared rather than repeated: this hint and\n// `--channels`' own \"did you mean\" have to print the same command for the same label.\nimport { typeable } from '../convert/channels.js';\nimport { OptionError, describeValue } from '../convert/options.js';\nimport { decodeLatin1 } from './bytes.js';\n\n/** Label the EDF+ spec reserves for the annotations channel. */\nexport const ANNOTATIONS_LABEL = 'EDF Annotations';\n/** BDF+ uses its own spelling for the same channel. */\nexport const BDF_ANNOTATIONS_LABEL = 'BDF Annotations';\n\nexport const FIXED_HEADER_BYTES = 256;\nexport const SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES = 256;\n\nexport interface EdfSignal {\n  /** Position in the file, 0-based. Stable even when labels collide. */\n  index: number;\n  label: string;\n  transducer: string;\n  physicalDimension: string;\n  physicalMin: number;\n  physicalMax: number;\n  digitalMin: number;\n  digitalMax: number;\n  prefiltering: string;\n  samplesPerRecord: number;\n  reserved: string;\n  /** True for the EDF+ 'EDF Annotations' channel, which carries text, not signal. */\n  isAnnotations: boolean;\n  /** samplesPerRecord / recordDuration, in Hz. */\n  samplingRate: number;\n  /** Byte offset of this signal's samples within one data record. */\n  byteOffsetInRecord: number;\n}\n\nexport interface EdfHeader {\n  version: string;\n  patientId: string;\n  recordingId: string;\n  /** Raw 'dd.mm.yy' as written in the file. */\n  startDateRaw: string;\n  /** Raw 'hh.mm.ss' as written in the file. */\n  startTimeRaw: string;\n  /** Resolved start instant, or null when the file's date/time fields are unusable. */\n  startDateTime: Date | null;\n  /**\n   * Header size in bytes, computed from the signal count rather than read from the field.\n   *\n   * Every data record offset is derived from this, so it has to be the one the layout\n   * actually uses: 256 for the fixed header plus 256 per signal. A writer that fills the\n   * field in carelessly is common enough to have its own warning, HEADER_BYTES_MISMATCH,\n   * and trusting the field over the arithmetic would put every sample at the wrong offset.\n   */\n  headerBytes: number;\n  /**\n   * What the header's own length field says, which need not be the above.\n   *\n   * Exposed for the same reason `declaredRecordCount` is: the two disagreeing is a fact\n   * about the file, and a caller checking how a recording was written should be able to see\n   * what it claimed rather than only what was believed.\n   */\n  declaredHeaderBytes: number;\n  reserved: string;\n  isEdfPlus: boolean;\n  /** True for BioSemi BDF/BDF+ files, whose samples are 3 bytes rather than 2. */\n  isBdf: boolean;\n  /** 'EDF+C' continuous, 'EDF+D' discontinuous, or null for plain EDF. */\n  continuity: 'EDF+C' | 'EDF+D' | null;\n  /** As declared in the header. -1 means \"unknown\", which the spec permits. */\n  declaredRecordCount: number;\n  recordDuration: number;\n  signalCount: number;\n  signals: EdfSignal[];\n  bytesPerSample: number;\n  recordBytes: number;\n}\n\n/** Everything derived by combining the header with the file's real size. */\nexport interface EdfHeaderInfo {\n  header: EdfHeader;\n  /** Record count implied by the actual file size — the one we trust for reading. */\n  recordCount: number;\n  /** Bytes after the last complete data record. */\n  trailingBytes: number;\n  diagnostics: Diagnostic[];\n}\n\n/**\n * Whether a spreadsheet reads this field as the start of a formula rather than as text.\n *\n * `=` and `@` unconditionally; every list of these characters names two more, and this had\n * `-` as an exception with the reason written out on the warnings page: \"a lone `-` is a\n * real convention for no unit ... and neither is evaluated unless what follows it parses as a\n * formula\". Which is the condition, and it was not being applied — nothing with a leading\n * minus was flagged at all. A channel labelled `-2+3` opens as a column headed `1`, and\n * `-HYPERLINK(\"http://...\",\"EEG\")` is a name the spreadsheet resolves, in silence.\n *\n * So the exception is what it says it is rather than the whole character. A lone `-` is left\n * as text by every spreadsheet and is not flagged; a field that is entirely a number reads as\n * that number, which is what the header says, and is not flagged either. Anything else after\n * the minus is arithmetic or a name.\n *\n * And `+` takes the same exception, which it did not. It is the same rule in the spreadsheet —\n * Lotus compatibility, which converts a leading `+` or `-` to a formula when what follows one\n * parses as a formula and leaves it as text when it does not — so the two signs cannot differ\n * here for a reason that comes from the sign. A channel labelled `+100` was warned about as\n * something a spreadsheet \"reads as the start of a formula rather than as text\", over a cell\n * that opens as 100, which is what the header says; `-100` beside it said nothing, and under\n * `--strict` the difference was an exit code. `+1+1` is still arithmetic and still flagged.\n */\nexport function startsFormula(text: string): boolean {\n  if (/^[=@]/u.test(text)) return true;\n  if (!/^[+-]./u.test(text)) return false;\n  // `\\.\\d*` and not `\\.\\d+`, which is the spelling DECIMAL_FIELD and DECIMAL_DURATION both\n  // use for the same question. A trailing point is a number with nothing after it — Excel\n  // opens `+1.` as 1 — and one character of difference between three copies of one grammar\n  // had this warning firing on a field the paragraph above exempts by name, and failing\n  // --strict for it.\n  return !/^[+-](?:\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\\d+)?$/u.test(text);\n}\n\n/**\n * A byte the terminal treats as an instruction rather than as text.\n *\n * C0 and C1, plus DEL. Tab is included deliberately: it is harmless to a terminal but it\n * makes a CSV column name that cannot be typed or matched reliably, which is the other half\n * of what this warning is for.\n */\nfunction isControlCharacter(character: string): boolean {\n  const code = character.codePointAt(0) as number;\n  return code <= 0x1f || (code >= 0x7f && code <= 0x9f);\n}\n\nconst dec = (buf: Uint8Array, start: number, len: number): string =>\n  decodeLatin1(buf, start, start + len);\n\n/** EDF fields are space-padded; trailing NULs also occur in files written by sloppy tools. */\nconst trimField = (s: string): string => s.replace(/[\\0\\s]+$/u, '').replace(/^\\s+/u, '');\n\n/**\n * How many signals the fixed header says there are, read exactly as `parseHeader` will.\n *\n * `EdfFile.open` needs this before it can know how much header to read, and it used to work\n * it out with its own `Number(...)` — which was NUL-tolerant but not comma-tolerant, unlike\n * every other numeric field here. A header written with a comma decimal separator, which\n * COMMA_DECIMAL exists to accept and which the documentation lists this field among, was\n * therefore never given its signal headers at all, and the file died on a message that\n * contradicted itself: \"needs a 768-byte header, but the file is only 848 bytes\".\n *\n * Sharing the parse is what keeps the two from disagreeing again about which files are\n * readable. Null means \"not a usable count\", and the caller reads no further header — the\n * real error then comes from `parseHeader`, which is the one place that decides.\n */\nexport function peekSignalCount(fixed: Uint8Array): number | null {\n  const text = normaliseNumberField(dec(fixed, 252, 4)).text;\n  if (!DECIMAL_FIELD.test(text)) return null;\n  const count = Number(text);\n  return Number.isInteger(count) && count > 0 ? count : null;\n}\n\n/**\n * What EDF allows a numeric field to look like, which is less than `Number()` allows.\n *\n * A sign, digits, an optional fractional part, an optional exponent — the spec's own grammar,\n * plus the exponent form the 8-character physical bounds need to reach a magnetometer's range\n * and which real headers use.\n *\n * `Number()` accepts a great deal more, and every one of those forms is a header this tool\n * would have read as a number nobody wrote. A physical maximum of `0x64` came out as 100: it\n * printed as `-100 to 100` in the channel table, went into channels.csv as `physical_max,100`,\n * and set the gain every sample on that channel was scaled by — a whole calibration invented\n * from four bytes that are not a decimal number, exit 0, no diagnostic. `0b1100100` and `0o144`\n * are the same hundred, and `0x02` in the signal-count field is a two-channel recording.\n *\n * The same mistake as `#0x2` reaching channel 2 through `--channels`, `--decimals 0o5` writing\n * five places and `--jobs 0x10` running sixteen, all of which have their own comments and their\n * own fixes. Those were values somebody typed. These are the fields every number in the output\n * is computed from, and the page describing them says \"all fields are ASCII\" and gives the\n * layout digit by digit.\n */\nconst DECIMAL_FIELD = /^[+-]?(?:\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\\d+)?$/u;\n\n/** A numeric header field, trimmed and with a comma decimal separator turned into a dot. */\nfunction normaliseNumberField(raw: string): { text: string; sawComma: boolean } {\n  const text = trimField(raw);\n  // Some writers emit a comma decimal separator despite the spec requiring '.'.\n  if (text.includes(',') && !text.includes('.')) {\n    return { text: text.replace(',', '.'), sawComma: true };\n  }\n  return { text, sawComma: false };\n}\n\n/**\n * What a header field that is not the number it must be usually means.\n *\n * `BAD_HEADER_FIELD` is raised four ways — an empty numeric field, one that does not parse, one\n * that must be whole and is not, and a signal declaring a negative sample count — and one of\n * the four carried this. The other three printed a bare sentence about a field and stopped,\n * which is the same gap `EdfFile.#UNREADABLE_HINT` was written to close on the read side: a\n * family of errors where one member says what the cause usually is and the rest do not.\n *\n * An empty field is if anything the plainer symptom of the two. A truncated download stops\n * mid-header and leaves the rest as spaces; a byte-shifted file reads a field off the wrong\n * offset and finds whitespace as often as it finds digits. The page has said all four mean\n * this since they were documented together.\n */\nconst BAD_FIELD_HINT = 'The file may be truncated, byte-shifted, or not an EDF file at all.';\n\nfunction parseNumberField(\n  raw: string,\n  field: string,\n  { integer = false, sawComma }: { integer?: boolean; sawComma?: { value: boolean } } = {},\n): number {\n  const normalised = normaliseNumberField(raw);\n  const text = normalised.text;\n  if (normalised.sawComma && sawComma) sawComma.value = true;\n  if (text === '') {\n    throw new EdfError('BAD_HEADER_FIELD', `Header field \"${field}\" is empty.`, BAD_FIELD_HINT);\n  }\n  const n = DECIMAL_FIELD.test(text) ? Number(text) : NaN;\n  if (!Number.isFinite(n)) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'BAD_HEADER_FIELD',\n      `Header field \"${field}\" is not a number (found ${JSON.stringify(text)}).`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n  if (integer && !Number.isInteger(n)) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'BAD_HEADER_FIELD',\n      `Header field \"${field}\" must be a whole number (found ${JSON.stringify(text)}).`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n  return n;\n}\n\n/** Whether the start time names the sixtieth second. See LEAP_SECOND_START. */\nfunction namesLeapSecond(timeRaw: string): boolean {\n  const t = /^(\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(timeRaw));\n  return t !== null && Number(t[3]) === 60;\n}\n\nconst MONTHS = ['JAN', 'FEB', 'MAR', 'APR', 'MAY', 'JUN', 'JUL', 'AUG', 'SEP', 'OCT', 'NOV', 'DEC'];\n\n/**\n * The date an EDF+ recording ID states, which is the only place the file writes a full year.\n *\n * EDF+ requires the recording identification field to begin `Startdate dd-MMM-yyyy`, and\n * requires it to agree with the header's own date field. It is a four-digit year, so it says\n * something the eight-character date field physically cannot.\n */\nfunction recordingIdStartdate(\n  recordingId: string,\n): { day: number; month: number; year: number } | null {\n  const stated = /^Startdate\\s+(\\d{2})-([A-Za-z]{3})-(\\d{4})(?:\\s|$)/u.exec(recordingId.trim());\n  if (!stated) return null;\n  const month = MONTHS.indexOf((stated[2] as string).toUpperCase()) + 1;\n  if (month === 0) return null;\n  return { day: Number(stated[1]), month, year: Number(stated[3]) };\n}\n\n/**\n * EDF stores a two-digit year. The spec pins the century: 85-99 mean 1985-1999\n * and 00-84 mean 2000-2084. Files outside 1985-2084 cannot express their date.\n *\n * Which is why EDF+ writes it again in full, in the recording identification field, and why\n * that is used here when it is there. The rule alone reports a recording made in 1984 as 2084\n * and one made in 2085 as 1985 — a hundred years out, on a file that states the year plainly\n * four fields earlier. Taken only where the two agree about everything the header can express:\n * the same day, the same month, and a four-digit year ending in the two digits the header\n * wrote. A recording ID that contradicts the header is a different problem and is left to the\n * spec's rule, which is at least the one the format defines.\n */\nfunction resolveStartDateTime(\n  dateRaw: string,\n  timeRaw: string,\n  recordingId = '',\n): Date | null {\n  const d = /^(\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(dateRaw));\n  const t = /^(\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})[.:\\-](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(timeRaw));\n  if (!d || !t) return null;\n\n  const dd = Number(d[1]);\n  const mm = Number(d[2]);\n  const yy = Number(d[3]);\n  const hh = Number(t[1]);\n  const mi = Number(t[2]);\n  const ss = Number(t[3]);\n\n  if (mm < 1 || mm > 12 || dd < 1 || dd > 31 || hh > 23 || mi > 59 || ss > 60) return null;\n\n  const stated = recordingIdStartdate(recordingId);\n  const year =\n    stated !== null && stated.day === dd && stated.month === mm && stated.year % 100 === yy\n      ? stated.year\n      : yy >= 85\n        ? 1900 + yy\n        : 2000 + yy;\n  const date = new Date(Date.UTC(year, mm - 1, dd, hh, mi, Math.min(ss, 59)));\n  // Reject dates that rolled over, e.g. 31.02.\n  if (date.getUTCMonth() !== mm - 1 || date.getUTCDate() !== dd) return null;\n  return date;\n}\n\n/**\n * Parse the fixed 256-byte header plus the per-signal header block.\n *\n * @param buf   At least FIXED_HEADER_BYTES + ns * SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES bytes.\n * @param fileSize Total size of the file on disk, used to derive the real record count.\n */\nexport function parseHeader(buf: Uint8Array, fileSize: number): EdfHeaderInfo {\n  /*\n    The first argument, checked before anything is read out of it.\n\n    The api page offers this function on its own, so it is reached by a caller holding bytes\n    they read themselves — and it took whatever it was handed. A number or a plain object came\n    back as Node's own `TypeError: bytes.subarray is not a function`, which names a method the\n    caller never called; `undefined` as a property read on a local.\n\n    Worse, a string got an answer *about the recording*:\n\n        parseHeader('0       ...', 4_000_000)\n        EdfError FILE_TOO_SMALL: An EDF header alone needs 256 bytes, but only 11 of this\n        4,000,000-byte file reached the parser.\n\n    A string has a `length`, so it reached the short-header branch below and was reported as a\n    truncated file — the code a script branches on to quarantine a bad recording, raised over a\n    recording nobody had read. That is the distinction `readRecords` draws in as many words:\n    \"an `OptionError`, because it is the call that is wrong and not the recording\". The same\n    check `decodeRecordAnnotations` makes of its own byte argument, for the reason given there.\n  */\n  if (!ArrayBuffer.isView(buf)) {\n    throw new OptionError(\n      `buf must be the header block as bytes, got ${describeValue(buf)}. parseHeader takes ` +\n        `the bytes read from the file and the size of the file they came out of.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  /*\n    The second argument, checked before anything is derived from it.\n\n    Every count this function reports about the data comes out of `fileSize`, and nothing\n    asked what it was. Omit it — which a JavaScript caller does by writing the call the way\n    the one-argument functions beside it are written — and the arithmetic runs on `undefined`:\n\n        parseHeader(bytes).recordCount            // NaN\n        parseHeader(bytes).diagnostics[0].message\n        // \"The header declares 2 data records but the file contains NaN. Converting the NaN\n        //  records that are present.\"\n\n    A header object claiming NaN records, a warning that says NaN out loud, and no error —\n    and `recordCount * recordDuration`, which is how the duration is worked out everywhere\n    this value goes, is NaN from there on. `null` was worse from 0.8.5, when the counts in\n    these messages started being grouped: grouping it is a TypeError raised from inside the\n    number formatter, naming nothing the caller wrote.\n\n    The same `OptionError` `assertInputPath` raises for the first argument of `EdfFile.open`,\n    for the same reason given there: it is the call that is wrong, not the recording.\n  */\n  if (typeof fileSize !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(fileSize) || fileSize < 0) {\n    throw new OptionError(\n      `fileSize must be the number of bytes in the file, got ${describeValue(fileSize)}.`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const diagnostics: Diagnostic[] = [];\n  const sawComma = { value: false };\n\n  if (buf.length < FIXED_HEADER_BYTES) {\n    /*\n      Which of the two is actually short — the same question the FILE_TOO_SMALL fifty lines\n      down was fixed for, in the words its comment still uses: \"The file size was quoted\n      either way, so a caller that had read too little ... produced arithmetic that refuted\n      itself.\" This is the raising that comment describes, and it went on doing it:\n\n          parseHeader(new Uint8Array(100), 5000)\n          File is 5,000 bytes; an EDF header alone needs at least 256.\n\n      5,000 is not less than 256. A reader following that sentence looks for a truncation\n      that is not there, and the number they are given to check against the file is the one\n      that is fine. Reached from the library, where the caller holds both — `EdfFile.open`\n      reads 256 bytes before it reads anything else, so the two agree by construction there.