dataply 0.0.21 → 0.0.22-alpha.0

package/dist/cjs/index.js

@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ var MVCCTransaction = class {
   // delete 시 삭제 전 값 저장
   originallyExisted;
   // 트랜잭션 시작 시점에 디스크에 존재했던 키 (deleted 결과 필터링용)
+  bufferHistory = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   // Nested Transaction Properties
   parent;
   localVersion;
@@ -191,26 +192,45 @@ var MVCCTransaction = class {
     return false;
   }
   // --- Internal buffer manipulation helpers ---
-  _bufferCreate(key, value) {
-    this.localVersion++;
+  _recordHistory(key) {
+    const existsInWriteBuffer = this.writeBuffer.has(key);
+    const existsInDeleteBuffer = this.deleteBuffer.has(key);
+    const currentVer = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+    if (currentVer !== void 0) {
+      if (!this.bufferHistory.has(key)) this.bufferHistory.set(key, []);
+      this.bufferHistory.get(key).push({
+        value: existsInWriteBuffer ? this.writeBuffer.get(key) : this.deletedValues.get(key) ?? null,
+        exists: existsInWriteBuffer || !existsInDeleteBuffer,
+        version: currentVer
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  _bufferCreate(key, value, version) {
+    if (version === void 0) this.localVersion++;
+    const targetVersion = version ?? this.localVersion;
+    this._recordHistory(key);
     this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
     this.createdKeys.add(key);
     this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
     this.originallyExisted.delete(key);
-    this.keyVersions.set(key, this.localVersion);
+    this.keyVersions.set(key, targetVersion);
   }
-  _bufferWrite(key, value) {
-    this.localVersion++;
+  _bufferWrite(key, value, version) {
+    if (version === void 0) this.localVersion++;
+    const targetVersion = version ?? this.localVersion;
+    this._recordHistory(key);
     this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
     this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-    this.keyVersions.set(key, this.localVersion);
+    this.keyVersions.set(key, targetVersion);
   }
-  _bufferDelete(key) {
-    this.localVersion++;
+  _bufferDelete(key, version) {
+    if (version === void 0) this.localVersion++;
+    const targetVersion = version ?? this.localVersion;
+    this._recordHistory(key);
     this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
     this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
     this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-    this.keyVersions.set(key, this.localVersion);
+    this.keyVersions.set(key, targetVersion);
   }
   /**
    * Returns the entries that will be created, updated, and deleted by this transaction.
@@ -287,7 +307,9 @@ var MVCCTransaction = class {
             break;
           }
         }
-        if (latestInSnapshotIdx > 0) {
+        if (latestInSnapshotIdx === versions.length - 1) {
+          this.versionIndex.delete(key);
+        } else if (latestInSnapshotIdx > 0) {
           versions.splice(0, latestInSnapshotIdx);
         }
       }
@@ -344,27 +366,68 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return null;
-    return this.root._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return this._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
   }
   exists(key) {
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return false;
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return true;
-    return this.root._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return this._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+  }
+  _existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
+    if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    } else {
+      return this._diskExists(key, snapshotVersion);
+    }
   }
   _readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       }
     }
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return null;
       }
     }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists ? history[i].value : null;
+        }
+      }
+    }
     if (this.parent) {
       return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
     } else {
@@ -374,54 +437,22 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
   commit(label) {
     const { created, updated, deleted } = this.getResultEntries();
     if (this.committed) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.hasCommittedAncestor()) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Ancestor transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Ancestor transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.parent) {
       const failure = this.parent._merge(this);
       if (failure) {
-        return {
-          label,
-          success: false,
-          error: failure.error,
-          conflict: failure.conflict,
-          created,
-          updated,
-          deleted
-        };
+        return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created, updated, deleted };
       }
       this.committed = true;
     } else {
       if (this.writeBuffer.size > 0 || this.deleteBuffer.size > 0) {
         const failure = this._merge(this);
         if (failure) {
-          return {
-            label,
-            success: false,
-            error: failure.error,
-            conflict: failure.conflict,
-            created: [],
-            updated: [],
-            deleted: []
-          };
+          return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created: [], updated: [], deleted: [] };
         }
         this.writeBuffer.clear();
         this.deleteBuffer.clear();
@@ -429,17 +460,12 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
         this.deletedValues.clear();
         this.originallyExisted.clear();
         this.keyVersions.clear();
+        this.bufferHistory.clear();
         this.localVersion = 0;
         this.snapshotVersion = this.version;
       }
     }
-    return {
-      label,
-      success: true,
-      created,
-      updated,
-      deleted
-    };
+    return { label, success: true, created, updated, deleted };
   }
   _merge(child) {
     if (this.parent) {
@@ -448,11 +474,7 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
         if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
           return {
             error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-            conflict: {
-              key,
-              parent: this.read(key),
-              child: child.read(key)
-            }
+            conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
           };
         }
       }
@@ -461,40 +483,26 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
         if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
           return {
             error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-            conflict: {
-              key,
-              parent: this.read(key),
-              child: child.read(key)
-            }
+            conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
           };
         }
       }
-      const newLocalVersion = this.localVersion + 1;
-      for (const key of child.writeBuffer.keys()) {
-        this.writeBuffer.set(key, child.writeBuffer.get(key));
-        this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-        this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
-        if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-          this.createdKeys.add(key);
-        }
+      const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+      for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+        const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+        if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+        else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
       }
       for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-        this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-        this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-        this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-        this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
         const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-        if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-          this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
-        }
-        if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
+        if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+        if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
           this.originallyExisted.add(key);
         }
+        this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
       }
-      this.localVersion = newLocalVersion;
       this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
     } else {
-      const newVersion = this.version + 1;
       if (child !== this) {
         const modifiedKeys = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([...child.writeBuffer.keys(), ...child.deleteBuffer]);
         for (const key of modifiedKeys) {
@@ -504,58 +512,53 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
             if (lastVer > child.snapshotVersion) {
               return {
                 error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (v${lastVer})`,
-                conflict: {
-                  key,
-                  parent: this.read(key),
-                  child: child.read(key)
-                }
+                conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
               };
             }
           }
+          const lastModLocalVer = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+          if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
+            return {
+              error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction in the same session (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
+              conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
+            };
+          }
         }
-      }
-      for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-        this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
-        this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-        if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-          this.createdKeys.add(key);
-        }
-      }
-      for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-        this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-        this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-        this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-        const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-        if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-          this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+        const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+          const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+            this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+          }
+          if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+          else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
         }
-        if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
-          this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+        for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
+          const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
+          if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+            this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+          }
+          this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
         }
+        this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
+      } else {
+        const newVersion = this.version + 1;
+        for (const [key, value] of this.writeBuffer) this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
+        for (const key of this.deleteBuffer) this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
+        this.version = newVersion;
+        this._cleanupDeletedCache();
       }
-      for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-        this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
-      }
-      for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-        this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
-      }
-      this.version = newVersion;
-      this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
-      this._cleanupDeletedCache();
     }
     return null;
   }
-  // --- Internal IO Helpers (Root Only) ---
   _diskWrite(key, value, version) {
     const strategy = this.strategy;
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     if (strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: version
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: version });
     }
     strategy.write(key, value);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
@@ -571,9 +574,8 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     let targetVerObj = null;
     let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
         nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
@@ -590,6 +592,7 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     }
     if (!targetVerObj.exists) return null;
     if (!nextVerObj) {
+      if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       return strategy.read(key);
     }
     const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
@@ -607,14 +610,24 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
       return strategy.exists(key);
     }
     let targetVerObj = null;
+    let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
+        nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (!targetVerObj) return strategy.exists(key);
+    if (!targetVerObj) {
+      if (nextVerObj) {
+        const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
+        if (cached) {
+          const match = cached.find((c) => c.deletedAtVersion === nextVerObj.version);
+          if (match) return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
     return targetVerObj.exists;
   }
   _diskDelete(key, snapshotVersion) {
@@ -623,12 +636,9 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction = class _SyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     if (strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion });
+      strategy.delete(key);
     }
-    strategy.delete(key);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
     this.versionIndex.get(key).push({ version: snapshotVersion, exists: false });
   }
@@ -949,84 +959,93 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return null;
-    return this.root._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return await this._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
   }
   async exists(key) {
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return false;
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return true;
-    return this.root._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return await this._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+  }
+  async _existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
+    if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    } else {
+      return await this._diskExists(key, snapshotVersion);
+    }
   }
   async _readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       }
     }
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return null;
       }
     }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists ? history[i].value : null;
+        }
+      }
+    }
     if (this.parent) {
       return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
     } else {
-      return this._diskRead(key, snapshotVersion);
+      return await this._diskRead(key, snapshotVersion);
     }
   }
   async commit(label) {
     const { created, updated, deleted } = this.getResultEntries();
     if (this.committed) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.hasCommittedAncestor()) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Ancestor transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Ancestor transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.parent) {
       const failure = await this.parent._merge(this);
       if (failure) {
-        return {
-          label,
-          success: false,
-          error: failure.error,
-          conflict: failure.conflict,
-          created,
-          updated,
-          deleted
-        };
+        return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created, updated, deleted };
       }
       this.committed = true;
     } else {
       if (this.writeBuffer.size > 0 || this.deleteBuffer.size > 0) {
         const failure = await this._merge(this);
         if (failure) {
-          return {
-            label,
-            success: false,
-            error: failure.error,
-            conflict: failure.conflict,
-            created: [],
