duckdb 1.1.2-dev6.0 → 1.1.4-dev11.0

package/src/duckdb/third_party/zstd/compress/huf_compress.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* ******************************************************************
  * Huffman encoder, part of New Generation Entropy library
- * Copyright (c) 2013-2020, Yann Collet, Facebook, Inc.
+ * Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
  *
  *  You can contact the author at :
  *  - FSE+HUF source repository : https://github.com/Cyan4973/FiniteStateEntropy
@@ -23,45 +23,131 @@
 /* **************************************************************
 *  Includes
 ****************************************************************/
-#include <string.h>     /* memcpy, memset */
-#include <stdio.h>      /* printf (debug) */
+#include "zstd/common/zstd_deps.h"     /* ZSTD_memcpy, ZSTD_memset */
 #include "zstd/common/compiler.h"
 #include "zstd/common/bitstream.h"
 #include "zstd/compress/hist.h"
+#define FSE_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY   /* FSE_optimalTableLog_internal */
 #include "zstd/common/fse.h"        /* header compression */
-#include "zstd/common/fse_static.h"
 #include "zstd/common/huf.h"
-#include "zstd/common/huf_static.h"
 #include "zstd/common/error_private.h"
+#include "zstd/common/bits.h"       /* ZSTD_highbit32 */
 
+namespace duckdb_zstd {
 
 /* **************************************************************
 *  Error Management
 ****************************************************************/
-// #define HUF_isError ERR_isError
+#define HUF_isError ERR_isError
 #define HUF_STATIC_ASSERT(c) DEBUG_STATIC_ASSERT(c)   /* use only *after* variable declarations */
 
 
-namespace duckdb_zstd {
 /* **************************************************************
-*  Utils
+*  Required declarations
+****************************************************************/
+typedef struct nodeElt_s {
+    U32 count;
+    U16 parent;
+    BYTE byte;
+    BYTE nbBits;
+} nodeElt;
+
+
+/* **************************************************************
+*  Debug Traces
 ****************************************************************/
-unsigned HUF_optimalTableLog(unsigned maxTableLog, size_t srcSize, unsigned maxSymbolValue)
+
+#if DEBUGLEVEL >= 2
+
+static size_t showU32(const U32* arr, size_t size)
 {
-    return FSE_optimalTableLog_internal(maxTableLog, srcSize, maxSymbolValue, 1);
+    size_t u;
+    for (u=0; u<size; u++) {
+        RAWLOG(6, " %u", arr[u]); (void)arr;
+    }
+    RAWLOG(6, " \n");
+    return size;
 }
 
+static size_t HUF_getNbBits(HUF_CElt elt);
+
+static size_t showCTableBits(const HUF_CElt* ctable, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t u;
+    for (u=0; u<size; u++) {
+        RAWLOG(6, " %zu", HUF_getNbBits(ctable[u])); (void)ctable;
+    }
+    RAWLOG(6, " \n");
+    return size;
+
+}
+
+static size_t showHNodeSymbols(const nodeElt* hnode, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t u;
+    for (u=0; u<size; u++) {
+        RAWLOG(6, " %u", hnode[u].byte); (void)hnode;
+    }
+    RAWLOG(6, " \n");
+    return size;
+}
+
+static size_t showHNodeBits(const nodeElt* hnode, size_t size)
+{
+    size_t u;
+    for (u=0; u<size; u++) {
+        RAWLOG(6, " %u", hnode[u].nbBits); (void)hnode;
+    }
+    RAWLOG(6, " \n");
+    return size;
+}
+
+#endif
+
 
 /* *******************************************************
 *  HUF : Huffman block compression
 *********************************************************/
+#define HUF_WORKSPACE_MAX_ALIGNMENT 8
+
+static void* HUF_alignUpWorkspace(void* workspace, size_t* workspaceSizePtr, size_t align)
+{
+    size_t const mask = align - 1;
+    size_t const rem = (size_t)workspace & mask;
+    size_t const add = (align - rem) & mask;
+    BYTE* const aligned = (BYTE*)workspace + add;
+    assert((align & (align - 1)) == 0); /* pow 2 */
+    assert(align <= HUF_WORKSPACE_MAX_ALIGNMENT);
+    if (*workspaceSizePtr >= add) {
+        assert(add < align);
+        assert(((size_t)aligned & mask) == 0);
+        *workspaceSizePtr -= add;
+        return aligned;
+    } else {
+        *workspaceSizePtr = 0;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+
 /* HUF_compressWeights() :
  * Same as FSE_compress(), but dedicated to huff0's weights compression.
  * The use case needs much less stack memory.
  * Note : all elements within weightTable are supposed to be <= HUF_TABLELOG_MAX.
  */
 #define MAX_FSE_TABLELOG_FOR_HUFF_HEADER 6
-static size_t HUF_compressWeights (void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* weightTable, size_t wtSize)
+
+typedef struct {
+    FSE_CTable CTable[FSE_CTABLE_SIZE_U32(MAX_FSE_TABLELOG_FOR_HUFF_HEADER, HUF_TABLELOG_MAX)];
+    U32 scratchBuffer[FSE_BUILD_CTABLE_WORKSPACE_SIZE_U32(HUF_TABLELOG_MAX, MAX_FSE_TABLELOG_FOR_HUFF_HEADER)];
+    unsigned count[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1];
+    S16 norm[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1];
+} HUF_CompressWeightsWksp;
+
+static size_t
+HUF_compressWeights(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
+              const void* weightTable, size_t wtSize,
+                    void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize)
 {
     BYTE* const ostart = (BYTE*) dst;
     BYTE* op = ostart;
@@ -69,33 +155,30 @@ static size_t HUF_compressWeights (void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* weight
 
     unsigned maxSymbolValue = HUF_TABLELOG_MAX;
     U32 tableLog = MAX_FSE_TABLELOG_FOR_HUFF_HEADER;
+    HUF_CompressWeightsWksp* wksp = (HUF_CompressWeightsWksp*)HUF_alignUpWorkspace(workspace, &workspaceSize, ZSTD_ALIGNOF(U32));
 
-    FSE_CTable CTable[FSE_CTABLE_SIZE_U32(MAX_FSE_TABLELOG_FOR_HUFF_HEADER, HUF_TABLELOG_MAX)];
-    BYTE scratchBuffer[1<<MAX_FSE_TABLELOG_FOR_HUFF_HEADER];
-
-    unsigned count[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1];
-    S16 norm[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1];
+    if (workspaceSize < sizeof(HUF_CompressWeightsWksp)) return ERROR(GENERIC);
 
     /* init conditions */
     if (wtSize <= 1) return 0;  /* Not compressible */
 
     /* Scan input and build symbol stats */
-    {   unsigned const maxCount = HIST_count_simple(count, &maxSymbolValue, weightTable, wtSize);   /* never fails */
+    {   unsigned const maxCount = HIST_count_simple(wksp->count, &maxSymbolValue, weightTable, wtSize);   /* never fails */
         if (maxCount == wtSize) return 1;   /* only a single symbol in src : rle */
         if (maxCount == 1) return 0;        /* each symbol present maximum once => not compressible */
     }
 
     tableLog = FSE_optimalTableLog(tableLog, wtSize, maxSymbolValue);
-    CHECK_F( FSE_normalizeCount(norm, tableLog, count, wtSize, maxSymbolValue) );
+    CHECK_F( FSE_normalizeCount(wksp->norm, tableLog, wksp->count, wtSize, maxSymbolValue, /* useLowProbCount */ 0) );
 
     /* Write table description header */
-    {   CHECK_V_F(hSize, FSE_writeNCount(op, (size_t)(oend-op), norm, maxSymbolValue, tableLog) );
+    {   CHECK_V_F(hSize, FSE_writeNCount(op, (size_t)(oend-op), wksp->norm, maxSymbolValue, tableLog) );
         op += hSize;
     }
 
     /* Compress */
-    CHECK_F( FSE_buildCTable_wksp(CTable, norm, maxSymbolValue, tableLog, scratchBuffer, sizeof(scratchBuffer)) );
-    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, FSE_compress_usingCTable(op, (size_t)(oend - op), weightTable, wtSize, CTable) );
+    CHECK_F( FSE_buildCTable_wksp(wksp->CTable, wksp->norm, maxSymbolValue, tableLog, wksp->scratchBuffer, sizeof(wksp->scratchBuffer)) );
+    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, FSE_compress_usingCTable(op, (size_t)(oend - op), weightTable, wtSize, wksp->CTable) );
         if (cSize == 0) return 0;   /* not enough space for compressed data */
         op += cSize;
     }
@@ -103,35 +186,94 @@ static size_t HUF_compressWeights (void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* weight
     return (size_t)(op-ostart);
 }
 
+static size_t HUF_getNbBits(HUF_CElt elt)
+{
+    return elt & 0xFF;
+}
+
+static size_t HUF_getNbBitsFast(HUF_CElt elt)
+{
+    return elt;
+}
+
+static size_t HUF_getValue(HUF_CElt elt)
+{
+    return elt & ~(size_t)0xFF;
+}
+
+static size_t HUF_getValueFast(HUF_CElt elt)
+{
+    return elt;
+}
+
+static void HUF_setNbBits(HUF_CElt* elt, size_t nbBits)
+{
+    assert(nbBits <= HUF_TABLELOG_ABSOLUTEMAX);
+    *elt = nbBits;
+}
+
+static void HUF_setValue(HUF_CElt* elt, size_t value)
+{
+    size_t const nbBits = HUF_getNbBits(*elt);
+    if (nbBits > 0) {
+        assert((value >> nbBits) == 0);
+        *elt |= value << (sizeof(HUF_CElt) * 8 - nbBits);
+    }
+}
 
-struct HUF_CElt_s {
-  U16  val;
-  BYTE nbBits;
-};   /* typedef'd to HUF_CElt within "zstd/common/huf.h" */
+HUF_CTableHeader HUF_readCTableHeader(HUF_CElt const* ctable)
+{
+    HUF_CTableHeader header;
+    ZSTD_memcpy(&header, ctable, sizeof(header));
+    return header;
+}
 
