directed-graph-typed 1.54.2 → 2.0.0

package/src/data-structures/binary-tree/avl-tree-counter.ts

@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ import type {
   AVLTreeCounterOptions,
   BinaryTreeDeleteResult,
   BSTNOptKeyOrNode,
-  BTNRep,
   EntryCallback,
-  IterationType,
-  OptNodeOrNull
+  IterationType
 } from '../../types';
 import { IBinaryTree } from '../../interfaces';
 import { AVLTree, AVLTreeNode } from './avl-tree';
 
 export class AVLTreeCounterNode<K = any, V = any> extends AVLTreeNode<K, V> {
+  override parent?: AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> = undefined;
+
   /**
    * The constructor function initializes a BinaryTreeNode object with a key, value, and count.
    * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is of type `K` and represents the unique identifier
@@ -33,28 +33,26 @@ export class AVLTreeCounterNode<K = any, V = any> extends AVLTreeNode<K, V> {
     this.count = count;
   }
 
-  override parent?: AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> = undefined;
-
-  override _left?: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>> = undefined;
+  override _left?: AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | null | undefined = undefined;
 
-  override get left(): OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>> {
+  override get left(): AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | null | undefined {
     return this._left;
   }
 
-  override set left(v: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>) {
+  override set left(v: AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | null | undefined) {
     if (v) {
       v.parent = this;
     }
     this._left = v;
   }
 
-  override _right?: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>> = undefined;
+  override _right?: AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | null | undefined = undefined;
 
-  override get right(): OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>> {
+  override get right(): AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | null | undefined {
     return this._right;
   }
 
-  override set right(v: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>) {
+  override set right(v: AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | null | undefined) {
     if (v) {
       v.parent = this;
     }
@@ -78,7 +76,9 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
    * `compareValues` functions to define custom comparison logic for keys and values, respectively.
    */
   constructor(
-    keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>> | R> = [],
+    keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<
+      K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | R
+    > = [],
     options?: AVLTreeCounterOptions<K, V, R>
   ) {
     super([], options);
@@ -145,12 +145,14 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
 
   /**
    * The function checks if the input is an instance of AVLTreeCounterNode.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-   * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be of type `R` or `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>`.
+   * @param {K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined} keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
+   * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be of type `R` or `K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined`.
    * @returns a boolean value indicating whether the input parameter `keyNodeOrEntry` is
    * an instance of the `AVLTreeCounterNode` class.
    */
-  override isNode(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>): keyNodeOrEntry is AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> {
+  override isNode(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined
+  ): keyNodeOrEntry is AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> {
     return keyNodeOrEntry instanceof AVLTreeCounterNode;
   }
 
@@ -160,9 +162,9 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
    *
    * The function overrides the add method of a TypeScript class to add a new node to a data structure
    * and update the count.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The
+   * @param {K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined} keyNodeOrEntry - The
    * `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter can accept a value of type `R`, which can be any type. It
-   * can also accept a value of type `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>`, which represents a key, node,
+   * can also accept a value of type `K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined`, which represents a key, node,
    * entry, or raw element
    * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter represents the value associated with the key in the
    * data structure. It is an optional parameter, so it can be omitted if not needed.
@@ -171,7 +173,11 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
    * be added once. However, you can specify a different value for `count` if you want to add
    * @returns a boolean value.
    */
-  override add(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>, value?: V, count = 1): boolean {
+  override add(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined,
+    value?: V,
+    count = 1
+  ): boolean {
     const [newNode, newValue] = this._keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry, value, count);
     if (newNode === undefined) return false;
 
@@ -189,7 +195,7 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
    *
    * The function overrides the delete method in a binary tree data structure, handling deletion of
    * nodes and maintaining balance in the tree.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The `predicate`
+   * @param {K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined} keyNodeOrEntry - The `predicate`
    * parameter in the `delete` method is used to specify the condition for deleting a node from the
    * binary tree. It can be a key, node, or entry that determines which
    * node(s) should be deleted.
@@ -203,7 +209,7 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
    * deleted node and whether balancing is needed in the tree.
    */
   override delete(
-    keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>,
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined,
     ignoreCount = false
   ): BinaryTreeDeleteResult<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>[] {
     const deletedResult: BinaryTreeDeleteResult<AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>[] = [];
@@ -276,6 +282,7 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(n log n)
    * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+   *
    * The `perfectlyBalance` function takes a sorted array of nodes and builds a balanced binary search
    * tree using either a recursive or iterative approach.
    * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is an optional parameter that
@@ -374,8 +381,8 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
   /**
    * The function `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` converts a key, value, entry, or raw element into
    * a node object.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The
-   * `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter can be of type `R` or `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>`.
+   * @param {K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined} keyNodeOrEntry - The
+   * `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter can be of type `R` or `K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined`.
    * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter is an optional value that can be passed to the
    * `override` function. It represents the value associated with the key in the data structure. If no
    * value is provided, it will default to `undefined`.
@@ -384,7 +391,7 @@ export class AVLTreeCounter<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR
    * @returns either a AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> object or undefined.
    */
   protected override _keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(
-    keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V>>,
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined,
     value?: V,
     count = 1
   ): [AVLTreeCounterNode<K, V> | undefined, V | undefined] {