-            updated: [],
-            deleted: []
-          };
+          return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created: [], updated: [], deleted: [] };
         }
         this.writeBuffer.clear();
         this.deleteBuffer.clear();
@@ -1034,17 +1053,12 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
         this.deletedValues.clear();
         this.originallyExisted.clear();
         this.keyVersions.clear();
+        this.bufferHistory.clear();
         this.localVersion = 0;
         this.snapshotVersion = this.version;
       }
     }
-    return {
-      label,
-      success: true,
-      created,
-      updated,
-      deleted
-    };
+    return { label, success: true, created, updated, deleted };
   }
   async _merge(child) {
     return this.writeLock(async () => {
@@ -1054,11 +1068,7 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
           if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
             return {
               error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-              conflict: {
-                key,
-                parent: await this.read(key),
-                child: await child.read(key)
-              }
+              conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
             };
           }
         }
@@ -1067,41 +1077,27 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
           if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
             return {
               error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-              conflict: {
-                key,
-                parent: await this.read(key),
-                child: await child.read(key)
-              }
+              conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
             };
           }
         }
-        const newLocalVersion = this.localVersion + 1;
-        for (const key of child.writeBuffer.keys()) {
-          this.writeBuffer.set(key, child.writeBuffer.get(key));
-          this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-          this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
-          if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-            this.createdKeys.add(key);
-          }
+        const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+          const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+          if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+          else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
         }
         for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-          this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-          this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-          this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-          this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
           const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-          if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-            this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
-          }
-          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
+          if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
             this.originallyExisted.add(key);
           }
+          this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
         }
-        this.localVersion = newLocalVersion;
         this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
         return null;
       } else {
-        const newVersion = this.version + 1;
         if (child !== this) {
           const modifiedKeys = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([...child.writeBuffer.keys(), ...child.deleteBuffer]);
           for (const key of modifiedKeys) {
@@ -1111,59 +1107,54 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
               if (lastVer > child.snapshotVersion) {
                 return {
                   error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (v${lastVer})`,
-                  conflict: {
-                    key,
-                    parent: await this.read(key),
-                    child: await child.read(key)
-                  }
+                  conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
                 };
               }
             }
+            const lastModLocalVer = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+            if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
+              return {
+                error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction in the same session (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
+                conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
+              };
+            }
           }
-        }
-        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-          this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
-          this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-          if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-            this.createdKeys.add(key);
-          }
-        }
-        for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-          this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-          this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-          this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-          const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-          if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-            this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+          const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+          for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+            const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+            if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+              this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+            }
+            if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+            else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
           }
-          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
-            this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+          for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
+            const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
+            if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+            if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+              this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+            }
+            this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
           }
+          this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
+        } else {
+          const newVersion = this.version + 1;
+          for (const [key, value] of this.writeBuffer) await this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
+          for (const key of this.deleteBuffer) await this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
+          this.version = newVersion;
+          this._cleanupDeletedCache();
         }
-        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-          await this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
-        }
-        for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-          await this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
-        }
-        this.version = newVersion;
-        this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
-        this._cleanupDeletedCache();
         return null;
       }
     });
   }
-  // --- Internal IO Helpers (Root Only) ---
   async _diskWrite(key, value, version) {
     const strategy = this.strategy;
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     if (await strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = await strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: version
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: version });
     }
     await strategy.write(key, value);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
@@ -1174,14 +1165,13 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     const versions = this.versionIndex.get(key);
     if (!versions) {
-      return await strategy.exists(key) ? strategy.read(key) : null;
+      return await strategy.exists(key) ? await strategy.read(key) : null;
     }
     let targetVerObj = null;
     let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
         nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
@@ -1198,6 +1188,7 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     }
     if (!targetVerObj.exists) return null;
     if (!nextVerObj) {
+      if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       return strategy.read(key);
     }
     const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
@@ -1212,17 +1203,27 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     const versions = this.versionIndex.get(key);
     if (!versions) {
-      return strategy.exists(key);
+      return await strategy.exists(key);
     }
     let targetVerObj = null;
+    let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
+        nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (!targetVerObj) return strategy.exists(key);
+    if (!targetVerObj) {
+      if (nextVerObj) {
+        const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
+        if (cached) {
+          const match = cached.find((c) => c.deletedAtVersion === nextVerObj.version);
+          if (match) return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
     return targetVerObj.exists;
   }
   async _diskDelete(key, snapshotVersion) {
@@ -1231,12 +1232,9 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction extends MVCCTransaction {
     if (await strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = await strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion });
+      await strategy.delete(key);
     }
-    await strategy.delete(key);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
     this.versionIndex.get(key).push({ version: snapshotVersion, exists: false });
   }
@@ -1574,6 +1572,8 @@ var BPTreeTransaction = class _BPTreeTransaction {
   option;
   order;
   rootId;
+  isInitialized = false;
+  isDestroyed = false;
   verifierMap = {
     gt: (nv, v) => this.comparator.isHigher(nv, v),
     gte: (nv, v) => this.comparator.isHigher(nv, v) || this.comparator.isSame(nv, v),
@@ -1838,13 +1838,26 @@ var BPTreeTransaction = class _BPTreeTransaction {
   getResultEntries() {
     return this.mvcc.getResultEntries();
   }
+  _clearCache() {
+    this._cachedRegexp.clear();
+    this.nodes.clear();
+  }
   /**
    * Clears all cached nodes.
    * This method is useful for freeing up memory when the tree is no longer needed.
    */
   clear() {
-    this._cachedRegexp.clear();
-    this.nodes.clear();
+    if (this.rootTx !== this) {
+      throw new Error("Cannot call clear on a nested transaction");
+    }
+    this._clearInternal();
+  }
+  _clearInternal() {
+    if (this.isDestroyed) {
+      throw new Error("Transaction already destroyed");
+    }
+    this._clearCache();
+    this.isDestroyed = true;
   }
   _binarySearchValues(values, target, usePrimary = false, upperBound = false) {
     let low = 0;
@@ -2148,28 +2161,46 @@ var BPTreeSyncTransaction = class extends BPTreeTransaction {
     }
   }
   init() {
-    this.clear();
-    const head = this._readHead();
-    if (head === null) {
-      this.order = this.strategy.order;
-      const root = this._createNode(true, [], []);
-      this._writeHead({
-        root: root.id,
-        order: this.order,
-        data: this.strategy.head.data
-      });
-    } else {
-      const { root, order } = head;
-      this.strategy.head = head;
-      this.order = order;
-      this._writeHead({
-        root,
-        order: this.order,
-        data: this.strategy.head.data
-      });
+    if (this.rootTx !== this) {
+      throw new Error("Cannot call init on a nested transaction");
+    }
+    this._initInternal();
+  }
+  _initInternal() {
+    if (this.isInitialized) {
+      throw new Error("Transaction already initialized");
+    }
+    if (this.isDestroyed) {
+      throw new Error("Transaction already destroyed");
     }
-    if (this.order < 3) {
-      throw new Error(`The 'order' parameter must be greater than 2. but got a '${this.order}'.`);
+    this.isInitialized = true;
+    try {
+      this._clearCache();
+      const head = this._readHead();
+      if (head === null) {
+        this.order = this.strategy.order;
+        const root = this._createNode(true, [], []);
+        this._writeHead({
+          root: root.id,
+          order: this.order,
+          data: this.strategy.head.data
+        });
+      } else {
+        const { root, order } = head;
+        this.strategy.head = head;
+        this.order = order;
+        this._writeHead({
+          root,
+          order: this.order,
+          data: this.strategy.head.data
+        });
+      }
+      if (this.order < 3) {
+        throw new Error(`The 'order' parameter must be greater than 2. but got a '${this.order}'.`);
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.isInitialized = false;
+      throw e;
     }
   }
   exists(key, value) {
@@ -2547,9 +2578,12 @@ var BPTreeSyncTransaction = class extends BPTreeTransaction {
   commit(label) {
     let result = this.mvcc.commit(label);
     if (result.success) {
-      result = this.mvccRoot.commit(label);
-      if (result.success && this.rootTx !== this) {
-        this.rootTx.rootId = this.rootId;
+      const isRootTx = this.rootTx !== this;
+      if (isRootTx) {
+        result = this.rootTx.commit(label);
+        if (result.success) {
+          this.rootTx.rootId = this.rootId;
+        }
       }
       if (result.success) {
         for (const r of result.created) {
@@ -2628,7 +2662,7 @@ var BPTreeSync = class extends BPTreeSyncTransaction {
       this.comparator,
       this.option
     );
-    tx.init();
+    tx._initInternal();
     return tx;
   }
   insert(key, value) {
@@ -2638,7 +2672,6 @@ var BPTreeSync = class extends BPTreeSyncTransaction {
     if (!result.success) {
       throw new Error(`Transaction failed: ${result.error || "Commit failed due to conflict"}`);
     }
-    this.rootId = tx.getRootId();
   }
   delete(key, value) {
     const tx = this.createTransaction();
@@ -2647,319 +2680,603 @@ var BPTreeSync = class extends BPTreeSyncTransaction {
     if (!result.success) {
       throw new Error(`Transaction failed: ${result.error || "Commit failed due to conflict"}`);
     }
-    this.rootId = tx.getRootId();
   }
 };
-var BPTreeAsyncTransaction = class extends BPTreeTransaction {
-  constructor(rootTx, mvccRoot, mvcc, strategy, comparator, option) {
-    super(
-      rootTx,
-      mvccRoot,
-      mvcc,
-      strategy,
-      comparator,
-      option
-    );
+var Ryoiki2 = class _Ryoiki2 {
+  readings;
+  writings;
+  readQueue;
+  writeQueue;
+  static async CatchError(promise) {
+    return await promise.then((v) => [void 0, v]).catch((err) => [err]);
   }
-  async getNode(id) {
-    if (this.nodes.has(id)) {
-      return this.nodes.get(id);
+  static IsRangeOverlap(a, b) {
+    const [start1, end1] = a;
+    const [start2, end2] = b;
+    if (end1 <= start2 || end2 <= start1) {
+      return false;
     }
-    return await this.mvcc.read(id);
+    return true;
+  }
+  static ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS(lockId) {
+    return new Error(`The '${lockId}' task already existing in queue or running.`);
+  }
+  static ERR_NOT_EXISTS(lockId) {
+    return new Error(`The '${lockId}' task not existing in task queue.`);
+  }
+  static ERR_TIMEOUT(lockId, timeout) {
+    return new Error(`The task with ID '${lockId}' failed to acquire the lock within the timeout(${timeout}ms).`);
   }
   /**
-   * Create a new node with a unique ID.
+   * Constructs a new instance of the Ryoiki class.
    */
-  async _createNode(leaf, keys, values, parent = null, next = null, prev = null) {
-    const id = await this.strategy.id(leaf);
-    const node = {
-      id,
-      keys,
-      values,
-      leaf,
-      parent,
-      next,
-      prev
-    };
-    await this.mvcc.create(id, node);
-    this.nodes.set(id, node);
-    return node;
+  constructor() {
+    this.readings = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    this.writings = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    this.readQueue = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+    this.writeQueue = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   }
-  async _updateNode(node) {
-    await this.mvcc.write(node.id, node);
-    this.nodes.set(node.id, node);
+  /**
+   * Creates a range based on a start value and length.
+   * @param start - The starting value of the range.
+   * @param length - The length of the range.
+   * @returns A range tuple [start, start + length].
