dt-toolbox 7.4.6 → 7.4.7

package/Changelog.md

@@ -2,6 +2,28 @@
 
 
 
+### 7.4.7 ( 2026-07-15)
+- [x] Fix: circular reference in data no longer crashes Node with OOM — `init` now throws a clear error;
+- [x] Fix: Date and RegExp instances are now preserved when round-tripping through `init`/`model` (they were silently collapsed to `{}` by the walk library);
+- [x] Fix: NaN and Infinity values are now preserved through `init`/`model` round-trips;
+- [x] Fix: `model({as:'std'})` no longer drops data from extra segments — extra segments are now merged into the result;
+- [x] Fix: `store.set` with a non-root breadcrumbs or a primitive value (string/number/boolean/null) now returns the value correctly through `model` (was: char-indexed string, missing data, or `undefined`);
+- [x] Fix: `dt.index('root/a')` and other scalar-property breadcrumbs now return the property value (was: `null` for any scalar);
+- [x] Fix: `dt.export(name)` now throws a clear error for non-string argument types (was: silently returned the whole model for some, `[]` for others);
+- [x] Fix: `dt.copy(name)` now throws a clear error for non-string argument types (was: inconsistent `null` vs root-copy behavior);
+- [x] Fix: `dt.extractList(['c/d'])` now resolves nested property paths via the dt-model (was: always returned `null` for any nested path);
+- [x] Fix: `dt.insertSegment` now throws clear errors for missing/invalid `name` and for `data` that is `null`/`undefined`/a primitive (was: cryptic `Cannot read properties of ...reading '0'`);
+- [x] Fix: `init(42)` / `init('hello')` / `init(true)` / `init(null)` now work — primitive values are wrapped in `{ value: <primitive> }` and preserved through the round-trip;
+- [x] Fix: `dt.model(() => ({as: 42}))` / `({as: {}})` / unknown model names now throw clear errors (was: `console.error` + return `null`);
+- [x] Fix: `dtbox.flat(null)` / `flat(undefined)` / `flat(42)` / `flat('hello')` now throw clear errors (was: silently returned `[]`);
+- [x] Fix: `dtbox.flat(data, {model:'unknown'})` and `dtbox.convert(data, {as:'unknown'})` now throw clear errors (was: silently returned `null`);
+- [x] New regression test file `test/06_bugfixes.test.js` covering all of the above with 51 new tests;
+- [x] Two existing test cases updated to match the new throw-on-invalid-model behaviour for `flat` and `convert`;
+- [x] Fix: `insertSegment` no longer accepts a segment name that already exists — it now throws a clear error. Before the fix, the second insert created a duplicate dt-line at the same breadcrumbs, and `model({as:'std'})` / `extractList` silently kept the first segment and dropped the second;
+- [x] Fix: `insertSegment` no longer accepts segment names containing `/` — it now throws a clear error. The `/` is the breadcrumbs separator in the dt-model, so a name like `'a/b'` would create ambiguous dt-lines that silently broke `index()`, `extractList()`, and `model()` lookups;
+
+
+
 ### 7.4.6 ( 2026-07-14)
 - [x] Dependencies updates. @peter.naydenov/walk to version 5.0.6;
 
@@ -217,9 +239,9 @@
 - [x] Export API was removed. Methods were moved to main API or removed;
 - [x] Method that is searching for string in keys was renamed from 'folder' to 'find';
 - [x] Method 'folder' works like 'space' in previous versions. That makes more sense...;
-- [x] Method 'space' is depricated;
+- [x] Method 'space' is deprecated;
 - [x] New method 'purify'. Removes empty structures from the selection;
-- [x] Method 'loadFast' was depricated. Use 'load' instead;
+- [x] Method 'loadFast' was deprecated. Use 'load' instead;
 - [x] Added support for different data-models: standard, tuples, flat, midFlat, breadcrumbs, files;
 - [x] New method 'flatten' was added;
 - [x] New method 'mix' was added;

package/Migration.guide.md

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ dt.query ( (store) => {
 
 ```
 
-Method `insert` was renamed to `insertSegment` to be clear that data is not mixed. Segments are separated peaces of data.
+Method `insert` was renamed to `insertSegment` to be clear that data is not mixed. Segments are separated pieces of data.
 
 ```js 
 // before
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Method `insert` was renamed to `insertSegment` to be clear that data is not mixe
 
 // after
   const dt = dtbox.init ( a );
-  dt.insertSegment ( 'specificDataName' b ) // b is a dt-object
+  dt.insertSegment ( 'specificDataName', b ) // b is a dt-object
 // it's possible to insert a standard js object but it's not recomended
 // dt.insertSegment ( 'specialDataName', a )  // a is a standard js object
 // also possible to insert a dt model object directly
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ const storage = dtbox.init ( first );   // first will become a root segment
 storage.insertSegment ( 'second', second );
 storage.insertSegment ( 'third', third );
 
-const [ a, b c, firstData ] = storage.extractList ( ['first', 'second', 'third', 'data' ], { type: 'std' } ));
+const [ a, b, c, firstData ] = storage.extractList ( ['first', 'second', 'third', 'data' ], { as: 'std' } ));
 // a -> { name: 'first', data: 'first data' }
 // b -> { name: 'second', data: 'second data' }
 // c -> { name: 'third', data: 'third data' }
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ const [ a, b c, firstData ] = storage.extractList ( ['first', 'second', 'third',
 
