duckdb 1.3.4 → 1.4.1-dev2.0

package/src/duckdb/extension/parquet/reader/variant/variant_shredded_conversion.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+#include "reader/variant/variant_shredded_conversion.hpp"
+#include "column_reader.hpp"
+#include "utf8proc_wrapper.hpp"
+
+#include "duckdb/common/types/timestamp.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/types/decimal.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/types/uuid.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/types/time.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/types/date.hpp"
+#include "duckdb/common/types/blob.hpp"
+
+namespace duckdb {
+
+template <class T>
+struct ConvertShreddedValue {
+	static VariantValue Convert(T val);
+	static VariantValue ConvertDecimal(T val, uint8_t width, uint8_t scale) {
+		throw InternalException("ConvertShreddedValue::ConvertDecimal not implemented for type");
+	}
+	static VariantValue ConvertBlob(T val) {
+		throw InternalException("ConvertShreddedValue::ConvertBlob not implemented for type");
+	}
+};
+
+//! boolean
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<bool>::Convert(bool val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::BOOLEAN(val));
+}
+//! int8
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<int8_t>::Convert(int8_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::TINYINT(val));
+}
+//! int16
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<int16_t>::Convert(int16_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::SMALLINT(val));
+}
+//! int32
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<int32_t>::Convert(int32_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::INTEGER(val));
+}
+//! int64
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<int64_t>::Convert(int64_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::BIGINT(val));
+}
+//! float
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<float>::Convert(float val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::FLOAT(val));
+}
+//! double
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<double>::Convert(double val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::DOUBLE(val));
+}
+//! decimal4/decimal8/decimal16
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<int32_t>::ConvertDecimal(int32_t val, uint8_t width, uint8_t scale) {
+	auto value_str = Decimal::ToString(val, width, scale);
+	return VariantValue(Value(value_str));
+}
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<int64_t>::ConvertDecimal(int64_t val, uint8_t width, uint8_t scale) {
+	auto value_str = Decimal::ToString(val, width, scale);
+	return VariantValue(Value(value_str));
+}
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<hugeint_t>::ConvertDecimal(hugeint_t val, uint8_t width, uint8_t scale) {
+	auto value_str = Decimal::ToString(val, width, scale);
+	return VariantValue(Value(value_str));
+}
+//! date
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<date_t>::Convert(date_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::DATE(val));
+}
+//! time
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<dtime_t>::Convert(dtime_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::TIME(val));
+}
+//! timestamptz(6)
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_tz_t>::Convert(timestamp_tz_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::TIMESTAMPTZ(val));
+}
+////! timestamptz(9)
+// template <>
+// VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_ns_tz_t>::Convert(timestamp_ns_tz_t val) {
+//	return VariantValue(Value::TIMESTAMPNS_TZ(val));
+//}
+//! timestampntz(6)
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_t>::Convert(timestamp_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::TIMESTAMP(val));
+}
+//! timestampntz(9)
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_ns_t>::Convert(timestamp_ns_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value::TIMESTAMPNS(val));
+}
+//! binary
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<string_t>::ConvertBlob(string_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value(Blob::ToBase64(val)));
+}
+//! string
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<string_t>::Convert(string_t val) {
+	if (!Utf8Proc::IsValid(val.GetData(), val.GetSize())) {
+		throw InternalException("Can't decode Variant string, it isn't valid UTF8");
+	}
+	return VariantValue(Value(val.GetString()));
+}
+//! uuid
+template <>
+VariantValue ConvertShreddedValue<hugeint_t>::Convert(hugeint_t val) {
+	return VariantValue(Value(UUID::ToString(val)));
+}
+
+template <class T, class OP, LogicalTypeId TYPE_ID>
+vector<VariantValue> ConvertTypedValues(Vector &vec, Vector &metadata, Vector &blob, idx_t offset, idx_t length,