+   */
+  range(start, length) {
+    return [start, start + length];
   }
-  async _deleteNode(node) {
-    await this.mvcc.delete(node.id);
-    this.nodes.delete(node.id);
+  rangeOverlapping(tasks, range) {
+    return Array.from(tasks.values()).some((t) => _Ryoiki2.IsRangeOverlap(t.range, range));
   }
-  async _readHead() {
-    if (this.nodes.has("__HEAD__")) {
-      return this.nodes.get("__HEAD__") ?? null;
-    }
-    const head = await this.mvcc.read("__HEAD__");
-    return head ?? null;
-  }
-  async _writeHead(head) {
-    if (!await this.mvcc.exists("__HEAD__")) {
-      await this.mvcc.create("__HEAD__", head);
-    } else {
-      await this.mvcc.write("__HEAD__", head);
-    }
-    this.nodes.set("__HEAD__", head);
-    this.rootId = head.root;
+  isSameRange(a, b) {
+    const [a1, a2] = a;
+    const [b1, b2] = b;
+    return a1 === b1 && a2 === b2;
   }
-  async _insertAtLeaf(node, key, value) {
-    if (node.values.length) {
-      for (let i = 0, len = node.values.length; i < len; i++) {
-        const nValue = node.values[i];
-        if (this.comparator.isSame(value, nValue)) {
-          const keys = node.keys[i];
-          if (keys.includes(key)) {
-            break;
-          }
-          keys.push(key);
-          await this._updateNode(node);
-          return;
-        } else if (this.comparator.isLower(value, nValue)) {
-          node.values.splice(i, 0, value);
-          node.keys.splice(i, 0, [key]);
-          await this._updateNode(node);
-          return;
-        } else if (i + 1 === node.values.length) {
-          node.values.push(value);
-          node.keys.push([key]);
-          await this._updateNode(node);
-          return;
-        }
+  fetchUnitAndRun(queue, workspaces) {
+    for (const [id, unit] of queue) {
+      if (!unit.condition()) {
+        continue;
       }
-    } else {
-      node.values = [value];
-      node.keys = [[key]];
-      await this._updateNode(node);
-      return;
+      this._alloc(queue, workspaces, id);
     }
   }
-  async _insertInParent(node, value, pointer) {
-    if (this.rootId === node.id) {
-      const root = await this._createNode(false, [node.id, pointer.id], [value]);
-      this.rootId = root.id;
-      node.parent = root.id;
-      pointer.parent = root.id;
-      if (pointer.leaf) {
-        node.next = pointer.id;
-        pointer.prev = node.id;
-      }
-      await this._writeHead({
-        root: root.id,
-        order: this.order,
-        data: this.strategy.head.data
-      });
-      await this._updateNode(node);
-      await this._updateNode(pointer);
-      return;
-    }
-    const parentNode = await this.getNode(node.parent);
-    const nodeIndex = parentNode.keys.indexOf(node.id);
-    if (nodeIndex === -1) {
-      throw new Error(`Node ${node.id} not found in parent ${parentNode.id}`);
-    }
-    parentNode.values.splice(nodeIndex, 0, value);
-    parentNode.keys.splice(nodeIndex + 1, 0, pointer.id);
-    pointer.parent = parentNode.id;
-    if (pointer.leaf) {
-      const leftSibling = node;
-      const oldNextId = leftSibling.next;
-      pointer.prev = leftSibling.id;
-      pointer.next = oldNextId;
-      leftSibling.next = pointer.id;
-      await this._updateNode(leftSibling);
-      if (oldNextId) {
-        const oldNext = await this.getNode(oldNextId);
-        oldNext.prev = pointer.id;
-        await this._updateNode(oldNext);
-      }
-    }
-    await this._updateNode(parentNode);
-    await this._updateNode(pointer);
-    if (parentNode.keys.length > this.order) {
-      const parentPointer = await this._createNode(false, [], []);
-      parentPointer.parent = parentNode.parent;
-      const mid = Math.ceil(this.order / 2) - 1;
-      parentPointer.values = parentNode.values.slice(mid + 1);
-      parentPointer.keys = parentNode.keys.slice(mid + 1);
-      const midValue = parentNode.values[mid];
-      parentNode.values = parentNode.values.slice(0, mid);
-      parentNode.keys = parentNode.keys.slice(0, mid + 1);
-      for (const k of parentNode.keys) {
-        const n = await this.getNode(k);
-        n.parent = parentNode.id;
-        await this._updateNode(n);
-      }
-      for (const k of parentPointer.keys) {
-        const n = await this.getNode(k);
-        n.parent = parentPointer.id;
-        await this._updateNode(n);
+  _handleOverload(args, handlers, argPatterns) {
+    for (const [key, pattern] of Object.entries(argPatterns)) {
+      if (this._matchArgs(args, pattern)) {
+        return handlers[key](...args);
       }
-      await this._updateNode(parentNode);
-      await this._insertInParent(parentNode, midValue, parentPointer);
     }
+    throw new Error("Invalid arguments");
   }
-  async insertableNode(value) {
-    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
-    while (!node.leaf) {
-      const { index } = this._binarySearchValues(node.values, value, false, true);
-      node = await this.getNode(node.keys[index]);
-    }
-    return node;
+  _matchArgs(args, pattern) {
+    return args.every((arg, index) => {
+      const expectedType = pattern[index];
+      if (expectedType === void 0) return typeof arg === "undefined";
+      if (expectedType === Function) return typeof arg === "function";
+      if (expectedType === Number) return typeof arg === "number";
+      if (expectedType === Array) return Array.isArray(arg);
+      return false;
+    });
   }
-  async insertableNodeByPrimary(value) {
-    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
-    while (!node.leaf) {
-      const { index } = this._binarySearchValues(node.values, value, true, false);
-      node = await this.getNode(node.keys[index]);
-    }
-    return node;
+  _createRandomId() {
+    const timestamp = Date.now().toString(36);
+    const random = Math.random().toString(36).substring(2);
+    return `${timestamp}${random}`;
   }
-  async insertableRightestNodeByPrimary(value) {
-    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
-    while (!node.leaf) {
-      const { index } = this._binarySearchValues(node.values, value, true, true);
-      node = await this.getNode(node.keys[index]);
+  _alloc(queue, workspaces, lockId) {
+    const unit = queue.get(lockId);
+    if (!unit) {
+      throw _Ryoiki2.ERR_NOT_EXISTS(lockId);
     }
-    return node;
+    workspaces.set(lockId, unit);
+    queue.delete(lockId);
+    unit.alloc();
   }
-  async insertableRightestEndNodeByPrimary(value) {
-    const node = await this.insertableRightestNodeByPrimary(value);
-    if (!node.next) {
-      return null;
+  _free(workspaces, lockId) {
+    const unit = workspaces.get(lockId);
+    if (!unit) {
+      throw _Ryoiki2.ERR_NOT_EXISTS(lockId);
     }
-    return await this.getNode(node.next);
+    workspaces.delete(lockId);
+    unit.free();
   }
-  async insertableEndNode(value, direction) {
-    const insertableNode = await this.insertableNode(value);
-    let key;
-    switch (direction) {
-      case -1:
-        key = "prev";
-        break;
-      case 1:
-        key = "next";
+  _lock(queue, range, timeout, task, condition) {
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      let timeoutId = null;
+      if (timeout >= 0) {
+        timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
+          reject(_Ryoiki2.ERR_TIMEOUT(id, timeout));
+        }, timeout);
+      }
+      const id = this._createRandomId();
+      const alloc = async () => {
+        if (timeoutId !== null) {
+          clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        }
+        const [err, v] = await _Ryoiki2.CatchError(task(id));
+        if (err) reject(err);
+        else resolve(v);
+      };
+      const fetch = () => {
+        this.fetchUnitAndRun(this.readQueue, this.readings);
+        this.fetchUnitAndRun(this.writeQueue, this.writings);
+      };
+      queue.set(id, { id, range, condition, alloc, free: fetch });
+      fetch();
+    });
+  }
+  _checkWorking(range, workspaces) {
+    let isLocked = false;
+    for (const lock of workspaces.values()) {
+      if (_Ryoiki2.IsRangeOverlap(range, lock.range)) {
+        isLocked = true;
         break;
-      default:
-        throw new Error(`Direction must be -1 or 1. but got a ${direction}`);
-    }
-    const guessNode = insertableNode[key];
-    if (!guessNode) {
-      return null;
+      }
     }
-    return await this.getNode(guessNode);
+    return isLocked;
   }
-  async leftestNode() {
-    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
-    if (node === null) {
-      debugger;
-    }
-    while (!node.leaf) {
-      const keys = node.keys;
-      node = await this.getNode(keys[0]);
-    }
-    return node;
+  /**
+   * Checks if there is any active read lock within the specified range.
+   * @param range The range to check for active read locks.
+   * @returns `true` if there is an active read lock within the range, `false` otherwise.
+   */
+  isReading(range) {
+    return this._checkWorking(range, this.readings);
   }
-  async rightestNode() {
-    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
-    while (!node.leaf) {
-      const keys = node.keys;
-      node = await this.getNode(keys[keys.length - 1]);
-    }
-    return node;
+  /**
+   * Checks if there is any active write lock within the specified range.
+   * @param range The range to check for active write locks.
+   * @returns `true` if there is an active write lock within the range, `false` otherwise.
+   */
+  isWriting(range) {
+    return this._checkWorking(range, this.writings);
   }
-  async *getPairsGenerator(value, startNode, endNode, comparator, direction, earlyTerminate) {
-    let node = startNode;
-    let done = false;
-    let hasMatched = false;
-    let nextNodePromise = null;
-    while (!done) {
-      if (endNode && node.id === endNode.id) {
-        done = true;
-        break;
+  /**
+   * Checks if a read lock can be acquired within the specified range.
+   * @param range The range to check for read lock availability.
+   * @returns `true` if a read lock can be acquired, `false` otherwise.
+   */
+  canRead(range) {
+    const writing = this.isWriting(range);
+    return !writing;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Checks if a write lock can be acquired within the specified range.
+   * @param range The range to check for write lock availability.
+   * @returns `true` if a write lock can be acquired, `false` otherwise.
+   */
+  canWrite(range) {
+    const reading = this.isReading(range);
+    const writing = this.isWriting(range);
+    return !reading && !writing;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Internal implementation of the read lock. Handles both overloads.
+   * @template T - The return type of the task.
+   * @param arg0 - Either a range or a task callback.
+   * If a range is provided, the task is the second argument.
+   * @param arg1 - The task to execute, required if a range is provided.
+   * @param arg2 - The timeout for acquiring the lock.
+   * If the lock cannot be acquired within this period, an error will be thrown.
+   * If this value is not provided, no timeout will be set.
+   * @returns A promise resolving to the result of the task execution.