package/src/data-structures/binary-tree/avl-tree-multi-map.ts

@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@
  * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>
  * @license MIT License
  */
-import { AVLTreeMultiMapOptions, BTNOptKeyOrNull, BTNRep, OptNodeOrNull } from '../../types';
+import { AVLTreeMultiMapOptions, BTNOptKeyOrNull } from '../../types';
 import { AVLTree, AVLTreeNode } from './avl-tree';
 import { IBinaryTree } from '../../interfaces';
 
 export class AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K = any, V = any> extends AVLTreeNode<K, V[]> {
+  override parent?: AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> = undefined;
+
   /**
    * This TypeScript constructor initializes an object with a key of type K and an array of values of
    * type V.
@@ -23,28 +25,26 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K = any, V = any> extends AVLTreeNode<K, V[]> {
     super(key, value);
   }
 
-  override parent?: AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> = undefined;
+  override _left?: AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | null | undefined = undefined;
 
-  override _left?: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> = undefined;
-
-  override get left(): OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> {
+  override get left(): AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | null | undefined {
     return this._left;
   }
 
-  override set left(v: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>>) {
+  override set left(v: AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | null | undefined) {
     if (v) {
       v.parent = this;
     }
     this._left = v;
   }
 
-  override _right?: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> = undefined;
+  override _right?: AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | null | undefined = undefined;
 
-  override get right(): OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> {
+  override get right(): AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | null | undefined {
     return this._right;
   }
 
-  override set right(v: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>>) {
+  override set right(v: AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | null | undefined) {
     if (v) {
       v.parent = this;
     }
@@ -71,7 +71,9 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMap<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, M
    * additional options for configuring the AVLTreeMultiMap instance.
    */
   constructor(
-    keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<BTNRep<K, V[], AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> | R> = [],
+    keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<
+      K | AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V[] | undefined] | null | undefined | R
+    > = [],
     options?: AVLTreeMultiMapOptions<K, V[], R>
   ) {
     super([], { ...options, isMapMode: true });
@@ -98,6 +100,7 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMap<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, M
       specifyComparable: this._specifyComparable,
       toEntryFn: this._toEntryFn,
       isReverse: this._isReverse,
+      isMapMode: this._isMapMode,
       ...options
     });
   }
@@ -106,18 +109,24 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMap<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, M
    * Time Complexity: O(1)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
    *
-   * The function `createNode` overrides the method to create a new AVLTreeMultiMapNode with a
-   * specified key and an empty array of values.
-   * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter in the `createNode` method represents the key of the node
-   * that will be created in the AVLTreeMultiMap.
-   * @returns An AVLTreeMultiMapNode object is being returned, initialized with the provided key and an
-   * empty array.
+   * The `createNode` function in TypeScript overrides the default implementation to create a new
+   * AVLTreeMultiMapNode with a specified key and value array.
+   * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter represents the key of the node being created in the
+   * AVLTreeMultiMap.
+   * @param {V[]} value - The `value` parameter in the `createNode` method represents an array of
+   * values associated with a specific key in the AVLTreeMultiMapNode. If no value is provided when
+   * calling the method, an empty array `[]` is used as the default value.
+   * @returns An AVLTreeMultiMapNode object is being returned, with the specified key and value. If the
+   * AVLTreeMultiMap is in map mode, an empty array is used as the value, otherwise the provided value
+   * array is used.
    */
-  override createNode(key: K): AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> {
-    return new AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>(key, []);
+  override createNode(key: K, value: V[] = []): AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> {
+    return new AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>(key, this._isMapMode ? [] : value);
   }
 
-  override add(node: BTNRep<K, V[], AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>>): boolean;
+  override add(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V[] | undefined] | null | undefined
+  ): boolean;
 
   override add(key: K, value: V): boolean;
 