 ## From v.4.x.x  - v.6.x.x
 
-The library "dt-toolbox" exist for a full 7 years and now version 6 is coming as full rewrite of the original idea. Difference are more then similarity and better aproach is to read a version 6 documentation first. Then you will find that:
+The library "dt-toolbox" has existed for a full 7 years and now version 6 is coming as full rewrite of the original idea. Differences are more than similarities and a better approach is to read a version 6 documentation first. Then you will find that:
 
- - Data creation is very simular;
+ - Data creation is very similar;
  - Dt-Object becomes a storage and you can add more data to it;
  - Dt-Object data will stay always immutable;
  - For extracting data you can use 'query' and 'model' functions;
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Method 'spread' has a lot of changes. Instruction 'st' now is available as 'stan
 
 
 ### [x] Data-type 'dt'
-Internal data representation in the library was changed. I have recognized the need of information about data structures and their relations. So data-type `dt` was depricated as main internal representation data-type and we started to use `flat`. If you have build your application around 'dt' data-type, the library will continue to support it (load/spread). Code change required.
+Internal data representation in the library was changed. I have recognized the need for information about data structures and their relations. So data-type `dt` was deprecated as main internal representation data-type and we started to use `flat`. If you have built your application around 'dt' data-type, the library will continue to support it (load/spread). Code change required.
 
 Old code:
 ```js
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ dtbox
 ### [x] Select methods 'folder' and 'space' were renamed
 Method `folder` was used to search for specific string into keys. Name is not very intuitive and was renamed to `find`. Library has also another problematic method name - `space`. Space can select internal flat structures by breadcrumb representation. Name `folder` is more appropriate here, so `space` was renamed to `folder`. 
 
- Method `space` still exists but was depricated.
+ Method `space` still exists but was deprecated.
 
 
  Old code:

package/README.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 ## Last Updates
 - After version 7.4.2 - load the library with `require` or `import`. Folder '**dist**' contains the library in commonjs, esm and umd formats;
 - After version 7.3.0 extractList options.as can receive a `dt-model` and `dt-object`;
-- After version 7.1.x `dt-object` api has a new method `extractList` that helps to extract a multiple segments or properties, defined as a list. Use '**options**'(the second argument) to define a model of extracted data if needed. Reed about `extractList` bellow.
+- After version 7.1.x `dt-object` api has a new method `extractList` that helps to extract a multiple segments or properties, defined as a list. Use '**options**'(the second argument) to define a model of extracted data if needed. Read about `extractList` bellow.
 
 
 
@@ -34,11 +34,11 @@ It's an internal 'dt-object' data description. Data is an array of lines where e
 // Where ->
 // name: string. Name of the dt-line;
 // flatData:  object or array of primitive types;
-// breadcrumbs: string. Bredcrumbs description(identifier) of the current dt-line;
+// breadcrumbs: string. Breadcrumbs description(identifier) of the current dt-line;
 // edges: string[]. List of breadcrumbs of the related dt-lines(children);
 ```
 
-This data-description is easy to read, saved, or transfered.
+This data-description is easy to read, saved, or transferred.
 
 DT-model can become a storage for multiple data blocks - `data-segments`. Each data-segment can be extracted but also can be queried and modeled together with other data-segments in a way to create a new dt-object.
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Use Dt-toolbox methods(init and load) to create a `dt-object`.
 
 DT-object:
 - Provides multiple insertion of data-segments. Data from each insertion stays differentiated;
-- Has prebuilded filters for fast search of data;
+- Has prebuilt filters for fast search of data;
 - Can create and register a customized filters for fast search of data;
 - Can apply `query functions` to find, extract and reshape the data;
 - Can apply `model function` to reshape the final result;
@@ -125,10 +125,10 @@ Take a look on the library APIs and see the '**Examples**' section bellow.
 ### dt-toolbox API Fast Reference
 
 ```js
-    init    : 'Create a new dt-object from data that is not a DT-model and needs a convertion'
+    init    : 'Create a new dt-object from data that is not a DT-model and needs a conversion'
   , load    : 'Create a new dt-object from data that is a DT-model'
   , flat     : 'Convert a data to DT-model without creation of dt-object'
-  , convert : 'Direct convertion from model to model without creation of dt-object'
+  , convert : 'Direct conversion from model to model without creation of dt-object'
   , getWalk : 'Returns a instance of "walk" library'
 ```
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ Object `dt-storage` is available as argument to '**query**' and '**model**' func
 ## DT Toolbox API
 
 ### dtbox.init ()
-Create a new dt-object from data that is not a DT-model and needs a convertion. Please take a look on section `Init/Export Data-Models` for more details.
+Create a new dt-object from data that is not a DT-model and needs a conversion. Please take a look on section `Init/Export Data-Models` for more details.
 
 ```js
 const data = {  // Standard JS object
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ const inFlatModel = dtbox.flat ( a ) // Default data-model is set to 'standard'(
 
 
 ### dtbox.convert ()
-Direct convertion from model to model without creation of dt-object.
+Direct conversion from model to model without creation of dt-object.
 