\n    */\n    const short = fileSize < FIXED_HEADER_BYTES;\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'FILE_TOO_SMALL',\n      short\n        ? `File is ${counted(fileSize, 'byte')}; an EDF header alone needs at least ${FIXED_HEADER_BYTES}.`\n        : `An EDF header alone needs ${FIXED_HEADER_BYTES} bytes, but only ` +\n          `${grouped(buf.length)} of this ${grouped(fileSize)}-byte file reached the parser.`,\n      short\n        ? 'A file this small is truncated, or is not an EDF or BDF recording at all: every one of ' +\n          'them opens with a fixed 256-byte header.'\n        : 'parseHeader takes the header block and the size of the file it came out of. This ' +\n          'call was given fewer bytes than the header it was asked to read.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  // BDF (BioSemi) marks itself with byte 255 followed by 'BIOSEMI', and stores\n  // 3-byte samples instead of 2. Everything else about the layout is identical.\n  const isBdf = buf[0] === 0xff && dec(buf, 1, 7) === 'BIOSEMI';\n  const version = isBdf ? 'BIOSEMI' : trimField(dec(buf, 0, 8));\n\n  const patientId = trimField(dec(buf, 8, 80));\n  const recordingId = trimField(dec(buf, 88, 80));\n  const startDateRaw = trimField(dec(buf, 168, 8));\n  const startTimeRaw = trimField(dec(buf, 176, 8));\n  const headerBytes = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 184, 8), 'number of header bytes', {\n    integer: true,\n    sawComma,\n  });\n  const reserved = trimField(dec(buf, 192, 44));\n  const declaredRecordCount = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 236, 8), 'number of data records', {\n    integer: true,\n    sawComma,\n  });\n  const recordDuration = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 244, 8), 'duration of a data record', {\n    sawComma,\n  });\n  const signalCount = parseNumberField(dec(buf, 252, 4), 'number of signals', {\n    integer: true,\n    sawComma,\n  });\n\n  if (signalCount <= 0) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'INVALID_SIGNAL_COUNT',\n      `Header declares ${counted(signalCount, 'signal')}; expected at least 1.`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n  if (!(recordDuration > 0)) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'INVALID_RECORD_DURATION',\n      `Header declares a data record duration of ${plain(recordDuration)}s; expected a positive number.`,\n      BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n    );\n  }\n\n  const expectedHeaderBytes = FIXED_HEADER_BYTES + signalCount * SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES;\n  if (buf.length < expectedHeaderBytes) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'FILE_TOO_SMALL',\n      /*\n        Which of the two is actually short.\n\n        The file size was quoted either way, so a caller that had read too little — the\n        signal count parsed one way here and another way there — produced arithmetic that\n        refuted itself: \"needs a 768-byte header, but the file is only 848 bytes\". A reader\n        following that looks for a truncation that is not there.\n      */\n      `File declares ${counted(signalCount, 'signal')}, which needs a ${grouped(expectedHeaderBytes)}-byte header, ` +\n        (fileSize < expectedHeaderBytes\n          ? `but the file is only ${grouped(fileSize)} bytes.`\n          : `but only ${grouped(buf.length)} bytes of it were handed to the parser.`),\n      'Either the recording is truncated inside its own header, or the signal count was ' +\n        'read from bytes that are not it. Both leave the channel descriptions unfinished.',\n    );\n  }\n  if (headerBytes !== expectedHeaderBytes) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'HEADER_BYTES_MISMATCH',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `Header says it is ${grouped(headerBytes)} bytes, but ${counted(signalCount, 'signal')} ` +\n        `${signalCount === 1 ? 'requires' : 'require'} ${grouped(expectedHeaderBytes)} bytes. ` +\n        `Using the value computed from the signal count.`,\n      hint:\n        'Where the data starts is worked out from the signal count, not from this field, so ' +\n        'nothing is read from the wrong offset. A writer that got this one wrong may have ' +\n        'got others wrong too.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  // Signal headers are field-major: all labels, then all transducers, and so on.\n  const base = FIXED_HEADER_BYTES;\n  const readField = (offsetUnits: number, width: number, i: number): string =>\n    dec(buf, base + offsetUnits * signalCount + i * width, width);\n\n  // EDF+ writes 'EDF+C'/'EDF+D' here; BDF+ writes 'BDF+C'/'BDF+D'. The two mean the\n  // same thing, so both are normalised to a single continuity marker.\n  const continuityTag = /^(?:EDF|BDF)\\+([CD])/u.exec(reserved);\n  const continuity: 'EDF+C' | 'EDF+D' | null =\n    continuityTag === null ? null : continuityTag[1] === 'D' ? 'EDF+D' : 'EDF+C';\n\n  const signals: EdfSignal[] = [];\n  let byteOffsetInRecord = 0;\n  const bytesPerSample = isBdf ? 3 : 2;\n  const seenLabels = new Map<string, number[]>();\n  const emptyLabels: number[] = [];\n\n  for (let i = 0; i < signalCount; i++) {\n    const label = trimField(readField(0, 16, i));\n    const transducer = trimField(readField(16, 80, i));\n    const physicalDimension = trimField(readField(96, 8, i));\n    const physicalMin = parseNumberField(readField(104, 8, i), `physical minimum (signal ${i})`, {\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const physicalMax = parseNumberField(readField(112, 8, i), `physical maximum (signal ${i})`, {\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const digitalMin = parseNumberField(readField(120, 8, i), `digital minimum (signal ${i})`, {\n      integer: true,\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const digitalMax = parseNumberField(readField(128, 8, i), `digital maximum (signal ${i})`, {\n      integer: true,\n      sawComma,\n    });\n    const prefiltering = trimField(readField(136, 80, i));\n    const samplesPerRecord = parseNumberField(\n      readField(216, 8, i),\n      `samples per record (signal ${i})`,\n      { integer: true, sawComma },\n    );\n    const sigReserved = trimField(readField(224, 32, i));\n\n    if (samplesPerRecord < 0) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'BAD_HEADER_FIELD',\n        `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") declares ${samplesPerRecord} samples per record.`,\n        BAD_FIELD_HINT,\n      );\n    }\n\n    const isAnnotations = label === ANNOTATIONS_LABEL || label === BDF_ANNOTATIONS_LABEL;\n\n    signals.push({\n      index: i,\n      label,\n      transducer,\n      physicalDimension,\n      physicalMin,\n      physicalMax,\n      digitalMin,\n      digitalMax,\n      prefiltering,\n      samplesPerRecord,\n      reserved: sigReserved,\n      isAnnotations,\n      samplingRate: samplesPerRecord / recordDuration,\n      byteOffsetInRecord,\n    });\n    byteOffsetInRecord += samplesPerRecord * bytesPerSample;\n\n    if (!isAnnotations) {\n      /*\n        A label is free text out of the file, and it becomes a column name in signals.csv.\n\n        `--info` has escaped control bytes since it was written, because an ANSI escape in a\n        header can drive the reader's terminal — `\\x1b[2J` clears the screen. The CSV had no\n        such protection and needed none for correctness: quoting makes any byte safe for a\n        parser, and this still passes the label through exactly as the file gives it, because\n        losing what the header says is not an improvement.\n\n        What was missing is the sentence saying so. A recording whose channel is labelled\n        `\\x1b[2Jgone` converted with no warning at all, and `cat signals.csv` then cleared\n        the terminal — while a script referencing that column by name carried an invisible\n        control character in it. NONPRINTABLE_LABEL has been declared and documented as\n        reserved since 0.1; this is it doing its job.\n      */\n      /*\n        Which of the two fields carries them, because the consequences are not the same.\n\n        The message said \"label or unit\", and then said the bytes \"will appear in the CSV\n        column name\" and that \"the name cannot be typed\" — both of which are about the label.\n        A channel labelled plainly `ECG` in a unit of `u\\x07V` got all of it: its column is\n        `ECG`, `--channels ECG` selects it and exits 0, and the byte is in channels.csv's\n        `unit` cell, which the warning never mentioned. Three sentences, none of them true of\n        the file that raised it, on a warning whose whole purpose is to say where an invisible\n        byte went.\n      */\n      /*\n        All four free-text fields, not the two that were checked.\n\n        `transducer` and `prefiltering` are free text out of the header exactly as the label\n        and the unit are, and they land in channels.csv exactly as the unit does — so an ESC\n        byte in a transducer field reached the CSV raw with nothing said, and `cat\n        channels.csv` would drive the terminal. That is the hazard this warning exists for,\n        two columns over. 0.5.71 made it name which field carries them; this is the rest of\n        the fields it can name.\n      */\n      const fields = [\n        ['label', label],\n        ['unit', physicalDimension],\n        ['transducer', transducer],\n        ['prefiltering', prefiltering],\n      ] as const;\n      const affected = fields.filter(([, text]) => [...text].some(isControlCharacter));\n      const control = affected.flatMap(([, text]) => [...text].filter(isControlCharacter));\n      if (control.length > 0) {\n        /*\n          How many of them get named is the header's decision, and it was unbounded.\n\n          Every other enumeration whose length the file controls goes through `listed`, which\n          is the helper written for exactly this — \"without letting the file decide how long\n          the sentence gets\". This one joined the whole set. Four free-text fields of 16, 8, 80\n          and 80 bytes can carry 63 distinct control codes between them, and did:\n\n              warning: Signal 0's label, unit and transducer contain 63 control characters\n              (\\x01, \\x02, \\x03, ... \\x9e), which will appear in the CSV column name and in\n              channels.csv exactly as the header has them.\n\n          549 characters on one line, from a warning whose point is the short sentence around\n          the list. The count is already in that sentence — \"63 control characters\" — so the\n          tail the cut hides is the part the reader was told twice.\n        */\n        const shown = listed(\n          [...new Set(control)].map(\n            (c) => `\\\\x${(c.codePointAt(0) as number).toString(16).padStart(2, '0')}`,\n          ),\n        );\n        const inLabel = affected.some(([name]) => name === 'label');\n        // \"label and unit\", not \"label, unit\" — `listed` is for long enumerations that get\n        // truncated, and this is a sentence with at most four items in it.\n        const names = affected.map(([name]) => name);\n        const named =\n          names.length === 1\n            ? (names[0] as string)\n            : `${names.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${names[names.length - 1] as string}`;\n        // Where they land, which is the question the reader has. A label becomes a column\n        // name in signals.csv; the other three are cells of channels.csv and nothing else.\n        // Named down to the cell when there is one of them, because that is the answer to\n        // \"where did it go\" — `channels.csv` alone leaves a reader scanning fourteen columns.\n        /*\n          And whether there is a channels.csv at all, which this took for granted.\n\n          `--stdout` writes the signal table and nothing else — no channels.csv, no\n          annotations.csv, no metadata.json. A control byte in a unit reaches no file at all\n          in that mode, and this said it would be in a cell of one:\n\n              $ edf2csv control-labels.edf --stdout | less\n              warning: Signal 0's label and unit contain 2 control characters (\\x1b), which\n                       will appear in the CSV column name and in channels.csv's unit cell\n                       exactly as the header has them.\n                       ... Printing the CSV to a terminal may do more than print it.\n\n          Which is the mode this warning matters most in: `--stdout` *is* printing the CSV to\n          a terminal, and the hint two lines down says so. The header is parsed before any\n          destination is chosen, so the sentence says what is true of both rather than\n          guessing — the same reason the `DUPLICATE_LABEL` hint above names two layouts.\n        */\n        const cells = affected.filter(([name]) => name !== 'label').map(([name]) => name);\n        const where =\n          cells.length === 1\n            ? `channels.csv's ${cells[0] as string} cell in any conversion that writes one`\n            : 'the channels.csv of any conversion that writes one';\n        /*\n          \"The CSV column name\" is the wide layout's answer, given in both.\n\n          A long signals.csv has three columns — time_s, channel, value — and a label is not\n          one of them: it is a value in the `channel` column, once per row. So a control byte\n          in a label reaches one cell of the header line under the default layout and every\n          row of the table under `--layout long`, and the sentence naming where it went named\n          only the first. Same fault 0.8.24 fixed for `DUPLICATE_LABEL`'s message and 0.8.43\n          for its hint.\n\n          The parser cannot know the layout, and unlike those two this sentence does not have\n          room to name both — it already carries the field list, the byte list and where the\n          cell fields land. \"The channel's name\" is what both layouts call it: the term the\n          long layout's own warnings use, and what a column name is.\n        */\n        const lands =\n          inLabel && cells.length > 0\n            ? `which will appear as the channel's name in signals.csv and in ${where}`\n            : inLabel\n              ? \"which will appear as the channel's name in signals.csv\"\n              : `which will appear in ${where}`;\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'NONPRINTABLE_LABEL',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i}'s ${named} ${affected.length === 1 ? 'contains' : 'contain'} ` +\n            // A comma before the closing clause, which now has a clause of its own inside it.\n            `${counted(control.length, 'control character')} (${shown}), ${lands}, exactly as the ` +\n            `header has ${control.length === 1 ? 'it' : 'them'}.`,\n          hint:\n            /*\n              Every branch has to print a command that works.\n\n              The middle one quoted the label back, which is right until the label is empty:\n              an unlabelled channel got `--channels \"\"`, and that exits 2 with \"--channels was\n              given but lists no channel names\". A hint whose command fails is worse than no\n              hint, and this warning's whole job is to say how to reach a channel whose header\n              text you cannot type. `EMPTY_LABEL` already says the position is the only way in\n              for such a channel; so does this now.\n\n              A comma is the third way. `--channels` separates names with one, and splits on\n              every occurrence, so a channel labelled `EEG Fpz-Cz, ref` cannot be selected by\n              name at all: the quoted-back advice printed `--channels \"EEG Fpz-Cz, ref\"`, which\n              exits 2 with `No channel named \"EEG Fpz-Cz\"` — a channel the file does not have,\n              named after half of one it does. Commas in labels are ordinary, since EDF labels\n              are free text, and the CSV header quotes them; only this one hint claimed\n              something about them that isn't so.\n            */\n            /*\n              And a fourth way, which this branch printed straight past.\n\n              A shell expands `$`, a backtick and a backslash inside double quotes, so a\n              channel labelled `EEG $ref` was answered with `--channels \"EEG $ref\"` — which\n              arrives as `EEG ` and exits 2 on a channel the file does not have. A backtick\n              opens a command substitution and the pasted line does not even finish. That is\n              the failure 0.7.18 fixed for `--channels`' own suggestion, and `typeable` is the\n              rule it fixed it with: double quotes where they survive, single quotes where\n              they do not, null where nothing does. Asking it settles which branch this takes\n              as well, so the two cannot disagree about one label again.\n            */\n            (typeable(label) === null\n              ? `Address the channel by position with --channels \"#${i}\" rather than by name, ` +\n                `since ${\n                  inLabel\n                    ? 'the name cannot be typed'\n                    : label === ''\n                      ? 'it has no label'\n                      : 'a comma in the label would read as two names'\n                }. `\n              : `The column name is unaffected, so --channels ${typeable(label) as string} still selects it. `) +\n            'Printing the CSV to a terminal may do more than print it.',\n        });\n      }\n\n      /*\n        Header text a spreadsheet will run rather than read.\n\n        The same four free-text fields, asked a different question. `=`, `+` and `@` start a\n        formula in Excel, LibreOffice and Sheets no matter which file the cell came from, and\n        these fields land in a CSV header row and in channels.csv verbatim — so a channel\n        labelled `=1+1` opens as a column headed 2, and `=HYPERLINK(...)` opens as a link\n        nobody in the reading chain wrote. SECURITY.md already calls these fields\n        attacker-controlled because they reach filenames; this is where they reach a program\n        that executes text.\n\n        Not `-`, which the same advice usually includes. A lone `-` is a real convention for\n        \"no unit\" and appears in the fixtures, a leading `-` on a montage label is ordinary,\n        and neither is executed unless what follows parses as a formula — so warning on it\n        would fire on files that are fine, which is how a warning gets ignored.