+   */
+  readLock(arg0, arg1, arg2) {
+    const [range, task, timeout] = this._handleOverload(
+      [arg0, arg1, arg2],
+      {
+        rangeTask: (range2, task2) => [range2, task2, -1],
+        rangeTaskTimeout: (range2, task2, timeout2) => [range2, task2, timeout2],
+        task: (task2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, -1],
+        taskTimeout: (task2, timeout2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, timeout2]
+      },
+      {
+        task: [Function],
+        taskTimeout: [Function, Number],
+        rangeTask: [Array, Function],
+        rangeTaskTimeout: [Array, Function, Number]
       }
-      if (direction === 1) {
-        if (node.next && !done) {
-          nextNodePromise = this.getNode(node.next);
-        }
-      } else {
-        if (node.prev && !done) {
-          nextNodePromise = this.getNode(node.prev);
-        }
+    );
+    return this._lock(
+      this.readQueue,
+      range,
+      timeout,
+      task,
+      () => !this.rangeOverlapping(this.writings, range)
+    );
+  }
+  /**
+   * Internal implementation of the write lock. Handles both overloads.
+   * @template T - The return type of the task.
+   * @param arg0 - Either a range or a task callback.
+   * If a range is provided, the task is the second argument.
+   * @param arg1 - The task to execute, required if a range is provided.
+   * @param arg2 - The timeout for acquiring the lock.
+   * If the lock cannot be acquired within this period, an error will be thrown.
+   * If this value is not provided, no timeout will be set.
+   * @returns A promise resolving to the result of the task execution.
+   */
+  writeLock(arg0, arg1, arg2) {
+    const [range, task, timeout] = this._handleOverload(
+      [arg0, arg1, arg2],
+      {
+        rangeTask: (range2, task2) => [range2, task2, -1],
+        rangeTaskTimeout: (range2, task2, timeout2) => [range2, task2, timeout2],
+        task: (task2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, -1],
+        taskTimeout: (task2, timeout2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, timeout2]
+      },
+      {
+        task: [Function],
+        taskTimeout: [Function, Number],
+        rangeTask: [Array, Function],
+        rangeTaskTimeout: [Array, Function, Number]
       }
-      const len = node.values.length;
-      if (direction === 1) {
-        for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-          const nValue = node.values[i];
-          const keys = node.keys[i];
-          if (comparator(nValue, value)) {
-            hasMatched = true;
-            for (let j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
-              yield [keys[j], nValue];
-            }
-          } else if (earlyTerminate && hasMatched) {
-            done = true;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        let i = len;
-        while (i--) {
-          const nValue = node.values[i];
+    );
+    return this._lock(
+      this.writeQueue,
+      range,
+      timeout,
+      task,
+      () => {
+        return !this.rangeOverlapping(this.writings, range) && !this.rangeOverlapping(this.readings, range);
+      }
+    );
+  }
+  /**
+   * Releases a read lock by its lock ID.
+   * @param lockId - The unique identifier for the lock to release.
+   */
+  readUnlock(lockId) {
+    this._free(this.readings, lockId);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Releases a write lock by its lock ID.
+   * @param lockId - The unique identifier for the lock to release.
+   */
+  writeUnlock(lockId) {
+    this._free(this.writings, lockId);
+  }
+};
+var BPTreeAsyncTransaction = class extends BPTreeTransaction {
+  lock;
+  constructor(rootTx, mvccRoot, mvcc, strategy, comparator, option) {
+    super(
+      rootTx,
+      mvccRoot,
+      mvcc,
+      strategy,
+      comparator,
+      option
+    );
+    this.lock = new Ryoiki2();
+  }
+  async writeLock(id, fn) {
+    let lockId;
+    return this.lock.writeLock([id, id + 0.1], async (_lockId) => {
+      lockId = _lockId;
+      return fn();
+    }).finally(() => {
+      this.lock.writeUnlock(lockId);
+    });
+  }
+  async getNode(id) {
+    if (this.nodes.has(id)) {
+      return this.nodes.get(id);
+    }
+    return await this.mvcc.read(id);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Create a new node with a unique ID.
+   */
+  async _createNode(leaf, keys, values, parent = null, next = null, prev = null) {
+    const id = await this.strategy.id(leaf);
+    const node = {
+      id,
+      keys,
+      values,
+      leaf,
+      parent,
+      next,
+      prev
+    };
+    await this.mvcc.create(id, node);
+    this.nodes.set(id, node);
+    return node;
+  }
+  async _updateNode(node) {
+    await this.mvcc.write(node.id, node);
+    this.nodes.set(node.id, node);
+  }
+  async _deleteNode(node) {
+    await this.mvcc.delete(node.id);
+    this.nodes.delete(node.id);
+  }
+  async _readHead() {
+    if (this.nodes.has("__HEAD__")) {
+      return this.nodes.get("__HEAD__") ?? null;
+    }
+    const head = await this.mvcc.read("__HEAD__");
+    return head ?? null;
+  }
+  async _writeHead(head) {
+    if (!await this.mvcc.exists("__HEAD__")) {
+      await this.mvcc.create("__HEAD__", head);
+    } else {
+      await this.mvcc.write("__HEAD__", head);
+    }
+    this.nodes.set("__HEAD__", head);
+    this.rootId = head.root;
+  }
+  async _insertAtLeaf(node, key, value) {
+    if (node.values.length) {
+      for (let i = 0, len = node.values.length; i < len; i++) {
+        const nValue = node.values[i];
+        if (this.comparator.isSame(value, nValue)) {
           const keys = node.keys[i];
-          if (comparator(nValue, value)) {
-            hasMatched = true;
-            let j = keys.length;
-            while (j--) {
-              yield [keys[j], nValue];
-            }
-          } else if (earlyTerminate && hasMatched) {
-            done = true;
+          if (keys.includes(key)) {
             break;
           }
+          keys.push(key);
+          await this._updateNode(node);
+          return;
+        } else if (this.comparator.isLower(value, nValue)) {
+          node.values.splice(i, 0, value);
+          node.keys.splice(i, 0, [key]);
+          await this._updateNode(node);
+          return;
+        } else if (i + 1 === node.values.length) {
+          node.values.push(value);
+          node.keys.push([key]);
+          await this._updateNode(node);
+          return;
         }
       }
-      if (done) {
-        if (nextNodePromise) await nextNodePromise;
-        break;
-      }
-      if (nextNodePromise) {
-        node = await nextNodePromise;
-        nextNodePromise = null;
-      } else {
-        done = true;
-      }
+    } else {
+      node.values = [value];
+      node.keys = [[key]];
+      await this._updateNode(node);
+      return;
     }
   }
-  async init() {
-    this.clear();
-    const head = await this._readHead();
-    if (head === null) {
-      this.order = this.strategy.order;
-      const root = await this._createNode(true, [], []);
+  async _insertInParent(node, value, pointer) {
+    if (this.rootId === node.id) {
+      const root = await this._createNode(false, [node.id, pointer.id], [value]);
+      this.rootId = root.id;
+      node.parent = root.id;
+      pointer.parent = root.id;
+      if (pointer.leaf) {
+        node.next = pointer.id;
+        pointer.prev = node.id;
+      }
       await this._writeHead({
         root: root.id,
         order: this.order,
         data: this.strategy.head.data
       });
-    } else {
-      const { root, order } = head;
-      this.strategy.head = head;
-      this.order = order;
-      await this._writeHead({
-        root,
-        order: this.order,
-        data: this.strategy.head.data
-      });
+      await this._updateNode(node);
+      await this._updateNode(pointer);
+      return;
+    }
+    const parentNode = await this.getNode(node.parent);
+    const nodeIndex = parentNode.keys.indexOf(node.id);
+    if (nodeIndex === -1) {
+      throw new Error(`Node ${node.id} not found in parent ${parentNode.id}`);
+    }
+    parentNode.values.splice(nodeIndex, 0, value);
+    parentNode.keys.splice(nodeIndex + 1, 0, pointer.id);
+    pointer.parent = parentNode.id;
+    if (pointer.leaf) {
+      const leftSibling = node;
+      const oldNextId = leftSibling.next;
+      pointer.prev = leftSibling.id;
+      pointer.next = oldNextId;
+      leftSibling.next = pointer.id;
+      await this._updateNode(leftSibling);
+      if (oldNextId) {
+        const oldNext = await this.getNode(oldNextId);
+        oldNext.prev = pointer.id;
+        await this._updateNode(oldNext);
+      }
+    }
+    await this._updateNode(parentNode);
+    await this._updateNode(pointer);
+    if (parentNode.keys.length > this.order) {
+      const parentPointer = await this._createNode(false, [], []);
+      parentPointer.parent = parentNode.parent;
+      const mid = Math.ceil(this.order / 2) - 1;
+      parentPointer.values = parentNode.values.slice(mid + 1);
+      parentPointer.keys = parentNode.keys.slice(mid + 1);
+      const midValue = parentNode.values[mid];
+      parentNode.values = parentNode.values.slice(0, mid);
+      parentNode.keys = parentNode.keys.slice(0, mid + 1);
+      for (const k of parentNode.keys) {
+        const n = await this.getNode(k);
+        n.parent = parentNode.id;
+        await this._updateNode(n);
+      }
+      for (const k of parentPointer.keys) {
+        const n = await this.getNode(k);
+        n.parent = parentPointer.id;
+        await this._updateNode(n);
+      }
+      await this._updateNode(parentNode);
+      await this._insertInParent(parentNode, midValue, parentPointer);
+    }
+  }
+  async insertableNode(value) {
+    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
+    while (!node.leaf) {
+      const { index } = this._binarySearchValues(node.values, value, false, true);
+      node = await this.getNode(node.keys[index]);
+    }
+    return node;
+  }
+  async insertableNodeByPrimary(value) {
+    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
+    while (!node.leaf) {
+      const { index } = this._binarySearchValues(node.values, value, true, false);
+      node = await this.getNode(node.keys[index]);
+    }
+    return node;
+  }
+  async insertableRightestNodeByPrimary(value) {
+    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
+    while (!node.leaf) {
+      const { index } = this._binarySearchValues(node.values, value, true, true);
+      node = await this.getNode(node.keys[index]);
+    }
+    return node;
+  }
+  async insertableRightestEndNodeByPrimary(value) {
+    const node = await this.insertableRightestNodeByPrimary(value);
+    if (!node.next) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return await this.getNode(node.next);
+  }
+  async insertableEndNode(value, direction) {
+    const insertableNode = await this.insertableNode(value);
+    let key;
+    switch (direction) {
+      case -1:
+        key = "prev";
+        break;
+      case 1:
+        key = "next";
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw new Error(`Direction must be -1 or 1. but got a ${direction}`);
+    }
+    const guessNode = insertableNode[key];
+    if (!guessNode) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return await this.getNode(guessNode);
+  }
+  async leftestNode() {
+    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
+    if (node === null) {
+      debugger;
+    }
+    while (!node.leaf) {
+      const keys = node.keys;
+      node = await this.getNode(keys[0]);
+    }
+    return node;
+  }
+  async rightestNode() {
+    let node = await this.getNode(this.rootId);
+    while (!node.leaf) {
+      const keys = node.keys;
+      node = await this.getNode(keys[keys.length - 1]);
+    }
+    return node;
+  }
+  async *getPairsGenerator(value, startNode, endNode, comparator, direction, earlyTerminate) {
+    let node = startNode;
+    let done = false;
+    let hasMatched = false;
+    let nextNodePromise = null;
+    while (!done) {
+      if (endNode && node.id === endNode.id) {