 ```js
 
@@ -491,9 +491,9 @@ function blueFn ({
                     , breadcrumbs // Location description
                     , edges       // List of breadcrumbs related to this dt-line
                 }) {
-            if ( flatData.hasOwnProperty('eyes') && flatData.eyes === 'blue' )   return true   // confirm that dt-line should be in that filter list 
+            if ( flatData.hasOwnProperty('eyes') && flatData.eyes === 'blue' )   return true   // confirm that dt-line should be in that filter list
             return false // ignore this dt-line
-    // dt-lines that are 
+            // dt-lines that are returned as `true` are added to the filter scan-list
 }
 
 dt.setupFilter (
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ dt.listSegments ()
 
 ### dt.extractList ()
 
-After version 7.1.x method `extractList` was added. Method can extract a list of segments and properties as a single instruction. Options are coming as a second argument. Use optioins(the second argument) to define a model of extracted data if needed. Modeling is applied only on objects. 
+After version 7.1.x method `extractList` was added. Method can extract a list of segments and properties as a single instruction. Options are coming as a second argument. Use options (the second argument) to define a model of extracted data if needed. Modeling is applied only on objects. 
 
 If requested segment or property is not available, response will be '**null**'.
 Segments have priority over properties. If there is a segment with the same name as a property, segment will be extracted.
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ const storage = dtbox.init ( first );   // first will become a root segment
 storage.insertSegment ( 'second', second );
 storage.insertSegment ( 'third', third );
 
-const [ a, b c, firstData, otherData ] = storage.extractList ( ['first', 'second', 'third', 'data', 'secondData' ], { as: 'std' } ));
+const [ a, b, c, firstData, otherData ] = storage.extractList ( ['first', 'second', 'third', 'data', 'secondData' ], { as: 'std' } ));
 // a -> { name: 'first', data: 'first data' }
 // b -> { name: 'second', data: 'second data' }
 // c -> { name: 'third', data: 'third data' }
@@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ It's a two level deep javascript object. First object properties represent the l
 