\n\n        Said, not fixed. Prefixing the cell with a quote is the usual mitigation and would mean\n        writing something the header does not say, which is the one thing this tool refuses to\n        do; NONPRINTABLE_LABEL answers control bytes the same way.\n      */\n      const formulaic = fields.filter(([, text]) => startsFormula(text));\n      if (formulaic.length > 0) {\n        const names = formulaic.map(([name]) => name);\n        const named =\n          names.length === 1\n            ? (names[0] as string)\n            : `${names.slice(0, -1).join(', ')} and ${names[names.length - 1] as string}`;\n        const shown = [...new Set(formulaic.map(([, text]) => text[0] as string))].join(', ');\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'FORMULA_LABEL',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i}'s ${named} ${formulaic.length === 1 ? 'starts' : 'start'} with ` +\n            `${shown}, which Excel, LibreOffice and Google Sheets read as the start of a ` +\n            `formula rather than as text.`,\n          hint:\n            'The text is written exactly as the header has it, so the cell is what the ' +\n            'recording says. Open the CSV with pandas or R, or import it into the ' +\n            'spreadsheet as text, if you do not want it evaluated.',\n        });\n      }\n\n      if (label === '') {\n        // Collected, not reported here: what this channel's column ends up called depends on\n        // whether some later channel is literally labelled `signal_<i>`, and inside this loop\n        // the later channels do not exist yet. See the pass below.\n        emptyLabels.push(i);\n      } else {\n        // Collected rather than reported here: a label repeated five times should\n        // produce one warning naming all five, not four near-identical pairs.\n        const seen = seenLabels.get(label);\n        if (seen) seen.push(i);\n        else seenLabels.set(label, [i]);\n      }\n\n      if (samplesPerRecord === 0) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'NO_SAMPLES',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message: `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") carries no samples at all (0 per data record).`,\n          hint: 'It is described in channels.csv but left out of the converted data.',\n        });\n      }\n\n      /*\n        Too large to represent, and too small — the second was silent.\n\n        The gain is the span divided by the digital range, and a span of 2e-320 over 65,535\n        codes is 3e-325: below the smallest subnormal double, so it underflows to +0. The\n        scaler's flat-range branch then handed every code the same physical value, and a\n        channel of 65,536 distinct readings became one repeated number with nothing raised at\n        all. One power of ten away, at 1e-319, the same file raises VALUE_RESOLUTION.\n\n        Both are the same fact about the header — the span cannot be turned into a mapping —\n        so both get this code, and both leave the cells empty rather than filling them with a\n        value the header cannot justify.\n      */\n      const span = physicalMax - physicalMin;\n      const underflowed = span !== 0 && span / (digitalMax - digitalMin) === 0;\n      if (!Number.isFinite(span) || underflowed) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'UNUSABLE_PHYSICAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") declares a physical range from ${physicalMin} to ` +\n            `${physicalMax}, whose span is too ${underflowed ? 'small' : 'large'} to ` +\n            `represent, so its values cannot be scaled.`,\n          hint: 'Its cells are left empty rather than filled with a value the header cannot justify.',\n        });\n      } else if (digitalMax === digitalMin) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'DEGENERATE_DIGITAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") has digital minimum equal to digital maximum ` +\n            `(${digitalMin}), so its values cannot be scaled.`,\n          hint: 'Its cells are left empty rather than filled with a value the header cannot justify.',\n        });\n      } else if (physicalMax === physicalMin) {\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'DEGENERATE_PHYSICAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message:\n            `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") has physical minimum equal to physical maximum ` +\n            `(${physicalMin}), so every sample converts to the same value.`,\n          /*\n            The one branch of the four that fills the cells, and the only one that said\n            nothing about them.\n\n            Its three neighbours all end \"Its cells are left empty rather than filled with a\n            value the header cannot justify\", which is the opposite of what happens here: the\n            mapping is defined — it has one point in it — so `physicalMin` is written into\n            every cell, and a reader who had learned the family's answer from the branch above\n            gets it backwards. A column of one repeated number is also the shape a genuinely\n            flat recording takes, which is the confusion worth heading off.\n          */\n          hint:\n            'Its cells carry that value rather than being left empty, since the mapping is ' +\n            'defined — it just has one point in it. The distinct digital codes behind them ' +\n            'are not recoverable from the CSV.',\n        });\n      } else if ((physicalMax - physicalMin) * (digitalMax - digitalMin) < 0) {\n        /*\n          Polarity is inverted when the gain is negative, and the gain is\n          (physicalMax - physicalMin) / (digitalMax - digitalMin) — so it is the sign of the\n          two spans together that matters, not the physical pair alone.\n\n          Testing only `physicalMax < physicalMin` was wrong in both directions. A file with\n          its DIGITAL bounds reversed is just as inverted and drew no warning at all, handing\n          back sign-flipped EEG with nothing to indicate it. A file with BOTH pairs reversed\n          has a positive gain and is not inverted, yet was warned about — a message that was\n          simply untrue of that recording.\n        */\n        const reversed =\n          physicalMax < physicalMin\n            ? `physical minimum ${physicalMin} above physical maximum ${physicalMax}`\n            : `digital minimum ${digitalMin} above digital maximum ${digitalMax}`;\n        diagnostics.push({\n          code: 'INVERTED_PHYSICAL_RANGE',\n          severity: 'warning',\n          message: `Signal ${i} (\"${label}\") declares ${reversed}, which inverts its polarity.`,\n          hint: 'The values are converted exactly as the header specifies, inversion included.',\n        });\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /*\n    What an unlabelled channel is actually called, which the message used to guess.\n\n    A channel with no label takes `signal_<index>` — unless another channel is literally\n    labelled that, which EDF permits, since labels are free text and nothing enforces anything\n    about them. Then both collide and both are suffixed. The warning said \"It will appear as\n    \"signal_0\"\" while the file's header read `time_s,signal_0_ch0,signal_0_ch1`: the one\n    sentence the run printed named a column that exists in neither signals.csv nor\n    channels.csv.\n\n    The other half was silent. The channel that genuinely carries the label `signal_0` lost\n    its own column name to a collision with a synthesised one, and nothing said so —\n    DUPLICATE_LABEL did not fire, because the two labels are not the same label. Both halves\n    are one sentence here, because they are one event.\n\n    No specific suffixed name is quoted. The suffix rule has a second pass for names that are\n    still shared afterwards, and a message that hard-coded `_ch<index>` would be guessing again\n    in exactly the way this is fixing.\n  */\n  for (const index of emptyLabels) {\n    const taken = seenLabels.get(`signal_${index}`);\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'EMPTY_LABEL',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        taken === undefined\n          ? `Signal ${index} has no label. It will appear as \"signal_${index}\".`\n          : `Signal ${index} has no label, so it takes the name \"signal_${index}\" — which ` +\n            `${taken.length === 1 ? 'signal' : 'signals'} ${listed(taken.map(String))} already ` +\n            `${taken.length === 1 ? 'carries' : 'carry'} as a label, so both columns are ` +\n            `suffixed with their position instead.`,\n      /*\n        The position, not the word \"position\".\n\n        A hint that offers a command has to offer one that can be typed — 0.7.18 and 0.7.19\n        went through the others making sure each one could be pasted, and NONPRINTABLE_LABEL\n        two hundred lines up writes `--channels \"#${i}\"` with the number in it. This one said\n        `--channels \"#<position>\"` while the sentence above it began \"Signal 0\", so the\n        reader was asked to carry a number across from the message and put it in themselves.\n      */\n      hint:\n        'The name is built from the position rather than read from the header, so it moves ' +\n        `if the file's channels do. Select the channel as --channels \"#${index}\" to say ` +\n        'which one you mean without depending on it.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  /*\n    A timestamp that is not one.\n\n    EDF gives the start date and time eight characters each, and nothing stops a writer\n    putting `32.13.99` and `25.61.61` there. `--info` has always echoed the raw fields with\n    \"(unparseable)\" beside them, but nothing was raised: the conversion exited 0, `--strict`\n    passed, and metadata.json recorded `start_datetime_local: null` with no note against it.\n\n    Every other unusable header field reports itself — a degenerate digital range, a physical\n    span that cannot be represented, a comma decimal separator, a header whose declared size\n    disagrees with its signal count. This was the one that did not, and it is the field\n    output-files points at for turning `time_s` into an absolute instant.\n  */\n  /*\n    The sixtieth second, which is a second UTC has and a calendar date does not.\n\n    `resolveStartDateTime` admits `ss === 60` on purpose — a recorder synchronised to UTC\n    through a leap second writes `23.59.60`, and refusing it would throw away a date that is\n    otherwise perfectly good over one second. What it then does is `Math.min(ss, 59)`, because\n    `Date.UTC(..., 60)` rolls over into the next minute and would move the instant the other\n    way, by fifty-nine seconds more.\n\n    Keeping the nearest instant is the right answer. Keeping it in silence was not: `--info`\n    printed `Recorded 2020-01-01 23:59:59` and metadata.json recorded the same, for a header\n    that says `23.59.60`, with `--strict` exiting 0. Every other header field this tool cannot\n    represent exactly says so — a comma decimal separator, a physical span that overflows, a\n    record count that disagrees with the file — and this is the field `time_s` is documented as\n    being added to.\n  */\n  if (\n    namesLeapSecond(startTimeRaw) &&\n    resolveStartDateTime(startDateRaw, startTimeRaw, recordingId) !== null\n  ) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'LEAP_SECOND_START',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `The header's start time (\"${startTimeRaw}\") names the sixtieth second of a minute, ` +\n        `which no calendar date has.`,\n      hint:\n        'It is recorded as the fifty-ninth second, one second earlier, since that is the ' +\n        'nearest instant a date can hold. time_s is unaffected — it counts from the start of ' +\n        'the recording either way.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  /*\n    Two dates in one header, disagreeing.\n\n    EDF+ requires the recording identification field's `Startdate` to be the header's start\n    date. Where it is, its four digits settle the century — see resolveStartDateTime. Where it\n    is not, one of the two is wrong and there is no way to tell which, so the date field is\n    used, being the one the format defines. That was done in silence, on a header that plainly\n    contradicts itself:\n\n        Recorded   2002-03-02 22:15:00\n        Recording  Startdate 05-MAR-2002 PSG-1234/2002 NN Telemetry03\n\n    The same shape as a record count that disagrees with the file, or a declared header size\n    that disagrees with the signal count, both of which have said so for versions.\n  */\n  const statedDate = recordingIdStartdate(recordingId);\n  const headerDate = /^(\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})[.\\-/](\\d{2})$/u.exec(trimField(startDateRaw));\n  if (statedDate !== null && headerDate !== null) {\n    const day = Number(headerDate[1]);\n    const month = Number(headerDate[2]);\n    const yy = Number(headerDate[3]);\n    if (statedDate.day !== day || statedDate.month !== month || statedDate.year % 100 !== yy) {\n      diagnostics.push({\n        code: 'START_DATE_MISMATCH',\n        severity: 'warning',\n        message:\n          `The header's start date (\"${startDateRaw}\") and the date its recording ` +\n          `identification states (\"${String(statedDate.day).padStart(2, '0')}-` +\n          `${MONTHS[statedDate.month - 1] as string}-${statedDate.year}\") are different ` +\n          `dates, which EDF+ does not permit.`,\n        hint:\n          'The start date field is used, since that is the one the format defines. Which of ' +\n          'the two is right is not knowable from the file, so start_datetime_local may name ' +\n          'the wrong day.',\n      });\n    }\n  }\n\n  if (resolveStartDateTime(startDateRaw, startTimeRaw, recordingId) === null) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'START_TIME_UNREADABLE',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `The header's start date and time (\"${startDateRaw}\" and ` +\n        `\"${startTimeRaw}\") are not a date and a time, so the recording has ` +\n        `no start instant.`,\n      hint:\n        'time_s is unaffected — it counts from the start of the recording either way. What ' +\n        'cannot be done is turning it into a wall-clock instant, and metadata.json records ' +\n        'start_datetime_local as null.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  for (const [label, indices] of seenLabels) {\n    if (indices.length < 2) continue;\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'DUPLICATE_LABEL',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      /*\n        Cut by the function that cuts every other list in a sentence here.\n\n        `join` names all of them, however many there are, and a header may declare as many\n        channels as it likes under one label: a 200-channel montage all labelled `T8-P8` — which\n        is exactly the kind of file this warning is for, since CHB-MIT ships two of them —\n        produced a single 1,100-character line of positions with the sentence that mattered at\n        the front of it. `listed` shows eight and counts the rest, which is what the rate\n        warning, the leftover-file warning, the channel-position lists in `--channels` and the\n        `EMPTY_LABEL` message one loop up all already do. This was the last `join` of a\n        file-controlled list left in a diagnostic.\n\n        Two positions render identically either way, so the ordinary duplicate reads as it\n        always has.\n      */\n      /*\n        Positions written `#N`, which is how a position is written everywhere it is meant to be\n        typed: `--channels \"#0\"`, \"This file has signal channels at #0, #1, #2\", and this\n        warning's own namesake from channel selection — \"(positions #0, #1); all of them were\n        selected\". This one said \"(positions 0, 1)\", two paragraphs above the page that tells\n        the reader to \"address it by position with #N\". The number is the same; the form that\n        works is not.\n      */\n      message:\n        `${counted(indices.length, 'signal')} share the label \"${label}\" ` +\n        `(positions ${listed(indices.map((i) => `#${i}`))}).`,\n      /*\n        A sentence about the wide layout, printed in both — the same fault 0.8.24 fixed for\n        the other raiser of this code, two lines further down the same run.\n\n        A long signals.csv has three columns, `time_s`, `channel` and `value`, and none of\n        them comes from a label: a channel appears there as a value in the `channel` column.\n        `label-suffix-collision.edf --layout long` printed both halves back to back:\n\n            warning: 2 signals share the label \"T8\" (positions #0, #1).\n                     Their columns are suffixed with the signal number so they stay\n                     distinguishable.\n            warning: Signal 2 is labelled \"T8_ch0\", ... so it is named \"T8_ch0_ch2\" in the\n                     channel column.\n                     Channel names are unique; look this channel up in channels.csv by its\n                     signal_index.\n\n        The plan raises the second and knows the layout. The header raises this one and\n        cannot: it is parsed before any conversion is planned, and `EdfFile.open` hands these\n        diagnostics to callers who have asked for no layout at all. So the sentence names\n        both, rather than guessing which one is being written.\n      */\n      hint:\n        'Their names are suffixed with the signal number so they stay distinguishable: a ' +\n        'column name each in the wide layout, and a distinct value in the channel column ' +\n        'under --layout long.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const recordBytes = byteOffsetInRecord;\n  if (recordBytes <= 0) {\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'NO_SAMPLES',\n      'No signal in this file carries any samples (every channel declares 0 samples per record).',\n      'The header describes the channels and nothing has data behind them, so there is no ' +\n        'record to read. A header written before recording began, or copied from another ' +\n        'file, produces this.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (sawComma.value) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'COMMA_DECIMAL',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message: 'Some header numbers use a comma decimal separator, which the EDF spec does not allow.',\n      hint: 'They were read as decimal points. Check the values in the channel table.