+        done = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (direction === 1) {
+        if (node.next && !done) {
+          nextNodePromise = this.getNode(node.next);
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (node.prev && !done) {
+          nextNodePromise = this.getNode(node.prev);
+        }
+      }
+      const len = node.values.length;
+      if (direction === 1) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+          const nValue = node.values[i];
+          const keys = node.keys[i];
+          if (comparator(nValue, value)) {
+            hasMatched = true;
+            for (let j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
+              yield [keys[j], nValue];
+            }
+          } else if (earlyTerminate && hasMatched) {
+            done = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        let i = len;
+        while (i--) {
+          const nValue = node.values[i];
+          const keys = node.keys[i];
+          if (comparator(nValue, value)) {
+            hasMatched = true;
+            let j = keys.length;
+            while (j--) {
+              yield [keys[j], nValue];
+            }
+          } else if (earlyTerminate && hasMatched) {
+            done = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (done) {
+        if (nextNodePromise) await nextNodePromise;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (nextNodePromise) {
+        node = await nextNodePromise;
+        nextNodePromise = null;
+      } else {
+        done = true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  async init() {
+    if (this.rootTx !== this) {
+      throw new Error("Cannot call init on a nested transaction");
+    }
+    return await this._initInternal();
+  }
+  async _initInternal() {
+    if (this.isInitialized) {
+      throw new Error("Transaction already initialized");
+    }
+    if (this.isDestroyed) {
+      throw new Error("Transaction already destroyed");
     }
-    if (this.order < 3) {
-      throw new Error(`The 'order' parameter must be greater than 2. but got a '${this.order}'.`);
+    this.isInitialized = true;
+    try {
+      this._clearCache();
+      const head = await this._readHead();
+      if (head === null) {
+        this.order = this.strategy.order;
+        const root = await this._createNode(true, [], []);
+        await this._writeHead({
+          root: root.id,
+          order: this.order,
+          data: this.strategy.head.data
+        });
+      } else {
+        const { root, order } = head;
+        this.strategy.head = head;
+        this.order = order;
+        await this._writeHead({
+          root,
+          order: this.order,
+          data: this.strategy.head.data
+        });
+      }
+      if (this.order < 3) {
+        throw new Error(`The 'order' parameter must be greater than 2. but got a '${this.order}'.`);
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.isInitialized = false;
+      throw e;
     }
   }
   async exists(key, value) {
@@ -3073,24 +3390,26 @@ var BPTreeAsyncTransaction = class extends BPTreeTransaction {
     return map;
   }
   async insert(key, value) {
-    const before = await this.insertableNode(value);
-    await this._insertAtLeaf(before, key, value);
-    if (before.values.length === this.order) {
-      const after = await this._createNode(
-        true,
-        [],
-        [],
-        before.parent,
-        null,
-        null
-      );
-      const mid = Math.ceil(this.order / 2) - 1;
-      after.values = before.values.slice(mid + 1);
-      after.keys = before.keys.slice(mid + 1);
-      before.values = before.values.slice(0, mid + 1);
-      before.keys = before.keys.slice(0, mid + 1);
-      await this._insertInParent(before, after.values[0], after);
-    }
+    return this.writeLock(0, async () => {
+      const before = await this.insertableNode(value);
+      await this._insertAtLeaf(before, key, value);
+      if (before.values.length === this.order) {
+        const after = await this._createNode(
+          true,
+          [],
+          [],
+          before.parent,
+          null,
+          null
+        );
+        const mid = Math.ceil(this.order / 2) - 1;
+        after.values = before.values.slice(mid + 1);
+        after.keys = before.keys.slice(mid + 1);
+        before.values = before.values.slice(0, mid + 1);
+        before.keys = before.keys.slice(0, mid + 1);
+        await this._insertInParent(before, after.values[0], after);
+      }
+    });
   }
   async _deleteEntry(node, key) {
     if (!node.leaf) {
@@ -3255,504 +3574,255 @@ var BPTreeAsyncTransaction = class extends BPTreeTransaction {
           }
           await this._updateNode(node);
           await this._updateNode(pointer);
-        }
-        if (!pointer.leaf) {
-          for (const key2 of pointer.keys) {
-            const n = await this.getNode(key2);
-            n.parent = pointer.id;
-            await this._updateNode(n);
-          }
-        }
-        if (!node.leaf) {
-          for (const key2 of node.keys) {
-            const n = await this.getNode(key2);
-            n.parent = node.id;
-            await this._updateNode(n);
-          }
-        }
-        if (!parentNode.leaf) {
-          for (const key2 of parentNode.keys) {
-            const n = await this.getNode(key2);
-            n.parent = parentNode.id;
-            await this._updateNode(n);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    } else {
-      await this._updateNode(node);
-    }
-  }
-  async delete(key, value) {
-    let node = await this.insertableNodeByPrimary(value);
-    let found = false;
-    while (true) {
-      let i = node.values.length;
-      while (i--) {
-        const nValue = node.values[i];
-        if (this.comparator.isSame(value, nValue)) {
-          const keys = node.keys[i];
-          const keyIndex = keys.indexOf(key);
-          if (keyIndex !== -1) {
-            keys.splice(keyIndex, 1);
-            if (keys.length === 0) {
-              node.keys.splice(i, 1);
-              node.values.splice(i, 1);
-            }
-            await this._updateNode(node);
-            await this._deleteEntry(node, key);
-            found = true;
-            break;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (found) break;
-      if (node.next) {
-        node = await this.getNode(node.next);
-        continue;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  async getHeadData() {
-    const head = await this._readHead();
-    if (head === null) {
-      throw new Error("Head not found");
-    }
-    return head.data;
-  }
-  async setHeadData(data) {
-    const head = await this._readHead();
-    if (head === null) {
-      throw new Error("Head not found");
-    }
-    await this._writeHead({
-      root: head.root,
-      order: head.order,
-      data
-    });
-  }
-  async commit(label) {
-    let result = await this.mvcc.commit(label);
-    if (result.success) {
-      result = await this.mvccRoot.commit(label);
-      if (result.success && this.rootTx !== this) {
-        this.rootTx.rootId = this.rootId;
-      }
-      if (result.success) {
-        for (const r of result.created) {
-          this.nodes.set(r.key, r.data);
-        }
-        for (const r of result.updated) {
-          this.nodes.set(r.key, r.data);
-        }
-        for (const r of result.deleted) {
-          this.nodes.delete(r.key);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-  rollback() {
-    return this.mvcc.rollback();
-  }
-};
-var BPTreeMVCCStrategyAsync = class extends AsyncMVCCStrategy {
-  constructor(strategy) {
-    super();
-    this.strategy = strategy;
-  }
-  async read(key) {
-    if (key === "__HEAD__") {
-      return await this.strategy.readHead();
-    }
-    return await this.strategy.read(key);
-  }
-  async write(key, value) {
-    if (key === "__HEAD__") {
-      await this.strategy.writeHead(value);
-    } else {
-      await this.strategy.write(key, value);
-    }
-  }
-  async delete(key) {
-    await this.strategy.delete(key);
-  }
-  async exists(key) {
-    if (key === "__HEAD__") {
-      return await this.strategy.readHead() !== null;
-    }
-    try {
-      const node = await this.strategy.read(key);
-      return node !== null && node !== void 0;
-    } catch {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-};
-var BPTreeAsync = class extends BPTreeAsyncTransaction {
-  constructor(strategy, comparator, option) {
-    const mvccRoot = new AsyncMVCCTransaction(new BPTreeMVCCStrategyAsync(strategy));
-    super(
-      null,
-      mvccRoot,
-      mvccRoot,
-      strategy,
-      comparator,
-      option
-    );
-  }
-  /**
-   * Creates a new asynchronous transaction.
-   * @returns A new BPTreeAsyncTransaction.
-   */
-  async createTransaction() {
-    const nestedTx = await this.mvcc.createNested();
-    const tx = new BPTreeAsyncTransaction(
-      this,
-      this.mvcc,
-      nestedTx,
-      this.strategy,
-      this.comparator,
-      this.option
-    );
-    await tx.init();
-    return tx;
-  }
-  async insert(key, value) {
-    const tx = await this.createTransaction();
-    await tx.insert(key, value);
-    const result = await tx.commit();
-    if (!result.success) {
-      throw new Error(`Transaction failed: ${result.error || "Commit failed due to conflict"}`);
-    }
-    this.rootId = tx.getRootId();
-  }
-  async delete(key, value) {
-    const tx = await this.createTransaction();
-    await tx.delete(key, value);
-    const result = await tx.commit();
-    if (!result.success) {
-      throw new Error(`Transaction failed: ${result.error || "Commit failed due to conflict"}`);
-    }
-    this.rootId = tx.getRootId();
-  }
-};
-var SerializeStrategy = class {
-  order;
-  head;
-  constructor(order) {
-    this.order = order;
-    this.head = {
-      order,
-      root: null,
-      data: {}
-    };
-  }
-};
-var SerializeStrategySync = class extends SerializeStrategy {
-  getHeadData(key, defaultValue) {
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(this.head.data, key)) {
-      this.setHeadData(key, defaultValue);
-    }
-    return this.head.data[key];
-  }
-  setHeadData(key, data) {
-    this.head.data[key] = data;
-    this.writeHead(this.head);
-  }
-  autoIncrement(key, defaultValue) {
-    const current = this.getHeadData(key, defaultValue);
-    const next = current + 1;
-    this.setHeadData(key, next);
-    return current;
-  }
-};
-var InMemoryStoreStrategySync = class extends SerializeStrategySync {
-  node;
-  constructor(order) {
-    super(order);
-    this.node = {};
-  }
-  id(isLeaf) {
-    return this.autoIncrement("index", 1).toString();
-  }
-  read(id) {
-    if (!Object.hasOwn(this.node, id)) {
-      throw new Error(`The tree attempted to reference node '${id}', but couldn't find the corresponding node.`);
-    }
-    const node = this.node[id];
-    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(node));
-  }
-  write(id, node) {
-    this.node[id] = node;
-  }
-  delete(id) {
-    delete this.node[id];
-  }
-  readHead() {
-    if (this.head.root === null) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    return this.head;
-  }
-  writeHead(head) {
-    this.head = head;
-  }
-};
-var Ryoiki2 = class _Ryoiki2 {
-  readings;
-  writings;
-  readQueue;
-  writeQueue;
-  static async CatchError(promise) {
-    return await promise.then((v) => [void 0, v]).catch((err) => [err]);
-  }
-  static IsRangeOverlap(a, b) {
-    const [start1, end1] = a;
-    const [start2, end2] = b;
-    if (end1 <= start2 || end2 <= start1) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  static ERR_ALREADY_EXISTS(lockId) {
-    return new Error(`The '${lockId}' task already existing in queue or running.`);
-  }
-  static ERR_NOT_EXISTS(lockId) {
-    return new Error(`The '${lockId}' task not existing in task queue.`);
-  }
-  static ERR_TIMEOUT(lockId, timeout) {
-    return new Error(`The task with ID '${lockId}' failed to acquire the lock within the timeout(${timeout}ms).`);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Constructs a new instance of the Ryoiki class.