@@ -125,45 +134,58 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMap<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, M
    * Time Complexity: O(log n)
    * Space Complexity: O(log n)
    *
-   * The function `add` in TypeScript overrides the superclass method to add key-value pairs to an AVL
-   * tree multi-map.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V[], AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> | K} keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-   * parameter in the `override add` method can be either a key-value pair entry or just a key. If it
-   * is a key-value pair entry, it will be in the format `[key, values]`, where `key` is the key and
-   * `values`
-   * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `override add` method represents the value that
-   * you want to add to the AVLTreeMultiMap. It can be a single value or an array of values associated
-   * with a specific key.
-   * @returns The `override add` method is returning a boolean value, which indicates whether the
-   * addition operation was successful or not.
+   * The function `add` in this TypeScript code overrides the superclass method to add key-value pairs
+   * to an AVLTreeMultiMap, handling different input types and scenarios.
+   * @param [key] - The `key` parameter in the `override add` method represents the key of the entry to
+   * be added to the AVLTreeMultiMap. It can be of type `K`, which is the key type of the map. The key
+   * can be a single key value, a node of the AVLTree
+   * @param {V[]} [values] - The `values` parameter in the `add` method represents an array of values
+   * that you want to add to the AVLTreeMultiMap. It can contain one or more values associated with a
+   * specific key.
+   * @returns The `add` method is returning a boolean value, which indicates whether the operation was
+   * successful or not.
    */
-  override add(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V[], AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> | K, value?: V): boolean {
+  override add(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V[] | undefined] | null | undefined | K,
+    value?: V
+  ): boolean {
     if (this.isRealNode(keyNodeOrEntry)) return super.add(keyNodeOrEntry);
 
     const _commonAdd = (key?: BTNOptKeyOrNull<K>, values?: V[]) => {
       if (key === undefined || key === null) return false;
 
-      const existingValues = this.get(key);
-      if (existingValues !== undefined && values !== undefined) {
-        for (const value of values) existingValues.push(value);
-        return true;
-      }
-
-      const existingNode = this.getNode(key);
-      if (this.isRealNode(existingNode)) {
-        if (existingValues === undefined) {
-          super.add(key, values);
-          return true;
-        }
-        if (values !== undefined) {
+      const _addToValues = () => {
+        const existingValues = this.get(key);
+        if (existingValues !== undefined && values !== undefined) {
           for (const value of values) existingValues.push(value);
           return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      };
+
+      const _addByNode = () => {
+        const existingNode = this.getNode(key);
+        if (this.isRealNode(existingNode)) {
+          const existingValues = this.get(existingNode);
+          if (existingValues === undefined) {
+            super.add(key, values);
+            return true;
+          }
+          if (values !== undefined) {
+            for (const value of values) existingValues.push(value);
+            return true;
+          } else {
+            return false;
+          }
         } else {
-          return false;
+          return super.add(key, values);
         }
-      } else {
-        return super.add(key, values);
+      };
+
+      if (this._isMapMode) {
+        return _addByNode() || _addToValues();
       }
+      return _addToValues() || _addByNode();
     };
 
     if (this.isEntry(keyNodeOrEntry)) {
@@ -180,7 +202,7 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMap<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, M
    *
    * The function `deleteValue` removes a specific value from a key in an AVLTreeMultiMap data
    * structure and deletes the entire node if no values are left for that key.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V[], AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> | K} keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
+   * @param {K | AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V[] | undefined] | null | undefined | K} keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
    * parameter in the `deleteValue` function can be either a `BTNRep` object representing a key-value
    * pair in the AVLTreeMultiMapNode, or just the key itself.
    * @param {V} value - The `value` parameter in the `deleteValue` function represents the specific
@@ -191,7 +213,10 @@ export class AVLTreeMultiMap<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, M
    * `value` was successfully deleted from the array of values associated with the `keyNodeOrEntry`. If
    * the value was not found in the array, it returns `false`.
    */
-  deleteValue(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V[], AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V>> | K, value: V): boolean {
+  deleteValue(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeMultiMapNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V[] | undefined] | null | undefined | K,
+    value: V
+  ): boolean {
     const values = this.get(keyNodeOrEntry);
     if (Array.isArray(values)) {
       const index = values.indexOf(value);

package/src/data-structures/binary-tree/avl-tree.ts

@@ -6,17 +6,12 @@
  * @license MIT License
  */
 import { BST, BSTNode } from './bst';
-import type {
-  AVLTreeOptions,
-  BinaryTreeDeleteResult,
-  BSTNOptKeyOrNode,
-  BTNRep,
-  EntryCallback,
-  OptNodeOrNull
-} from '../../types';
+import type { AVLTreeOptions, BinaryTreeDeleteResult, BSTNOptKeyOrNode, EntryCallback } from '../../types';
 import { IBinaryTree } from '../../interfaces';
 
 export class AVLTreeNode<K = any, V = any> extends BSTNode<K, V> {
+  override parent?: AVLTreeNode<K, V> = undefined;
+
   /**
    * This TypeScript constructor function initializes an instance with a key and an optional value.
    * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is typically used to uniquely identify an object or element
@@ -30,28 +25,26 @@ export class AVLTreeNode<K = any, V = any> extends BSTNode<K, V> {
     super(key, value);
   }
 