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const dataBytes = fileSize - expectedHeaderBytes;\n  if (dataBytes < 0) {\n    // With the two figures, like the other two FILE_TOO_SMALL messages and unlike this one,\n    // which named neither — the same thing the NO_DATA_RECORDS message below was fixed for:\n    // \"the message carried no figures at all, so nothing in it could be checked against the\n    // file\". Reached by a caller handing `parseHeader` a header and a smaller size than the\n    // one it came out of, which is a mismatch worth being able to see.\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'FILE_TOO_SMALL',\n      `File is ${counted(fileSize, 'byte')}, which is less than the ${grouped(expectedHeaderBytes)} ` +\n        `its own header occupies.`,\n      'The header and the size came from different reads: parseHeader was handed a byte ' +\n        'count smaller than the header block it was given.',\n    );\n  }\n  const recordCount = Math.floor(dataBytes / recordBytes);\n  const trailingBytes = dataBytes - recordCount * recordBytes;\n\n  if (recordCount === 0) {\n    /*\n      Which of the two, and with the numbers.\n\n      \"The recording was probably interrupted before any data was written\" is right about an\n      empty file and wrong about the other way to get here: a header declaring records larger\n      than the data present. A 606 KB file holding 589 KB of samples — 60% of one record, more\n      than half a million readings — was told no data was written, and the message carried no\n      figures at all, so nothing in it could be checked against the file. The declared record\n      size is the thing to look at, and it was the one thing not said.\n\n      Still an error either way. A record is the unit the format is addressed in, and there is\n      nothing smaller to convert.\n    */\n    const empty = dataBytes === 0;\n    throw new EdfError(\n      'NO_DATA_RECORDS',\n      empty\n        ? 'The file contains a header and no data at all.'\n        : `The file contains ${counted(dataBytes, 'byte')} of data, which is less than the ` +\n          `${grouped(recordBytes)} its header says one data record takes.`,\n      empty\n        ? 'The recording was probably interrupted before any data was written.'\n        : 'Either the recording was cut short part way through its first record, or the ' +\n          'header describes records larger than the ones actually written. Check the ' +\n          'samples-per-record fields against the file size.',\n    );\n  }\n\n  if (declaredRecordCount === -1) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'RECORD_COUNT_UNKNOWN',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `The header does not say how many data records the file has (-1), which the spec allows ` +\n        `for recordings still in progress. Using the ${counted(recordCount, 'record')} the file actually contains.`,\n      hint:\n        'That count comes from the size of the file, so a recording still being written ' +\n        'converts as much of it as was on disk when this run read it.',\n    });\n  } else if (declaredRecordCount !== recordCount) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'RECORD_COUNT_MISMATCH',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      // Both counts through `counted`, not only the second. A header declaring one record\n      // over a file holding three read \"declares 1 data records\" — the slip the sentence\n      // beside it has been holding to since it was written.\n      message:\n        `The header declares ${counted(declaredRecordCount, 'data record')} but the file ` +\n        `contains ${grouped(recordCount)}. Converting the ${counted(recordCount, 'record')} that ${recordCount === 1 ? 'is' : 'are'} present.`,\n      hint:\n        declaredRecordCount > recordCount\n          ? 'The recording looks truncated. It may have been cut short or copied incompletely.'\n          : 'The file is longer than its header claims.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  if (trailingBytes > 0) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'TRAILING_BYTES',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message: `${counted(trailingBytes, 'byte')} after the last complete data record ${trailingBytes === 1 ? 'was' : 'were'} ignored.`,\n      hint:\n        'A record is the unit this format is addressed in, and a partial one says nothing ' +\n        'about which samples it holds or when they were taken. Every complete record was ' +\n        'converted.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const isEdfPlus = continuity !== null;\n  if (continuity === 'EDF+D') {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'DISCONTINUOUS',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `This is a discontinuous (${isBdf ? 'BDF+D' : 'EDF+D'}) recording: its data records are ` +\n        `not contiguous in time.`,\n      hint: 'Each row carries its true recording time, so gaps stay visible instead of being closed.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  const dataSignals = signals.filter((s) => !s.isAnnotations);\n  if (dataSignals.length === 0) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'NO_SIGNAL_CHANNELS',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      /*\n        The marker as the file spells it, which is what the DISCONTINUOUS warning ten lines up\n        already does and what `describeFormat` was fixed for.\n\n        A BDF+ recording holding nothing but its `BDF Annotations` channel — a label this\n        parser recognises by name, beside `EDF Annotations`, and has since annotations were\n        read at all — was told it \"contains only EDF+ annotations\", naming a channel it does\n        not carry and a format it is not. `--info` two lines above says `BDF+ (continuous)`\n        and the channel table names the channel; this warning was the one line disagreeing\n        with both.\n      */\n      message: `This file has no signal channels; it contains only ${isBdf ? 'BDF+' : 'EDF+'} annotations.`,\n      /*\n        What the file is, not what the run will write. The warning underneath it — raised by\n        the conversion rather than by the parser — already answers the second question, in\n        those words: \"annotations.csv holds whatever events it carries. channels.csv lists\n        signal channels, so it has none to list.\" Two consecutive hints saying that would be\n        worse than the one that was missing.\n      */\n      hint:\n        `An ${isBdf ? 'BDF+' : 'EDF+'} file of events and no signal is an ordinary thing: a ` +\n        'scoring file distributed beside the recording it annotates has exactly this shape.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  // A channel declaring zero samples per record has no sampling rate to speak of — it is\n  // reported separately as NO_SAMPLES and no file is written for it. Counting its nominal\n  // 0 Hz as a rate made a single-rate recording warn that it used \"2 different sampling\n  // rates (4 Hz, 0 Hz)\" and claim it was splitting output it never split.\n  const rates = new Set(dataSignals.filter((s) => s.samplesPerRecord > 0).map((s) => s.samplingRate));\n  if (rates.size > 1) {\n    diagnostics.push({\n      code: 'MIXED_SAMPLING_RATES',\n      severity: 'warning',\n      message:\n        `Channels use ${counted(rates.size, 'different sampling rate')} ` +\n        `(${listed(formatRates([...rates].sort((a, b) => b - a)).map((r) => `${r} Hz`))}).`,\n      hint: 'They are written to one file per rate so no channel is resampled.',\n    });\n  }\n\n  return {\n    header: {\n      version,\n      patientId,\n      recordingId,\n      startDateRaw,\n      startTimeRaw,\n      startDateTime: resolveStartDateTime(startDateRaw, startTimeRaw, recordingId),\n      headerBytes: expectedHeaderBytes,\n      declaredHeaderBytes: headerBytes,\n      reserved,\n      isEdfPlus,\n      isBdf,\n      continuity,\n      declaredRecordCount,\n      recordDuration,\n      signalCount,\n      signals,\n      bytesPerSample,\n      recordBytes,\n    },\n    recordCount,\n    trailingBytes,\n    diagnostics,\n  };\n}\n\n/**\n * The recording start as a zone-less wall clock, \"YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS\".\n *\n * EDF stores the start time as local wall-clock digits with no timezone anywhere in\n * the format. `startDateTime` is built with Date.UTC purely so those digits survive a\n * round trip unshifted, which makes it a carrier for the wall clock rather than a\n * real instant. Serialising it with `toISOString()` would append a Z and assert UTC,\n * and any reader converting to local time would then shift the recording by their own\n * offset: 13:43:04 in the file becomes 08:43:04 in New York. The Z is omitted because\n * the file genuinely does not say which zone it meant.\n */\nexport function formatWallClock(date: Date | null): string | null {\n  if (!date) return null;\n  if (!(date instanceof Date)) {\n    throw new OptionError(`date must be a Date or null, got ${describeValue(date)}.`);\n  }\n  /*\n    And an unparseable one, which is a date this cannot state rather than a bad argument.\n\n    `new Date('the third').toISOString()` is a `RangeError: Invalid time value` out of the\n    middle of this function. `null` is what this returns for a recording with no start\n    instant, and that is what an invalid Date is: `START_TIME_UNREADABLE` says the same thing\n    about the same fact, and metadata.json writes `start_datetime_local: null` for it.\n  */\n  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return null;\n  return date.toISOString().slice(0, 19);\n}\n\n/**\n * The recording's format, as `--info`, `metadata.json` and `--json` all name it.\n *\n * `\"EDF\"`, `\"BDF\"`, or one of `\"EDF+ (continuous)\"`, `\"EDF+ (discontinuous)\"`,\n * `\"BDF+ (continuous)\"`, `\"BDF+ (discontinuous)\"`. A BDF+ file reports its own spelling even\n * though `continuity` normalises the marker to the `EDF+` form.\n *\n * This said `EDF+ (EDF+D)` and `BDF+ (EDF+C)`, which are not strings it can return — the\n * parenthetical is the word, not the marker. It is a one-line doc comment on a public export,\n * so it is what a TypeScript consumer's editor shows and what `dist/edf/header.d.ts` ships,\n * and the value it describes is `recording.format` in every metadata.json this tool writes.\n * A consumer branching on the tooltip's spelling never matches. Every documentation page had\n * it right; this was the only place that did not.\n */\nexport function describeFormat(header: EdfHeader): string {\n  /*\n    The argument, which this read two booleans off and asked no questions about.\n\n    Both reads are truthiness tests, so anything without them answers `'EDF'` — including the\n    `EdfFile` whose `.header` this wants, which is one property away and is how the api page\n    writes every other call. `describeFormat(file)` on a discontinuous BDF+ recording returned\n    `'EDF'`: not an error, not a fallback, a confident wrong answer about the file in hand.\n\n    The same check `makeScaler` got in 0.8.61, for the same reason — an exported function that\n    reads fields off an object cannot tell a header from anything else that lacks them.\n  */\n  if (\n    typeof header !== 'object' ||\n    header === null ||\n    typeof header.isBdf !== 'boolean' ||\n    typeof header.isEdfPlus !== 'boolean'\n  ) {\n    throw new OptionError(`header must be a parsed EDF header, got ${describeValue(header)}.`);\n  }\n  const base = header.isBdf ? 'BDF' : 'EDF';\n  if (!header.isEdfPlus) return base;\n  return `${base}+ (${header.continuity === 'EDF+D' ? 'discontinuous' : 'continuous'})`;\n}\n\n/** Render a sampling rate without trailing noise: 256, 0.5, 12.5. */\nexport function formatRate(hz: number): string {\n  // A number, like the neighbours. `formatRate(NaN)` came back as the string \"NaN\", and\n  // `rateSlug` turned it into \"NaNhz\" — a file name this tool cannot write, handed to a\n  // caller the doc comment below describes as \"reaching for the exported slug function to\n  // predict a filename\". A rate that is not a number is not a rate.\n  if (typeof hz !== 'number' || Number.isNaN(hz)) {\n    throw new OptionError(`hz must be a sampling rate in hertz, got ${describeValue(hz)}.`);\n  }\n  if (Number.isInteger(hz)) {\n    /*\n      The same six decimals, in the notation `toFixed` cannot reach.\n\n      Every double past 2^53 is an integer, so this branch takes every large rate — and\n      `String` switches to exponent form at 1e21 and carries the full seventeen digits with\n      it. Four samples in a record of 1e-300s is 3.9999999999999996e+300, which is exactly the\n      float noise the rounding below exists to remove, printed in a `RATE` column of otherwise\n      plain numbers and pasted into an output filename by `rateSlug`. Below 1e21 `String` is\n      already exact and is left alone, so an integer rate a file can really state — 2^53\n      samples in a second — is not rounded to something it is not.\n    */\n    const text = String(hz);\n    return text.includes('e') ? String(Number(hz.toExponential(6))) : text;\n  }\n  const rounded = Number(hz.toFixed(6));\n  // A rate below 5e-7 rounds away to \"0\", which reads as \"this channel has no sampling\n  // rate\" and made the mixed-rate warning contradict itself: it announced two different\n  // rates and then printed both as \"0 Hz\". Exponent form keeps a real rate legible, and\n  // keeps distinct rates distinct in the channel table and in output filenames.\n  if (rounded === 0) return hz.toExponential(3);\n  return String(rounded);\n}\n\n/**\n * Renders a group of rates so that rates which differ read as differing.\n *\n * `formatRate` rounds to six decimals, which is what keeps an ordinary rate free of\n * float noise — 30 samples in a 0.1-second record is 299.99999999999994 as a double,\n * and belongs on screen as 300. Two rates separated by less than that round to one\n * string, so a file carrying 1e-6 Hz and 1.25e-6 Hz warned that it used \"2 different\n * sampling rates (0.000001 Hz, 0.000001 Hz)\" and named both files the same thing.\n *\n * That is the contradiction the exponent fallback above already removes for rates that\n * round away to zero; this is the same one a step further out. On a collision every rate\n * in the group switches to its shortest exact form, which is unique for distinct values,\n * rather than only the pair that collided — one column in one notation reads better than\n * two.\n */\nexport function formatRates(rates: readonly number[]): string[] {\n  // `rates.map` on anything else is a TypeError naming a local of this package; the members\n  // are `formatRate`'s business, one line down.\n  if (!Array.isArray(rates)) {\n    throw new OptionError(`rates must be a list of sampling rates, got ${describeValue(rates)}.`);\n  }\n  const rounded = rates.map(formatRate);\n  const distinct = new Set(rates).size;\n  return new Set(rounded).size === distinct ? rounded : rates.map((hz) => String(hz));\n}\n"]}

package/dist/edf/reader.js

@@ -402,6 +402,36 @@ export class EdfFile {
             : `${method}: signal must be one of this recording's own channels, from ` +
                 `header.signals — got ${describeValue(signal)}. ${elsewhere}`);
     }
+    /**
+     * The record, confirmed to be one this batch holds.
+     *
+     * 0.8.62 put this on `sampleAt`, where it turns a position into a sample. `offsetOf` does
+     * the same arithmetic and hands the position back, and `annotationBytes` slices at it, and
+     * neither asked anything of it:
+     *
+     *     file.offsetOf(batch, -5, signal)    // -1300
+     *     file.offsetOf(batch, 1.5, signal)   // 390, half a record in
+     *     file.annotationBytes(batch, 99, s)  // Uint8Array(0)
+     *
+     * A negative byte position, a position that decodes the second half of one record against
+     * the first half of the next — the failure `readRecords` refuses a fractional `startRecord`
+     * for — and an empty slice that reads as "this record carries no annotations" for a record
+     * that is not in the batch at all.
+     *
+     * The batch is checked first, because the bound is read off it: `offsetOf` never touched
+     * `batch` before this, so a caller who passed the wrong thing got no complaint from it.
+     */
+    #assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, method) {
+        if (!Number.isInteger(batch?.recordCount)) {
+            throw new OptionError(`${method}: batch must be one of the batches readRecords yields, got ` +
+                `${describeValue(batch)}.`);
+        }
+        if (!Number.isInteger(recordOffset) || recordOffset < 0 || recordOffset >= batch.recordCount) {
+            throw new OptionError(`${method}: recordOffset must be a record's position within this batch, 0 to ` +
+                `${batch.recordCount - 1}, got ${describeValue(recordOffset)}. Absolute record ` +
+                `indexes are batch.firstRecordIndex higher.`);
+        }
+    }
     /** Read one sample as its raw digital value. */
     sampleAt(batch, recordOffset, signal, sampleIndex) {
         this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'sampleAt');
@@ -423,13 +453,7 @@ export class EdfFile {
     
           Two integer comparisons each, on a call that then formats a number.
         */
-        if (!Number.isInteger(recordOffset) ||
-            recordOffset < 0 ||
-            recordOffset >= batch.recordCount) {
-            throw new OptionError(`recordOffset must be a record's position within this batch, 0 to ` +
-                `${batch.recordCount - 1}, got ${describeValue(recordOffset)}. Absolute record ` +
-                `indexes are batch.firstRecordIndex higher.`);
-        }
+        this.#assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, 'sampleAt');
         if (!Number.isInteger(sampleIndex) ||
             sampleIndex < 0 ||
             sampleIndex >= signal.samplesPerRecord) {
@@ -452,6 +476,7 @@ export class EdfFile {
     /** Byte offset of a signal's samples within a batch. */
     offsetOf(batch, recordOffset, signal) {
         this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'offsetOf');
+        this.#assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, 'offsetOf');
         return recordOffset * this.header.recordBytes + signal.byteOffsetInRecord;
     }
     /** The annotation channel's raw bytes for one record in a batch. */
@@ -459,6 +484,7 @@ export class EdfFile {
         // Before delegating, so the refusal names the method the caller called rather than the
         // one underneath it.