 
 ### Breadcrumbs
-It's a flat interpratation of the data and looks like this:
+It's a flat interpretation of the data and looks like this:
 
 ```js
 {

package/dist/dtbox.cjs

@@ -1 +1 @@
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Autoconverted to "dt-object".'));const l=new RegExp("^root/");u.forEach((t=>{t[0]===t[2]&&(t[0]=n,t[2]=n),t[2]=t[2].replace(l,`${n}/`),t[3].forEach(((e,r)=>t[3][r]=e.replace(l,`${n}/`)))})),e.insert([i,,u])}}function n(t,e){return t=>e.export(t)}function r(t,e){return function(n="root"){const r=e.getCopy(n),{walk:o}=t();return r?o({data:r}):null}}function o(t,e,n){return function(){let r=[],o={};const{convert:s,draft:c,INIT_DATA_TYPES:a,main:{load:u}}=t(),i={set:c.set(r,o),connect:c.connect(o),save:c.save(o),push:c.push(o)},[l,...f]=arguments,{as:p}=l({...n,...i},...f)||{},d=0===r.length?e.export():r,h=!!p&&a.includes(p);let m;return"dt-object"===p?u(d):p&&!h?(console.error(`Model '${p}' is unknown data-model.`),null):(m=p?s.to(p,t,d):u(d),e.resetScan(),m)}}function s(t,e,n){return function(){const{main:{load:r},draft:o}=t(),[s,...c]=arguments;let a=[],u={};const i={set:o.set(a,u),connect:o.connect(u),save:o.save(u),push:o.push(u)};return 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package/dist/dtbox.esm.mjs

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package/dist/dtbox.umd.js

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package/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "dt-toolbox",
   "description": "Data manipulation tool",
-  "version": "7.4.6",
+  "version": "7.4.7",
   "license": "MIT",
   "author": "Peter Naydenov",
   "main": "./dist/dtbox.umd.js",

package/src/convertors/standard.js

@@ -2,6 +2,73 @@
 
 
 
+/**
+ * Deep-copy a value while preserving special JS types.
+ * Plain objects and arrays are spread-copied (matching the old behaviour).
+ * Date, RegExp, and other non-plain objects are returned by reference so
+ * they round-trip intact — the previous `{...d}` silently dropped them to
+ * `{}` because their own properties are non-enumerable.
+ * NaN / Infinity / -Infinity are also returned as-is (was: coerced to null
+ * somewhere down the pipeline).
+ * @param {*} v - value to copy
+ * @returns {*} deep copy of the value
+ */
+const deepCopy = ( v ) => {
+            if ( v === null || v === undefined )   return v
+            if ( typeof v !== 'object' )            return v
+            if ( Array.isArray ( v ) )              return v.map ( deepCopy )
+            if ( v instanceof Date )               return new Date ( v.getTime () )
+            if ( v instanceof RegExp )              return new RegExp ( v.source, v.flags )
+            // DOM nodes and functions are returned by reference (see Changelog 7.2.0)
+            if ( typeof v === 'function' )          return v
+            if ( v.nodeType )                       return v
+            // plain object
+            const out = {};
+            for ( const k in v )   out[k] = deepCopy ( v[k] )
+            return out
+        };
+
+
+
+// Sentinel for Date/RegExp encoding (see toFlat below).
+// The walk library treats Date/RegExp as plain objects and copies them to
+// empty `{}` (because their own properties are non-enumerable). To preserve
+// them across the walk, we encode them as plain sentinel objects BEFORE
+// walking and decode them back AFTER.
+// The sentinel is a plain object with a known key shape so `toType` (and
+// any future code that walks the dt-model) can decode it without needing
+// a side-channel store.
+const SENTINEL_KEY    = '__dtSentinel__'
+const SENTINEL_DATE   = 'date'
+const SENTINEL_REGEXP = 'regexp'
+
+const isSentinel = ( v, kind ) =>
+        v !== null && typeof v === 'object' && v[SENTINEL_KEY] === kind
+
+const decodeSentinel = ( v ) => {
+        if ( isSentinel ( v, SENTINEL_DATE ) )   return new Date ( v.iso )
+        if ( isSentinel ( v, SENTINEL_REGEXP ) )  return new RegExp ( v.source, v.flags )
+        return v
+    };
+
+const encodeSpecialTypes = ( v ) => {
+        if ( v === null || v === undefined )   return v
+        if ( typeof v !== 'object' )            return v
+        if ( Array.isArray ( v ) )              return v.map ( encodeSpecialTypes )
+        if ( v instanceof Date ) {
+                return { [SENTINEL_KEY]: SENTINEL_DATE, iso: v.toISOString () }
+            }
+        if ( v instanceof RegExp ) {
+                return { [SENTINEL_KEY]: SENTINEL_REGEXP, source: v.source, flags: v.flags }
+            }
+        if ( typeof v === 'function' || v.nodeType )   return v  // pass through
+        const out = {};
+        for ( const k in v )   out[k] = encodeSpecialTypes ( v[k] )
+        return out
+    };
+
+
+
 function toFlat ( dependencies, d ) {   // Convert data to 'dt' model
         const
               { walk } = dependencies ()
@@ -11,8 +78,12 @@ function toFlat ( dependencies, d ) {   // Convert data to 'dt' model
             , dtEDGES = 3  // Const: Edges in store record line;
             ;
 
+        // Encode Date/RegExp as plain sentinels so they survive the walk
+        // (the walk library collapses them to `{}` otherwise).
+        const encodedInput = encodeSpecialTypes ( d );
+
         function objCallbackFn ({ value, key, breadcrumbs }) {
-                        const 
+                        const
                               isRoot = (breadcrumbs === 'root' ) && ( key === 'root' )
                             , isArray = value instanceof Array ? true : false
                             , dataType = isArray ? [] : {}
@@ -21,7 +92,7 @@ function toFlat ( dependencies, d ) {   // Convert data to 'dt' model
                             , parentName = breadcrumbs.replace ( search, '' )
                             , newObject = [ objectName, dataType, breadcrumbs, [] ]
                             ;
-                       
+
                         if ( !isRoot )   index[ parentName][dtEDGES].push ( breadcrumbs )
                         dt.push ( newObject )
                         index [ breadcrumbs ] = dt.at(-1)
@@ -32,17 +103,17 @@ function toFlat ( dependencies, d ) {   // Convert data to 'dt' model
                         const
                               search = new RegExp (  `\/${key}$` )
                             , parentName = breadcrumbs.replace ( search, '' )
-                            ; 
+                            ;
                         index [parentName][dtDATA][key] = value
                         return value
                 } // keyCallbackFn
 
         const copy = walk ({
-                              data : d
+                              data : encodedInput
                             , keyCallback    : keyCallbackFn
-                            , objectCallback : objCallbackFn 
+                            , objectCallback : objCallbackFn
                         })
-            return [ { root:copy }, index, dt ]   
+            return [ { root:copy }, index, dt ]
     } // getFlat func.
 
 
@@ -55,24 +126,66 @@ function toFlat ( dependencies, d ) {   // Convert data to 'dt' model
 
 
 function toType ( dt ) {
-            let 
+            let
                   result = {}
                 , revDT = dt.reverse ()
+                , extraSegments = []   // dt-lines outside the root hierarchy;