-/*! HUF_writeCTable() :
-    `CTable` : Huffman tree to save, using huf representation.
-    @return : size of saved CTable */
-size_t HUF_writeCTable (void* dst, size_t maxDstSize,
-                        const HUF_CElt* CTable, unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog)
+static void HUF_writeCTableHeader(HUF_CElt* ctable, U32 tableLog, U32 maxSymbolValue)
 {
+    HUF_CTableHeader header;
+    HUF_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(ctable[0]) == sizeof(header));
+    ZSTD_memset(&header, 0, sizeof(header));
+    assert(tableLog < 256);
+    header.tableLog = (BYTE)tableLog;
+    assert(maxSymbolValue < 256);
+    header.maxSymbolValue = (BYTE)maxSymbolValue;
+    ZSTD_memcpy(ctable, &header, sizeof(header));
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    HUF_CompressWeightsWksp wksp;
     BYTE bitsToWeight[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX + 1];   /* precomputed conversion table */
     BYTE huffWeight[HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX];
+} HUF_WriteCTableWksp;
+
+size_t HUF_writeCTable_wksp(void* dst, size_t maxDstSize,
+                            const HUF_CElt* CTable, unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog,
+                            void* workspace, size_t workspaceSize)
+{
+    HUF_CElt const* const ct = CTable + 1;
     BYTE* op = (BYTE*)dst;
     U32 n;
+    HUF_WriteCTableWksp* wksp = (HUF_WriteCTableWksp*)HUF_alignUpWorkspace(workspace, &workspaceSize, ZSTD_ALIGNOF(U32));
 
-     /* check conditions */
+    HUF_STATIC_ASSERT(HUF_CTABLE_WORKSPACE_SIZE >= sizeof(HUF_WriteCTableWksp));
+
+    assert(HUF_readCTableHeader(CTable).maxSymbolValue == maxSymbolValue);
+    assert(HUF_readCTableHeader(CTable).tableLog == huffLog);
+
+    /* check conditions */
+    if (workspaceSize < sizeof(HUF_WriteCTableWksp)) return ERROR(GENERIC);
     if (maxSymbolValue > HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX) return ERROR(maxSymbolValue_tooLarge);
 
     /* convert to weight */
-    bitsToWeight[0] = 0;
+    wksp->bitsToWeight[0] = 0;
     for (n=1; n<huffLog+1; n++)
-        bitsToWeight[n] = (BYTE)(huffLog + 1 - n);
+        wksp->bitsToWeight[n] = (BYTE)(huffLog + 1 - n);
     for (n=0; n<maxSymbolValue; n++)
-        huffWeight[n] = bitsToWeight[CTable[n].nbBits];
+        wksp->huffWeight[n] = wksp->bitsToWeight[HUF_getNbBits(ct[n])];
 
     /* attempt weights compression by FSE */
-    {   CHECK_V_F(hSize, HUF_compressWeights(op+1, maxDstSize-1, huffWeight, maxSymbolValue) );
+    if (maxDstSize < 1) return ERROR(dstSize_tooSmall);
+    {   CHECK_V_F(hSize, HUF_compressWeights(op+1, maxDstSize-1, wksp->huffWeight, maxSymbolValue, &wksp->wksp, sizeof(wksp->wksp)) );
         if ((hSize>1) & (hSize < maxSymbolValue/2)) {   /* FSE compressed */
             op[0] = (BYTE)hSize;
             return hSize+1;
@@ -141,9 +283,9 @@ size_t HUF_writeCTable (void* dst, size_t maxDstSize,
     if (maxSymbolValue > (256-128)) return ERROR(GENERIC);   /* should not happen : likely means source cannot be compressed */
     if (((maxSymbolValue+1)/2) + 1 > maxDstSize) return ERROR(dstSize_tooSmall);   /* not enough space within dst buffer */
     op[0] = (BYTE)(128 /*special case*/ + (maxSymbolValue-1));
-    huffWeight[maxSymbolValue] = 0;   /* to be sure it doesn't cause msan issue in final combination */
+    wksp->huffWeight[maxSymbolValue] = 0;   /* to be sure it doesn't cause msan issue in final combination */
     for (n=0; n<maxSymbolValue; n+=2)
-        op[(n/2)+1] = (BYTE)((huffWeight[n] << 4) + huffWeight[n+1]);
+        op[(n/2)+1] = (BYTE)((wksp->huffWeight[n] << 4) + wksp->huffWeight[n+1]);
     return ((maxSymbolValue+1)/2) + 1;
 }
 
@@ -154,34 +296,38 @@ size_t HUF_readCTable (HUF_CElt* CTable, unsigned* maxSymbolValuePtr, const void
     U32 rankVal[HUF_TABLELOG_ABSOLUTEMAX + 1];   /* large enough for values from 0 to 16 */
     U32 tableLog = 0;
     U32 nbSymbols = 0;
+    HUF_CElt* const ct = CTable + 1;
 
     /* get symbol weights */
     CHECK_V_F(readSize, HUF_readStats(huffWeight, HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX+1, rankVal, &nbSymbols, &tableLog, src, srcSize));
+    *hasZeroWeights = (rankVal[0] > 0);
 
     /* check result */
     if (tableLog > HUF_TABLELOG_MAX) return ERROR(tableLog_tooLarge);
     if (nbSymbols > *maxSymbolValuePtr+1) return ERROR(maxSymbolValue_tooSmall);
 
+    *maxSymbolValuePtr = nbSymbols - 1;
+
+    HUF_writeCTableHeader(CTable, tableLog, *maxSymbolValuePtr);
+
     /* Prepare base value per rank */
     {   U32 n, nextRankStart = 0;
         for (n=1; n<=tableLog; n++) {
-            U32 current = nextRankStart;
+            U32 curr = nextRankStart;
             nextRankStart += (rankVal[n] << (n-1));
-            rankVal[n] = current;
+            rankVal[n] = curr;
     }   }
 
     /* fill nbBits */
-    *hasZeroWeights = 0;
     {   U32 n; for (n=0; n<nbSymbols; n++) {
             const U32 w = huffWeight[n];
-            *hasZeroWeights |= (w == 0);
-            CTable[n].nbBits = (BYTE)(tableLog + 1 - w) & -(w != 0);
+            HUF_setNbBits(ct + n, (BYTE)(tableLog + 1 - w) & -(w != 0));
     }   }
 
     /* fill val */
     {   U16 nbPerRank[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+2]  = {0};  /* support w=0=>n=tableLog+1 */
         U16 valPerRank[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+2] = {0};
-        { U32 n; for (n=0; n<nbSymbols; n++) nbPerRank[CTable[n].nbBits]++; }
+        { U32 n; for (n=0; n<nbSymbols; n++) nbPerRank[HUF_getNbBits(ct[n])]++; }
         /* determine stating value per rank */
         valPerRank[tableLog+1] = 0;   /* for w==0 */
         {   U16 min = 0;
@@ -191,92 +337,151 @@ size_t HUF_readCTable (HUF_CElt* CTable, unsigned* maxSymbolValuePtr, const void
                 min >>= 1;
         }   }
         /* assign value within rank, symbol order */
-        { U32 n; for (n=0; n<nbSymbols; n++) CTable[n].val = valPerRank[CTable[n].nbBits]++; }
+        { U32 n; for (n=0; n<nbSymbols; n++) HUF_setValue(ct + n, valPerRank[HUF_getNbBits(ct[n])]++); }
     }
 
-    *maxSymbolValuePtr = nbSymbols - 1;
     return readSize;
 }
 
-U32 HUF_getNbBits(const void* symbolTable, U32 symbolValue)
+U32 HUF_getNbBitsFromCTable(HUF_CElt const* CTable, U32 symbolValue)
 {
-    const HUF_CElt* table = (const HUF_CElt*)symbolTable;
+    const HUF_CElt* const ct = CTable + 1;
     assert(symbolValue <= HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX);
-    return table[symbolValue].nbBits;
+    if (symbolValue > HUF_readCTableHeader(CTable).maxSymbolValue)
+        return 0;
+    return (U32)HUF_getNbBits(ct[symbolValue]);
 }
 
 
-typedef struct nodeElt_s {
-    U32 count;
-    U16 parent;
-    BYTE byte;
-    BYTE nbBits;
-} nodeElt;
-
-static U32 HUF_setMaxHeight(nodeElt* huffNode, U32 lastNonNull, U32 maxNbBits)
+/**
+ * HUF_setMaxHeight():
+ * Try to enforce @targetNbBits on the Huffman tree described in @huffNode.
+ *
+ * It attempts to convert all nodes with nbBits > @targetNbBits
+ * to employ @targetNbBits instead. Then it adjusts the tree
+ * so that it remains a valid canonical Huffman tree.
+ *
+ * @pre               The sum of the ranks of each symbol == 2^largestBits,
+ *                    where largestBits == huffNode[lastNonNull].nbBits.
+ * @post              The sum of the ranks of each symbol == 2^largestBits,
+ *                    where largestBits is the return value (expected <= targetNbBits).
+ *
+ * @param huffNode    The Huffman tree modified in place to enforce targetNbBits.
+ *                    It's presumed sorted, from most frequent to rarest symbol.
+ * @param lastNonNull The symbol with the lowest count in the Huffman tree.
+ * @param targetNbBits  The allowed number of bits, which the Huffman tree
+ *                    may not respect. After this function the Huffman tree will
+ *                    respect targetNbBits.
+ * @return            The maximum number of bits of the Huffman tree after adjustment.
+ */
+static U32 HUF_setMaxHeight(nodeElt* huffNode, U32 lastNonNull, U32 targetNbBits)
 {
     const U32 largestBits = huffNode[lastNonNull].nbBits;
-    if (largestBits <= maxNbBits) return largestBits;   /* early exit : no elt > maxNbBits */
+    /* early exit : no elt > targetNbBits, so the tree is already valid. */
+    if (largestBits <= targetNbBits) return largestBits;
+
+    DEBUGLOG(5, "HUF_setMaxHeight (targetNbBits = %u)", targetNbBits);
 