+                                        idx_t total_size) {
+	UnifiedVectorFormat metadata_format;
+	metadata.ToUnifiedFormat(length, metadata_format);
+	auto metadata_data = metadata_format.GetData<string_t>(metadata_format);
+
+	UnifiedVectorFormat typed_format;
+	vec.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, typed_format);
+	auto data = typed_format.GetData<T>(typed_format);
+
+	UnifiedVectorFormat value_format;
+	blob.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, value_format);
+	auto value_data = value_format.GetData<string_t>(value_format);
+
+	auto &validity = typed_format.validity;
+	auto &value_validity = value_format.validity;
+	auto &type = vec.GetType();
+
+	//! Values only used for Decimal conversion
+	uint8_t width;
+	uint8_t scale;
+	if (TYPE_ID == LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL) {
+		type.GetDecimalProperties(width, scale);
+	}
+
+	vector<VariantValue> ret(length);
+	if (validity.AllValid()) {
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto index = typed_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			if (TYPE_ID == LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL) {
+				ret[i] = OP::ConvertDecimal(data[index], width, scale);
+			} else if (TYPE_ID == LogicalTypeId::BLOB) {
+				ret[i] = OP::ConvertBlob(data[index]);
+			} else {
+				ret[i] = OP::Convert(data[index]);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto typed_index = typed_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			auto value_index = value_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			if (validity.RowIsValid(typed_index)) {
+				//! This is a leaf, partially shredded values aren't possible here
+				D_ASSERT(!value_validity.RowIsValid(value_index));
+				if (TYPE_ID == LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL) {
+					ret[i] = OP::ConvertDecimal(data[typed_index], width, scale);
+				} else if (TYPE_ID == LogicalTypeId::BLOB) {
+					ret[i] = OP::ConvertBlob(data[typed_index]);
+				} else {
+					ret[i] = OP::Convert(data[typed_index]);
+				}
+			} else if (value_validity.RowIsValid(value_index)) {
+				auto metadata_value = metadata_data[metadata_format.sel->get_index(i)];
+				VariantMetadata variant_metadata(metadata_value);
+				ret[i] = VariantBinaryDecoder::Decode(variant_metadata,
+				                                      const_data_ptr_cast(value_data[value_index].GetData()));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+vector<VariantValue> VariantShreddedConversion::ConvertShreddedLeaf(Vector &metadata, Vector &value,
+                                                                    Vector &typed_value, idx_t offset, idx_t length,
+                                                                    idx_t total_size) {
+	D_ASSERT(!typed_value.GetType().IsNested());
+	vector<VariantValue> result;
+
+	auto &type = typed_value.GetType();
+	switch (type.id()) {
+	//! boolean
+	case LogicalTypeId::BOOLEAN: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<bool, ConvertShreddedValue<bool>, LogicalTypeId::BOOLEAN>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! int8
+	case LogicalTypeId::TINYINT: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<int8_t, ConvertShreddedValue<int8_t>, LogicalTypeId::TINYINT>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! int16
+	case LogicalTypeId::SMALLINT: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<int16_t, ConvertShreddedValue<int16_t>, LogicalTypeId::SMALLINT>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! int32
+	case LogicalTypeId::INTEGER: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<int32_t, ConvertShreddedValue<int32_t>, LogicalTypeId::INTEGER>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! int64
+	case LogicalTypeId::BIGINT: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<int64_t, ConvertShreddedValue<int64_t>, LogicalTypeId::BIGINT>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! float
+	case LogicalTypeId::FLOAT: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<float, ConvertShreddedValue<float>, LogicalTypeId::FLOAT>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! double
+	case LogicalTypeId::DOUBLE: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<double, ConvertShreddedValue<double>, LogicalTypeId::DOUBLE>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! decimal4/decimal8/decimal16
+	case LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL: {
+		auto physical_type = type.InternalType();
+		switch (physical_type) {
+		case PhysicalType::INT32: {
+			return ConvertTypedValues<int32_t, ConvertShreddedValue<int32_t>, LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL>(