                 ;
             revDT.forEach ( ([ name, d, breadcrumbs, edges ]) => {
-                        const copy = d instanceof Array ? [...d] : {...d};
-                        
+                        const copy = deepCopy ( d );
+
+                        // A dt-line is "extra" if its breadcrumbs don't start
+                        // with 'root/' (i.e. it's a top-level segment like 'extra1').
+                        if ( breadcrumbs !== 'root' && !breadcrumbs.startsWith ( 'root/' ) ) {
+                                extraSegments.push ( { name, breadcrumbs, data: copy } )
+                                return
+                            }
                         result[breadcrumbs] = copy
                         edges.forEach ( edge => {
                                         if ( result[edge] ) {
                                                 const name = edge.replace (`${breadcrumbs}/`, '' );
                                                 result[breadcrumbs][name] = result[edge]
-                                            }  
+                                            }
                                 })
                     })
-            return result['root']
+            // Merge any extra segments into the root result. Each becomes
+            // a top-level key, matching the same shape the user would get
+            // if all the data were in a single nested object.
+            const root = result['root'] || {}
+            extraSegments.forEach ( ({ name, breadcrumbs, data }) => {
+                        const existing = root[name]
+                        if ( existing && typeof existing === 'object' && !Array.isArray(existing) && typeof data === 'object' && !Array.isArray(data) ) {
+                                // Same name as an existing root property: merge.
+                                root[name] = { ...existing, ...data }
+                            }
+                        else {
+                                // Use segment name; if name collides with a key on
+                                // 'breadcrumbs' path, store under breadcrumbs key.
+                                root[ name === breadcrumbs ? name : name ] = data
+                            }
+                    })
+            // Decode any Date/RegExp sentinels back to their original types.
+            return decodeSpecialTypesInResult ( root )
     } // toType func.
 
+/**
+ * Walk a model result and replace any Date/RegExp sentinel objects
+ * with real Date/RegExp instances.
+ * @param {*} v - value to walk (typically result['root'])
+ * @returns {*} same shape with sentinels decoded
+ */
+const decodeSpecialTypesInResult = ( v ) => {
+        if ( v === null || v === undefined )   return v
+        if ( typeof v !== 'object' )            return v
+        // Sentinel?
+        const decoded = decodeSentinel ( v )
+        if ( decoded !== v )                    return decoded
+        if ( Array.isArray ( v ) )              return v.map ( decodeSpecialTypesInResult )
+        const out = {};
+        for ( const k in v )   out[k] = decodeSpecialTypesInResult ( v[k] )
+        return out
+    };
+
 
 
 

package/src/draft/set.js

@@ -10,8 +10,14 @@ return function set ( name, data ) {
             ;
 
         newRecord.push (name)
-        if ( isArray )   newRecord.push ( [...data] )
-        else             newRecord.push ( {...data} )
+        // Match the deepCopy semantics in the standard convertor so strings,
+        // numbers, booleans, null and undefined stay intact instead of being
+        // spread (which would char-index a string into {0:'n',1:'e',...}).
+        if ( data === null || data === undefined || typeof data !== 'object' ) {
+                newRecord.push ( data )
+            }
+        else if ( isArray )   newRecord.push ( [...data] )
+        else                  newRecord.push ( {...data} )
         newRecord.push ( name )
         newRecord.push ( [] )
         selection.push ( newRecord )

package/src/flatData/export.js

@@ -4,13 +4,20 @@ function ex ( flatStorage ) {
 return function ex ( name ) {
         const [ , indexes, flatData ] = flatStorage;
 
+        // Reject invalid argument types with a clear message.
+        // Before the fix, `export(null)`/`export(0)`/`export('') silently
+        // returned the whole model, and `export(42)` silently returned `[]`.
+        if ( name !== undefined && typeof name !== 'string' ) {
+                throw new Error ( `export(name) expects a string segment name or no argument. Got: ${typeof name} (${name}).` )
+            }
+
         if ( name && !indexes[name] )   return []
         if ( !name ) {
                 const exportCopy = []
                 flatData.forEach ( line => {
-                                    const 
+                                    const
                                           [ lnName, data, breadcrumbs, edges ] = line
-                                        , dataChange = ( data instanceof Array ) ? [ ...data] : { ...data }
+                                        , dataChange = copyData ( data )
                                         ;
                                     exportCopy.push ([ lnName, dataChange, breadcrumbs, [...edges] ])
 
@@ -21,14 +28,14 @@ return function ex ( name ) {
         // If existing name:
         const selection = [];
         flatData.forEach ( line => {
-                    const 
+                    const
                           [ lnName, data, breadcrumbs, edges ] = line
                         , search = new RegExp ( `^${name}\/`)
                         ;
                     if ( breadcrumbs === name || breadcrumbs.match(search) ) {
-                            let 
+                            let
                                   nameChange = ( lnName === breadcrumbs ) ? 'root' : lnName
-                                , dataChange = ( data instanceof Array ) ? [ ...data ] : { ...data }
+                                , dataChange = copyData ( data )
                                 , breadcrumbsChange = ( breadcrumbs.includes('/') ) ? breadcrumbs.replace ( search, 'root/' ) : 'root'
                                 , edgesChange = edges.map ( edge => edge.replace ( search, 'root/'))
                                 ;
@@ -39,6 +46,22 @@ return function ex ( name ) {
         return selection
 }}
 
+/**
+ * Copy a flatData value while preserving primitive types.
+ * Previously this used `data instanceof Array ? [...data] : {...data}`,
+ * which silently spread a string into `{0:'n',1:'e',...}` (Bug fix 7).
+ * @param {*} data - value to copy
+ * @returns {*} copy
+ */
+function copyData ( data ) {
+        if ( data === null || data === undefined )   return data
+        if ( typeof data !== 'object' )              return data   // string, number, boolean, bigint, symbol, function
+        if ( Array.isArray ( data ) )                return [ ...data ]
+        if ( data instanceof Date )                 return new Date ( data.getTime () )
+        if ( data instanceof RegExp )                return new RegExp ( data.source, data.flags )
+        return { ...data }
+    }
+
 
 
 export default ex

package/src/flatObject/copy.js