     /* there are several too large elements (at least >= 2) */
     {   int totalCost = 0;
-        const U32 baseCost = 1 << (largestBits - maxNbBits);
+        const U32 baseCost = 1 << (largestBits - targetNbBits);
         int n = (int)lastNonNull;
 
-        while (huffNode[n].nbBits > maxNbBits) {
+        /* Adjust any ranks > targetNbBits to targetNbBits.
+         * Compute totalCost, which is how far the sum of the ranks is
+         * we are over 2^largestBits after adjust the offending ranks.
+         */
+        while (huffNode[n].nbBits > targetNbBits) {
             totalCost += baseCost - (1 << (largestBits - huffNode[n].nbBits));
-            huffNode[n].nbBits = (BYTE)maxNbBits;
-            n --;
-        }  /* n stops at huffNode[n].nbBits <= maxNbBits */
-        while (huffNode[n].nbBits == maxNbBits) n--;   /* n end at index of smallest symbol using < maxNbBits */
+            huffNode[n].nbBits = (BYTE)targetNbBits;
+            n--;
+        }
+        /* n stops at huffNode[n].nbBits <= targetNbBits */
+        assert(huffNode[n].nbBits <= targetNbBits);
+        /* n end at index of smallest symbol using < targetNbBits */
+        while (huffNode[n].nbBits == targetNbBits) --n;
 
-        /* renorm totalCost */
-        totalCost >>= (largestBits - maxNbBits);  /* note : totalCost is necessarily a multiple of baseCost */
+        /* renorm totalCost from 2^largestBits to 2^targetNbBits
+         * note : totalCost is necessarily a multiple of baseCost */
+        assert(((U32)totalCost & (baseCost - 1)) == 0);
+        totalCost >>= (largestBits - targetNbBits);
+        assert(totalCost > 0);
 
         /* repay normalized cost */
         {   U32 const noSymbol = 0xF0F0F0F0;
             U32 rankLast[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+2];
 
-            /* Get pos of last (smallest) symbol per rank */
-            memset(rankLast, 0xF0, sizeof(rankLast));
-            {   U32 currentNbBits = maxNbBits;
+            /* Get pos of last (smallest = lowest cum. count) symbol per rank */
+            ZSTD_memset(rankLast, 0xF0, sizeof(rankLast));
+            {   U32 currentNbBits = targetNbBits;
                 int pos;
                 for (pos=n ; pos >= 0; pos--) {
                     if (huffNode[pos].nbBits >= currentNbBits) continue;
-                    currentNbBits = huffNode[pos].nbBits;   /* < maxNbBits */
-                    rankLast[maxNbBits-currentNbBits] = (U32)pos;
+                    currentNbBits = huffNode[pos].nbBits;   /* < targetNbBits */
+                    rankLast[targetNbBits-currentNbBits] = (U32)pos;
             }   }
 
             while (totalCost > 0) {
-                U32 nBitsToDecrease = BIT_highbit32((U32)totalCost) + 1;
+                /* Try to reduce the next power of 2 above totalCost because we
+                 * gain back half the rank.
+                 */
+                U32 nBitsToDecrease = ZSTD_highbit32((U32)totalCost) + 1;
                 for ( ; nBitsToDecrease > 1; nBitsToDecrease--) {
                     U32 const highPos = rankLast[nBitsToDecrease];
                     U32 const lowPos = rankLast[nBitsToDecrease-1];
                     if (highPos == noSymbol) continue;
+                    /* Decrease highPos if no symbols of lowPos or if it is
+                     * not cheaper to remove 2 lowPos than highPos.
+                     */
                     if (lowPos == noSymbol) break;
                     {   U32 const highTotal = huffNode[highPos].count;
                         U32 const lowTotal = 2 * huffNode[lowPos].count;
                         if (highTotal <= lowTotal) break;
                 }   }
                 /* only triggered when no more rank 1 symbol left => find closest one (note : there is necessarily at least one !) */
+                assert(rankLast[nBitsToDecrease] != noSymbol || nBitsToDecrease == 1);
                 /* HUF_MAX_TABLELOG test just to please gcc 5+; but it should not be necessary */
                 while ((nBitsToDecrease<=HUF_TABLELOG_MAX) && (rankLast[nBitsToDecrease] == noSymbol))
-                    nBitsToDecrease ++;
+                    nBitsToDecrease++;
+                assert(rankLast[nBitsToDecrease] != noSymbol);
+                /* Increase the number of bits to gain back half the rank cost. */
                 totalCost -= 1 << (nBitsToDecrease-1);
+                huffNode[rankLast[nBitsToDecrease]].nbBits++;
+
+                /* Fix up the new rank.
+                 * If the new rank was empty, this symbol is now its smallest.
+                 * Otherwise, this symbol will be the largest in the new rank so no adjustment.
+                 */
                 if (rankLast[nBitsToDecrease-1] == noSymbol)
-                    rankLast[nBitsToDecrease-1] = rankLast[nBitsToDecrease];   /* this rank is no longer empty */
-                huffNode[rankLast[nBitsToDecrease]].nbBits ++;
+                    rankLast[nBitsToDecrease-1] = rankLast[nBitsToDecrease];
+                /* Fix up the old rank.
+                 * If the symbol was at position 0, meaning it was the highest weight symbol in the tree,
+                 * it must be the only symbol in its rank, so the old rank now has no symbols.
+                 * Otherwise, since the Huffman nodes are sorted by count, the previous position is now
+                 * the smallest node in the rank. If the previous position belongs to a different rank,
+                 * then the rank is now empty.
+                 */
                 if (rankLast[nBitsToDecrease] == 0)    /* special case, reached largest symbol */
                     rankLast[nBitsToDecrease] = noSymbol;
                 else {
                     rankLast[nBitsToDecrease]--;
-                    if (huffNode[rankLast[nBitsToDecrease]].nbBits != maxNbBits-nBitsToDecrease)
+                    if (huffNode[rankLast[nBitsToDecrease]].nbBits != targetNbBits-nBitsToDecrease)
                         rankLast[nBitsToDecrease] = noSymbol;   /* this rank is now empty */
-            }   }   /* while (totalCost > 0) */
-
+                }
+            }   /* while (totalCost > 0) */
+
+            /* If we've removed too much weight, then we have to add it back.
+             * To avoid overshooting again, we only adjust the smallest rank.
+             * We take the largest nodes from the lowest rank 0 and move them
+             * to rank 1. There's guaranteed to be enough rank 0 symbols because
+             * TODO.
+             */
             while (totalCost < 0) {  /* Sometimes, cost correction overshoot */
-                if (rankLast[1] == noSymbol) {  /* special case : no rank 1 symbol (using maxNbBits-1); let's create one from largest rank 0 (using maxNbBits) */
-                    while (huffNode[n].nbBits == maxNbBits) n--;
+                /* special case : no rank 1 symbol (using targetNbBits-1);
+                 * let's create one from largest rank 0 (using targetNbBits).
+                 */
+                if (rankLast[1] == noSymbol) {
+                    while (huffNode[n].nbBits == targetNbBits) n--;
                     huffNode[n+1].nbBits--;
                     assert(n >= 0);
                     rankLast[1] = (U32)(n+1);
@@ -286,47 +491,178 @@ static U32 HUF_setMaxHeight(nodeElt* huffNode, U32 lastNonNull, U32 maxNbBits)
                 huffNode[ rankLast[1] + 1 ].nbBits--;
                 rankLast[1]++;
                 totalCost ++;
-    }   }   }   /* there are several too large elements (at least >= 2) */
+            }
+        }   /* repay normalized cost */
+    }   /* there are several too large elements (at least >= 2) */
 
-    return maxNbBits;
+    return targetNbBits;
 }
 
 typedef struct {
-    U32 base;
-    U32 current;
+    U16 base;
+    U16 curr;
 } rankPos;
 
-typedef nodeElt huffNodeTable[HUF_CTABLE_WORKSPACE_SIZE_U32];
+typedef nodeElt huffNodeTable[2 * (HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX + 1)];
 
-#define RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE 32
+/* Number of buckets available for HUF_sort() */
+#define RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE 192
 
 typedef struct {
   huffNodeTable huffNodeTbl;
   rankPos rankPosition[RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE];
 } HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables;
 