         this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'annotationBytes');
+        this.#assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, 'annotationBytes');
         const start = this.offsetOf(batch, recordOffset, signal);
         return batch.data.subarray(start, start + signal.samplesPerRecord * this.header.bytesPerSample);
     }

package/dist/edf/reader.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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* Chunked reader for EDF / EDF+ files.\n *\n * Data records are read in batches sized by a byte budget rather than all at once,\n * so peak memory stays flat regardless of how long the recording is. A 4 GB file\n * and a 4 MB file use the same working set.\n */\n\nimport { open, stat } from 'node:fs/promises';\nimport type { FileHandle } from 'node:fs/promises';\n\nimport { createHash } from 'node:crypto';\n\nimport { EdfError } from './errors.js';\nimport type { Diagnostic } from './errors.js';\nimport { FIXED_HEADER_BYTES, SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES, parseHeader, peekSignalCount } from './header.js';\nimport type { EdfHeader, EdfSignal } from './header.js';\nimport { decodeRecordAnnotations } from './annotations.js';\nimport type { Annotation } from './annotations.js';\nimport { readInt16LE } from './bytes.js';\nimport { counted, grouped } from '../format/list.js';\n// Crossing into convert/ as header.ts already does for `typeable`: the check belongs to the\n// call rather than to the file, and there is one of it.\nimport { OptionError, assertInputPath, describeValue } from '../convert/options.js';\n\n/**\n * How far `readOrigin` looks for a record that states its own start time.\n *\n * Enough that one or two unreadable timekeeping entries at the top of a file cost nothing,\n * few enough that `--info` stays a header read rather than a scan.\n */\nconst RECORDS_SEARCHED_FOR_ORIGIN = 16;\n\n/** Default read budget per batch. Large enough to amortise syscalls, small enough to stay cheap. */\nexport const DEFAULT_CHUNK_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\n\nexport interface RecordBatch {\n  /** Index of the first record in this batch, relative to the whole file. */\n  firstRecordIndex: number;\n  recordCount: number;\n  /**\n   * Raw record bytes, `recordCount * header.recordBytes` long.\n   *\n   * The buffer is reused between iterations. Copy anything you need to keep past\n   * the current loop turn.\n   */\n  data: Uint8Array;\n}\n\nexport interface ReadRecordsOptions {\n  /** First record to read, inclusive. Defaults to 0. */\n  startRecord?: number;\n  /** Last record to read, exclusive. Defaults to the file's record count. */\n  endRecord?: number;\n  chunkBytes?: number;\n}\n\nexport class EdfFile {\n  readonly path: string;\n  readonly fileSize: number;\n  /**\n   * Last-modified time when this file was opened, in milliseconds, for the same reason as\n   * `fileSize`.\n   *\n   * Kept as the raw number rather than a Date because `new Date(ms).getTime()` truncates to\n   * whole milliseconds: comparing that against a later `fstat`, which carries the\n   * filesystem's sub-millisecond precision, reported every undisturbed conversion as one\n   * whose input had changed underneath it.\n   */\n  readonly modifiedAtOpenMs: number;\n  readonly header: EdfHeader;\n  /** Records actually present in the file, which may differ from the header's claim. */\n  readonly recordCount: number;\n  readonly trailingBytes: number;\n  readonly diagnostics: Diagnostic[];\n\n  #handle: FileHandle;\n  #closed = false;\n  /** The last answer `changedSinceOpen` computed, so it survives the file being closed. */\n  #changed: boolean | null = null;\n\n  private constructor(init: {\n    path: string;\n    fileSize: number;\n    modifiedAtOpenMs: number;\n    header: EdfHeader;\n    recordCount: number;\n    trailingBytes: number;\n    diagnostics: Diagnostic[];\n    handle: FileHandle;\n  }) {\n    this.path = init.path;\n    this.fileSize = init.fileSize;\n    this.modifiedAtOpenMs = init.modifiedAtOpenMs;\n    this.header = init.header;\n    this.recordCount = init.recordCount;\n    this.trailingBytes = init.trailingBytes;\n    this.diagnostics = init.diagnostics;\n    this.#handle = init.handle;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * SHA-256 of the bytes this conversion actually read.\n   *\n   * Hashed through the open descriptor, over exactly the `fileSize` bytes that were there\n   * when the file was opened — the same number every record count and window in the output\n   * was derived from. Re-opening the path to hash it afterwards described whatever was at\n   * that name by then: a recording still being written grew from 2,000 records to 3,000\n   * mid-conversion and metadata.json recorded `data_records: 2000` beside the checksum and\n   * byte count of the 3,000-record file, which is provenance for bytes nobody converted.\n   * Replacing the file at that path did the same thing more completely.\n   */\n  async sha256(): Promise<string> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n    const hash = createHash('sha256');\n    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(Math.min(this.fileSize, 4 * 1024 * 1024) || 1);\n    for (let at = 0; at < this.fileSize; ) {\n      const want = Math.min(buffer.length, this.fileSize - at);\n      const { bytesRead } = await this.#handle.read(buffer, 0, want, at);\n      if (bytesRead <= 0) {\n        throw new EdfError(\n          'UNREADABLE',\n          // Both figures grouped, like the shortfall message this file raises one function\n          // over — `Expected 8,386,560 bytes of data at record 0 but only 2,899,456 bytes\n          // were available` — and for the reason 0.8.5 gives: the sentence exists to put one\n          // against the other, and at nine digits that is work the separators do.\n          `Expected ${grouped(this.fileSize)} bytes to checksum but the file ended at ` +\n            `${grouped(at)}; it appears to have changed size while it was being read.`,\n          'Make sure the recording is not still being written to, then try again.',\n        );\n      }\n      hash.update(buffer.subarray(0, bytesRead));\n      at += bytesRead;\n    }\n    return hash.digest('hex');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Whether the file has changed since it was opened, by size or by modification time.\n   *\n   * Checked through the descriptor, so it answers for the bytes that were read rather than\n   * for whatever now answers to the same name. A recording still being written is the\n   * ordinary cause, and the conversion is still correct for the data it saw — it is the\n   * claim that the output describes the file as it now stands that stops being true.\n   */\n  async changedSinceOpen(): Promise<boolean> {\n    /*\n      A closed file remembers its last answer rather than inventing a new one.\n\n      Returning false once closed asserted \"it did not change\", which is not something a\n      closed descriptor can know — and `convert()` closes the file before it returns, so\n      `result.file.changedSinceOpen()` denied the very change the INPUT_CHANGED diagnostic\n      in the same result object had just reported. One object, two answers.\n\n      `convert()` always asks before closing, so the cached answer is the true one. A caller\n      who closed the file without ever asking gets an error, which is the same treatment\n      every other method on a closed file gets.\n    */\n    if (this.#closed) {\n      if (this.#changed !== null) return this.#changed;\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `\"${this.path}\" is closed, and whether it changed while it was open was never checked.`,\n        'Ask before closing the file. A ConvertResult carries the answer already, since ' +\n          'convert() checks it on the way out.',\n      );\n    }\n    const now = await this.#handle.stat().catch(() => null);\n    if (now === null) return this.#changed ?? false;\n    this.#changed = now.size !== this.fileSize || now.mtimeMs !== this.modifiedAtOpenMs;\n    return this.#changed;\n  }\n\n  /*\n    A sentence, and advice under it, like the destination-side twin.\n\n    `Cannot read \"rec.edf\": no such file` was the one diagnostic this tool prints that does not\n    end in a full stop — 68 of its 69 do — and the only member of its family with nothing\n    indented under it. `Cannot create \"out\": part of the path does not exist.` has carried\n    advice under it since the destination errors were given sentences — one line for every\n    cause until 0.8.12, and the cause's own since — the mid-conversion UNREADABLE beside it\n    carries one too, and this is the form a mistyped path actually reaches.\n  */\n  static readonly #UNREADABLE_HINT =\n    'Check the path is spelled the way it is on disk and that you have permission to read it.';\n\n  static async open(path: string): Promise<EdfFile> {\n    /*\n      A path, checked before `fs` is asked about it.\n\n      `assertInputPath` was written for exactly this and applied one level up. Its docstring\n      names the function it was describing — \"`EdfFile.open` hands whatever it is given to\n      `fs`, and the refusal comes back as an `EdfError` coded `UNREADABLE`, hinted 'Check the\n      path is spelled the way it is on disk and that you have permission to read it' — advice\n      about a path, over a value that is not one, filed as a problem with the recording rather\n      than with the call\" — and then went into `convert`, leaving `EdfFile.open` itself, which\n      is exported from the package root and is how the api page says to read a header without\n      converting anything, doing the thing being described:\n\n          EdfFile.open({ path: 'a.edf' })\n          EdfError[UNREADABLE]: Cannot read \"[object Object]\": The \"path\" argument must be of\n          type string or an instance of Buffer or URL. Received an instance of Object.\n\n      Node's own argument-type text, under a hint about spelling and permissions, over a\n      value that has neither. `EdfFile.open(['a.edf', 'b.edf'])` was worse: it answered\n      `Cannot read \"a.edf,b.edf\"`, quoting a path the caller never wrote, because `String` of\n      an array joins it with commas.\n\n      The same `OptionError` `convert` raises for the same mistake, so one mistake has one\n      answer whichever entry point it arrives at.\n    */\n    assertInputPath(path);\n    const info = await stat(path).catch((cause: unknown) => {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `Cannot read \"${path}\": ${describe(cause)}.`,\n        EdfFile.#UNREADABLE_HINT,\n      );\n    });\n    /*\n      Both of these said what was wrong and nothing about what to do, which is the gap\n      `#UNREADABLE_HINT` two lines up was added to close for the third member of this family.\n\n      Neither is reached from the command line, and that is the point: a folder there is\n      expanded to the recordings inside it and a socket is filtered out by the walk, so the\n      caller who arrives here is holding a path in code and has no walk behind them.\n    */\n    if (info.isDirectory()) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `\"${path}\" is a directory, not an EDF file.`,\n        'Name a recording inside it. The command line expands a folder to the recordings it ' +\n          'holds; this takes one file.',\n      );\n    }\n    if (!info.isFile()) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `\"${path}\" is not a regular file.`,\n        'A pipe, socket or device cannot be read as a recording: the parser seeks to a byte ' +\n          'offset inside the file, which only a real file supports.',\n      );\n    }\n\n    /*\n      Opening is a second chance to be refused, and it was the one that got through.\n\n      `stat` needs the parent directory searchable and says nothing about the file's own mode,\n      so a recording with no read permission passes it and fails here — the commonest\n      permission failure there is. Unwrapped, it escaped as Node's own error: the CLI printed\n      `error: EACCES: permission denied, open '...'` where every neighbouring failure prints\n      the tool's sentence, and the library threw a plain Error whose `code` was the errno.\n\n      api.md says `UNREADABLE` \"covers a missing file, a directory passed where a file was\n      expected, a permission failure, and a file that changed size while being read. Branch on\n      `code`, never on the message text.\" A consumer doing exactly that fell through to its\n      generic handler.\n    */\n    const handle = await open(path, 'r').catch((cause: unknown) => {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `Cannot read \"${path}\": ${describe(cause)}.`,\n        EdfFile.#UNREADABLE_HINT,\n      );\n    });\n    try {\n      const fixed = Buffer.alloc(Math.min(FIXED_HEADER_BYTES, info.size));\n      if (fixed.length > 0) {\n        const bytesRead = await readFully(handle, fixed, 0, fixed.length, 0);\n        if (bytesRead < fixed.length) throw changedWhileReading(0, fixed.length, bytesRead);\n      }\n\n      // The signal count decides how much more header there is to read. Read by the header\n      // parser itself, so the two cannot disagree about which files are readable: this used\n      // to have its own Number(), which tolerated the NUL padding sloppy writers emit but\n      // not the comma decimal separator that COMMA_DECIMAL exists to accept.\n      let headerBuffer = fixed;\n      if (fixed.length === FIXED_HEADER_BYTES) {\n        const ns = peekSignalCount(fixed);\n        if (ns !== null) {\n          const total = FIXED_HEADER_BYTES + ns * SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES;\n          if (total <= info.size) {\n            headerBuffer = Buffer.alloc(total);\n            const bytesRead = await readFully(handle, headerBuffer, 0, total, 0);\n            if (bytesRead < total) throw changedWhileReading(0, total, bytesRead);\n          }\n        }\n      }\n\n      const { header, recordCount, trailingBytes, diagnostics } = parseHeader(\n        headerBuffer,\n        info.size,\n      );\n\n      return new EdfFile({\n        path,\n        fileSize: info.size,\n        modifiedAtOpenMs: info.mtimeMs,\n        header,\n        recordCount,\n        trailingBytes,\n        diagnostics,\n        handle,\n      });\n    } catch (error) {\n      await handle.close().catch(() => {});\n      throw error;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** Signal channels, excluding the EDF+ annotations channel. */\n  get dataSignals(): EdfSignal[] {\n    return this.header.signals.filter((s) => !s.isAnnotations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The annotation channel a record's start time is read from.\n   *\n   * EDF+ puts the timekeeping TAL first in the first annotation channel, and this was read as\n   * `annotationSignals[0]` — the first one declared, whether or not it can hold anything. A\n   * writer that declares an annotation channel and gives it zero samples per record leaves a\n   * slot of zero bytes, so nothing was read from it, and the timekeeping in the channel after\n   * it went unread: a three-record EDF+D reported \"3 of 3 data records carry no readable\n   * timekeeping annotation\" about three that were perfectly readable, and timed the file from\n   * zero.\n   *\n   * A channel with no room carries nothing, so it is not the one the TAL is in.\n   */\n  get timekeepingSignal(): EdfSignal | undefined {\n    return this.annotationSignals.find((signal) => signal.samplesPerRecord > 0);\n  }\n\n  get annotationSignals(): EdfSignal[] {\n    return this.header.signals.filter((s) => s.isAnnotations);\n  }\n\n  /** Total recording duration in seconds, based on records actually present. */\n  get durationSeconds(): number {\n    return this.recordCount * this.header.recordDuration;\n  }\n\n  /** Read a half-open range of records in batches. */\n  async *readRecords(options: ReadRecordsOptions = {}): AsyncGenerator<RecordBatch> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n\n    /*\n      Record bounds have to be whole records.\n\n      A fractional `startRecord` was carried straight into `position = headerBytes +\n      record * recordBytes`, so reading from 1.5 began half a record in and every sample\n      after it was decoded from the wrong offset: on the two-channel test fixture it\n      returned channel 2's values under channel 1's signal, with no error. Clamping\n      silently would be no better, since a caller asking for record 1.5 has a bug the\n      library should name rather than paper over.\n    */\n    for (const [name, value] of [\n      ['startRecord', options.startRecord],\n      ['endRecord', options.endRecord],\n    ] as const) {\n      if (value !== undefined && !Number.isInteger(value)) {\n        /*\n          An `OptionError`, because it is the call that is wrong and not the recording.\n\n          This raised an `EdfError` coded `BAD_HEADER_FIELD` — a code the reference defines\n          as \"a field that should contain a number doesn't\", about the file's header — for a\n          number the *caller* passed. A script branching on that code to report a corrupt\n          recording blamed the recording for its own bug, and `chunkBytes` below did the same\n          under `UNREADABLE`, which means the file could not be read.\n\n          The same class `EdfFile.open` raises for a path that is not one and `parseHeader`\n          for a byte count that is not one, both settled in this same series, and for the\n          reason `assertInputPath` gives.\n        */\n        throw new OptionError(\n          /*\n            Through `describeValue`, like every other refusal that quotes a rejected value.\n\n            Its rule is \"numbers bare, everything else quoted so its type is visible\", and\n            these two were the sites that never used it — so a refusal *for not being a\n            number* showed the value as one: `readRecords({ startRecord: '1' })` came back\n            `startRecord must be a whole record index, got 1.`, where 1 is a whole record\n            index and the caller is left looking for what else could be wrong. An array came\n            back `got .`, a hole where the value should be, and an object came back\n            `got [object Object]` — the string `assertInputPath`'s own docstring names as the\n            reason it exists.\n          */\n          `readRecords: ${name} must be a whole record index, got ${describeValue(value)}. ` +\n            'Record boundaries are the unit the file can be read in; a fractional index ' +\n            'would decode samples from the middle of a record.',\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    const start = Math.max(0, options.startRecord ?? 0);\n    const end = Math.min(this.recordCount, options.endRecord ?? this.recordCount);\n    if (start >= end) return;\n\n    const { recordBytes } = this.header;\n    /*\n      Checked rather than handed to Buffer.alloc.\n\n      `chunkBytes: NaN` came back as `RangeError: The value of \"size\" is out of range` from\n      inside Node, with no mention of the option that caused it — while a fractional\n      `startRecord` two lines up gets a typed EdfError naming the field. Every other option\n      here is checked; this one reached the allocator.\n    */\n    const budget = options.chunkBytes ?? DEFAULT_CHUNK_BYTES;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(budget) || budget < 1) {\n      // `OptionError` for the same reason as the record bounds above; see there.\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `chunkBytes must be a positive number of bytes, got ${describeValue(options.chunkBytes)}. ` +\n          'It is a ceiling on how much of the file is held at once; one record is read ' +\n          'whatever it says.',\n      );\n    }\n    /*\n      The budget is a ceiling, not an amount to reserve.\n\n      `Math.floor(budget / recordBytes)` is how many records would fit in it, and the buffer\n      was that many — whether or not the file had that many. A 848-byte fixture read with a\n      512 MB budget allocated 536,870,880 bytes for its two records, and every ordinary read\n      of a small file reserved the full 8 MB default. Nothing was wrong with the data; the\n      memory just had nothing to do with it.\n\n      Bounded by what is actually going to be read, so a batch of five hundred short\n      recordings costs five hundred short buffers rather than five hundred 8 MB ones.\n    */\n    const perChunk = Math.max(1, Math.min(Math.floor(budget / recordBytes), end - start));\n    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(perChunk * recordBytes);\n\n    for (let record = start; record < end; record += perChunk) {\n      const count = Math.min(perChunk, end - record);\n      const bytes = count * recordBytes;\n      const position = this.header.headerBytes + record * recordBytes;\n\n      const bytesRead = await readFully(this.