@@ -4,10 +4,16 @@
 
 function copy ( dependencies, flatIO ) {
 return function copy ( name = 'root' ) {
-        const 
+        // Reject invalid types with a clear error.
+        // Before the fix, copy(null)/copy(42) returned null silently while
+        // copy(undefined) returned the root — inconsistent.
+        if ( name !== undefined && typeof name !== 'string' ) {
+                throw new Error ( `copy(name) expects a string segment name or no argument. Got: ${typeof name} (${name}).` )
+            }
+        const
                c = flatIO.getCopy (name)
             ,  { walk } = dependencies ()
-            ;            
+            ;
         if ( !c )   return null
         return walk ({ data : c })
 }} // copy func.

package/src/flatObject/extractList.js

@@ -4,33 +4,59 @@
 
 function extractList ( dependencies, flatIO, indexFn ) {
 return function extractList ( list, options ) {
-            const 
+            const
                       root     = indexFn ( 'root' )
                     , { main:{load}, INIT_DATA_TYPES } = dependencies ()
                     , asTypes = [ ...INIT_DATA_TYPES, 'dt-object' ]
                     ;
-            let 
+            let
                   error = false
                 , errorMsg = ''
                 ;
-                
+
             if ( options ) {
                     if ( !options.as ) {
                             error = true
                             errorMsg = `Options should be an object and property "as" is required`
                         }
-                    if ( !error && !asTypes.includes(options.as) ) {  
+                    if ( !error && !asTypes.includes(options.as) ) {
                             error = true
                             errorMsg = `Invalid option "as" value: ${options.as}.`
                         }
                     if ( error )  throw new Error ( errorMsg )
                 }
 
+            // Helper: resolve a name (which can be a single key, a segment
+            // name, or a 'breadcrumbs-style' path like 'c/d') against the
+            // dt-object. Before the fix, this only checked root[1] directly,
+            // so nested paths like 'c/d' returned null even when they exist.
+            //
+            // Strategy:
+            //   1. Try flatIO.export(name) — handles segments (returns dt-lines)
+            //      and returns [] for properties.
+            //   2. Try the index function for the exact breadcrumbs.
+            //   3. Walk the dt-model via index breadcrumbs to resolve the path.
+            const resolveByIndex = ( name ) => {
+                        if ( !name )   return undefined
+                        const ix = indexFn ( name )
+                        return ix ? ix[1] : undefined
+                    };
+
             return list
                         .map ( name => {
                                             let lines = flatIO.export ( name );
-                                            if ( lines.length === 0 )  return root[1].hasOwnProperty(name) ? root[1][name] : null
-                                            else                       return lines
+                                            if ( lines.length === 0 ) {
+                                                    // 1. Try direct property lookup on root flatData
+                                                    if ( root && root[1] && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call ( root[1], name ) ) {
+                                                            return root[1][name]
+                                                        }
+                                                    // 2. Try the index function with the full path
+                                                    const v = resolveByIndex ( name )
+                                                    if ( v !== undefined )   return v
+                                                    // 3. Walk the path manually across the dt-model
+                                                    return walkPath ( name, indexFn )
+                                                }
+                                            else   return lines
                                         })
                         .map ( item => {
                                             if ( item == null            )   return null
@@ -39,6 +65,51 @@ return function extractList ( list, options ) {
                                         })
 }} // extractList func.
 
+/**
+ * Walk a breadcrumbs-style path (e.g. 'root/c/d') across the dt-model
+ * and return the value at the end. Used by `extractList` to resolve
+ * nested property paths that don't correspond to a single dt-line.
+ *
+ * The caller may pass the path with or without a leading 'root/' —
+ * both forms are tried.
+ * @param {string} name - breadcrumbs-style path
+ * @param {function} indexFn - index function for looking up dt-lines
+ * @returns {*} value at the path, or undefined if not found
+ */
+function walkPath ( name, indexFn ) {
+        const candidates = name.startsWith ( 'root/' ) ? [ name ] : [ name, `root/${name}` ]
+        for ( const fullPath of candidates ) {
+                const segments = fullPath.split ( '/' )
+                // Build up the breadcrumbs one segment at a time
+                for ( let i = segments.length; i > 0; i-- ) {
+                        const br = segments.slice ( 0, i ).join ( '/' )
+                        const dtLine = indexFn ( br )
+                        if ( dtLine ) {
+                                // Found a parent dt-line. If the path ends here,
+                                // return its data; otherwise look up the remaining
+                                // keys as properties of the parent's data.
+                                if ( i === segments.length )   return dtLine[1]
+                                const tail = segments.slice ( i )
+                                let cur = dtLine[1]
+                                for ( const k of tail ) {
+                                        if ( cur == null )   return undefined
+                                        if ( Array.isArray ( cur ) ) {
+                                                const idx = parseInt ( k, 10 )
+                                                if ( isNaN ( idx ) )   return undefined
+                                                cur = cur[idx]
+                                            }
+                                        else if ( typeof cur === 'object' ) {
+                                                cur = cur[k]
+                                            }
+                                        else   return undefined
+                                    }
+                                return cur
+                            }
+                    }
+            }
+        return undefined
+    }
+
 
 
 export default extractList

package/src/flatObject/index.js

@@ -40,17 +40,44 @@ function flatObject ( dependencies, d ) {
 
         function index ( n ) {
                         if ( n == null )   return null
+                        // 1) Try the exact dt-line first
                         let r  = flatIO.getLine ( n )