-  override parent?: AVLTreeNode<K, V> = undefined;
-
-  override _left?: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeNode<K, V>> = undefined;
+  override _left?: AVLTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined = undefined;
 
-  override get left(): OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeNode<K, V>> {
+  override get left(): AVLTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined {
     return this._left;
   }
 
-  override set left(v: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeNode<K, V>>) {
+  override set left(v: AVLTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) {
     if (v) {
       v.parent = this;
     }
     this._left = v;
   }
 
-  override _right?: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeNode<K, V>> = undefined;
+  override _right?: AVLTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined = undefined;
 
-  override get right(): OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeNode<K, V>> {
+  override get right(): AVLTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined {
     return this._right;
   }
 
-  override set right(v: OptNodeOrNull<AVLTreeNode<K, V>>) {
+  override set right(v: AVLTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) {
     if (v) {
       v.parent = this;
     }
@@ -67,6 +60,70 @@ export class AVLTreeNode<K = any, V = any> extends BSTNode<K, V> {
  * 5. Efficient Lookups: Offers O(log n) search time, where 'n' is the number of nodes, due to its balanced nature.
  * 6. Complex Insertions and Deletions: Due to rebalancing, these operations are more complex than in a regular BST.
  * 7. Path Length: The path length from the root to any leaf is longer compared to an unbalanced BST, but shorter than a linear chain of nodes.
+ * @example
+ * // Find elements in a range
+ *     // In interval queries, AVL trees, with their strictly balanced structure and lower height, offer better query efficiency, making them ideal for frequent and high-performance interval queries. In contrast, Red-Black trees, with lower update costs, are more suitable for scenarios involving frequent insertions and deletions where the requirements for interval queries are less demanding.
+ *     type Datum = { timestamp: Date; temperature: number };
+ *     // Fixed dataset of CPU temperature readings
+ *     const cpuData: Datum[] = [
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:00:00'), temperature: 55.1 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:01:00'), temperature: 56.3 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:02:00'), temperature: 54.8 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:03:00'), temperature: 57.2 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:04:00'), temperature: 58.0 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:05:00'), temperature: 59.4 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:06:00'), temperature: 60.1 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:07:00'), temperature: 61.3 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:08:00'), temperature: 62.0 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:09:00'), temperature: 63.5 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:10:00'), temperature: 64.0 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:11:00'), temperature: 62.8 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:12:00'), temperature: 61.5 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:13:00'), temperature: 60.2 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:14:00'), temperature: 59.8 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:15:00'), temperature: 58.6 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:16:00'), temperature: 57.4 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:17:00'), temperature: 56.2 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:18:00'), temperature: 55.7 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:19:00'), temperature: 54.5 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:20:00'), temperature: 53.2 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:21:00'), temperature: 52.8 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:22:00'), temperature: 51.9 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:23:00'), temperature: 50.5 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:24:00'), temperature: 49.8 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:25:00'), temperature: 48.7 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:26:00'), temperature: 47.5 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:27:00'), temperature: 46.3 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:28:00'), temperature: 45.9 },
+ *       { timestamp: new Date('2024-12-02T00:29:00'), temperature: 45.0 }
+ *     ];
+ *
+ *     // Create an AVL tree to store CPU temperature data
+ *     const cpuTemperatureTree = new AVLTree<Date, number, Datum>(cpuData, {
+ *       toEntryFn: ({ timestamp, temperature }) => [timestamp, temperature]
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     // Query a specific time range (e.g., from 00:05 to 00:15)
+ *     const rangeStart = new Date('2024-12-02T00:05:00');
+ *     const rangeEnd = new Date('2024-12-02T00:15:00');
+ *     const rangeResults = cpuTemperatureTree.rangeSearch([rangeStart, rangeEnd], node => ({
+ *       minute: node ? node.key.getMinutes() : 0,
+ *       temperature: cpuTemperatureTree.get(node ? node.key : undefined)
+ *     }));
+ *
+ *     console.log(rangeResults); // [
+ *  //      { minute: 5, temperature: 59.4 },
+ *  //      { minute: 6, temperature: 60.1 },
+ *  //      { minute: 7, temperature: 61.3 },
+ *  //      { minute: 8, temperature: 62 },
+ *  //      { minute: 9, temperature: 63.5 },
+ *  //      { minute: 10, temperature: 64 },
+ *  //      { minute: 11, temperature: 62.8 },
+ *  //      { minute: 12, temperature: 61.5 },
+ *  //      { minute: 13, temperature: 60.2 },
+ *  //      { minute: 14, temperature: 59.8 },
+ *  //      { minute: 15, temperature: 58.6 }
+ *  //    ]
  */
 export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = object>
   extends BST<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>
@@ -76,7 +133,8 @@ export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = obje
    * This TypeScript constructor initializes an AVLTree with keys, nodes, entries, or raw data provided
    * in an iterable format.
    * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - The `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter in the constructor is an
-   * iterable that can contain either `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>` objects or `R` objects. It is
+   * iterable that can contain either `
+   K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined ` objects or `R` objects. It is
    * used to initialize the AVLTree with key-value pairs or raw data entries. If provided
    * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the constructor is of type `AVLTreeOptions<K, V,
    * R>`. It is an optional parameter that allows you to specify additional options for configuring the
@@ -84,7 +142,9 @@ export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = obje
    * other configuration settings specific
    */
   constructor(
-    keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>> | R> = [],
+    keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<
+      K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | R
+    > = [],
     options?: AVLTreeOptions<K, V, R>
   ) {
     super([], options);
@@ -133,12 +193,15 @@ export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = obje
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
    *
    * The function checks if the input is an instance of AVLTreeNode.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-   * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be of type `R` or `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>`.
+   * @param {K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
+   * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be of type `R` or `
+   K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined `.
    * @returns a boolean value indicating whether the input parameter `keyNodeOrEntry` is
    * an instance of the `AVLTreeNode` class.
    */
-  override isNode(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>): keyNodeOrEntry is AVLTreeNode<K, V> {
+  override isNode(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined
+  ): keyNodeOrEntry is AVLTreeNode<K, V> {
     return keyNodeOrEntry instanceof AVLTreeNode;
   }
 