-static void HUF_sort(nodeElt* huffNode, const unsigned* count, U32 maxSymbolValue, rankPos* rankPosition)
-{
+/* RANK_POSITION_DISTINCT_COUNT_CUTOFF == Cutoff point in HUF_sort() buckets for which we use log2 bucketing.
+ * Strategy is to use as many buckets as possible for representing distinct
+ * counts while using the remainder to represent all "large" counts.
+ *
+ * To satisfy this requirement for 192 buckets, we can do the following:
+ * Let buckets 0-166 represent distinct counts of [0, 166]
+ * Let buckets 166 to 192 represent all remaining counts up to RANK_POSITION_MAX_COUNT_LOG using log2 bucketing.
+ */
+#define RANK_POSITION_MAX_COUNT_LOG 32
+#define RANK_POSITION_LOG_BUCKETS_BEGIN ((RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE - 1) - RANK_POSITION_MAX_COUNT_LOG - 1 /* == 158 */)
+#define RANK_POSITION_DISTINCT_COUNT_CUTOFF (RANK_POSITION_LOG_BUCKETS_BEGIN + ZSTD_highbit32(RANK_POSITION_LOG_BUCKETS_BEGIN) /* == 166 */)
+
+/* Return the appropriate bucket index for a given count. See definition of
+ * RANK_POSITION_DISTINCT_COUNT_CUTOFF for explanation of bucketing strategy.
+ */
+static U32 HUF_getIndex(U32 const count) {
+    return (count < RANK_POSITION_DISTINCT_COUNT_CUTOFF)
+        ? count
+        : ZSTD_highbit32(count) + RANK_POSITION_LOG_BUCKETS_BEGIN;
+}
+
+/* Helper swap function for HUF_quickSortPartition() */
+static void HUF_swapNodes(nodeElt* a, nodeElt* b) {
+	nodeElt tmp = *a;
+	*a = *b;
+	*b = tmp;
+}
+
+/* Returns 0 if the huffNode array is not sorted by descending count */
+MEM_STATIC int HUF_isSorted(nodeElt huffNode[], U32 const maxSymbolValue1) {
+    U32 i;
+    for (i = 1; i < maxSymbolValue1; ++i) {
+        if (huffNode[i].count > huffNode[i-1].count) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* Insertion sort by descending order */
+HINT_INLINE void HUF_insertionSort(nodeElt huffNode[], int const low, int const high) {
+    int i;
+    int const size = high-low+1;
+    huffNode += low;
+    for (i = 1; i < size; ++i) {
+        nodeElt const key = huffNode[i];
+        int j = i - 1;
+        while (j >= 0 && huffNode[j].count < key.count) {
+            huffNode[j + 1] = huffNode[j];
+            j--;
+        }
+        huffNode[j + 1] = key;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Pivot helper function for quicksort. */
+static int HUF_quickSortPartition(nodeElt arr[], int const low, int const high) {
+    /* Simply select rightmost element as pivot. "Better" selectors like
+     * median-of-three don't experimentally appear to have any benefit.
+     */
+    U32 const pivot = arr[high].count;
+    int i = low - 1;
+    int j = low;
+    for ( ; j < high; j++) {
+        if (arr[j].count > pivot) {
+            i++;
+            HUF_swapNodes(&arr[i], &arr[j]);
+        }
+    }
+    HUF_swapNodes(&arr[i + 1], &arr[high]);
+    return i + 1;
+}
+
+/* Classic quicksort by descending with partially iterative calls
+ * to reduce worst case callstack size.
+ */
+static void HUF_simpleQuickSort(nodeElt arr[], int low, int high) {
+    int const kInsertionSortThreshold = 8;
+    if (high - low < kInsertionSortThreshold) {
+        HUF_insertionSort(arr, low, high);
+        return;
+    }
+    while (low < high) {
+        int const idx = HUF_quickSortPartition(arr, low, high);
+        if (idx - low < high - idx) {
+            HUF_simpleQuickSort(arr, low, idx - 1);
+            low = idx + 1;
+        } else {
+            HUF_simpleQuickSort(arr, idx + 1, high);
+            high = idx - 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * HUF_sort():
+ * Sorts the symbols [0, maxSymbolValue] by count[symbol] in decreasing order.
+ * This is a typical bucket sorting strategy that uses either quicksort or insertion sort to sort each bucket.
+ *
+ * @param[out] huffNode       Sorted symbols by decreasing count. Only members `.count` and `.byte` are filled.
+ *                            Must have (maxSymbolValue + 1) entries.
+ * @param[in]  count          Histogram of the symbols.
+ * @param[in]  maxSymbolValue Maximum symbol value.
+ * @param      rankPosition   This is a scratch workspace. Must have RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE entries.
+ */
+static void HUF_sort(nodeElt huffNode[], const unsigned count[], U32 const maxSymbolValue, rankPos rankPosition[]) {
     U32 n;
+    U32 const maxSymbolValue1 = maxSymbolValue+1;
+
+    /* Compute base and set curr to base.
+     * For symbol s let lowerRank = HUF_getIndex(count[n]) and rank = lowerRank + 1.
+     * See HUF_getIndex to see bucketing strategy.
+     * We attribute each symbol to lowerRank's base value, because we want to know where
+     * each rank begins in the output, so for rank R we want to count ranks R+1 and above.
+     */
+    ZSTD_memset(rankPosition, 0, sizeof(*rankPosition) * RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE);
+    for (n = 0; n < maxSymbolValue1; ++n) {
+        U32 lowerRank = HUF_getIndex(count[n]);
+        assert(lowerRank < RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE - 1);
+        rankPosition[lowerRank].base++;
+    }
 
-    memset(rankPosition, 0, sizeof(*rankPosition) * RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE);
-    for (n=0; n<=maxSymbolValue; n++) {
-        U32 r = BIT_highbit32(count[n] + 1);
-        rankPosition[r].base ++;
+    assert(rankPosition[RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE - 1].base == 0);
+    /* Set up the rankPosition table */
+    for (n = RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE - 1; n > 0; --n) {
+        rankPosition[n-1].base += rankPosition[n].base;
+        rankPosition[n-1].curr = rankPosition[n-1].base;
     }
-    for (n=30; n>0; n--) rankPosition[n-1].base += rankPosition[n].base;
-    for (n=0; n<32; n++) rankPosition[n].current = rankPosition[n].base;
-    for (n=0; n<=maxSymbolValue; n++) {
+
+    /* Insert each symbol into their appropriate bucket, setting up rankPosition table. */
+    for (n = 0; n < maxSymbolValue1; ++n) {
         U32 const c = count[n];
-        U32 const r = BIT_highbit32(c+1) + 1;
-        U32 pos = rankPosition[r].current++;
-        while ((pos > rankPosition[r].base) && (c > huffNode[pos-1].count)) {
-            huffNode[pos] = huffNode[pos-1];
-            pos--;
-        }
+        U32 const r = HUF_getIndex(c) + 1;
+        U32 const pos = rankPosition[r].curr++;
+        assert(pos < maxSymbolValue1);
         huffNode[pos].count = c;
         huffNode[pos].byte  = (BYTE)n;
     }
+
+    /* Sort each bucket. */
+    for (n = RANK_POSITION_DISTINCT_COUNT_CUTOFF; n < RANK_POSITION_TABLE_SIZE - 1; ++n) {
+        int const bucketSize = rankPosition[n].curr - rankPosition[n].base;
+        U32 const bucketStartIdx = rankPosition[n].base;
+        if (bucketSize > 1) {
+            assert(bucketStartIdx < maxSymbolValue1);
+            HUF_simpleQuickSort(huffNode + bucketStartIdx, 0, bucketSize-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert(HUF_isSorted(huffNode, maxSymbolValue1));
 }
 
 
@@ -336,28 +672,21 @@ static void HUF_sort(nodeElt* huffNode, const unsigned* count, U32 maxSymbolValu
  */
 #define STARTNODE (HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX+1)
 
-size_t HUF_buildCTable_wksp (HUF_CElt* tree, const unsigned* count, U32 maxSymbolValue, U32 maxNbBits, void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize)
+/* HUF_buildTree():
+ * Takes the huffNode array sorted by HUF_sort() and builds an unlimited-depth Huffman tree.
+ *
+ * @param huffNode        The array sorted by HUF_sort(). Builds the Huffman tree in this array.
+ * @param maxSymbolValue  The maximum symbol value.
+ * @return                The smallest node in the Huffman tree (by count).
+ */
+static int HUF_buildTree(nodeElt* huffNode, U32 maxSymbolValue)
 {
-    HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables* const wksp_tables = (HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables*)workSpace;
-    nodeElt* const huffNode0 = wksp_tables->huffNodeTbl;
-    nodeElt* const huffNode = huffNode0+1;
+    nodeElt* const huffNode0 = huffNode - 1;
     int nonNullRank;
     int lowS, lowN;
     int nodeNb = STARTNODE;
     int n, nodeRoot;
-
-    /* safety checks */
-    if (((size_t)workSpace & 3) != 0) return ERROR(GENERIC);  /* must be aligned on 4-bytes boundaries */
-    if (wkspSize < sizeof(HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables))
-      return ERROR(workSpace_tooSmall);
-    if (maxNbBits == 0) maxNbBits = HUF_TABLELOG_DEFAULT;
-    if (maxSymbolValue > HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX)
-      return ERROR(maxSymbolValue_tooLarge);
-    memset(huffNode0, 0, sizeof(huffNodeTable));
-
-    /* sort, decreasing order */
-    HUF_sort(huffNode, count, maxSymbolValue, wksp_tables->rankPosition);
-
+    DEBUGLOG(5, "HUF_buildTree (alphabet size = %u)", maxSymbolValue + 1);
     /* init for parents */
     nonNullRank = (int)maxSymbolValue;
     while(huffNode[nonNullRank].count == 0) nonNullRank--;
@@ -384,127 +713,414 @@ size_t HUF_buildCTable_wksp (HUF_CElt* tree, const unsigned* count, U32 maxSymbo
     for (n=0; n<=nonNullRank; n++)
         huffNode[n].nbBits = huffNode[ huffNode[n].parent ].nbBits + 1;
 
-    /* enforce maxTableLog */
-    maxNbBits = HUF_setMaxHeight(huffNode, (U32)nonNullRank, maxNbBits);
+    DEBUGLOG(6, "Initial distribution of bits completed (%zu sorted symbols)", showHNodeBits(huffNode, maxSymbolValue+1));
 
-    /* fill result into tree (val, nbBits) */
-    {   U16 nbPerRank[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1] = {0};
-        U16 valPerRank[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1] = {0};
-        int const alphabetSize = (int)(maxSymbolValue + 1);
-        if (maxNbBits > HUF_TABLELOG_MAX) return ERROR(GENERIC);   /* check fit into table */
-        for (n=0; n<=nonNullRank; n++)
-            nbPerRank[huffNode[n].nbBits]++;
-        /* determine stating value per rank */
-        {   U16 min = 0;
-            for (n=(int)maxNbBits; n>0; n--) {
-                valPerRank[n] = min;      /* get starting value within each rank */
-                min += nbPerRank[n];
-                min >>= 1;
-        }   }
-        for (n=0; n<alphabetSize; n++)
-            tree[huffNode[n].byte].nbBits = huffNode[n].nbBits;   /* push nbBits per symbol, symbol order */
-        for (n=0; n<alphabetSize; n++)
-            tree[n].val = valPerRank[tree[n].nbBits]++;   /* assign value within rank, symbol order */
-    }
-
-    return maxNbBits;
+    return nonNullRank;
 }
 