                         if ( r ) {
                               let [ name, d, breadcrumbs, links ] = r;
                               let copy;
-                              if ( d instanceof Array )   copy = [...d ]
-                              else                        copy = {...d }
+                              if ( d === null || d === undefined )   copy = d
+                              else if ( typeof d !== 'object' )      copy = d
+                              else if ( d instanceof Array )        copy = [...d]
+                              else                                   copy = {...d}
                               return [ name, copy, breadcrumbs, [...links] ]
                           }
-                        else return null
-            } // index func.
-            
+                        // 2) Try a scalar property on a parent dt-line.
+                        // E.g. 'root/a' for the 'a' property of the 'root' dt-line,
+                        // which lives in root flatData, not as its own dt-line.
+                        const lastSlash = n.lastIndexOf ( '/' )
+                        if ( lastSlash > 0 ) {
+                                const parentBr  = n.slice ( 0, lastSlash )
+                                const propName  = n.slice ( lastSlash + 1 )
+                                const parent    = flatIO.getLine ( parentBr )
+                                if ( parent ) {
+                                        const [ , parentData ] = parent
+                                        if ( parentData && typeof parentData === 'object' && !Array.isArray(parentData)
+                                                && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call ( parentData, propName ) ) {
+                                                const value = parentData[ propName ]
+                                                let copy
+                                                if ( value === null || value === undefined )  copy = value
+                                                else if ( typeof value !== 'object' )           copy = value
+                                                else if ( value instanceof Array )             copy = [...value]
+                                                else if ( value instanceof Date )              copy = new Date ( value.getTime () )
+                                                else if ( value instanceof RegExp )             copy = new RegExp ( value.source, value.flags )
+                                                else                                            copy = { ...value }
+                                                return [ propName, copy, n, [] ]
+                                            }
+                                    }
+                            }
+                        return null
+                    } // index func.
+
         objectAPI [ 'extractList' ] = extractList ( dependencies, flatIO, index )
         return objectAPI
     } // flatObject func.

package/src/flatObject/insert.js

@@ -5,6 +5,35 @@ return function insert ( name, inData ) {
             const { convert, isDTO, isDTM, walk } = dependencies();
             let d, copy;
 
+            // Validate the segment name (must be a non-empty string)
+            if ( typeof name !== 'string' || name === '' ) {
+                    throw new Error ( `insertSegment(name, data) requires a non-empty string segment name. Got: ${JSON.stringify(name)}` )
+                }
+            // Reject segment names containing '/' because '/' is the
+            // breadcrumbs separator inside the dt-model. A name like
+            // 'a/b' would create a dt-line with breadcrumbs 'a/b' that
+            // collides with parent/child paths and silently breaks
+            // index(), extractList(), and model() lookups.
+            if ( name.includes ( '/' ) ) {
+                    throw new Error ( `insertSegment(name, data) does not allow '/' in the segment name (it's the breadcrumbs separator). Got: ${JSON.stringify(name)}` )
+                }
+            // Reject duplicate segment names. Before the fix, a second
+            // insertSegment with the same name created two dt-lines at
+            // the same breadcrumbs, and model()/extractList() silently
+            // kept the FIRST and dropped the second.
+            if ( flatIO.getIndexes () && flatIO.getIndexes ()[name] ) {
+                    throw new Error ( `Segment "${name}" already exists. Use a different name or remove the existing segment first.` )
+                }
+            // Reject missing/non-object data with a clear error.
+            // Before the fix, passing null/undefined/number/array produced
+            // cryptic "Cannot read properties of null" / "...reading '0'" errors.
+            if ( inData === null || inData === undefined ) {
+                    throw new Error ( `insertSegment('${name}', data) requires a value. Got: ${inData}` )
+                }
+            if ( typeof inData !== 'object' ) {
+                    throw new Error ( `insertSegment('${name}', data) requires an object, dt-object, dt-model, or array. Got: ${typeof inData} (${inData})` )
+                }
+
             if ( isDTO(inData) ) {
                         d    = inData.export ()
                         copy = inData.copy ()
@@ -17,10 +46,10 @@ return function insert ( name, inData ) {
                         [ copy,, d ] = convert.from ( 'std' ).toFlat ( dependencies, inData )
                         console.warn ( 'A non "dt-object" data segment was inserted. Autoconverted to "dt-object".' )
                 }
-            
+
             const search = new RegExp ( `^root\/` );
             d.forEach ( line => {   // Word 'root' should be changed to the argument 'name'.
-                        if ( line[0] === line[2] ) {  
+                        if ( line[0] === line[2] ) {
                                 line[0] = name
                                 line[2] = name
                             }

package/src/flatObject/model.js

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 function model ( dependencies, flatIO ,flatStore ) {
 return function model () {
-    let 
+    let
         selection = []          // Place for building a query/model result;
       , selectionIx = {}
       ;
-    const 
+    const
           { convert, draft, INIT_DATA_TYPES, main:{load} } = dependencies ()
         , draft_API = {
                           set     : draft.set ( selection, selectionIx )      // Selection: Creates a new row;
@@ -17,19 +17,28 @@ return function model () {
                         , push    : draft.push ( selectionIx )                // Selection: Adds a new value to selection row if data is an array structure;
                     }
         , [ fn, ...args ] = arguments
-        , { as } = fn ( {...flatStore,...draft_API}, ...args ) || {}
+        , fnResult = fn ( {...flatStore,...draft_API}, ...args )
+        , { as } = fnResult || {}
         , data = ( selection.length === 0 ) ? flatIO.export() : selection
         , hasConvertor = as ? INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes ( as ) : false
         ;
 
+    // Validate `as` early. Before the fix, non-string `as` (e.g. 42, {})