+			    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+		}
+		case PhysicalType::INT64: {
+			return ConvertTypedValues<int64_t, ConvertShreddedValue<int64_t>, LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL>(
+			    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+		}
+		case PhysicalType::INT128: {
+			return ConvertTypedValues<hugeint_t, ConvertShreddedValue<hugeint_t>, LogicalTypeId::DECIMAL>(
+			    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+		}
+		default:
+			throw NotImplementedException("Decimal with PhysicalType (%s) not implemented for shredded Variant",
+			                              EnumUtil::ToString(physical_type));
+		}
+	}
+	//! date
+	case LogicalTypeId::DATE: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<date_t, ConvertShreddedValue<date_t>, LogicalTypeId::DATE>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! time
+	case LogicalTypeId::TIME: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<dtime_t, ConvertShreddedValue<dtime_t>, LogicalTypeId::TIME>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! timestamptz(6) (timestamptz(9) not implemented in DuckDB)
+	case LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP_TZ: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<timestamp_tz_t, ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_tz_t>, LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP_TZ>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! timestampntz(6)
+	case LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<timestamp_t, ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_t>, LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! timestampntz(9)
+	case LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP_NS: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<timestamp_ns_t, ConvertShreddedValue<timestamp_ns_t>, LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP_NS>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! binary
+	case LogicalTypeId::BLOB: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<string_t, ConvertShreddedValue<string_t>, LogicalTypeId::BLOB>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! string
+	case LogicalTypeId::VARCHAR: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<string_t, ConvertShreddedValue<string_t>, LogicalTypeId::VARCHAR>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	//! uuid
+	case LogicalTypeId::UUID: {
+		return ConvertTypedValues<hugeint_t, ConvertShreddedValue<hugeint_t>, LogicalTypeId::UUID>(
+		    typed_value, metadata, value, offset, length, total_size);
+	}
+	default:
+		throw NotImplementedException("Variant shredding on type: '%s' is not implemented", type.ToString());
+	}
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+struct ShreddedVariantField {
+public:
+	explicit ShreddedVariantField(const string &field_name) : field_name(field_name) {
+	}
+
+public:
+	string field_name;
+	//! Values for the field, for all rows
+	vector<VariantValue> values;
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+template <bool IS_REQUIRED>
+static vector<VariantValue> ConvertBinaryEncoding(Vector &metadata, Vector &value, idx_t offset, idx_t length,
+                                                  idx_t total_size) {
+	UnifiedVectorFormat value_format;
+	value.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, value_format);
+	auto value_data = value_format.GetData<string_t>(value_format);
+	auto &validity = value_format.validity;
+
+	UnifiedVectorFormat metadata_format;
+	metadata.ToUnifiedFormat(length, metadata_format);
+	auto metadata_data = metadata_format.GetData<string_t>(metadata_format);
+	auto metadata_validity = metadata_format.validity;
+
+	vector<VariantValue> ret(length);
+	if (IS_REQUIRED) {
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto index = value_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+
+			// Variant itself is NULL
+			if (!validity.RowIsValid(index) && !metadata_validity.RowIsValid(metadata_format.sel->get_index(i))) {
+				ret[i] = VariantValue(Value());
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			D_ASSERT(validity.RowIsValid(index));
+			auto &metadata_value = metadata_data[metadata_format.sel->get_index(i)];
+			VariantMetadata variant_metadata(metadata_value);
+			auto binary_value = value_data[index].GetData();
+			ret[i] = VariantBinaryDecoder::Decode(variant_metadata, const_data_ptr_cast(binary_value));
+		}
+	} else {
+		//! Even though 'typed_value' is not present, 'value' is allowed to contain NULLs because we're scanning an
+		//! Object's shredded field.
+		//! When 'value' is null for a row, that means the Object does not contain this field
+		//! for that row.