#handle, buffer, 0, bytes, position);\n      if (bytesRead < bytes) {\n        // The file is shorter than its own size said. Quietly stopping here would\n        // hand back a conversion missing its tail with nothing to show for it.\n        //\n        // Through the shared builder rather than a second copy of its sentence: the two were\n        // character-for-character identical, which is how a wording fixed in one of them\n        // would have been fixed in only one of them.\n        throw changedWhileReading(record, bytes, bytesRead);\n      }\n\n      yield { firstRecordIndex: record, recordCount: count, data: buffer.subarray(0, bytes) };\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The channel, confirmed to be one of this recording's.\n   *\n   * The three methods that take an `EdfSignal` turn its `byteOffsetInRecord` and\n   * `samplesPerRecord` into a position in a batch of this file's bytes. Nothing said the\n   * channel had to come from this file, and a channel from another one reads as though it\n   * did: handing `sampleAt` a `.bdf` channel — three bytes a sample, its own offset — while\n   * reading a `.edf` batch returned the first EDF channel's samples, `0 74 147 219 290`,\n   * every one of them a real number from the recording and none of them the caller's.\n   *\n   * Two open files is how it arrives. It is also what a plain object gets: `{}` and `42`\n   * both have an undefined offset, which the arithmetic below turns into `NaN` and then\n   * into a sample of 0.\n   *\n   * By identity at its own index, not by scanning the list: `sampleAt` is called once per\n   * sample, and the caller already holds these objects — `header.signals[i]`, or the subsets\n   * `annotationSignals` and `selectChannels` filter out of it, which are the same references.\n   */\n  #assertSignalHere(signal: EdfSignal, method: string): void {\n    if (this.header.signals[(signal as { index?: number } | null)?.index as number] === signal) {\n      return;\n    }\n    /*\n      A channel-shaped argument is placed rather than dumped.\n\n      `describeValue` renders an object as its JSON, and a channel is fourteen fields — a\n      458-character refusal, most of it the caller's own data handed back. Its index is the\n      part that locates the mistake, and it is the field this check just read. Anything that\n      is not object-shaped is quoted the ordinary way, since there it is the value itself\n      that is wrong.\n    */\n    const elsewhere =\n      `A channel read out of a different file names a position in that file's records, ` +\n      `not this one's.`;\n    throw new OptionError(\n      signal !== null && typeof signal === 'object'\n        ? `${method}: signal is a channel object, but not one of this recording's — ` +\n          `header.signals at index ${describeValue((signal as { index?: unknown }).index)} ` +\n          `is a different channel. ${elsewhere}`\n        : `${method}: signal must be one of this recording's own channels, from ` +\n          `header.signals — got ${describeValue(signal)}. ${elsewhere}`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  /** Read one sample as its raw digital value. */\n  sampleAt(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, signal: EdfSignal, sampleIndex: number): number {\n    this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'sampleAt');\n    /*\n      In range, because out of it this invented a number.\n\n      The arithmetic below turns four values into a byte position and reads there. Nothing\n      stopped that position from landing outside the sample it names. Past the end of the\n      buffer, `bytes[position]` is `undefined`, which `| 0` and `<< 8` both turn into 0 — so a\n      read past the batch came back as a plausible sample of zero. Inside the buffer but past\n      the channel's own samples, it came back as the *next channel's* data: a 256-sample\n      channel asked for sample 261 returned 243, which is a real number from the recording\n      and belongs to another column.\n\n      Both are reachable from the mistake the api page warns about in the sentence that\n      describes this method — \"`recordOffset` is the record's position within the batch, from\n      0 to `batch.recordCount - 1`, not its index in the file\". A caller who passes the\n      absolute index reads past the batch and gets zeros for every sample of it.\n\n      Two integer comparisons each, on a call that then formats a number.\n    */\n    if (\n      !Number.isInteger(recordOffset) ||\n      recordOffset < 0 ||\n      recordOffset >= batch.recordCount\n    ) {\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `recordOffset must be a record's position within this batch, 0 to ` +\n          `${batch.recordCount - 1}, got ${describeValue(recordOffset)}. Absolute record ` +\n          `indexes are batch.firstRecordIndex higher.`,\n      );\n    }\n    if (\n      !Number.isInteger(sampleIndex) ||\n      sampleIndex < 0 ||\n      sampleIndex >= signal.samplesPerRecord\n    ) {\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `sampleIndex must be 0 to ${signal.samplesPerRecord - 1} for this channel, got ` +\n          `${describeValue(sampleIndex)}.`,\n      );\n    }\n    const position =\n      recordOffset * this.header.recordBytes +\n      signal.byteOffsetInRecord +\n      sampleIndex * this.header.bytesPerSample;\n\n    if (this.header.bytesPerSample === 3) {\n      // BDF stores 24-bit little-endian two's complement. Loading the three bytes\n      // into the top of a 32-bit word and shifting back down sign-extends them.\n      const data = batch.data;\n      return (\n        ((data[position] as number) << 8) |\n        ((data[position + 1] as number) << 16) |\n        ((data[position + 2] as number) << 24)\n      ) >> 8;\n    }\n    return readInt16LE(batch.data, position);\n  }\n\n  /** Byte offset of a signal's samples within a batch. */\n  offsetOf(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, signal: EdfSignal): number {\n    this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'offsetOf');\n    return recordOffset * this.header.recordBytes + signal.byteOffsetInRecord;\n  }\n\n  /** The annotation channel's raw bytes for one record in a batch. */\n  annotationBytes(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, signal: EdfSignal): Uint8Array {\n    // Before delegating, so the refusal names the method the caller called rather than the\n    // one underneath it.\n    this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'annotationBytes');\n    const start = this.offsetOf(batch, recordOffset, signal);\n    return batch.data.subarray(start, start + signal.samplesPerRecord * this.header.bytesPerSample);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Where this continuous recording begins, from the first record that says.\n   *\n   * A few records' worth of annotation bytes rather than the whole channel. A continuous\n   * recording's origin is the fraction of a second by which its first record follows the\n   * header's start time, and `--info` needs that to place a requested window — but it does\n   * not need the events, and finding one number by reading every record costs a seek per\n   * record across the whole file, which is the scan `--info` was deliberately spared.\n   *\n   * It reads on past record 0 because a conversion does. This used to stop there, so the\n   * moment one timekeeping TAL was unreadable the two disagreed: the conversion took the\n   * origin from record 1 and timed the file from 0.5s, while `--info` found nothing at\n   * record 0 and reported a recording starting at zero — the same file described two ways by\n   * one tool. Records are contiguous, so record `i` beginning at `t` puts the origin at\n   * `t - i * duration`, and any one of them settles it.\n   *\n   * The bound is what keeps this cheap: a file whose first `RECORDS_SEARCHED_FOR_ORIGIN`\n   * timekeeping entries are all unreadable reports an origin of zero here, and converting it\n   * raises ANNOTATION_DECODE_FAILED for every one of them.\n   *\n   * That mitigation covers records that could not be read, and not records that said nothing:\n   * an empty annotation slot is not a TAL that failed, so nothing is counted and nothing is\n   * raised. Twenty records whose only timekeeping entry is in record 16 therefore convert with\n   * `time_s` from the origin it states and are reported here as beginning at zero, in silence\n   * on both sides — and `--start` and `--end` are read against that same clock. The bound\n   * stays, since it is what makes `--info` a header read on a file of any size; what was\n   * wrong was the account of what it costs, which every page giving it said was a warning.\n   *\n   * Returns null when there is nothing to read it from, in which case the origin is zero.\n   */\n  async readOrigin(): Promise<number | null> {\n    return (await this.scanOrigin()).origin;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The origin, and what the search saw on the way to it.\n   *\n   * `--info` takes this route for a continuous recording rather than reading every record,\n   * and reported nothing when the timekeeping it read was unreadable: the count was hard-coded\n   * to zero at the call site, so a file whose first TAL cannot be parsed raised\n   * ANNOTATION_DECODE_FAILED when converted and nothing under `--info`. Its byte-identical\n   * EDF+D twin — same bytes but for the reserved field, which has nothing to do with the\n   * defect — raised it both ways, because that path reads every record and counts as it goes.\n   *\n   * The failure was being read and then thrown away. `readOrigin` keeps its shape for callers\n   * who only want the number.\n   *\n   * All three counters, not one. A first-position TAL may carry events after the start time,\n   * and when it cannot be parsed those go with it — which is what `malformedTimekeepingWithText`\n   * counts and what decides whether the warning says \"No event was lost\" or names the events\n   * that were. Counting only the first meant `--info` took the first sentence every time: it\n   * announced that a record had lost its position and that nothing else had gone, over a file\n   * whose conversion said, correctly, that an event had gone with it. One file, two answers,\n   * and the confident one was `--info`, which is the command run first to find out what a\n   * conversion will say.\n   *\n   * `malformed` comes back for the same reason one sentence further on: that hint ends \"and is\n   * counted above\", which is only true where the entry warning is printed too.\n   *\n   * All three are of the records this actually read, which is as far as the first record that\n   * states a time — so they are lower bounds on the file, as `malformedTimekeeping` has been\n   * since it was returned at all. A conversion reads every record and may count more. What\n   * they must not be is inconsistent with each other, which is what a hard-coded zero made\n   * them.\n   */\n  async scanOrigin(): Promise<{\n    origin: number | null;\n    malformed: number;\n    malformedTimekeeping: number;\n    malformedTimekeepingWithText: number;\n  }> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n\n    const counts = { malformed: 0, malformedTimekeeping: 0, malformedTimekeepingWithText: 0 };\n    const channel = this.timekeepingSignal;\n    if (!channel || this.recordCount === 0) return { origin: null, ...counts };\n\n    const { headerBytes, bytesPerSample, recordBytes, recordDuration } = this.header;\n    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(channel.samplesPerRecord * bytesPerSample);\n    if (buffer.length === 0) return { origin: null, ...counts };\n\n    const searched = Math.min(this.recordCount, RECORDS_SEARCHED_FOR_ORIGIN);\n    for (let record = 0; record < searched; record++) {\n      const offset = headerBytes + record * recordBytes + channel.byteOffsetInRecord;\n      const bytesRead = await readFully(this.#handle, buffer, 0, buffer.length, offset);\n      if (bytesRead < buffer.length) return { origin: null, ...counts };\n\n      const decoded = decodeRecordAnnotations(buffer, record);\n      counts.malformed += decoded.malformed;\n      counts.malformedTimekeeping += decoded.malformedTimekeeping;\n      counts.malformedTimekeepingWithText += decoded.malformedTimekeepingWithText;\n      if (decoded.recordStart !== null) {\n        return { origin: decoded.recordStart - record * recordDuration, ...counts };\n      }\n    }\n    return { origin: null, ...counts };\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Read every EDF+ annotation in the file, plus the start time each record declares.\n   *\n   * Only the annotation channel is read, seeking straight to it inside each record\n   * rather than pulling whole records through memory. On a multi-gigabyte recording\n   * that is the difference between a few kilobytes of I/O and all of it.\n   *\n   * The whole file is always scanned, never just the records inside a requested\n   * window: writers are not obliged to store an annotation in the record its onset\n   * falls in, and some put every annotation in the first record. Reading only the\n   * window's records would drop those entirely.\n   */\n  async readAnnotations(): Promise<{\n    annotations: Annotation[];\n    recordStarts: (number | null)[];\n    malformed: number;\n    /** Unreadable TALs in first position, which carry timing rather than an event. */\n    malformedTimekeeping: number;\n    /** How many of those also carried event text, so events were lost with the position. */\n    malformedTimekeepingWithText: number;\n    /** Events kept whose stated duration could not be read; see Annotation.duration. */\n    unreadableDurations: number;\n    /** Events kept whose stated duration read as a number below zero. */\n    negativeDurations: number;\n  }> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n\n    const annotations: Annotation[] = [];\n    const recordStarts: (number | null)[] = new Array<number | null>(this.recordCount).fill(null);\n    let malformed = 0;\n    let malformedTimekeeping = 0;\n    let malformedTimekeepingWithText = 0;\n    let unreadableDurations = 0;\n    let negativeDurations = 0;\n\n    const channels = this.annotationSignals;\n    if (channels.length === 0) {\n      return {\n        annotations,\n        recordStarts,\n        malformed,\n        malformedTimekeeping,\n        malformedTimekeepingWithText,\n        unreadableDurations,\n        negativeDurations,\n      };\n    }\n\n    const { headerBytes, recordBytes, bytesPerSample } = this.header;\n    const buffers = channels.map((c) => Buffer.alloc(c.samplesPerRecord * bytesPerSample));\n    const timekeeping = this.timekeepingSignal;\n\n    for (let record = 0; record < this.recordCount; record++) {\n      for (const [position, channel] of channels.entries()) {\n        const buffer = buffers[position];\n        if (!buffer || buffer.length === 0) continue;\n\n        const offset = headerBytes + record * recordBytes + channel.byteOffsetInRecord;\n        const bytesRead = await readFully(this.#handle, buffer, 0, buffer.length, offset);\n        if (bytesRead < buffer.length) {\n          throw changedWhileReading(record, buffer.length, bytesRead, 'annotation data');\n        }\n\n        // Only the timekeeping channel carries the record's start; see timekeepingSignal.\n        const decoded = decodeRecordAnnotations(buffer, record, channel === timekeeping);\n        if (channel === timekeeping) recordStarts[record] = decoded.recordStart;\n        for (const annotation of decoded.annotations) annotations.push(annotation);\n        malformed += decoded.malformed;\n        malformedTimekeeping += decoded.malformedTimekeeping;\n        malformedTimekeepingWithText += decoded.malformedTimekeepingWithText;\n        unreadableDurations += decoded.unreadableDurations;\n        negativeDurations += decoded.negativeDurations;\n      }\n    }\n\n    annotations.sort((a, b) => a.onset - b.onset || a.recordIndex - b.recordIndex);\n    return {\n      annotations,\n      recordStarts,\n      malformed,\n      malformedTimekeeping,\n      malformedTimekeepingWithText,\n      unreadableDurations,\n      negativeDurations,\n    };\n  }\n\n  async close(): Promise<void> {\n    if (this.#closed) return;\n    this.#closed = true;\n    await this.#handle.close();\n  }\n\n  #assertOpen(): void {\n    if (this.#closed) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        'This EDF file has already been closed.',\n        // The same advice `changedSinceOpen` gives for the same mistake, which is the only\n        // other method that has anything to say about a closed file.\n        'Open it again, or keep it open until the last read.',\n      );\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction describe(cause: unknown): string {\n  if (cause instanceof Error) {\n    const code = (cause as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code;\n    if (code === 'ENOENT') return 'no such file';\n    // EPERM beside EACCES, because everywhere else in this codebase that reads an errno pairs\n    // the two, and ENOTDIR because a path that runs through a regular file — `rec.edf/inner`,\n    // which a shell completes and a script builds by joining — is otherwise the one input\n    // failure that answers in errno text while its output-side twin answers in a sentence.\n    if (code === 'EACCES' || code === 'EPERM') return 'permission denied';\n    if (code === 'ENOTDIR') return 'part of the path is a file, not a directory';\n    return cause.message;\n  }\n  return String(cause);\n}\n\n/**\n * The most `fs.read` will accept as a length.\n *\n * Node asserts on a length that does not fit in a signed 32-bit integer, and it asserts in\n * C++: `Assertion failed: args[3]->IsInt32()`, forty frames of native stack, SIGABRT. Not an\n * exception — nothing in JavaScript sees it, so no catch block and no `uncaughtException`\n * handler runs, and a library consumer's whole process goes down with it.\n *\n * A round gigabyte rather than the exact limit, so the loop below does whole even reads.\n */\nconst MAX_READ_BYTES = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;\n\n/** Fill a requested region unless EOF is reached; regular-file reads may legally be short. */\nasync function readFully(\n  handle: FileHandle,\n  buffer: Buffer,\n  offset: number,\n  length: number,\n  position: number,\n): Promise<number> {\n  let total = 0;\n  while (total < length) {\n    /*\n      Capped, because one data record can be larger than a single read may be.\n\n      A record is read in one call when it exceeds the chunk budget — there is nothing\n      smaller to divide it by, since a record is the unit the format is addressed in. EDF's\n      samples-per-record field is 8 characters, so eleven channels at 99,999,999 samples make\n      a record of 2.2 GB, and a long record duration at ordinary rates gets there too. That\n      went to `fs.read` as a single length over 2^31-1 and took the process out with a native\n      assertion rather than an error.\n\n      Looping was already how a short read is handled, so the cap costs one more iteration\n      per gigabyte and nothing else.\n    */\n    const want = Math.min(length - total, MAX_READ_BYTES);\n    const { bytesRead } = await handle.read(buffer, offset + total, want, position + total);\n    if (bytesRead === 0) break;\n    total += bytesRead;\n  }\n  return total;\n}\n\nfunction changedWhileReading(\n  record: number,\n  expected: number,\n  actual: number,\n  subject = 'data',\n): EdfError {\n  return new EdfError(\n    'UNREADABLE',\n    `Expected ${grouped(expected)} bytes of ${subject} at record ${record} but only ` +\n      `${counted(actual, 'byte')} ${actual === 1 ? 'was' : 'were'} available; the file appears ` +\n      `to have changed size while it was being read.`,\n    'Make sure the recording is not still being written to, then try again.',\n  );\n}\n"]}