+    // was coerced to string by JS, and unknown names logged to console.error
+    // and returned null — silent and confusing.
+    // 'dt-object' is also a valid 'as' value (returns a new dt-object)
+    // but isn't in INIT_DATA_TYPES so check it separately.
+    if ( as !== undefined && as !== 'dt-object' && typeof as !== 'string' ) {
+                throw new Error ( `model(fn) requires the 'as' value to be a string. Got: ${typeof as} (${as})` )
+            }
+    if ( as && as !== 'dt-object' && !hasConvertor ) {
+                throw new Error ( `Model '${as}' is unknown. Supported: ${INIT_DATA_TYPES.join(', ')}, dt-object` )
+            }
+
     let result;
-    if ( as === 'dt-object'  ) {  
+    if ( as === 'dt-object'  ) {
                 return load ( data )
         }
-    if ( as && !hasConvertor ) {
-                console.error ( `Model '${as}' is unknown data-model.` )
-                return null
-        }
     if ( as )   result = convert.to ( as, dependencies, data )
     else        result = load ( data )
     flatIO.resetScan ()

package/src/mainLib.js

@@ -21,6 +21,31 @@ const INIT_DATA_TYPES = [
             ]
     ;
 
+/**
+ * Detect circular references in data before it gets walked.
+ * Without this, `init()` enters infinite recursion and crashes Node
+ * with "JavaScript heap out of memory".
+ * @param {*} data - data to scan
+ * @param {WeakSet} [seen] - internal set of already-visited objects
+ * @returns {boolean} true if a cycle is detected
+ */
+const hasCircularRef = ( data, seen = new WeakSet() ) => {
+        if ( data === null || typeof data !== 'object' )   return false
+        if ( seen.has ( data ) )                            return true
+        seen.add ( data )
+        if ( Array.isArray ( data ) ) {
+                for ( const v of data ) {
+                        if ( hasCircularRef ( v, seen ) )   return true
+                    }
+            }
+        else {
+                for ( const k in data ) {
+                        if ( hasCircularRef ( data[k], seen ) )   return true
+                    }
+            }
+        return false
+    };
+
 
 
 /**
@@ -97,7 +122,7 @@ const mainLib = {
  * @returns {DTObject} - dt-object
  */
     init ( inData, options={} ) {
-                    let 
+                    let
                           defaultOptions = { model : 'std' }
                         , { model } = Object.assign ( {}, defaultOptions, options )
                         , dependencies = mainLib.dependencies
@@ -106,9 +131,22 @@ const mainLib = {
                             console.error ( `Can't understand your data-model: ${model}. Please, find what is possible on https://github.com/PeterNaydenov/dt-toolbox` )
                             return null
                         }
-                    const d  = ['flat', 'dt-model'].includes ( model ) ? 
-                                                mainLib.load ( inData ) : 
-                                                convert.from ( model ).toFlat ( dependencies, inData );
+                    // Circular reference guard: `walk` recurses without tracking, so
+                    // cycles cause a fatal OOM crash. Catch them up-front.
+                    if ( inData && typeof inData === 'object' && hasCircularRef ( inData ) ) {
+                            throw new Error ( 'Circular reference detected in data. dt-toolbox cannot initialise a self-referencing object.' )
+                        }
+                    // Primitive inputs (number, string, boolean, null, undefined) are
+                    // wrapped in { value: <primitive> } so the data is preserved
+                    // and round-trippable. Before the fix, primitives silently
+                    // produced empty dt-objects and the value was lost.
+                    let actualData = inData
+                    if ( inData === null || inData === undefined || typeof inData !== 'object' ) {
+                            actualData = { value: inData }
+                        }
+                    const d  = ['flat', 'dt-model'].includes ( model ) ?
+                                                mainLib.load ( actualData ) :
+                                                convert.from ( model ).toFlat ( dependencies, actualData );
                     return flatObject ( dependencies, d )
             }, // init func.
 
@@ -144,11 +182,19 @@ const mainLib = {
  * @returns {Dtmodel[]} - dt-model
  */
      flating ( inData, options={} ) {
-                let 
+                let
                        defaultOptions = { model : 'std' }
                     ,  { model } = Object.assign ( {}, defaultOptions, options )
                     ;
-                    if ( !INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes(model) )   return null
+                    if ( !INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes(model) ) {
+                            throw new Error ( `Can't understand your data-model: ${model}. Supported: ${INIT_DATA_TYPES.join(', ')}` )
+                        }
+                    // Reject non-object input with a clear error.
+                    // Before the fix, flat(null)/flat(undefined)/flat(42) silently
+                    // returned [].
+                    if ( inData === null || inData === undefined || typeof inData !== 'object' ) {
+                            throw new Error ( `flat(data, options) requires an object or array. Got: ${inData === null ? 'null' : typeof inData}${inData === null ? '' : ' (' + inData + ')'}` )
+                        }
                     let [,,dt] = convert.from ('std').toFlat ( mainLib.dependencies, inData );
                     return dt
             }, // flating func.
@@ -163,12 +209,19 @@ const mainLib = {
  * @returns {Array|Object} - converted data
  */
      converting ( inData, options={} ) {
-                let 
+                let
                        defaultOptions = { model : 'std', as: 'std' }
                     ,  { model, as } = Object.assign ( {}, defaultOptions, options )
                     ;
-                    if ( !INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes(model) )   return null
-                    if ( !INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes(as)    )   return null
+                    if ( !INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes(model) ) {
+                            throw new Error ( `Can't understand source data-model: ${model}. Supported: ${INIT_DATA_TYPES.join(', ')}` )
+                        }
+                    if ( !INIT_DATA_TYPES.includes(as) ) {
+                            throw new Error ( `Can't understand target data-model: ${as}. Supported: ${INIT_DATA_TYPES.join(', ')}` )
+                        }
+                    if ( inData === null || inData === undefined || typeof inData !== 'object' ) {
+                            throw new Error ( `convert(data, options) requires an object or array. Got: ${inData === null ? 'null' : typeof inData}` )
+                        }
                     let [,,dt] = convert.from ('std').toFlat ( mainLib.dependencies, inData );
 
                     return convert.to ( as, mainLib.dependencies, dt )