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto index = value_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			if (validity.RowIsValid(index)) {
+				auto &metadata_value = metadata_data[metadata_format.sel->get_index(i)];
+				VariantMetadata variant_metadata(metadata_value);
+				auto binary_value = value_data[index].GetData();
+				ret[i] = VariantBinaryDecoder::Decode(variant_metadata, const_data_ptr_cast(binary_value));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static VariantValue ConvertPartiallyShreddedObject(vector<ShreddedVariantField> &shredded_fields,
+                                                   const UnifiedVectorFormat &metadata_format,
+                                                   const UnifiedVectorFormat &value_format, idx_t i, idx_t offset) {
+	auto ret = VariantValue(VariantValueType::OBJECT);
+	auto index = value_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+	auto value_data = value_format.GetData<string_t>(value_format);
+	auto metadata_data = metadata_format.GetData<string_t>(metadata_format);
+	auto &value_validity = value_format.validity;
+
+	for (idx_t field_index = 0; field_index < shredded_fields.size(); field_index++) {
+		auto &shredded_field = shredded_fields[field_index];
+		auto &field_value = shredded_field.values[i];
+
+		if (field_value.IsMissing()) {
+			//! This field is missing from the value, skip it
+			continue;
+		}
+		ret.AddChild(shredded_field.field_name, std::move(field_value));
+	}
+
+	if (value_validity.RowIsValid(index)) {
+		//! Object is partially shredded, decode the object and merge the values
+		auto &metadata_value = metadata_data[metadata_format.sel->get_index(i)];
+		VariantMetadata variant_metadata(metadata_value);
+		auto binary_value = value_data[index].GetData();
+		auto unshredded = VariantBinaryDecoder::Decode(variant_metadata, const_data_ptr_cast(binary_value));
+		if (unshredded.value_type != VariantValueType::OBJECT) {
+			throw InvalidInputException("Partially shredded objects have to encode Object Variants in the 'value'");
+		}
+		for (auto &item : unshredded.object_children) {
+			ret.AddChild(item.first, std::move(item.second));
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+vector<VariantValue> VariantShreddedConversion::ConvertShreddedObject(Vector &metadata, Vector &value,
+                                                                      Vector &typed_value, idx_t offset, idx_t length,
+                                                                      idx_t total_size) {
+	auto &type = typed_value.GetType();
+	D_ASSERT(type.id() == LogicalTypeId::STRUCT);
+	auto &fields = StructType::GetChildTypes(type);
+	auto &entries = StructVector::GetEntries(typed_value);
+	D_ASSERT(entries.size() == fields.size());
+
+	//! 'value'
+	UnifiedVectorFormat value_format;
+	value.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, value_format);
+	auto value_data = value_format.GetData<string_t>(value_format);
+	auto &validity = value_format.validity;
+
+	//! 'metadata'
+	UnifiedVectorFormat metadata_format;
+	metadata.ToUnifiedFormat(length, metadata_format);
+	auto metadata_data = metadata_format.GetData<string_t>(metadata_format);
+
+	//! 'typed_value'
+	UnifiedVectorFormat typed_format;
+	typed_value.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, typed_format);
+	auto &typed_validity = typed_format.validity;
+
+	//! Process all fields to get the shredded field values
+	vector<ShreddedVariantField> shredded_fields;
+	shredded_fields.reserve(fields.size());
+	for (idx_t i = 0; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+		auto &field = fields[i];
+		auto &field_name = field.first;
+		auto &field_vec = *entries[i];
+
+		shredded_fields.emplace_back(field_name);
+		auto &shredded_field = shredded_fields.back();
+		shredded_field.values = Convert(metadata, field_vec, offset, length, total_size, true);
+	}
+
+	vector<VariantValue> ret(length);
+	if (typed_validity.AllValid()) {
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			ret[i] = ConvertPartiallyShreddedObject(shredded_fields, metadata_format, value_format, i, offset);
+		}
+	} else {
+		//! For some of the rows, the value is not an object