-   */
-  constructor() {
-    this.readings = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-    this.writings = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-    this.readQueue = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-    this.writeQueue = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-  }
-  /**
-   * Creates a range based on a start value and length.
-   * @param start - The starting value of the range.
-   * @param length - The length of the range.
-   * @returns A range tuple [start, start + length].
-   */
-  range(start, length) {
-    return [start, start + length];
-  }
-  rangeOverlapping(tasks, range) {
-    return Array.from(tasks.values()).some((t) => _Ryoiki2.IsRangeOverlap(t.range, range));
-  }
-  isSameRange(a, b) {
-    const [a1, a2] = a;
-    const [b1, b2] = b;
-    return a1 === b1 && a2 === b2;
-  }
-  fetchUnitAndRun(queue, workspaces) {
-    for (const [id, unit] of queue) {
-      if (!unit.condition()) {
-        continue;
+        }
+        if (!pointer.leaf) {
+          for (const key2 of pointer.keys) {
+            const n = await this.getNode(key2);
+            n.parent = pointer.id;
+            await this._updateNode(n);
+          }
+        }
+        if (!node.leaf) {
+          for (const key2 of node.keys) {
+            const n = await this.getNode(key2);
+            n.parent = node.id;
+            await this._updateNode(n);
+          }
+        }
+        if (!parentNode.leaf) {
+          for (const key2 of parentNode.keys) {
+            const n = await this.getNode(key2);
+            n.parent = parentNode.id;
+            await this._updateNode(n);
+          }
+        }
       }
-      this._alloc(queue, workspaces, id);
+    } else {
+      await this._updateNode(node);
     }
   }
-  _handleOverload(args, handlers, argPatterns) {
-    for (const [key, pattern] of Object.entries(argPatterns)) {
-      if (this._matchArgs(args, pattern)) {
-        return handlers[key](...args);
+  async delete(key, value) {
+    return this.writeLock(0, async () => {
+      let node = await this.insertableNodeByPrimary(value);
+      let found = false;
+      while (true) {
+        let i = node.values.length;
+        while (i--) {
+          const nValue = node.values[i];
+          if (this.comparator.isSame(value, nValue)) {
+            const keys = node.keys[i];
+            const keyIndex = keys.indexOf(key);
+            if (keyIndex !== -1) {
+              keys.splice(keyIndex, 1);
+              if (keys.length === 0) {
+                node.keys.splice(i, 1);
+                node.values.splice(i, 1);
+              }
+              await this._updateNode(node);
+              await this._deleteEntry(node, key);
+              found = true;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (found) break;
+        if (node.next) {
+          node = await this.getNode(node.next);
+          continue;
+        }
+        break;
       }
-    }
-    throw new Error("Invalid arguments");
-  }
-  _matchArgs(args, pattern) {
-    return args.every((arg, index) => {
-      const expectedType = pattern[index];
-      if (expectedType === void 0) return typeof arg === "undefined";
-      if (expectedType === Function) return typeof arg === "function";
-      if (expectedType === Number) return typeof arg === "number";
-      if (expectedType === Array) return Array.isArray(arg);
-      return false;
     });
   }
-  _createRandomId() {
-    const timestamp = Date.now().toString(36);
-    const random = Math.random().toString(36).substring(2);
-    return `${timestamp}${random}`;
-  }
-  _alloc(queue, workspaces, lockId) {
-    const unit = queue.get(lockId);
-    if (!unit) {
-      throw _Ryoiki2.ERR_NOT_EXISTS(lockId);
+  async getHeadData() {
+    const head = await this._readHead();
+    if (head === null) {
+      throw new Error("Head not found");
     }
-    workspaces.set(lockId, unit);
-    queue.delete(lockId);
-    unit.alloc();
+    return head.data;
   }
-  _free(workspaces, lockId) {
-    const unit = workspaces.get(lockId);
-    if (!unit) {
-      throw _Ryoiki2.ERR_NOT_EXISTS(lockId);
+  async setHeadData(data) {
+    const head = await this._readHead();
+    if (head === null) {
+      throw new Error("Head not found");
     }
-    workspaces.delete(lockId);
-    unit.free();
+    await this._writeHead({
+      root: head.root,
+      order: head.order,
+      data
+    });
   }
-  _lock(queue, range, timeout, task, condition) {
-    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-      let timeoutId = null;
-      if (timeout >= 0) {
-        timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
-          reject(_Ryoiki2.ERR_TIMEOUT(id, timeout));
-        }, timeout);
+  async commit(label) {
+    let result = await this.mvcc.commit(label);
+    if (result.success) {
+      const isRootTx = this.rootTx === this;
+      if (!isRootTx) {
+        result = await this.rootTx.commit(label);
+        if (result.success) {
+          this.rootTx.rootId = this.rootId;
+        }
       }
-      const id = this._createRandomId();
-      const alloc = async () => {
-        if (timeoutId !== null) {
-          clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+      if (result.success) {
+        for (const r of result.created) {
+          this.nodes.set(r.key, r.data);
+        }
+        for (const r of result.updated) {
+          this.nodes.set(r.key, r.data);
+        }
+        for (const r of result.deleted) {
+          this.nodes.delete(r.key);
         }
-        const [err, v] = await _Ryoiki2.CatchError(task(id));
-        if (err) reject(err);
-        else resolve(v);
-      };
-      const fetch = () => {
-        this.fetchUnitAndRun(this.readQueue, this.readings);
-        this.fetchUnitAndRun(this.writeQueue, this.writings);
-      };
-      queue.set(id, { id, range, condition, alloc, free: fetch });
-      fetch();
-    });
-  }
-  _checkWorking(range, workspaces) {
-    let isLocked = false;
-    for (const lock of workspaces.values()) {
-      if (_Ryoiki2.IsRangeOverlap(range, lock.range)) {
-        isLocked = true;
-        break;
       }
     }
-    return isLocked;
+    return result;
   }
-  /**
-   * Checks if there is any active read lock within the specified range.
-   * @param range The range to check for active read locks.
-   * @returns `true` if there is an active read lock within the range, `false` otherwise.
-   */
-  isReading(range) {
-    return this._checkWorking(range, this.readings);
+  rollback() {
+    return this.mvcc.rollback();
   }
-  /**
-   * Checks if there is any active write lock within the specified range.
-   * @param range The range to check for active write locks.
-   * @returns `true` if there is an active write lock within the range, `false` otherwise.
-   */
-  isWriting(range) {
-    return this._checkWorking(range, this.writings);
+};
+var BPTreeMVCCStrategyAsync = class extends AsyncMVCCStrategy {
+  constructor(strategy) {
+    super();
+    this.strategy = strategy;
   }
-  /**
-   * Checks if a read lock can be acquired within the specified range.
-   * @param range The range to check for read lock availability.
-   * @returns `true` if a read lock can be acquired, `false` otherwise.
-   */
-  canRead(range) {
-    const writing = this.isWriting(range);
-    return !writing;
+  async read(key) {
+    if (key === "__HEAD__") {
+      return await this.strategy.readHead();
+    }
+    return await this.strategy.read(key);
   }
-  /**
-   * Checks if a write lock can be acquired within the specified range.
-   * @param range The range to check for write lock availability.
-   * @returns `true` if a write lock can be acquired, `false` otherwise.
-   */
-  canWrite(range) {
-    const reading = this.isReading(range);
-    const writing = this.isWriting(range);
-    return !reading && !writing;
+  async write(key, value) {
+    if (key === "__HEAD__") {
+      await this.strategy.writeHead(value);
+    } else {
+      await this.strategy.write(key, value);
+    }
   }
-  /**
-   * Internal implementation of the read lock. Handles both overloads.
-   * @template T - The return type of the task.
-   * @param arg0 - Either a range or a task callback.
-   * If a range is provided, the task is the second argument.
-   * @param arg1 - The task to execute, required if a range is provided.
-   * @param arg2 - The timeout for acquiring the lock.
-   * If the lock cannot be acquired within this period, an error will be thrown.
-   * If this value is not provided, no timeout will be set.
-   * @returns A promise resolving to the result of the task execution.
-   */
-  readLock(arg0, arg1, arg2) {
-    const [range, task, timeout] = this._handleOverload(
-      [arg0, arg1, arg2],
-      {
-        rangeTask: (range2, task2) => [range2, task2, -1],
-        rangeTaskTimeout: (range2, task2, timeout2) => [range2, task2, timeout2],
-        task: (task2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, -1],
-        taskTimeout: (task2, timeout2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, timeout2]
-      },
-      {
-        task: [Function],
-        taskTimeout: [Function, Number],
-        rangeTask: [Array, Function],
-        rangeTaskTimeout: [Array, Function, Number]
-      }
-    );
-    return this._lock(
-      this.readQueue,
-      range,
-      timeout,
-      task,
-      () => !this.rangeOverlapping(this.writings, range)
-    );
+  async delete(key) {
+    await this.strategy.delete(key);
   }
-  /**
-   * Internal implementation of the write lock. Handles both overloads.
-   * @template T - The return type of the task.
-   * @param arg0 - Either a range or a task callback.
-   * If a range is provided, the task is the second argument.
-   * @param arg1 - The task to execute, required if a range is provided.
-   * @param arg2 - The timeout for acquiring the lock.
-   * If the lock cannot be acquired within this period, an error will be thrown.
-   * If this value is not provided, no timeout will be set.
-   * @returns A promise resolving to the result of the task execution.