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* Chunked reader for EDF / EDF+ files.\n *\n * Data records are read in batches sized by a byte budget rather than all at once,\n * so peak memory stays flat regardless of how long the recording is. A 4 GB file\n * and a 4 MB file use the same working set.\n */\n\nimport { open, stat } from 'node:fs/promises';\nimport type { FileHandle } from 'node:fs/promises';\n\nimport { createHash } from 'node:crypto';\n\nimport { EdfError } from './errors.js';\nimport type { Diagnostic } from './errors.js';\nimport { FIXED_HEADER_BYTES, SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES, parseHeader, peekSignalCount } from './header.js';\nimport type { EdfHeader, EdfSignal } from './header.js';\nimport { decodeRecordAnnotations } from './annotations.js';\nimport type { Annotation } from './annotations.js';\nimport { readInt16LE } from './bytes.js';\nimport { counted, grouped } from '../format/list.js';\n// Crossing into convert/ as header.ts already does for `typeable`: the check belongs to the\n// call rather than to the file, and there is one of it.\nimport { OptionError, assertInputPath, describeValue } from '../convert/options.js';\n\n/**\n * How far `readOrigin` looks for a record that states its own start time.\n *\n * Enough that one or two unreadable timekeeping entries at the top of a file cost nothing,\n * few enough that `--info` stays a header read rather than a scan.\n */\nconst RECORDS_SEARCHED_FOR_ORIGIN = 16;\n\n/** Default read budget per batch. Large enough to amortise syscalls, small enough to stay cheap. */\nexport const DEFAULT_CHUNK_BYTES = 8 * 1024 * 1024;\n\nexport interface RecordBatch {\n  /** Index of the first record in this batch, relative to the whole file. */\n  firstRecordIndex: number;\n  recordCount: number;\n  /**\n   * Raw record bytes, `recordCount * header.recordBytes` long.\n   *\n   * The buffer is reused between iterations. Copy anything you need to keep past\n   * the current loop turn.\n   */\n  data: Uint8Array;\n}\n\nexport interface ReadRecordsOptions {\n  /** First record to read, inclusive. Defaults to 0. */\n  startRecord?: number;\n  /** Last record to read, exclusive. Defaults to the file's record count. */\n  endRecord?: number;\n  chunkBytes?: number;\n}\n\nexport class EdfFile {\n  readonly path: string;\n  readonly fileSize: number;\n  /**\n   * Last-modified time when this file was opened, in milliseconds, for the same reason as\n   * `fileSize`.\n   *\n   * Kept as the raw number rather than a Date because `new Date(ms).getTime()` truncates to\n   * whole milliseconds: comparing that against a later `fstat`, which carries the\n   * filesystem's sub-millisecond precision, reported every undisturbed conversion as one\n   * whose input had changed underneath it.\n   */\n  readonly modifiedAtOpenMs: number;\n  readonly header: EdfHeader;\n  /** Records actually present in the file, which may differ from the header's claim. */\n  readonly recordCount: number;\n  readonly trailingBytes: number;\n  readonly diagnostics: Diagnostic[];\n\n  #handle: FileHandle;\n  #closed = false;\n  /** The last answer `changedSinceOpen` computed, so it survives the file being closed. */\n  #changed: boolean | null = null;\n\n  private constructor(init: {\n    path: string;\n    fileSize: number;\n    modifiedAtOpenMs: number;\n    header: EdfHeader;\n    recordCount: number;\n    trailingBytes: number;\n    diagnostics: Diagnostic[];\n    handle: FileHandle;\n  }) {\n    this.path = init.path;\n    this.fileSize = init.fileSize;\n    this.modifiedAtOpenMs = init.modifiedAtOpenMs;\n    this.header = init.header;\n    this.recordCount = init.recordCount;\n    this.trailingBytes = init.trailingBytes;\n    this.diagnostics = init.diagnostics;\n    this.#handle = init.handle;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * SHA-256 of the bytes this conversion actually read.\n   *\n   * Hashed through the open descriptor, over exactly the `fileSize` bytes that were there\n   * when the file was opened — the same number every record count and window in the output\n   * was derived from. Re-opening the path to hash it afterwards described whatever was at\n   * that name by then: a recording still being written grew from 2,000 records to 3,000\n   * mid-conversion and metadata.json recorded `data_records: 2000` beside the checksum and\n   * byte count of the 3,000-record file, which is provenance for bytes nobody converted.\n   * Replacing the file at that path did the same thing more completely.\n   */\n  async sha256(): Promise<string> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n    const hash = createHash('sha256');\n    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(Math.min(this.fileSize, 4 * 1024 * 1024) || 1);\n    for (let at = 0; at < this.fileSize; ) {\n      const want = Math.min(buffer.length, this.fileSize - at);\n      const { bytesRead } = await this.#handle.read(buffer, 0, want, at);\n      if (bytesRead <= 0) {\n        throw new EdfError(\n          'UNREADABLE',\n          // Both figures grouped, like the shortfall message this file raises one function\n          // over — `Expected 8,386,560 bytes of data at record 0 but only 2,899,456 bytes\n          // were available` — and for the reason 0.8.5 gives: the sentence exists to put one\n          // against the other, and at nine digits that is work the separators do.\n          `Expected ${grouped(this.fileSize)} bytes to checksum but the file ended at ` +\n            `${grouped(at)}; it appears to have changed size while it was being read.`,\n          'Make sure the recording is not still being written to, then try again.',\n        );\n      }\n      hash.update(buffer.subarray(0, bytesRead));\n      at += bytesRead;\n    }\n    return hash.digest('hex');\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Whether the file has changed since it was opened, by size or by modification time.\n   *\n   * Checked through the descriptor, so it answers for the bytes that were read rather than\n   * for whatever now answers to the same name. A recording still being written is the\n   * ordinary cause, and the conversion is still correct for the data it saw — it is the\n   * claim that the output describes the file as it now stands that stops being true.\n   */\n  async changedSinceOpen(): Promise<boolean> {\n    /*\n      A closed file remembers its last answer rather than inventing a new one.\n\n      Returning false once closed asserted \"it did not change\", which is not something a\n      closed descriptor can know — and `convert()` closes the file before it returns, so\n      `result.file.changedSinceOpen()` denied the very change the INPUT_CHANGED diagnostic\n      in the same result object had just reported. One object, two answers.\n\n      `convert()` always asks before closing, so the cached answer is the true one. A caller\n      who closed the file without ever asking gets an error, which is the same treatment\n      every other method on a closed file gets.\n    */\n    if (this.#closed) {\n      if (this.#changed !== null) return this.#changed;\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `\"${this.path}\" is closed, and whether it changed while it was open was never checked.`,\n        'Ask before closing the file. A ConvertResult carries the answer already, since ' +\n          'convert() checks it on the way out.',\n      );\n    }\n    const now = await this.#handle.stat().catch(() => null);\n    if (now === null) return this.#changed ?? false;\n    this.#changed = now.size !== this.fileSize || now.mtimeMs !== this.modifiedAtOpenMs;\n    return this.#changed;\n  }\n\n  /*\n    A sentence, and advice under it, like the destination-side twin.\n\n    `Cannot read \"rec.edf\": no such file` was the one diagnostic this tool prints that does not\n    end in a full stop — 68 of its 69 do — and the only member of its family with nothing\n    indented under it. `Cannot create \"out\": part of the path does not exist.` has carried\n    advice under it since the destination errors were given sentences — one line for every\n    cause until 0.8.12, and the cause's own since — the mid-conversion UNREADABLE beside it\n    carries one too, and this is the form a mistyped path actually reaches.\n  */\n  static readonly #UNREADABLE_HINT =\n    'Check the path is spelled the way it is on disk and that you have permission to read it.';\n\n  static async open(path: string): Promise<EdfFile> {\n    /*\n      A path, checked before `fs` is asked about it.\n\n      `assertInputPath` was written for exactly this and applied one level up. Its docstring\n      names the function it was describing — \"`EdfFile.open` hands whatever it is given to\n      `fs`, and the refusal comes back as an `EdfError` coded `UNREADABLE`, hinted 'Check the\n      path is spelled the way it is on disk and that you have permission to read it' — advice\n      about a path, over a value that is not one, filed as a problem with the recording rather\n      than with the call\" — and then went into `convert`, leaving `EdfFile.open` itself, which\n      is exported from the package root and is how the api page says to read a header without\n      converting anything, doing the thing being described:\n\n          EdfFile.open({ path: 'a.edf' })\n          EdfError[UNREADABLE]: Cannot read \"[object Object]\": The \"path\" argument must be of\n          type string or an instance of Buffer or URL. Received an instance of Object.\n\n      Node's own argument-type text, under a hint about spelling and permissions, over a\n      value that has neither. `EdfFile.open(['a.edf', 'b.edf'])` was worse: it answered\n      `Cannot read \"a.edf,b.edf\"`, quoting a path the caller never wrote, because `String` of\n      an array joins it with commas.\n\n      The same `OptionError` `convert` raises for the same mistake, so one mistake has one\n      answer whichever entry point it arrives at.\n    */\n    assertInputPath(path);\n    const info = await stat(path).catch((cause: unknown) => {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `Cannot read \"${path}\": ${describe(cause)}.`,\n        EdfFile.#UNREADABLE_HINT,\n      );\n    });\n    /*\n      Both of these said what was wrong and nothing about what to do, which is the gap\n      `#UNREADABLE_HINT` two lines up was added to close for the third member of this family.\n\n      Neither is reached from the command line, and that is the point: a folder there is\n      expanded to the recordings inside it and a socket is filtered out by the walk, so the\n      caller who arrives here is holding a path in code and has no walk behind them.\n    */\n    if (info.isDirectory()) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `\"${path}\" is a directory, not an EDF file.`,\n        'Name a recording inside it. The command line expands a folder to the recordings it ' +\n          'holds; this takes one file.',\n      );\n    }\n    if (!info.isFile()) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `\"${path}\" is not a regular file.`,\n        'A pipe, socket or device cannot be read as a recording: the parser seeks to a byte ' +\n          'offset inside the file, which only a real file supports.',\n      );\n    }\n\n    /*\n      Opening is a second chance to be refused, and it was the one that got through.\n\n      `stat` needs the parent directory searchable and says nothing about the file's own mode,\n      so a recording with no read permission passes it and fails here — the commonest\n      permission failure there is. Unwrapped, it escaped as Node's own error: the CLI printed\n      `error: EACCES: permission denied, open '...'` where every neighbouring failure prints\n      the tool's sentence, and the library threw a plain Error whose `code` was the errno.\n\n      api.md says `UNREADABLE` \"covers a missing file, a directory passed where a file was\n      expected, a permission failure, and a file that changed size while being read. Branch on\n      `code`, never on the message text.\" A consumer doing exactly that fell through to its\n      generic handler.\n    */\n    const handle = await open(path, 'r').catch((cause: unknown) => {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        `Cannot read \"${path}\": ${describe(cause)}.`,\n        EdfFile.#UNREADABLE_HINT,\n      );\n    });\n    try {\n      const fixed = Buffer.alloc(Math.min(FIXED_HEADER_BYTES, info.size));\n      if (fixed.length > 0) {\n        const bytesRead = await readFully(handle, fixed, 0, fixed.length, 0);\n        if (bytesRead < fixed.length) throw changedWhileReading(0, fixed.length, bytesRead);\n      }\n\n      // The signal count decides how much more header there is to read. Read by the header\n      // parser itself, so the two cannot disagree about which files are readable: this used\n      // to have its own Number(), which tolerated the NUL padding sloppy writers emit but\n      // not the comma decimal separator that COMMA_DECIMAL exists to accept.\n      let headerBuffer = fixed;\n      if (fixed.length === FIXED_HEADER_BYTES) {\n        const ns = peekSignalCount(fixed);\n        if (ns !== null) {\n          const total = FIXED_HEADER_BYTES + ns * SIGNAL_HEADER_BYTES;\n          if (total <= info.size) {\n            headerBuffer = Buffer.alloc(total);\n            const bytesRead = await readFully(handle, headerBuffer, 0, total, 0);\n            if (bytesRead < total) throw changedWhileReading(0, total, bytesRead);\n          }\n        }\n      }\n\n      const { header, recordCount, trailingBytes, diagnostics } = parseHeader(\n        headerBuffer,\n        info.size,\n      );\n\n      return new EdfFile({\n        path,\n        fileSize: info.size,\n        modifiedAtOpenMs: info.mtimeMs,\n        header,\n        recordCount,\n        trailingBytes,\n        diagnostics,\n        handle,\n      });\n    } catch (error) {\n      await handle.close().catch(() => {});\n      throw error;\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** Signal channels, excluding the EDF+ annotations channel. */\n  get dataSignals(): EdfSignal[] {\n    return this.header.signals.filter((s) => !s.isAnnotations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The annotation channel a record's start time is read from.\n   *\n   * EDF+ puts the timekeeping TAL first in the first annotation channel, and this was read as\n   * `annotationSignals[0]` — the first one declared, whether or not it can hold anything. A\n   * writer that declares an annotation channel and gives it zero samples per record leaves a\n   * slot of zero bytes, so nothing was read from it, and the timekeeping in the channel after\n   * it went unread: a three-record EDF+D reported \"3 of 3 data records carry no readable\n   * timekeeping annotation\" about three that were perfectly readable, and timed the file from\n   * zero.\n   *\n   * A channel with no room carries nothing, so it is not the one the TAL is in.\n   */\n  get timekeepingSignal(): EdfSignal | undefined {\n    return this.annotationSignals.find((signal) => signal.samplesPerRecord > 0);\n  }\n\n  get annotationSignals(): EdfSignal[] {\n    return this.header.signals.filter((s) => s.isAnnotations);\n  }\n\n  /** Total recording duration in seconds, based on records actually present. */\n  get durationSeconds(): number {\n    return this.recordCount * this.header.recordDuration;\n  }\n\n  /** Read a half-open range of records in batches. */\n  async *readRecords(options: ReadRecordsOptions = {}): AsyncGenerator<RecordBatch> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n\n    /*\n      Record bounds have to be whole records.\n\n      A fractional `startRecord` was carried straight into `position = headerBytes +\n      record * recordBytes`, so reading from 1.5 began half a record in and every sample\n      after it was decoded from the wrong offset: on the two-channel test fixture it\n      returned channel 2's values under channel 1's signal, with no error. Clamping\n      silently would be no better, since a caller asking for record 1.5 has a bug the\n      library should name rather than paper over.\n    */\n    for (const [name, value] of [\n      ['startRecord', options.startRecord],\n      ['endRecord', options.endRecord],\n    ] as const) {\n      if (value !== undefined && !Number.isInteger(value)) {\n        /*\n          An `OptionError`, because it is the call that is wrong and not the recording.\n\n          This raised an `EdfError` coded `BAD_HEADER_FIELD` — a code the reference defines\n          as \"a field that should contain a number doesn't\", about the file's header — for a\n          number the *caller* passed. A script branching on that code to report a corrupt\n          recording blamed the recording for its own bug, and `chunkBytes` below did the same\n          under `UNREADABLE`, which means the file could not be read.\n\n          The same class `EdfFile.open` raises for a path that is not one and `parseHeader`\n          for a byte count that is not one, both settled in this same series, and for the\n          reason `assertInputPath` gives.\n        */\n        throw new OptionError(\n          /*\n            Through `describeValue`, like every other refusal that quotes a rejected value.\n\n            Its rule is \"numbers bare, everything else quoted so its type is visible\", and\n            these two were the sites that never used it — so a refusal *for not being a\n            number* showed the value as one: `readRecords({ startRecord: '1' })` came back\n            `startRecord must be a whole record index, got 1.`, where 1 is a whole record\n            index and the caller is left looking for what else could be wrong. An array came\n            back `got .`, a hole where the value should be, and an object came back\n            `got [object Object]` — the string `assertInputPath`'s own docstring names as the\n            reason it exists.\n          */\n          `readRecords: ${name} must be a whole record index, got ${describeValue(value)}. ` +\n            'Record boundaries are the unit the file can be read in; a fractional index ' +\n            'would decode samples from the middle of a record.',\n        );\n      }\n    }\n\n    const start = Math.max(0, options.startRecord ?? 0);\n    const end = Math.min(this.recordCount, options.endRecord ?? this.recordCount);\n    if (start >= end) return;\n\n    const { recordBytes } = this.header;\n    /*\n      Checked rather than handed to Buffer.alloc.\n\n      `chunkBytes: NaN` came back as `RangeError: The value of \"size\" is out of range` from\n      inside Node, with no mention of the option that caused it — while a fractional\n      `startRecord` two lines up gets a typed EdfError naming the field. Every other option\n      here is checked; this one reached the allocator.\n    */\n    const budget = options.chunkBytes ?? DEFAULT_CHUNK_BYTES;\n    if (!Number.isFinite(budget) || budget < 1) {\n      // `OptionError` for the same reason as the record bounds above; see there.\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `chunkBytes must be a positive number of bytes, got ${describeValue(options.chunkBytes)}. ` +\n          'It is a ceiling on how much of the file is held at once; one record is read ' +\n          'whatever it says.',\n      );\n    }\n    /*\n      The budget is a ceiling, not an amount to reserve.\n\n      `Math.floor(budget / recordBytes)` is how many records would fit in it, and the buffer\n      was that many — whether or not the file had that many. A 848-byte fixture read with a\n      512 MB budget allocated 536,870,880 bytes for its two records, and every ordinary read\n      of a small file reserved the full 8 MB default. Nothing was wrong with the data; the\n      memory just had nothing to do with it.\n\n      Bounded by what is actually going to be read, so a batch of five hundred short\n      recordings costs five hundred short buffers rather than five hundred 8 MB ones.\n    */\n    const perChunk = Math.max(1, Math.min(Math.floor(budget / recordBytes), end - start));\n    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(perChunk * recordBytes);\n\n    for (let record = start; record < end; record += perChunk) {\n      const count = Math.min(perChunk, end - record);\n      const bytes = count * recordBytes;\n      const position = this.header.headerBytes + record * recordBytes;\n\n      const bytesRead = await readFully(this.#handle, buffer, 0, bytes, position);\n      if (bytesRead < bytes) {\n        // The file is shorter than its own size said. Quietly stopping here would\n        // hand back a conversion missing its tail with nothing to show for it.\n        //\n        // Through the shared builder rather than a second copy of its sentence: the two were\n        // character-for-character identical, which is how a wording fixed in one of them\n        // would have been fixed in only one of them.\n        throw changedWhileReading(record, bytes, bytesRead);\n      }\n\n      yield { firstRecordIndex: record, recordCount: count, data: buffer.subarray(0, bytes) };\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The channel, confirmed to be one of this recording's.