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto typed_index = typed_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			auto value_index = value_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			if (typed_validity.RowIsValid(typed_index)) {
+				ret[i] = ConvertPartiallyShreddedObject(shredded_fields, metadata_format, value_format, i, offset);
+			} else {
+				//! The value on this row is not an object, and guaranteed to be present
+				D_ASSERT(validity.RowIsValid(value_index));
+				auto &metadata_value = metadata_data[metadata_format.sel->get_index(i)];
+				VariantMetadata variant_metadata(metadata_value);
+				auto binary_value = value_data[value_index].GetData();
+				ret[i] = VariantBinaryDecoder::Decode(variant_metadata, const_data_ptr_cast(binary_value));
+				if (ret[i].value_type == VariantValueType::OBJECT) {
+					throw InvalidInputException(
+					    "When 'typed_value' for a shredded Object is NULL, 'value' can not contain an Object value");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+vector<VariantValue> VariantShreddedConversion::ConvertShreddedArray(Vector &metadata, Vector &value,
+                                                                     Vector &typed_value, idx_t offset, idx_t length,
+                                                                     idx_t total_size) {
+	auto &child = ListVector::GetEntry(typed_value);
+	auto list_size = ListVector::GetListSize(typed_value);
+
+	//! 'value'
+	UnifiedVectorFormat value_format;
+	value.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, value_format);
+	auto value_data = value_format.GetData<string_t>(value_format);
+
+	//! 'metadata'
+	UnifiedVectorFormat metadata_format;
+	metadata.ToUnifiedFormat(length, metadata_format);
+	auto metadata_data = metadata_format.GetData<string_t>(metadata_format);
+
+	//! 'typed_value'
+	UnifiedVectorFormat list_format;
+	typed_value.ToUnifiedFormat(total_size, list_format);
+	auto list_data = list_format.GetData<list_entry_t>(list_format);
+	auto &validity = list_format.validity;
+	auto &value_validity = value_format.validity;
+
+	vector<VariantValue> ret(length);
+	if (validity.AllValid()) {
+		//! We can be sure that none of the values are binary encoded
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto typed_index = list_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			//! FIXME: next 4 lines duplicated below
+			auto entry = list_data[typed_index];
+			Vector child_metadata(metadata.GetValue(i));
+			ret[i] = VariantValue(VariantValueType::ARRAY);
+			ret[i].array_items = Convert(child_metadata, child, entry.offset, entry.length, list_size);
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (idx_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			auto typed_index = list_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			auto value_index = value_format.sel->get_index(i + offset);
+			if (validity.RowIsValid(typed_index)) {
+				//! FIXME: next 4 lines duplicate
+				auto entry = list_data[typed_index];
+				Vector child_metadata(metadata.GetValue(i));
+				ret[i] = VariantValue(VariantValueType::ARRAY);
+				ret[i].array_items = Convert(child_metadata, child, entry.offset, entry.length, list_size);
+			} else if (value_validity.RowIsValid(value_index)) {
+				auto metadata_value = metadata_data[metadata_format.sel->get_index(i)];
+				VariantMetadata variant_metadata(metadata_value);
+				ret[i] = VariantBinaryDecoder::Decode(variant_metadata,
+				                                      const_data_ptr_cast(value_data[value_index].GetData()));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+vector<VariantValue> VariantShreddedConversion::Convert(Vector &metadata, Vector &group, idx_t offset, idx_t length,
+                                                        idx_t total_size, bool is_field) {
+	D_ASSERT(group.GetType().id() == LogicalTypeId::STRUCT);
+
+	auto &group_entries = StructVector::GetEntries(group);
+	auto &group_type_children = StructType::GetChildTypes(group.GetType());
+	D_ASSERT(group_type_children.size() == group_entries.size());
+
+	//! From the spec:
+	//! The Parquet columns used to store variant metadata and values must be accessed by name, not by position.