-   */
-  writeLock(arg0, arg1, arg2) {
-    const [range, task, timeout] = this._handleOverload(
-      [arg0, arg1, arg2],
-      {
-        rangeTask: (range2, task2) => [range2, task2, -1],
-        rangeTaskTimeout: (range2, task2, timeout2) => [range2, task2, timeout2],
-        task: (task2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, -1],
-        taskTimeout: (task2, timeout2) => [[-Infinity, Infinity], task2, timeout2]
-      },
-      {
-        task: [Function],
-        taskTimeout: [Function, Number],
-        rangeTask: [Array, Function],
-        rangeTaskTimeout: [Array, Function, Number]
-      }
-    );
-    return this._lock(
-      this.writeQueue,
-      range,
-      timeout,
-      task,
-      () => {
-        return !this.rangeOverlapping(this.writings, range) && !this.rangeOverlapping(this.readings, range);
-      }
+  async exists(key) {
+    if (key === "__HEAD__") {
+      return await this.strategy.readHead() !== null;
+    }
+    try {
+      const node = await this.strategy.read(key);
+      return node !== null && node !== void 0;
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+};
+var BPTreeAsync = class extends BPTreeAsyncTransaction {
+  constructor(strategy, comparator, option) {
+    const mvccRoot = new AsyncMVCCTransaction(new BPTreeMVCCStrategyAsync(strategy));
+    super(
+      null,
+      mvccRoot,
+      mvccRoot,
+      strategy,
+      comparator,
+      option
     );
   }
   /**
-   * Releases a read lock by its lock ID.
-   * @param lockId - The unique identifier for the lock to release.
+   * Creates a new asynchronous transaction.
+   * @returns A new BPTreeAsyncTransaction.
    */
-  readUnlock(lockId) {
-    this._free(this.readings, lockId);
+  async createTransaction() {
+    const nestedTx = this.mvcc.createNested();
+    const tx = new BPTreeAsyncTransaction(
+      this,
+      this.mvcc,
+      nestedTx,
+      this.strategy,
+      this.comparator,
+      this.option
+    );
+    await tx._initInternal();
+    return tx;
   }
-  /**
-   * Releases a write lock by its lock ID.
-   * @param lockId - The unique identifier for the lock to release.
-   */
-  writeUnlock(lockId) {
-    this._free(this.writings, lockId);
+  async insert(key, value) {
+    return this.writeLock(1, async () => {
+      const tx = await this.createTransaction();
+      await tx.insert(key, value);
+      const result = await tx.commit();
+      if (!result.success) {
+        throw new Error(`Transaction failed: ${result.error || "Commit failed due to conflict"}`);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+  async delete(key, value) {
+    return this.writeLock(1, async () => {
+      const tx = await this.createTransaction();
+      await tx.delete(key, value);
+      const result = await tx.commit();
+      if (!result.success) {
+        throw new Error(`Transaction failed: ${result.error || "Commit failed due to conflict"}`);
+      }
+    });
+  }
+};
+var SerializeStrategy = class {
+  order;
+  head;
+  constructor(order) {
+    this.order = order;
+    this.head = {
+      order,
+      root: null,
+      data: {}
+    };
+  }
+};
+var SerializeStrategySync = class extends SerializeStrategy {
+  getHeadData(key, defaultValue) {
+    if (!Object.hasOwn(this.head.data, key)) {
+      this.setHeadData(key, defaultValue);
+    }
+    return this.head.data[key];
+  }
+  setHeadData(key, data) {
+    this.head.data[key] = data;
+    this.writeHead(this.head);
+  }
+  autoIncrement(key, defaultValue) {
+    const current = this.getHeadData(key, defaultValue);
+    const next = current + 1;
+    this.setHeadData(key, next);
+    return current;
+  }
+};
+var InMemoryStoreStrategySync = class extends SerializeStrategySync {
+  node;
+  constructor(order) {
+    super(order);
+    this.node = {};
+  }
+  id(isLeaf) {
+    return this.autoIncrement("index", 1).toString();
+  }
+  read(id) {
+    if (!Object.hasOwn(this.node, id)) {
+      throw new Error(`The tree attempted to reference node '${id}', but couldn't find the corresponding node.`);
+    }
+    const node = this.node[id];
+    return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(node));
+  }
+  write(id, node) {
+    this.node[id] = node;
+  }
+  delete(id) {
+    delete this.node[id];
+  }
+  readHead() {
+    if (this.head.root === null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return this.head;
+  }
+  writeHead(head) {
+    this.head = head;
   }
 };
 var SerializeStrategyAsync = class extends SerializeStrategy {
@@ -4543,6 +4613,7 @@ var MVCCTransaction2 = class {
   // delete 시 삭제 전 값 저장
   originallyExisted;
   // 트랜잭션 시작 시점에 디스크에 존재했던 키 (deleted 결과 필터링용)
+  bufferHistory = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
   // Nested Transaction Properties
   parent;
   localVersion;
@@ -4597,26 +4668,45 @@ var MVCCTransaction2 = class {
     return false;
   }
   // --- Internal buffer manipulation helpers ---
-  _bufferCreate(key, value) {
-    this.localVersion++;
+  _recordHistory(key) {
+    const existsInWriteBuffer = this.writeBuffer.has(key);
+    const existsInDeleteBuffer = this.deleteBuffer.has(key);
+    const currentVer = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+    if (currentVer !== void 0) {
+      if (!this.bufferHistory.has(key)) this.bufferHistory.set(key, []);
+      this.bufferHistory.get(key).push({
+        value: existsInWriteBuffer ? this.writeBuffer.get(key) : this.deletedValues.get(key) ?? null,
+        exists: existsInWriteBuffer || !existsInDeleteBuffer,
+        version: currentVer
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  _bufferCreate(key, value, version) {
+    if (version === void 0) this.localVersion++;
+    const targetVersion = version ?? this.localVersion;
+    this._recordHistory(key);
     this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
     this.createdKeys.add(key);
     this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
     this.originallyExisted.delete(key);
-    this.keyVersions.set(key, this.localVersion);
+    this.keyVersions.set(key, targetVersion);
   }
-  _bufferWrite(key, value) {
-    this.localVersion++;
+  _bufferWrite(key, value, version) {
+    if (version === void 0) this.localVersion++;
+    const targetVersion = version ?? this.localVersion;
+    this._recordHistory(key);
     this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
     this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-    this.keyVersions.set(key, this.localVersion);
+    this.keyVersions.set(key, targetVersion);
   }
-  _bufferDelete(key) {
-    this.localVersion++;
+  _bufferDelete(key, version) {
+    if (version === void 0) this.localVersion++;
+    const targetVersion = version ?? this.localVersion;
+    this._recordHistory(key);
     this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
     this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
     this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-    this.keyVersions.set(key, this.localVersion);
+    this.keyVersions.set(key, targetVersion);
   }
   /**
    * Returns the entries that will be created, updated, and deleted by this transaction.
@@ -4693,7 +4783,9 @@ var MVCCTransaction2 = class {
             break;
           }
         }
-        if (latestInSnapshotIdx > 0) {
+        if (latestInSnapshotIdx === versions.length - 1) {
+          this.versionIndex.delete(key);
+        } else if (latestInSnapshotIdx > 0) {
           versions.splice(0, latestInSnapshotIdx);
         }
       }
@@ -4750,27 +4842,68 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return null;
-    return this.root._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return this._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
   }
   exists(key) {
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return false;
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return true;
-    return this.root._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return this._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+  }
+  _existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
+    if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    } else {
+      return this._diskExists(key, snapshotVersion);
+    }
   }
   _readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       }
     }
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return null;
       }
     }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists ? history[i].value : null;
+        }
+      }
+    }
     if (this.parent) {
       return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
     } else {
@@ -4780,54 +4913,22 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
   commit(label) {
     const { created, updated, deleted } = this.getResultEntries();
     if (this.committed) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.hasCommittedAncestor()) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Ancestor transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Ancestor transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.parent) {
       const failure = this.parent._merge(this);
       if (failure) {
-        return {
-          label,
-          success: false,
-          error: failure.error,
-          conflict: failure.conflict,
-          created,
-          updated,
-          deleted
-        };
+        return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created, updated, deleted };
       }
       this.committed = true;
     } else {
       if (this.writeBuffer.size > 0 || this.deleteBuffer.size > 0) {
         const failure = this._merge(this);
         if (failure) {
-          return {
-            label,
-            success: false,
-            error: failure.error,
-            conflict: failure.conflict,
-            created: [],
-            updated: [],
-            deleted: []
-          };
+          return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created: [], updated: [], deleted: [] };
         }
         this.writeBuffer.clear();
         this.deleteBuffer.clear();
@@ -4835,17 +4936,12 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
         this.deletedValues.clear();
         this.originallyExisted.clear();
         this.keyVersions.clear();
+        this.bufferHistory.clear();
         this.localVersion = 0;
         this.snapshotVersion = this.version;
       }
     }
-    return {
-      label,
-      success: true,
-      created,
-      updated,
-      deleted
-    };
+    return { label, success: true, created, updated, deleted };
   }
   _merge(child) {
     if (this.parent) {
@@ -4854,11 +4950,7 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
         if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
           return {
             error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-            conflict: {
-              key,
-              parent: this.read(key),
-              child: child.read(key)
-            }
+            conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
           };
         }
       }
@@ -4867,40 +4959,26 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
         if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
           return {
             error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-            conflict: {
-              key,
-              parent: this.read(key),
-              child: child.read(key)
-            }
+            conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
           };
         }
       }
-      const newLocalVersion = this.localVersion + 1;
-      for (const key of child.writeBuffer.keys()) {
-        this.writeBuffer.set(key, child.writeBuffer.get(key));
-        this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-        this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
-        if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-          this.createdKeys.add(key);
-        }
+      const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+      for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+        const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+        if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+        else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
       }
       for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-        this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-        this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-        this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-        this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
         const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-        if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-          this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
-        }
-        if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
+        if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+        if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
           this.originallyExisted.add(key);
         }
+        this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
       }
-      this.localVersion = newLocalVersion;
       this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
     } else {
-      const newVersion = this.version + 1;
       if (child !== this) {
         const modifiedKeys = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([...child.writeBuffer.keys(), ...child.deleteBuffer]);
         for (const key of modifiedKeys) {
@@ -4910,58 +4988,53 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
             if (lastVer > child.snapshotVersion) {
               return {
                 error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (v${lastVer})`,
-                conflict: {
-                  key,
-                  parent: this.read(key),
-                  child: child.read(key)
-                }
+                conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
               };
             }
           }
+          const lastModLocalVer = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+          if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
+            return {
+              error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction in the same session (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
+              conflict: { key, parent: this.read(key), child: child.read(key) }
+            };
+          }
         }
-      }
-      for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-        this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
-        this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-        if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-          this.createdKeys.add(key);
-        }
-      }
-      for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-        this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-        this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-        this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-        const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-        if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-          this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+        const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+          const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+            this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+          }
+          if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+          else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
         }
-        if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
-          this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+        for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
+          const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
+          if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+            this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+          }
+          this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
         }
+        this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
+      } else {
+        const newVersion = this.version + 1;
+        for (const [key, value] of this.writeBuffer) this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
+        for (const key of this.deleteBuffer) this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
+        this.version = newVersion;
+        this._cleanupDeletedCache();
       }