-/** HUF_buildCTable() :
- * @return : maxNbBits
- *  Note : count is used before tree is written, so they can safely overlap
+/**
+ * HUF_buildCTableFromTree():
+ * Build the CTable given the Huffman tree in huffNode.
+ *
+ * @param[out] CTable         The output Huffman CTable.
+ * @param      huffNode       The Huffman tree.
+ * @param      nonNullRank    The last and smallest node in the Huffman tree.
+ * @param      maxSymbolValue The maximum symbol value.
+ * @param      maxNbBits      The exact maximum number of bits used in the Huffman tree.
  */
-size_t HUF_buildCTable (HUF_CElt* tree, const unsigned* count, unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned maxNbBits)
+static void HUF_buildCTableFromTree(HUF_CElt* CTable, nodeElt const* huffNode, int nonNullRank, U32 maxSymbolValue, U32 maxNbBits)
 {
-    HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables workspace;
-    return HUF_buildCTable_wksp(tree, count, maxSymbolValue, maxNbBits, &workspace, sizeof(workspace));
+    HUF_CElt* const ct = CTable + 1;
+    /* fill result into ctable (val, nbBits) */
+    int n;
+    U16 nbPerRank[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1] = {0};
+    U16 valPerRank[HUF_TABLELOG_MAX+1] = {0};
+    int const alphabetSize = (int)(maxSymbolValue + 1);
+    for (n=0; n<=nonNullRank; n++)
+        nbPerRank[huffNode[n].nbBits]++;
+    /* determine starting value per rank */
+    {   U16 min = 0;
+        for (n=(int)maxNbBits; n>0; n--) {
+            valPerRank[n] = min;      /* get starting value within each rank */
+            min += nbPerRank[n];
+            min >>= 1;
+    }   }
+    for (n=0; n<alphabetSize; n++)
+        HUF_setNbBits(ct + huffNode[n].byte, huffNode[n].nbBits);   /* push nbBits per symbol, symbol order */
+    for (n=0; n<alphabetSize; n++)
+        HUF_setValue(ct + n, valPerRank[HUF_getNbBits(ct[n])]++);   /* assign value within rank, symbol order */
+
+    HUF_writeCTableHeader(CTable, maxNbBits, maxSymbolValue);
+}
+
+size_t
+HUF_buildCTable_wksp(HUF_CElt* CTable, const unsigned* count, U32 maxSymbolValue, U32 maxNbBits,
+                     void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize)
+{
+    HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables* const wksp_tables =
+        (HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables*)HUF_alignUpWorkspace(workSpace, &wkspSize, ZSTD_ALIGNOF(U32));
+    nodeElt* const huffNode0 = wksp_tables->huffNodeTbl;
+    nodeElt* const huffNode = huffNode0+1;
+    int nonNullRank;
+
+    HUF_STATIC_ASSERT(HUF_CTABLE_WORKSPACE_SIZE == sizeof(HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables));
+
+    DEBUGLOG(5, "HUF_buildCTable_wksp (alphabet size = %u)", maxSymbolValue+1);
+
+    /* safety checks */
+    if (wkspSize < sizeof(HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables))
+        return ERROR(workSpace_tooSmall);
+    if (maxNbBits == 0) maxNbBits = HUF_TABLELOG_DEFAULT;
+    if (maxSymbolValue > HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX)
+        return ERROR(maxSymbolValue_tooLarge);
+    ZSTD_memset(huffNode0, 0, sizeof(huffNodeTable));
+
+    /* sort, decreasing order */
+    HUF_sort(huffNode, count, maxSymbolValue, wksp_tables->rankPosition);
+    DEBUGLOG(6, "sorted symbols completed (%zu symbols)", showHNodeSymbols(huffNode, maxSymbolValue+1));
+
+    /* build tree */
+    nonNullRank = HUF_buildTree(huffNode, maxSymbolValue);
+
+    /* determine and enforce maxTableLog */
+    maxNbBits = HUF_setMaxHeight(huffNode, (U32)nonNullRank, maxNbBits);
+    if (maxNbBits > HUF_TABLELOG_MAX) return ERROR(GENERIC);   /* check fit into table */
+
+    HUF_buildCTableFromTree(CTable, huffNode, nonNullRank, maxSymbolValue, maxNbBits);
+
+    return maxNbBits;
 }
 
 size_t HUF_estimateCompressedSize(const HUF_CElt* CTable, const unsigned* count, unsigned maxSymbolValue)
 {
+    HUF_CElt const* ct = CTable + 1;
     size_t nbBits = 0;
     int s;
     for (s = 0; s <= (int)maxSymbolValue; ++s) {
-        nbBits += CTable[s].nbBits * count[s];
+        nbBits += HUF_getNbBits(ct[s]) * count[s];
     }
     return nbBits >> 3;
 }
 
 int HUF_validateCTable(const HUF_CElt* CTable, const unsigned* count, unsigned maxSymbolValue) {
-  int bad = 0;
-  int s;
-  for (s = 0; s <= (int)maxSymbolValue; ++s) {
-    bad |= (count[s] != 0) & (CTable[s].nbBits == 0);
-  }
-  return !bad;
+    HUF_CTableHeader header = HUF_readCTableHeader(CTable);
+    HUF_CElt const* ct = CTable + 1;
+    int bad = 0;
+    int s;
+
+    assert(header.tableLog <= HUF_TABLELOG_ABSOLUTEMAX);
+
+    if (header.maxSymbolValue < maxSymbolValue)
+        return 0;
+
+    for (s = 0; s <= (int)maxSymbolValue; ++s) {
+        bad |= (count[s] != 0) & (HUF_getNbBits(ct[s]) == 0);
+    }
+    return !bad;
 }
 
 size_t HUF_compressBound(size_t size) { return HUF_COMPRESSBOUND(size); }
 
+/** HUF_CStream_t:
+ * Huffman uses its own BIT_CStream_t implementation.
+ * There are three major differences from BIT_CStream_t:
+ *   1. HUF_addBits() takes a HUF_CElt (size_t) which is
+ *      the pair (nbBits, value) in the format:
+ *      format:
+ *        - Bits [0, 4)            = nbBits
+ *        - Bits [4, 64 - nbBits)  = 0
+ *        - Bits [64 - nbBits, 64) = value
+ *   2. The bitContainer is built from the upper bits and
+ *      right shifted. E.g. to add a new value of N bits
+ *      you right shift the bitContainer by N, then or in
+ *      the new value into the N upper bits.
+ *   3. The bitstream has two bit containers. You can add
+ *      bits to the second container and merge them into
+ *      the first container.
+ */
+
+#define HUF_BITS_IN_CONTAINER (sizeof(size_t) * 8)
+
+typedef struct {
+    size_t bitContainer[2];
+    size_t bitPos[2];
+
+    BYTE* startPtr;
+    BYTE* ptr;
+    BYTE* endPtr;
+} HUF_CStream_t;
+
+/**! HUF_initCStream():
+ * Initializes the bitstream.
+ * @returns 0 or an error code.
+ */
+static size_t HUF_initCStream(HUF_CStream_t* bitC,
+                                  void* startPtr, size_t dstCapacity)
+{
+    ZSTD_memset(bitC, 0, sizeof(*bitC));
+    bitC->startPtr = (BYTE*)startPtr;
+    bitC->ptr = bitC->startPtr;
+    bitC->endPtr = bitC->startPtr + dstCapacity - sizeof(bitC->bitContainer[0]);
+    if (dstCapacity <= sizeof(bitC->bitContainer[0])) return ERROR(dstSize_tooSmall);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*! HUF_addBits():
+ * Adds the symbol stored in HUF_CElt elt to the bitstream.
+ *
+ * @param elt   The element we're adding. This is a (nbBits, value) pair.
+ *              See the HUF_CStream_t docs for the format.
+ * @param idx   Insert into the bitstream at this idx.
+ * @param kFast This is a template parameter. If the bitstream is guaranteed
+ *              to have at least 4 unused bits after this call it may be 1,
+ *              otherwise it must be 0. HUF_addBits() is faster when fast is set.
+ */
+FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE void HUF_addBits(HUF_CStream_t* bitC, HUF_CElt elt, int idx, int kFast)
+{
+    assert(idx <= 1);
+    assert(HUF_getNbBits(elt) <= HUF_TABLELOG_ABSOLUTEMAX);
+    /* This is efficient on x86-64 with BMI2 because shrx
+     * only reads the low 6 bits of the register. The compiler
+     * knows this and elides the mask. When fast is set,
+     * every operation can use the same value loaded from elt.
+     */
+    bitC->bitContainer[idx] >>= HUF_getNbBits(elt);
+    bitC->bitContainer[idx] |= kFast ? HUF_getValueFast(elt) : HUF_getValue(elt);
+    /* We only read the low 8 bits of bitC->bitPos[idx] so it
+     * doesn't matter that the high bits have noise from the value.
+     */
+    bitC->bitPos[idx] += HUF_getNbBitsFast(elt);
+    assert((bitC->bitPos[idx] & 0xFF) <= HUF_BITS_IN_CONTAINER);
+    /* The last 4-bits of elt are dirty if fast is set,
+     * so we must not be overwriting bits that have already been
+     * inserted into the bit container.
+     */
+#if DEBUGLEVEL >= 1
+    {
+        size_t const nbBits = HUF_getNbBits(elt);
+        size_t const dirtyBits = nbBits == 0 ? 0 : ZSTD_highbit32((U32)nbBits) + 1;
+        (void)dirtyBits;
+        /* Middle bits are 0. */
+        assert(((elt >> dirtyBits) << (dirtyBits + nbBits)) == 0);
+        /* We didn't overwrite any bits in the bit container. */
+        assert(!kFast || (bitC->bitPos[idx] & 0xFF) <= HUF_BITS_IN_CONTAINER);
+        (void)dirtyBits;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE void HUF_zeroIndex1(HUF_CStream_t* bitC)
+{
+    bitC->bitContainer[1] = 0;
+    bitC->bitPos[1] = 0;
+}
+
+/*! HUF_mergeIndex1() :
+ * Merges the bit container @ index 1 into the bit container @ index 0
+ * and zeros the bit container @ index 1.
+ */
+FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE void HUF_mergeIndex1(HUF_CStream_t* bitC)
+{
+    assert((bitC->bitPos[1] & 0xFF) < HUF_BITS_IN_CONTAINER);
+    bitC->bitContainer[0] >>= (bitC->bitPos[1] & 0xFF);
+    bitC->bitContainer[0] |= bitC->bitContainer[1];
+    bitC->bitPos[0] += bitC->bitPos[1];
+    assert((bitC->bitPos[0] & 0xFF) <= HUF_BITS_IN_CONTAINER);
+}
+
+/*! HUF_flushBits() :
+* Flushes the bits in the bit container @ index 0.
+*
+* @post bitPos will be < 8.
+* @param kFast If kFast is set then we must know a-priori that
+*              the bit container will not overflow.
+*/
+FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE void HUF_flushBits(HUF_CStream_t* bitC, int kFast)
+{
+    /* The upper bits of bitPos are noisy, so we must mask by 0xFF. */
+    size_t const nbBits = bitC->bitPos[0] & 0xFF;
+    size_t const nbBytes = nbBits >> 3;
+    /* The top nbBits bits of bitContainer are the ones we need. */
+    size_t const bitContainer = bitC->bitContainer[0] >> (HUF_BITS_IN_CONTAINER - nbBits);
+    /* Mask bitPos to account for the bytes we consumed. */
+    bitC->bitPos[0] &= 7;
+    assert(nbBits > 0);
+    assert(nbBits <= sizeof(bitC->bitContainer[0]) * 8);
+    assert(bitC->ptr <= bitC->endPtr);
+    MEM_writeLEST(bitC->ptr, bitContainer);
+    bitC->ptr += nbBytes;
+    assert(!kFast || bitC->ptr <= bitC->endPtr);
+    if (!kFast && bitC->ptr > bitC->endPtr) bitC->ptr = bitC->endPtr;
+    /* bitContainer doesn't need to be modified because the leftover
+     * bits are already the top bitPos bits. And we don't care about
+     * noise in the lower values.
+     */
+}
+
+/*! HUF_endMark()
+ * @returns The Huffman stream end mark: A 1-bit value = 1.
+ */
+static HUF_CElt HUF_endMark(void)
+{
+    HUF_CElt endMark;
+    HUF_setNbBits(&endMark, 1);
+    HUF_setValue(&endMark, 1);
+    return endMark;
+}
+
+/*! HUF_closeCStream() :
+ *  @return Size of CStream, in bytes,
+ *          or 0 if it could not fit into dstBuffer */
+static size_t HUF_closeCStream(HUF_CStream_t* bitC)
+{
+    HUF_addBits(bitC, HUF_endMark(), /* idx */ 0, /* kFast */ 0);
+    HUF_flushBits(bitC, /* kFast */ 0);
+    {
+        size_t const nbBits = bitC->bitPos[0] & 0xFF;
+        if (bitC->ptr >= bitC->endPtr) return 0; /* overflow detected */
+        return (size_t)(bitC->ptr - bitC->startPtr) + (nbBits > 0);
+    }
+}
+
 FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE void
-HUF_encodeSymbol(BIT_CStream_t* bitCPtr, U32 symbol, const HUF_CElt* CTable)
+HUF_encodeSymbol(HUF_CStream_t* bitCPtr, U32 symbol, const HUF_CElt* CTable, int idx, int fast)
 {
-    BIT_addBitsFast(bitCPtr, CTable[symbol].val, CTable[symbol].nbBits);
+    HUF_addBits(bitCPtr, CTable[symbol], idx, fast);
 }
 