+	optional_ptr<Vector> value;
+	optional_ptr<Vector> typed_value;
+	for (idx_t i = 0; i < group_entries.size(); i++) {
+		auto &name = group_type_children[i].first;
+		auto &vec = group_entries[i];
+		if (name == "value") {
+			value = vec.get();
+		} else if (name == "typed_value") {
+			typed_value = vec.get();
+		} else {
+			throw InvalidInputException("Variant group can only contain 'value'/'typed_value', not: %s", name);
+		}
+	}
+	if (!value) {
+		throw InvalidInputException("Required column 'value' not found in Variant group");
+	}
+
+	if (typed_value) {
+		auto &type = typed_value->GetType();
+		vector<VariantValue> ret;
+		if (type.id() == LogicalTypeId::STRUCT) {
+			return ConvertShreddedObject(metadata, *value, *typed_value, offset, length, total_size);
+		} else if (type.id() == LogicalTypeId::LIST) {
+			return ConvertShreddedArray(metadata, *value, *typed_value, offset, length, total_size);
+		} else {
+			return ConvertShreddedLeaf(metadata, *value, *typed_value, offset, length, total_size);
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (is_field) {
+			return ConvertBinaryEncoding<false>(metadata, *value, offset, length, total_size);
+		} else {
+			//! Only 'value' is present, we can assume this to be 'required', so it can't contain NULLs
+			return ConvertBinaryEncoding<true>(metadata, *value, offset, length, total_size);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace duckdb

package/src/duckdb/extension/parquet/reader/variant/variant_value.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#include "reader/variant/variant_value.hpp"
+
+namespace duckdb {
+
+void VariantValue::AddChild(const string &key, VariantValue &&val) {
+	D_ASSERT(value_type == VariantValueType::OBJECT);
+	object_children.emplace(key, std::move(val));
+}
+
+void VariantValue::AddItem(VariantValue &&val) {
+	D_ASSERT(value_type == VariantValueType::ARRAY);
+	array_items.push_back(std::move(val));
+}
+
+yyjson_mut_val *VariantValue::ToJSON(ClientContext &context, yyjson_mut_doc *doc) const {
+	switch (value_type) {
+	case VariantValueType::PRIMITIVE: {
+		if (primitive_value.IsNull()) {
+			return yyjson_mut_null(doc);
+		}
+		switch (primitive_value.type().id()) {
+		case LogicalTypeId::BOOLEAN: {
+			if (primitive_value.GetValue<bool>()) {
+				return yyjson_mut_true(doc);
+			} else {
+				return yyjson_mut_false(doc);
+			}
+		}
+		case LogicalTypeId::TINYINT:
+			return yyjson_mut_int(doc, primitive_value.GetValue<int8_t>());
+		case LogicalTypeId::SMALLINT:
+			return yyjson_mut_int(doc, primitive_value.GetValue<int16_t>());
+		case LogicalTypeId::INTEGER:
+			return yyjson_mut_int(doc, primitive_value.GetValue<int32_t>());
+		case LogicalTypeId::BIGINT:
+			return yyjson_mut_int(doc, primitive_value.GetValue<int64_t>());
+		case LogicalTypeId::FLOAT:
+			return yyjson_mut_real(doc, primitive_value.GetValue<float>());
+		case LogicalTypeId::DOUBLE:
+			return yyjson_mut_real(doc, primitive_value.GetValue<double>());
+		case LogicalTypeId::DATE:
+		case LogicalTypeId::TIME:
+		case LogicalTypeId::VARCHAR: {
+			auto value_str = primitive_value.ToString();
+			return yyjson_mut_strncpy(doc, value_str.c_str(), value_str.size());
+		}
+		case LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP: {
+			auto value_str = primitive_value.ToString();
+			return yyjson_mut_strncpy(doc, value_str.c_str(), value_str.size());
+		}
+		case LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP_TZ: {
+			auto value_str = primitive_value.CastAs(context, LogicalType::VARCHAR).GetValue<string>();
+			return yyjson_mut_strncpy(doc, value_str.c_str(), value_str.size());
+		}
+		case LogicalTypeId::TIMESTAMP_NS: {
+			auto value_str = primitive_value.CastAs(context, LogicalType::VARCHAR).GetValue<string>();
+			return yyjson_mut_strncpy(doc, value_str.c_str(), value_str.size());
+		}
+		default:
+			throw InternalException("Unexpected primitive type: %s", primitive_value.type().ToString());
+		}
+	}
+	case VariantValueType::OBJECT: {
+		auto obj = yyjson_mut_obj(doc);
+		for (const auto &it : object_children) {
+			auto &key = it.first;
+			auto value = it.second.ToJSON(context, doc);
+			yyjson_mut_obj_add_val(doc, obj, key.c_str(), value);
+		}
+		return obj;
+	}
+	case VariantValueType::ARRAY: {
+		auto arr = yyjson_mut_arr(doc);
+		for (auto &item : array_items) {
+			auto value = item.ToJSON(context, doc);
+			yyjson_mut_arr_add_val(arr, value);
+		}
+		return arr;
+	}
+	default:
+		throw InternalException("Can't serialize this VariantValue type to JSON");
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace duckdb