-      for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-        this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
-      }
-      for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-        this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
-      }
-      this.version = newVersion;
-      this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
-      this._cleanupDeletedCache();
     }
     return null;
   }
-  // --- Internal IO Helpers (Root Only) ---
   _diskWrite(key, value, version) {
     const strategy = this.strategy;
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     if (strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: version
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: version });
     }
     strategy.write(key, value);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
@@ -4977,9 +5050,8 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
     let targetVerObj = null;
     let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
         nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
@@ -4996,6 +5068,7 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
     }
     if (!targetVerObj.exists) return null;
     if (!nextVerObj) {
+      if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       return strategy.read(key);
     }
     const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
@@ -5013,14 +5086,24 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
       return strategy.exists(key);
     }
     let targetVerObj = null;
+    let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
+        nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (!targetVerObj) return strategy.exists(key);
+    if (!targetVerObj) {
+      if (nextVerObj) {
+        const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
+        if (cached) {
+          const match = cached.find((c) => c.deletedAtVersion === nextVerObj.version);
+          if (match) return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
     return targetVerObj.exists;
   }
   _diskDelete(key, snapshotVersion) {
@@ -5029,12 +5112,9 @@ var SyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _SyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction2
     if (strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion });
+      strategy.delete(key);
     }
-    strategy.delete(key);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
     this.versionIndex.get(key).push({ version: snapshotVersion, exists: false });
   }
@@ -5355,84 +5435,93 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return null;
-    return this.root._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return await this._diskRead(key, this.snapshotVersion);
   }
   async exists(key) {
     if (this.committed) throw new Error("Transaction already committed");
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) return false;
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return true;
-    return this.root._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, this.snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    }
+    return await this._diskExists(key, this.snapshotVersion);
+  }
+  async _existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
+    if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
+      const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.parent) {
+      return this.parent._existsSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
+    } else {
+      return await this._diskExists(key, snapshotVersion);
+    }
   }
   async _readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, snapshotLocalVersion) {
     if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       }
     }
     if (this.deleteBuffer.has(key)) {
       const keyModVersion = this.keyVersions.get(key);
-      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+      if (snapshotLocalVersion === void 0 || keyModVersion <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
         return null;
       }
     }
+    const history = this.bufferHistory.get(key);
+    if (history && snapshotLocalVersion !== void 0) {
+      for (let i = history.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (history[i].version <= snapshotLocalVersion) {
+          return history[i].exists ? history[i].value : null;
+        }
+      }
+    }
     if (this.parent) {
       return this.parent._readSnapshot(key, snapshotVersion, this.snapshotLocalVersion);
     } else {
-      return this._diskRead(key, snapshotVersion);
+      return await this._diskRead(key, snapshotVersion);
     }
   }
   async commit(label) {
     const { created, updated, deleted } = this.getResultEntries();
     if (this.committed) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.hasCommittedAncestor()) {
-      return {
-        label,
-        success: false,
-        error: "Ancestor transaction already committed",
-        conflict: void 0,
-        created,
-        updated,
-        deleted
-      };
+      return { label, success: false, error: "Ancestor transaction already committed", conflict: void 0, created, updated, deleted };
     }
     if (this.parent) {
       const failure = await this.parent._merge(this);
       if (failure) {
-        return {
-          label,
-          success: false,
-          error: failure.error,
-          conflict: failure.conflict,
-          created,
-          updated,
-          deleted
-        };
+        return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created, updated, deleted };
       }
       this.committed = true;
     } else {
       if (this.writeBuffer.size > 0 || this.deleteBuffer.size > 0) {
         const failure = await this._merge(this);
         if (failure) {
-          return {
-            label,
-            success: false,
-            error: failure.error,
-            conflict: failure.conflict,
-            created: [],
-            updated: [],
-            deleted: []
-          };
+          return { label, success: false, error: failure.error, conflict: failure.conflict, created: [], updated: [], deleted: [] };
         }
         this.writeBuffer.clear();
         this.deleteBuffer.clear();
@@ -5440,17 +5529,12 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
         this.deletedValues.clear();
         this.originallyExisted.clear();
         this.keyVersions.clear();
+        this.bufferHistory.clear();
         this.localVersion = 0;
         this.snapshotVersion = this.version;
       }
     }
-    return {
-      label,
-      success: true,
-      created,
-      updated,
-      deleted
-    };
+    return { label, success: true, created, updated, deleted };
   }
   async _merge(child) {
     return this.writeLock(async () => {
@@ -5460,11 +5544,7 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
           if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
             return {
               error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-              conflict: {
-                key,
-                parent: await this.read(key),
-                child: await child.read(key)
-              }
+              conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
             };
           }
         }
@@ -5473,41 +5553,27 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
           if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
             return {
               error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
-              conflict: {
-                key,
-                parent: await this.read(key),
-                child: await child.read(key)
-              }
+              conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
             };
           }
         }
-        const newLocalVersion = this.localVersion + 1;
-        for (const key of child.writeBuffer.keys()) {
-          this.writeBuffer.set(key, child.writeBuffer.get(key));
-          this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-          this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
-          if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-            this.createdKeys.add(key);
-          }
+        const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+          const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+          if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+          else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
         }
         for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-          this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-          this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-          this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-          this.keyVersions.set(key, newLocalVersion);
           const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-          if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-            this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
-          }
-          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
+          if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
             this.originallyExisted.add(key);
           }
+          this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
         }
-        this.localVersion = newLocalVersion;
         this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
         return null;
       } else {
-        const newVersion = this.version + 1;
         if (child !== this) {
           const modifiedKeys = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set([...child.writeBuffer.keys(), ...child.deleteBuffer]);
           for (const key of modifiedKeys) {
@@ -5517,59 +5583,54 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
               if (lastVer > child.snapshotVersion) {
                 return {
                   error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction (v${lastVer})`,
-                  conflict: {
-                    key,
-                    parent: await this.read(key),
-                    child: await child.read(key)
-                  }
+                  conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
                 };
               }
             }
+            const lastModLocalVer = this.keyVersions.get(key);
+            if (lastModLocalVer !== void 0 && lastModLocalVer > child.snapshotLocalVersion) {
+              return {
+                error: `Commit conflict: Key '${key}' was modified by a newer transaction in the same session (Local v${lastModLocalVer})`,
+                conflict: { key, parent: await this.read(key), child: await child.read(key) }
+              };
+            }
           }
-        }
-        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-          this.writeBuffer.set(key, value);
-          this.deleteBuffer.delete(key);
-          if (child.createdKeys.has(key)) {
-            this.createdKeys.add(key);
-          }
-        }
-        for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-          this.deleteBuffer.add(key);
-          this.writeBuffer.delete(key);
-          this.createdKeys.delete(key);
-          const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
-          if (deletedValue !== void 0) {
-            this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+          const mergeVersion = ++this.localVersion;
+          for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
+            const wasCreated = child.createdKeys.has(key);
+            if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+              this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+            }
+            if (wasCreated) this._bufferCreate(key, value, mergeVersion);
+            else this._bufferWrite(key, value, mergeVersion);
           }
-          if (child.originallyExisted.has(key)) {
-            this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+          for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
+            const deletedValue = child.deletedValues.get(key);
+            if (deletedValue !== void 0) this.deletedValues.set(key, deletedValue);
+            if (child.originallyExisted.has(key) && !this.createdKeys.has(key)) {
+              this.originallyExisted.add(key);
+            }
+            this._bufferDelete(key, mergeVersion);
           }
+          this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
+        } else {
+          const newVersion = this.version + 1;
+          for (const [key, value] of this.writeBuffer) await this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
+          for (const key of this.deleteBuffer) await this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
+          this.version = newVersion;
+          this._cleanupDeletedCache();
         }
-        for (const [key, value] of child.writeBuffer) {
-          await this._diskWrite(key, value, newVersion);
-        }
-        for (const key of child.deleteBuffer) {
-          await this._diskDelete(key, newVersion);
-        }
-        this.version = newVersion;
-        this.root.activeTransactions.delete(child);
-        this._cleanupDeletedCache();
         return null;
       }
     });
   }
-  // --- Internal IO Helpers (Root Only) ---
   async _diskWrite(key, value, version) {
     const strategy = this.strategy;
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     if (await strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = await strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: version
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: version });
     }
     await strategy.write(key, value);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
@@ -5580,14 +5641,13 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     const versions = this.versionIndex.get(key);
     if (!versions) {
-      return await strategy.exists(key) ? strategy.read(key) : null;
+      return await strategy.exists(key) ? await strategy.read(key) : null;
     }
     let targetVerObj = null;
     let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
         nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
@@ -5604,6 +5664,7 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
     }
     if (!targetVerObj.exists) return null;
     if (!nextVerObj) {
+      if (this.writeBuffer.has(key)) return this.writeBuffer.get(key);
       return strategy.read(key);
     }
     const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
@@ -5618,17 +5679,27 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
     if (!strategy) throw new Error("Root Transaction missing strategy");
     const versions = this.versionIndex.get(key);
     if (!versions) {
-      return strategy.exists(key);
+      return await strategy.exists(key);
     }
     let targetVerObj = null;
+    let nextVerObj = null;
     for (const v of versions) {
-      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) {
-        targetVerObj = v;
-      } else {
+      if (v.version <= snapshotVersion) targetVerObj = v;
+      else {
+        nextVerObj = v;
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (!targetVerObj) return strategy.exists(key);
+    if (!targetVerObj) {
+      if (nextVerObj) {
+        const cached = this.deletedCache.get(key);
+        if (cached) {
+          const match = cached.find((c) => c.deletedAtVersion === nextVerObj.version);
+          if (match) return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
     return targetVerObj.exists;
   }
   async _diskDelete(key, snapshotVersion) {
@@ -5637,12 +5708,9 @@ var AsyncMVCCTransaction2 = class _AsyncMVCCTransaction2 extends MVCCTransaction
     if (await strategy.exists(key)) {
       const currentVal = await strategy.read(key);
       if (!this.deletedCache.has(key)) this.deletedCache.set(key, []);
-      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({
-        value: currentVal,
-        deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion
-      });
+      this.deletedCache.get(key).push({ value: currentVal, deletedAtVersion: snapshotVersion });
+      await strategy.delete(key);
     }
-    await strategy.delete(key);
     if (!this.versionIndex.has(key)) this.versionIndex.set(key, []);
     this.versionIndex.get(key).push({ version: snapshotVersion, exists: false });
   }
@@ -8343,7 +8411,6 @@ var RowTableEngine = class {
         if (!btx) return;
         const result = await btx.commit();
         if (result.success) {
-          await this.bptree.init();
           for (const entry of result.deleted) {
             await this.strategy.delete(entry.key);
           }