-#define HUF_FLUSHBITS(s)  BIT_flushBits(s)
+FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE void
+HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(HUF_CStream_t* bitC,
+                                   const BYTE* ip, size_t srcSize,
+                                   const HUF_CElt* ct,
+                                   int kUnroll, int kFastFlush, int kLastFast)
+{
+    /* Join to kUnroll */
+    int n = (int)srcSize;
+    int rem = n % kUnroll;
+    if (rem > 0) {
+        for (; rem > 0; --rem) {
+            HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[--n], ct, 0, /* fast */ 0);
+        }
+        HUF_flushBits(bitC, kFastFlush);
+    }
+    assert(n % kUnroll == 0);
 
-#define HUF_FLUSHBITS_1(stream) \
-    if (sizeof((stream)->bitContainer)*8 < HUF_TABLELOG_MAX*2+7) HUF_FLUSHBITS(stream)
+    /* Join to 2 * kUnroll */
+    if (n % (2 * kUnroll)) {
+        int u;
+        for (u = 1; u < kUnroll; ++u) {
+            HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[n - u], ct, 0, 1);
+        }
+        HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[n - kUnroll], ct, 0, kLastFast);
+        HUF_flushBits(bitC, kFastFlush);
+        n -= kUnroll;
+    }
+    assert(n % (2 * kUnroll) == 0);
+
+    for (; n>0; n-= 2 * kUnroll) {
+        /* Encode kUnroll symbols into the bitstream @ index 0. */
+        int u;
+        for (u = 1; u < kUnroll; ++u) {
+            HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[n - u], ct, /* idx */ 0, /* fast */ 1);
+        }
+        HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[n - kUnroll], ct, /* idx */ 0, /* fast */ kLastFast);
+        HUF_flushBits(bitC, kFastFlush);
+        /* Encode kUnroll symbols into the bitstream @ index 1.
+         * This allows us to start filling the bit container
+         * without any data dependencies.
+         */
+        HUF_zeroIndex1(bitC);
+        for (u = 1; u < kUnroll; ++u) {
+            HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[n - kUnroll - u], ct, /* idx */ 1, /* fast */ 1);
+        }
+        HUF_encodeSymbol(bitC, ip[n - kUnroll - kUnroll], ct, /* idx */ 1, /* fast */ kLastFast);
+        /* Merge bitstream @ index 1 into the bitstream @ index 0 */
+        HUF_mergeIndex1(bitC);
+        HUF_flushBits(bitC, kFastFlush);
+    }
+    assert(n == 0);
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a tight upper bound on the output space needed by Huffman
+ * with 8 bytes buffer to handle over-writes. If the output is at least
+ * this large we don't need to do bounds checks during Huffman encoding.
+ */
+static size_t HUF_tightCompressBound(size_t srcSize, size_t tableLog)
+{
+    return ((srcSize * tableLog) >> 3) + 8;
+}
 
-#define HUF_FLUSHBITS_2(stream) \
-    if (sizeof((stream)->bitContainer)*8 < HUF_TABLELOG_MAX*4+7) HUF_FLUSHBITS(stream)
 
 FORCE_INLINE_TEMPLATE size_t
 HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                                    const void* src, size_t srcSize,
                                    const HUF_CElt* CTable)
 {
+    U32 const tableLog = HUF_readCTableHeader(CTable).tableLog;
+    HUF_CElt const* ct = CTable + 1;
     const BYTE* ip = (const BYTE*) src;
     BYTE* const ostart = (BYTE*)dst;
     BYTE* const oend = ostart + dstSize;
-    BYTE* op = ostart;
-    size_t n;
-    BIT_CStream_t bitC;
+    HUF_CStream_t bitC;
 
     /* init */
     if (dstSize < 8) return 0;   /* not enough space to compress */
-    { size_t const initErr = BIT_initCStream(&bitC, op, (size_t)(oend-op));
+    { BYTE* op = ostart;
+      size_t const initErr = HUF_initCStream(&bitC, op, (size_t)(oend-op));
       if (HUF_isError(initErr)) return 0; }
 
-    n = srcSize & ~3;  /* join to mod 4 */
-    switch (srcSize & 3)
-    {
-        case 3 : HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n+ 2], CTable);
-                 HUF_FLUSHBITS_2(&bitC);
-		 /* fall-through */
-        case 2 : HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n+ 1], CTable);
-                 HUF_FLUSHBITS_1(&bitC);
-		 /* fall-through */
-        case 1 : HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n+ 0], CTable);
-                 HUF_FLUSHBITS(&bitC);
-		 /* fall-through */
-        case 0 : /* fall-through */
-        default: break;
-    }
-
-    for (; n>0; n-=4) {  /* note : n&3==0 at this stage */
-        HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n- 1], CTable);
-        HUF_FLUSHBITS_1(&bitC);
-        HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n- 2], CTable);
-        HUF_FLUSHBITS_2(&bitC);
-        HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n- 3], CTable);
-        HUF_FLUSHBITS_1(&bitC);
-        HUF_encodeSymbol(&bitC, ip[n- 4], CTable);
-        HUF_FLUSHBITS(&bitC);
+    if (dstSize < HUF_tightCompressBound(srcSize, (size_t)tableLog) || tableLog > 11)
+        HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ MEM_32bits() ? 2 : 4, /* kFast */ 0, /* kLastFast */ 0);
+    else {
+        if (MEM_32bits()) {
+            switch (tableLog) {
+            case 11:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 2, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 0);
+                break;
+            case 10: ZSTD_FALLTHROUGH;
+            case 9: ZSTD_FALLTHROUGH;
+            case 8:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 2, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 1);
+                break;
+            case 7: ZSTD_FALLTHROUGH;
+            default:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 3, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 1);
+                break;
+            }
+        } else {
+            switch (tableLog) {
+            case 11:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 5, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 0);
+                break;
+            case 10:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 5, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 1);
+                break;
+            case 9:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 6, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 0);
+                break;
+            case 8:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 7, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 0);
+                break;
+            case 7:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 8, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 0);
+                break;
+            case 6: ZSTD_FALLTHROUGH;
+            default:
+                HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body_loop(&bitC, ip, srcSize, ct, /* kUnroll */ 9, /* kFastFlush */ 1, /* kLastFast */ 1);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
     }
+    assert(bitC.ptr <= bitC.endPtr);
 