@@ -148,13 +211,17 @@ export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = obje
    *
    * The function overrides the add method of a class and inserts a key-value pair into a data
    * structure, then balances the path.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-   * `keyNodeOrEntry` can accept values of type `R`, `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>`
+   * @param { K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
+   * `keyNodeOrEntry` can accept values of type `R`, `
+   K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined `
    * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter is an optional value that you want to associate with
    * the key or node being added to the data structure.
    * @returns The method is returning a boolean value.
    */
-  override add(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>, value?: V): boolean {
+  override add(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined,
+    value?: V
+  ): boolean {
     if (keyNodeOrEntry === null) return false;
     const inserted = super.add(keyNodeOrEntry, value);
     if (inserted) this._balancePath(keyNodeOrEntry);
@@ -167,14 +234,16 @@ export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = obje
    *
    * The function overrides the delete method in a TypeScript class, performs deletion, and then
    * balances the tree if necessary.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
+   * @param { K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
    * parameter in the `override delete` method can be one of the following types:
    * @returns The `delete` method is being overridden in this code snippet. It first calls the `delete`
    * method from the superclass (presumably a parent class) with the provided `predicate`, which could
    * be a key, node, entry, or a custom predicate. The result of this deletion operation is stored in
    * `deletedResults`, which is an array of `BinaryTreeDeleteResult` objects.
    */
-  override delete(keyNodeOrEntry: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>): BinaryTreeDeleteResult<AVLTreeNode<K, V>>[] {
+  override delete(
+    keyNodeOrEntry: K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined
+  ): BinaryTreeDeleteResult<AVLTreeNode<K, V>>[] {
     const deletedResults = super.delete(keyNodeOrEntry);
     for (const { needBalanced } of deletedResults) {
       if (needBalanced) {
@@ -487,10 +556,11 @@ export class AVLTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = obje
    *
    * The `_balancePath` function is used to update the heights of nodes and perform rotation operations
    * to restore balance in an AVL tree after inserting a node.
-   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>} node - The `node` parameter can be of type `R` or
-   * `BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>`.
+   * @param { K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined } node - The `node` parameter can be of type `R` or
+   * `
+   K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined]  | null | undefined `.
    */
-  protected _balancePath(node: BTNRep<K, V, AVLTreeNode<K, V>>): void {
+  protected _balancePath(node: K | AVLTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): void {
     node = this.ensureNode(node);
     const path = this.getPathToRoot(node, node => node, false); // first O(log n) + O(log n)
     for (let i = 0; i < path.length; i++) {