\n   *\n   * The three methods that take an `EdfSignal` turn its `byteOffsetInRecord` and\n   * `samplesPerRecord` into a position in a batch of this file's bytes. Nothing said the\n   * channel had to come from this file, and a channel from another one reads as though it\n   * did: handing `sampleAt` a `.bdf` channel — three bytes a sample, its own offset — while\n   * reading a `.edf` batch returned the first EDF channel's samples, `0 74 147 219 290`,\n   * every one of them a real number from the recording and none of them the caller's.\n   *\n   * Two open files is how it arrives. It is also what a plain object gets: `{}` and `42`\n   * both have an undefined offset, which the arithmetic below turns into `NaN` and then\n   * into a sample of 0.\n   *\n   * By identity at its own index, not by scanning the list: `sampleAt` is called once per\n   * sample, and the caller already holds these objects — `header.signals[i]`, or the subsets\n   * `annotationSignals` and `selectChannels` filter out of it, which are the same references.\n   */\n  #assertSignalHere(signal: EdfSignal, method: string): void {\n    if (this.header.signals[(signal as { index?: number } | null)?.index as number] === signal) {\n      return;\n    }\n    /*\n      A channel-shaped argument is placed rather than dumped.\n\n      `describeValue` renders an object as its JSON, and a channel is fourteen fields — a\n      458-character refusal, most of it the caller's own data handed back. Its index is the\n      part that locates the mistake, and it is the field this check just read. Anything that\n      is not object-shaped is quoted the ordinary way, since there it is the value itself\n      that is wrong.\n    */\n    const elsewhere =\n      `A channel read out of a different file names a position in that file's records, ` +\n      `not this one's.`;\n    throw new OptionError(\n      signal !== null && typeof signal === 'object'\n        ? `${method}: signal is a channel object, but not one of this recording's — ` +\n          `header.signals at index ${describeValue((signal as { index?: unknown }).index)} ` +\n          `is a different channel. ${elsewhere}`\n        : `${method}: signal must be one of this recording's own channels, from ` +\n          `header.signals — got ${describeValue(signal)}. ${elsewhere}`,\n    );\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The record, confirmed to be one this batch holds.\n   *\n   * 0.8.62 put this on `sampleAt`, where it turns a position into a sample. `offsetOf` does\n   * the same arithmetic and hands the position back, and `annotationBytes` slices at it, and\n   * neither asked anything of it:\n   *\n   *     file.offsetOf(batch, -5, signal)    // -1300\n   *     file.offsetOf(batch, 1.5, signal)   // 390, half a record in\n   *     file.annotationBytes(batch, 99, s)  // Uint8Array(0)\n   *\n   * A negative byte position, a position that decodes the second half of one record against\n   * the first half of the next — the failure `readRecords` refuses a fractional `startRecord`\n   * for — and an empty slice that reads as \"this record carries no annotations\" for a record\n   * that is not in the batch at all.\n   *\n   * The batch is checked first, because the bound is read off it: `offsetOf` never touched\n   * `batch` before this, so a caller who passed the wrong thing got no complaint from it.\n   */\n  #assertRecordOffset(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, method: string): void {\n    if (!Number.isInteger((batch as RecordBatch | null)?.recordCount)) {\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `${method}: batch must be one of the batches readRecords yields, got ` +\n          `${describeValue(batch)}.`,\n      );\n    }\n    if (!Number.isInteger(recordOffset) || recordOffset < 0 || recordOffset >= batch.recordCount) {\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `${method}: recordOffset must be a record's position within this batch, 0 to ` +\n          `${batch.recordCount - 1}, got ${describeValue(recordOffset)}. Absolute record ` +\n          `indexes are batch.firstRecordIndex higher.`,\n      );\n    }\n  }\n\n  /** Read one sample as its raw digital value. */\n  sampleAt(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, signal: EdfSignal, sampleIndex: number): number {\n    this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'sampleAt');\n    /*\n      In range, because out of it this invented a number.\n\n      The arithmetic below turns four values into a byte position and reads there. Nothing\n      stopped that position from landing outside the sample it names. Past the end of the\n      buffer, `bytes[position]` is `undefined`, which `| 0` and `<< 8` both turn into 0 — so a\n      read past the batch came back as a plausible sample of zero. Inside the buffer but past\n      the channel's own samples, it came back as the *next channel's* data: a 256-sample\n      channel asked for sample 261 returned 243, which is a real number from the recording\n      and belongs to another column.\n\n      Both are reachable from the mistake the api page warns about in the sentence that\n      describes this method — \"`recordOffset` is the record's position within the batch, from\n      0 to `batch.recordCount - 1`, not its index in the file\". A caller who passes the\n      absolute index reads past the batch and gets zeros for every sample of it.\n\n      Two integer comparisons each, on a call that then formats a number.\n    */\n    this.#assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, 'sampleAt');\n    if (\n      !Number.isInteger(sampleIndex) ||\n      sampleIndex < 0 ||\n      sampleIndex >= signal.samplesPerRecord\n    ) {\n      throw new OptionError(\n        `sampleIndex must be 0 to ${signal.samplesPerRecord - 1} for this channel, got ` +\n          `${describeValue(sampleIndex)}.`,\n      );\n    }\n    const position =\n      recordOffset * this.header.recordBytes +\n      signal.byteOffsetInRecord +\n      sampleIndex * this.header.bytesPerSample;\n\n    if (this.header.bytesPerSample === 3) {\n      // BDF stores 24-bit little-endian two's complement. Loading the three bytes\n      // into the top of a 32-bit word and shifting back down sign-extends them.\n      const data = batch.data;\n      return (\n        ((data[position] as number) << 8) |\n        ((data[position + 1] as number) << 16) |\n        ((data[position + 2] as number) << 24)\n      ) >> 8;\n    }\n    return readInt16LE(batch.data, position);\n  }\n\n  /** Byte offset of a signal's samples within a batch. */\n  offsetOf(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, signal: EdfSignal): number {\n    this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'offsetOf');\n    this.#assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, 'offsetOf');\n    return recordOffset * this.header.recordBytes + signal.byteOffsetInRecord;\n  }\n\n  /** The annotation channel's raw bytes for one record in a batch. */\n  annotationBytes(batch: RecordBatch, recordOffset: number, signal: EdfSignal): Uint8Array {\n    // Before delegating, so the refusal names the method the caller called rather than the\n    // one underneath it.\n    this.#assertSignalHere(signal, 'annotationBytes');\n    this.#assertRecordOffset(batch, recordOffset, 'annotationBytes');\n    const start = this.offsetOf(batch, recordOffset, signal);\n    return batch.data.subarray(start, start + signal.samplesPerRecord * this.header.bytesPerSample);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Where this continuous recording begins, from the first record that says.\n   *\n   * A few records' worth of annotation bytes rather than the whole channel. A continuous\n   * recording's origin is the fraction of a second by which its first record follows the\n   * header's start time, and `--info` needs that to place a requested window — but it does\n   * not need the events, and finding one number by reading every record costs a seek per\n   * record across the whole file, which is the scan `--info` was deliberately spared.\n   *\n   * It reads on past record 0 because a conversion does. This used to stop there, so the\n   * moment one timekeeping TAL was unreadable the two disagreed: the conversion took the\n   * origin from record 1 and timed the file from 0.5s, while `--info` found nothing at\n   * record 0 and reported a recording starting at zero — the same file described two ways by\n   * one tool. Records are contiguous, so record `i` beginning at `t` puts the origin at\n   * `t - i * duration`, and any one of them settles it.\n   *\n   * The bound is what keeps this cheap: a file whose first `RECORDS_SEARCHED_FOR_ORIGIN`\n   * timekeeping entries are all unreadable reports an origin of zero here, and converting it\n   * raises ANNOTATION_DECODE_FAILED for every one of them.\n   *\n   * That mitigation covers records that could not be read, and not records that said nothing:\n   * an empty annotation slot is not a TAL that failed, so nothing is counted and nothing is\n   * raised. Twenty records whose only timekeeping entry is in record 16 therefore convert with\n   * `time_s` from the origin it states and are reported here as beginning at zero, in silence\n   * on both sides — and `--start` and `--end` are read against that same clock. The bound\n   * stays, since it is what makes `--info` a header read on a file of any size; what was\n   * wrong was the account of what it costs, which every page giving it said was a warning.\n   *\n   * Returns null when there is nothing to read it from, in which case the origin is zero.\n   */\n  async readOrigin(): Promise<number | null> {\n    return (await this.scanOrigin()).origin;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The origin, and what the search saw on the way to it.\n   *\n   * `--info` takes this route for a continuous recording rather than reading every record,\n   * and reported nothing when the timekeeping it read was unreadable: the count was hard-coded\n   * to zero at the call site, so a file whose first TAL cannot be parsed raised\n   * ANNOTATION_DECODE_FAILED when converted and nothing under `--info`. Its byte-identical\n   * EDF+D twin — same bytes but for the reserved field, which has nothing to do with the\n   * defect — raised it both ways, because that path reads every record and counts as it goes.\n   *\n   * The failure was being read and then thrown away. `readOrigin` keeps its shape for callers\n   * who only want the number.\n   *\n   * All three counters, not one. A first-position TAL may carry events after the start time,\n   * and when it cannot be parsed those go with it — which is what `malformedTimekeepingWithText`\n   * counts and what decides whether the warning says \"No event was lost\" or names the events\n   * that were. Counting only the first meant `--info` took the first sentence every time: it\n   * announced that a record had lost its position and that nothing else had gone, over a file\n   * whose conversion said, correctly, that an event had gone with it. One file, two answers,\n   * and the confident one was `--info`, which is the command run first to find out what a\n   * conversion will say.\n   *\n   * `malformed` comes back for the same reason one sentence further on: that hint ends \"and is\n   * counted above\", which is only true where the entry warning is printed too.\n   *\n   * All three are of the records this actually read, which is as far as the first record that\n   * states a time — so they are lower bounds on the file, as `malformedTimekeeping` has been\n   * since it was returned at all. A conversion reads every record and may count more. What\n   * they must not be is inconsistent with each other, which is what a hard-coded zero made\n   * them.\n   */\n  async scanOrigin(): Promise<{\n    origin: number | null;\n    malformed: number;\n    malformedTimekeeping: number;\n    malformedTimekeepingWithText: number;\n  }> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n\n    const counts = { malformed: 0, malformedTimekeeping: 0, malformedTimekeepingWithText: 0 };\n    const channel = this.timekeepingSignal;\n    if (!channel || this.recordCount === 0) return { origin: null, ...counts };\n\n    const { headerBytes, bytesPerSample, recordBytes, recordDuration } = this.header;\n    const buffer = Buffer.alloc(channel.samplesPerRecord * bytesPerSample);\n    if (buffer.length === 0) return { origin: null, ...counts };\n\n    const searched = Math.min(this.recordCount, RECORDS_SEARCHED_FOR_ORIGIN);\n    for (let record = 0; record < searched; record++) {\n      const offset = headerBytes + record * recordBytes + channel.byteOffsetInRecord;\n      const bytesRead = await readFully(this.#handle, buffer, 0, buffer.length, offset);\n      if (bytesRead < buffer.length) return { origin: null, ...counts };\n\n      const decoded = decodeRecordAnnotations(buffer, record);\n      counts.malformed += decoded.malformed;\n      counts.malformedTimekeeping += decoded.malformedTimekeeping;\n      counts.malformedTimekeepingWithText += decoded.malformedTimekeepingWithText;\n      if (decoded.recordStart !== null) {\n        return { origin: decoded.recordStart - record * recordDuration, ...counts };\n      }\n    }\n    return { origin: null, ...counts };\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Read every EDF+ annotation in the file, plus the start time each record declares.\n   *\n   * Only the annotation channel is read, seeking straight to it inside each record\n   * rather than pulling whole records through memory. On a multi-gigabyte recording\n   * that is the difference between a few kilobytes of I/O and all of it.\n   *\n   * The whole file is always scanned, never just the records inside a requested\n   * window: writers are not obliged to store an annotation in the record its onset\n   * falls in, and some put every annotation in the first record. Reading only the\n   * window's records would drop those entirely.\n   */\n  async readAnnotations(): Promise<{\n    annotations: Annotation[];\n    recordStarts: (number | null)[];\n    malformed: number;\n    /** Unreadable TALs in first position, which carry timing rather than an event. */\n    malformedTimekeeping: number;\n    /** How many of those also carried event text, so events were lost with the position. */\n    malformedTimekeepingWithText: number;\n    /** Events kept whose stated duration could not be read; see Annotation.duration. */\n    unreadableDurations: number;\n    /** Events kept whose stated duration read as a number below zero. */\n    negativeDurations: number;\n  }> {\n    this.#assertOpen();\n\n    const annotations: Annotation[] = [];\n    const recordStarts: (number | null)[] = new Array<number | null>(this.recordCount).fill(null);\n    let malformed = 0;\n    let malformedTimekeeping = 0;\n    let malformedTimekeepingWithText = 0;\n    let unreadableDurations = 0;\n    let negativeDurations = 0;\n\n    const channels = this.annotationSignals;\n    if (channels.length === 0) {\n      return {\n        annotations,\n        recordStarts,\n        malformed,\n        malformedTimekeeping,\n        malformedTimekeepingWithText,\n        unreadableDurations,\n        negativeDurations,\n      };\n    }\n\n    const { headerBytes, recordBytes, bytesPerSample } = this.header;\n    const buffers = channels.map((c) => Buffer.alloc(c.samplesPerRecord * bytesPerSample));\n    const timekeeping = this.timekeepingSignal;\n\n    for (let record = 0; record < this.recordCount; record++) {\n      for (const [position, channel] of channels.entries()) {\n        const buffer = buffers[position];\n        if (!buffer || buffer.length === 0) continue;\n\n        const offset = headerBytes + record * recordBytes + channel.byteOffsetInRecord;\n        const bytesRead = await readFully(this.#handle, buffer, 0, buffer.length, offset);\n        if (bytesRead < buffer.length) {\n          throw changedWhileReading(record, buffer.length, bytesRead, 'annotation data');\n        }\n\n        // Only the timekeeping channel carries the record's start; see timekeepingSignal.\n        const decoded = decodeRecordAnnotations(buffer, record, channel === timekeeping);\n        if (channel === timekeeping) recordStarts[record] = decoded.recordStart;\n        for (const annotation of decoded.annotations) annotations.push(annotation);\n        malformed += decoded.malformed;\n        malformedTimekeeping += decoded.malformedTimekeeping;\n        malformedTimekeepingWithText += decoded.malformedTimekeepingWithText;\n        unreadableDurations += decoded.unreadableDurations;\n        negativeDurations += decoded.negativeDurations;\n      }\n    }\n\n    annotations.sort((a, b) => a.onset - b.onset || a.recordIndex - b.recordIndex);\n    return {\n      annotations,\n      recordStarts,\n      malformed,\n      malformedTimekeeping,\n      malformedTimekeepingWithText,\n      unreadableDurations,\n      negativeDurations,\n    };\n  }\n\n  async close(): Promise<void> {\n    if (this.#closed) return;\n    this.#closed = true;\n    await this.#handle.close();\n  }\n\n  #assertOpen(): void {\n    if (this.#closed) {\n      throw new EdfError(\n        'UNREADABLE',\n        'This EDF file has already been closed.',\n        // The same advice `changedSinceOpen` gives for the same mistake, which is the only\n        // other method that has anything to say about a closed file.\n        'Open it again, or keep it open until the last read.',\n      );\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nfunction describe(cause: unknown): string {\n  if (cause instanceof Error) {\n    const code = (cause as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code;\n    if (code === 'ENOENT') return 'no such file';\n    // EPERM beside EACCES, because everywhere else in this codebase that reads an errno pairs\n    // the two, and ENOTDIR because a path that runs through a regular file — `rec.edf/inner`,\n    // which a shell completes and a script builds by joining — is otherwise the one input\n    // failure that answers in errno text while its output-side twin answers in a sentence.\n    if (code === 'EACCES' || code === 'EPERM') return 'permission denied';\n    if (code === 'ENOTDIR') return 'part of the path is a file, not a directory';\n    return cause.message;\n  }\n  return String(cause);\n}\n\n/**\n * The most `fs.read` will accept as a length.\n *\n * Node asserts on a length that does not fit in a signed 32-bit integer, and it asserts in\n * C++: `Assertion failed: args[3]->IsInt32()`, forty frames of native stack, SIGABRT. Not an\n * exception — nothing in JavaScript sees it, so no catch block and no `uncaughtException`\n * handler runs, and a library consumer's whole process goes down with it.\n *\n * A round gigabyte rather than the exact limit, so the loop below does whole even reads.\n */\nconst MAX_READ_BYTES = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;\n\n/** Fill a requested region unless EOF is reached; regular-file reads may legally be short. */\nasync function readFully(\n  handle: FileHandle,\n  buffer: Buffer,\n  offset: number,\n  length: number,\n  position: number,\n): Promise<number> {\n  let total = 0;\n  while (total < length) {\n    /*\n      Capped, because one data record can be larger than a single read may be.\n\n      A record is read in one call when it exceeds the chunk budget — there is nothing\n      smaller to divide it by, since a record is the unit the format is addressed in. EDF's\n      samples-per-record field is 8 characters, so eleven channels at 99,999,999 samples make\n      a record of 2.2 GB, and a long record duration at ordinary rates gets there too. That\n      went to `fs.read` as a single length over 2^31-1 and took the process out with a native\n      assertion rather than an error.\n\n      Looping was already how a short read is handled, so the cap costs one more iteration\n      per gigabyte and nothing else.\n    */\n    const want = Math.min(length - total, MAX_READ_BYTES);\n    const { bytesRead } = await handle.read(buffer, offset + total, want, position + total);\n    if (bytesRead === 0) break;\n    total += bytesRead;\n  }\n  return total;\n}\n\nfunction changedWhileReading(\n  record: number,\n  expected: number,\n  actual: number,\n  subject = 'data',\n): EdfError {\n  return new EdfError(\n    'UNREADABLE',\n    `Expected ${grouped(expected)} bytes of ${subject} at record ${record} but only ` +\n      `${counted(actual, 'byte')} ${actual === 1 ? 'was' : 'were'} available; the file appears ` +\n      `to have changed size while it was being read.`,\n    'Make sure the recording is not still being written to, then try again.',\n  );\n}\n"]}

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "edf2csv",
-  "version": "0.8.72",
+  "version": "0.8.74",
   "description": "Convert EDF, EDF+ and BDF biosignal recordings (European Data Format) to CSV from the command line. Local, streaming, and never resamples or alters units.",
   "keywords": [
     "edf",