-    return BIT_closeCStream(&bitC);
+    return HUF_closeCStream(&bitC);
 }
 
 #if DYNAMIC_BMI2
 
-static TARGET_ATTRIBUTE("bmi2") size_t
+static BMI2_TARGET_ATTRIBUTE size_t
 HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_bmi2(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                                    const void* src, size_t srcSize,
                                    const HUF_CElt* CTable)
@@ -523,9 +1139,9 @@ HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_default(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
 static size_t
 HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                               const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                              const HUF_CElt* CTable, const int bmi2)
+                              const HUF_CElt* CTable, const int flags)
 {
-    if (bmi2) {
+    if (flags & HUF_flags_bmi2) {
         return HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_bmi2(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable);
     }
     return HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_default(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable);
@@ -536,24 +1152,23 @@ HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
 static size_t
 HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                               const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                              const HUF_CElt* CTable, const int bmi2)
+                              const HUF_CElt* CTable, const int flags)
 {
-    (void)bmi2;
+    (void)flags;
     return HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal_body(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable);
 }
 
 #endif
 
-size_t HUF_compress1X_usingCTable(void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* src, size_t srcSize, const HUF_CElt* CTable)
+size_t HUF_compress1X_usingCTable(void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* src, size_t srcSize, const HUF_CElt* CTable, int flags)
 {
-    return HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable, /* bmi2 */ 0);
+    return HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable, flags);
 }
 
-
 static size_t
 HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                               const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                              const HUF_CElt* CTable, int bmi2)
+                              const HUF_CElt* CTable, int flags)
 {
     size_t const segmentSize = (srcSize+3)/4;   /* first 3 segments */
     const BYTE* ip = (const BYTE*) src;
@@ -567,27 +1182,24 @@ HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
     op += 6;   /* jumpTable */
 
     assert(op <= oend);
-    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, segmentSize, CTable, bmi2) );
-        if (cSize==0) return 0;
-        assert(cSize <= 65535);
+    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, segmentSize, CTable, flags) );
+        if (cSize == 0 || cSize > 65535) return 0;
         MEM_writeLE16(ostart, (U16)cSize);
         op += cSize;
     }
 
     ip += segmentSize;
     assert(op <= oend);
-    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, segmentSize, CTable, bmi2) );
-        if (cSize==0) return 0;
-        assert(cSize <= 65535);
+    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, segmentSize, CTable, flags) );
+        if (cSize == 0 || cSize > 65535) return 0;
         MEM_writeLE16(ostart+2, (U16)cSize);
         op += cSize;
     }
 
     ip += segmentSize;
     assert(op <= oend);
-    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, segmentSize, CTable, bmi2) );
-        if (cSize==0) return 0;
-        assert(cSize <= 65535);
+    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, segmentSize, CTable, flags) );
+        if (cSize == 0 || cSize > 65535) return 0;
         MEM_writeLE16(ostart+4, (U16)cSize);
         op += cSize;
     }
@@ -595,17 +1207,17 @@ HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(void* dst, size_t dstSize,
     ip += segmentSize;
     assert(op <= oend);
     assert(ip <= iend);
-    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, (size_t)(iend-ip), CTable, bmi2) );
-        if (cSize==0) return 0;
+    {   CHECK_V_F(cSize, HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend-op), ip, (size_t)(iend-ip), CTable, flags) );
+        if (cSize == 0 || cSize > 65535) return 0;
         op += cSize;
     }
 
     return (size_t)(op-ostart);
 }
 
-size_t HUF_compress4X_usingCTable(void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* src, size_t srcSize, const HUF_CElt* CTable)
+size_t HUF_compress4X_usingCTable(void* dst, size_t dstSize, const void* src, size_t srcSize, const HUF_CElt* CTable, int flags)
 {
-    return HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable, /* bmi2 */ 0);
+    return HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, CTable, flags);
 }
 
 typedef enum { HUF_singleStream, HUF_fourStreams } HUF_nbStreams_e;
@@ -613,11 +1225,11 @@ typedef enum { HUF_singleStream, HUF_fourStreams } HUF_nbStreams_e;
 static size_t HUF_compressCTable_internal(
                 BYTE* const ostart, BYTE* op, BYTE* const oend,
                 const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                HUF_nbStreams_e nbStreams, const HUF_CElt* CTable, const int bmi2)
+                HUF_nbStreams_e nbStreams, const HUF_CElt* CTable, const int flags)
 {
     size_t const cSize = (nbStreams==HUF_singleStream) ?
-                         HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend - op), src, srcSize, CTable, bmi2) :
-                         HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend - op), src, srcSize, CTable, bmi2);
+                         HUF_compress1X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend - op), src, srcSize, CTable, flags) :
+                         HUF_compress4X_usingCTable_internal(op, (size_t)(oend - op), src, srcSize, CTable, flags);
     if (HUF_isError(cSize)) { return cSize; }
     if (cSize==0) { return 0; }   /* uncompressible */
     op += cSize;
@@ -629,31 +1241,113 @@ static size_t HUF_compressCTable_internal(
 
 typedef struct {
     unsigned count[HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX + 1];
-    HUF_CElt CTable[HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX + 1];
-    HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables buildCTable_wksp;
+    HUF_CElt CTable[HUF_CTABLE_SIZE_ST(HUF_SYMBOLVALUE_MAX)];
+    union {
+        HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables buildCTable_wksp;
+        HUF_WriteCTableWksp writeCTable_wksp;
+        U32 hist_wksp[HIST_WKSP_SIZE_U32];
+    } wksps;
 } HUF_compress_tables_t;
 
+#define SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_SIZE 4096
+#define SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_RATIO 10  /* Must be >= 2 */
+
+unsigned HUF_cardinality(const unsigned* count, unsigned maxSymbolValue)
+{
+    unsigned cardinality = 0;
+    unsigned i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < maxSymbolValue + 1; i++) {
+        if (count[i] != 0) cardinality += 1;
+    }
+
+    return cardinality;
+}
+
+unsigned HUF_minTableLog(unsigned symbolCardinality)
+{
+    U32 minBitsSymbols = ZSTD_highbit32(symbolCardinality) + 1;
+    return minBitsSymbols;
+}
+
+unsigned HUF_optimalTableLog(
+            unsigned maxTableLog,
+            size_t srcSize,
+            unsigned maxSymbolValue,
+            void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize,
+            HUF_CElt* table,
+      const unsigned* count,
+            int flags)
+{
+    assert(srcSize > 1); /* Not supported, RLE should be used instead */
+    assert(wkspSize >= sizeof(HUF_buildCTable_wksp_tables));
+
+    if (!(flags & HUF_flags_optimalDepth)) {
+        /* cheap evaluation, based on FSE */
+        return FSE_optimalTableLog_internal(maxTableLog, srcSize, maxSymbolValue, 1);
+    }
+
+    {   BYTE* dst = (BYTE*)workSpace + sizeof(HUF_WriteCTableWksp);
+        size_t dstSize = wkspSize - sizeof(HUF_WriteCTableWksp);
+        size_t hSize, newSize;
+        const unsigned symbolCardinality = HUF_cardinality(count, maxSymbolValue);
+        const unsigned minTableLog = HUF_minTableLog(symbolCardinality);
+        size_t optSize = ((size_t) ~0) - 1;
+        unsigned optLog = maxTableLog, optLogGuess;
+
+        DEBUGLOG(6, "HUF_optimalTableLog: probing huf depth (srcSize=%zu)", srcSize);
+
+        /* Search until size increases */
+        for (optLogGuess = minTableLog; optLogGuess <= maxTableLog; optLogGuess++) {
+            DEBUGLOG(7, "checking for huffLog=%u", optLogGuess);
+
+            {   size_t maxBits = HUF_buildCTable_wksp(table, count, maxSymbolValue, optLogGuess, workSpace, wkspSize);
+                if (ERR_isError(maxBits)) continue;
+
+                if (maxBits < optLogGuess && optLogGuess > minTableLog) break;
+
+                hSize = HUF_writeCTable_wksp(dst, dstSize, table, maxSymbolValue, (U32)maxBits, workSpace, wkspSize);
+            }
+
+            if (ERR_isError(hSize)) continue;
+
+            newSize = HUF_estimateCompressedSize(table, count, maxSymbolValue) + hSize;
+
+            if (newSize > optSize + 1) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if (newSize < optSize) {
+                optSize = newSize;
+                optLog = optLogGuess;
+            }
+        }
+        assert(optLog <= HUF_TABLELOG_MAX);
+        return optLog;
+    }
+}
+
 /* HUF_compress_internal() :
- * `workSpace` must a table of at least HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE_U32 unsigned */
+ * `workSpace_align4` must be aligned on 4-bytes boundaries,
+ * and occupies the same space as a table of HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE_U64 unsigned */
 static size_t
 HUF_compress_internal (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                  const void* src, size_t srcSize,
                        unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog,
                        HUF_nbStreams_e nbStreams,
                        void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize,
-                       HUF_CElt* oldHufTable, HUF_repeat* repeat, int preferRepeat,
-                 const int bmi2)
+                       HUF_CElt* oldHufTable, HUF_repeat* repeat, int flags)
 {
-    HUF_compress_tables_t* const table = (HUF_compress_tables_t*)workSpace;
+    HUF_compress_tables_t* const table = (HUF_compress_tables_t*)HUF_alignUpWorkspace(workSpace, &wkspSize, ZSTD_ALIGNOF(size_t));
     BYTE* const ostart = (BYTE*)dst;
     BYTE* const oend = ostart + dstSize;
     BYTE* op = ostart;
 
-    HUF_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(*table) <= HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE);
+    DEBUGLOG(5, "HUF_compress_internal (srcSize=%zu)", srcSize);
+    HUF_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(*table) + HUF_WORKSPACE_MAX_ALIGNMENT <= HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE);
 
     /* checks & inits */
-    if (((size_t)workSpace & 3) != 0) return ERROR(GENERIC);  /* must be aligned on 4-bytes boundaries */
-    if (wkspSize < HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE) return ERROR(workSpace_tooSmall);
+    if (wkspSize < sizeof(*table)) return ERROR(workSpace_tooSmall);
     if (!srcSize) return 0;  /* Uncompressed */
     if (!dstSize) return 0;  /* cannot fit anything within dst budget */
     if (srcSize > HUF_BLOCKSIZE_MAX) return ERROR(srcSize_wrong);   /* current block size limit */
@@ -663,17 +1357,34 @@ HUF_compress_internal (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
     if (!huffLog) huffLog = HUF_TABLELOG_DEFAULT;
 
     /* Heuristic : If old table is valid, use it for small inputs */
-    if (preferRepeat && repeat && *repeat == HUF_repeat_valid) {
+    if ((flags & HUF_flags_preferRepeat) && repeat && *repeat == HUF_repeat_valid) {
         return HUF_compressCTable_internal(ostart, op, oend,
                                            src, srcSize,
-                                           nbStreams, oldHufTable, bmi2);
+                                           nbStreams, oldHufTable, flags);
+    }
+
+    /* If uncompressible data is suspected, do a smaller sampling first */
+    DEBUG_STATIC_ASSERT(SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_RATIO >= 2);
+    if ((flags & HUF_flags_suspectUncompressible) && srcSize >= (SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_SIZE * SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_RATIO)) {
+        size_t largestTotal = 0;
+        DEBUGLOG(5, "input suspected incompressible : sampling to check");
+        {   unsigned maxSymbolValueBegin = maxSymbolValue;
+            CHECK_V_F(largestBegin, HIST_count_simple (table->count, &maxSymbolValueBegin, (const BYTE*)src, SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_SIZE) );
+            largestTotal += largestBegin;
+        }
+        {   unsigned maxSymbolValueEnd = maxSymbolValue;
+            CHECK_V_F(largestEnd, HIST_count_simple (table->count, &maxSymbolValueEnd, (const BYTE*)src + srcSize - SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_SIZE, SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_SIZE) );
+            largestTotal += largestEnd;
+        }
+        if (largestTotal <= ((2 * SUSPECT_INCOMPRESSIBLE_SAMPLE_SIZE) >> 7)+4) return 0;   /* heuristic : probably not compressible enough */
     }
 
     /* Scan input and build symbol stats */
-    {   CHECK_V_F(largest, HIST_count_wksp (table->count, &maxSymbolValue, (const BYTE*)src, srcSize, workSpace, wkspSize) );
+    {   CHECK_V_F(largest, HIST_count_wksp (table->count, &maxSymbolValue, (const BYTE*)src, srcSize, table->wksps.hist_wksp, sizeof(table->wksps.hist_wksp)) );
         if (largest == srcSize) { *ostart = ((const BYTE*)src)[0]; return 1; }   /* single symbol, rle */
         if (largest <= (srcSize >> 7)+4) return 0;   /* heuristic : probably not compressible enough */
     }
+    DEBUGLOG(6, "histogram detail completed (%zu symbols)", showU32(table->count, maxSymbolValue+1));
 
     /* Check validity of previous table */
     if ( repeat
@@ -682,26 +1393,25 @@ HUF_compress_internal (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
         *repeat = HUF_repeat_none;
     }
     /* Heuristic : use existing table for small inputs */
-    if (preferRepeat && repeat && *repeat != HUF_repeat_none) {
+    if ((flags & HUF_flags_preferRepeat) && repeat && *repeat != HUF_repeat_none) {
         return HUF_compressCTable_internal(ostart, op, oend,
                                            src, srcSize,
-                                           nbStreams, oldHufTable, bmi2);
+                                           nbStreams, oldHufTable, flags);
     }
 
     /* Build Huffman Tree */
-    huffLog = HUF_optimalTableLog(huffLog, srcSize, maxSymbolValue);
+    huffLog = HUF_optimalTableLog(huffLog, srcSize, maxSymbolValue, &table->wksps, sizeof(table->wksps), table->CTable, table->count, flags);
     {   size_t const maxBits = HUF_buildCTable_wksp(table->CTable, table->count,
                                             maxSymbolValue, huffLog,
-                                            &table->buildCTable_wksp, sizeof(table->buildCTable_wksp));
+                                            &table->wksps.buildCTable_wksp, sizeof(table->wksps.buildCTable_wksp));
         CHECK_F(maxBits);
         huffLog = (U32)maxBits;
-        /* Zero unused symbols in CTable, so we can check it for validity */
-        memset(table->CTable + (maxSymbolValue + 1), 0,
-               sizeof(table->CTable) - ((maxSymbolValue + 1) * sizeof(HUF_CElt)));
+        DEBUGLOG(6, "bit distribution completed (%zu symbols)", showCTableBits(table->CTable + 1, maxSymbolValue+1));
     }
 
     /* Write table description header */
-    {   CHECK_V_F(hSize, HUF_writeCTable (op, dstSize, table->CTable, maxSymbolValue, huffLog) );
+    {   CHECK_V_F(hSize, HUF_writeCTable_wksp(op, dstSize, table->CTable, maxSymbolValue, huffLog,
+                                              &table->wksps.writeCTable_wksp, sizeof(table->wksps.writeCTable_wksp)) );
         /* Check if using previous huffman table is beneficial */
         if (repeat && *repeat != HUF_repeat_none) {
             size_t const oldSize = HUF_estimateCompressedSize(oldHufTable, table->count, maxSymbolValue);
@@ -709,7 +1419,7 @@ HUF_compress_internal (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
             if (oldSize <= hSize + newSize || hSize + 12 >= srcSize) {
                 return HUF_compressCTable_internal(ostart, op, oend,
                                                    src, srcSize,
-                                                   nbStreams, oldHufTable, bmi2);
+                                                   nbStreams, oldHufTable, flags);
         }   }
 
         /* Use the new huffman table */
@@ -717,85 +1427,41 @@ HUF_compress_internal (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
         op += hSize;
         if (repeat) { *repeat = HUF_repeat_none; }
         if (oldHufTable)
-            memcpy(oldHufTable, table->CTable, sizeof(table->CTable));  /* Save new table */
+            ZSTD_memcpy(oldHufTable, table->CTable, sizeof(table->CTable));  /* Save new table */
     }
     return HUF_compressCTable_internal(ostart, op, oend,
                                        src, srcSize,
-                                       nbStreams, table->CTable, bmi2);
-}
-
-
-size_t HUF_compress1X_wksp (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
-                      const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                      unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog,
-                      void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize)
-{
-    return HUF_compress_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize,
-                                 maxSymbolValue, huffLog, HUF_singleStream,
-                                 workSpace, wkspSize,
-                                 NULL, NULL, 0, 0 /*bmi2*/);
+                                       nbStreams, table->CTable, flags);
 }
 
 size_t HUF_compress1X_repeat (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                       const void* src, size_t srcSize,
                       unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog,
                       void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize,
-                      HUF_CElt* hufTable, HUF_repeat* repeat, int preferRepeat, int bmi2)
+                      HUF_CElt* hufTable, HUF_repeat* repeat, int flags)
 {
+    DEBUGLOG(5, "HUF_compress1X_repeat (srcSize = %zu)", srcSize);
     return HUF_compress_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize,
                                  maxSymbolValue, huffLog, HUF_singleStream,
                                  workSpace, wkspSize, hufTable,
-                                 repeat, preferRepeat, bmi2);
-}
-
-size_t HUF_compress1X (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
-                 const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                 unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog)
-{
-    unsigned workSpace[HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE_U32];
-    return HUF_compress1X_wksp(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, maxSymbolValue, huffLog, workSpace, sizeof(workSpace));
+                                 repeat, flags);
 }
 
 /* HUF_compress4X_repeat():
  * compress input using 4 streams.
- * provide workspace to generate compression tables */
-size_t HUF_compress4X_wksp (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
-                      const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                      unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog,
-                      void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize)
-{
-    return HUF_compress_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize,
-                                 maxSymbolValue, huffLog, HUF_fourStreams,
-                                 workSpace, wkspSize,
-                                 NULL, NULL, 0, 0 /*bmi2*/);
-}
-
-/* HUF_compress4X_repeat():
- * compress input using 4 streams.
- * re-use an existing huffman compression table */
+ * consider skipping quickly
+ * reuse an existing huffman compression table */
 size_t HUF_compress4X_repeat (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
                       const void* src, size_t srcSize,
                       unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog,
                       void* workSpace, size_t wkspSize,
-                      HUF_CElt* hufTable, HUF_repeat* repeat, int preferRepeat, int bmi2)
+                      HUF_CElt* hufTable, HUF_repeat* repeat, int flags)
 {
+    DEBUGLOG(5, "HUF_compress4X_repeat (srcSize = %zu)", srcSize);
     return HUF_compress_internal(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize,
                                  maxSymbolValue, huffLog, HUF_fourStreams,
                                  workSpace, wkspSize,
-                                 hufTable, repeat, preferRepeat, bmi2);
-}
-
-size_t HUF_compress2 (void* dst, size_t dstSize,
-                const void* src, size_t srcSize,
-                unsigned maxSymbolValue, unsigned huffLog)
-{
-    unsigned workSpace[HUF_WORKSPACE_SIZE_U32];
-    return HUF_compress4X_wksp(dst, dstSize, src, srcSize, maxSymbolValue, huffLog, workSpace, sizeof(workSpace));
+                                 hufTable, repeat, flags);
 }
 
-size_t HUF_compress (void* dst, size_t maxDstSize, const void* src, size_t srcSize)
-{
-    return HUF_compress2(dst, maxDstSize, src, srcSize, 255, HUF_TABLELOG_DEFAULT);
-}
-
-}
+} // namespace duckdb_zstd