data-structure-typed 1.50.5 → 1.50.7

package/dist/mjs/data-structures/binary-tree/rb-tree.js

@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-/**
- * data-structure-typed
- *
- * @author Tyler Zeng
- * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Tyler Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>
- * @license MIT License
- */
-import { RBTNColor } from '../../types';
+import { CRUD, RBTNColor } from '../../types';
 import { BST, BSTNode } from './bst';
 export class RedBlackTreeNode extends BSTNode {
     /**
@@ -26,7 +19,7 @@ export class RedBlackTreeNode extends BSTNode {
     _color;
     /**
      * The function returns the color value of a variable.
-     * @returns The color value stored in the protected variable `_color`.
+     * @returns The color value stored in the private variable `_color`.
      */
     get color() {
         return this._color;
@@ -39,64 +32,49 @@ export class RedBlackTreeNode extends BSTNode {
         this._color = value;
     }
 }
-/**
- * 1. Each node is either red or black.
- * 2. The root node is always black.
- * 3. Leaf nodes are typically Sentinel nodes and are considered black.
- * 4. Red nodes must have black children.
- * 5. Black balance: Every path from any node to each of its leaf nodes contains the same number of black nodes.
- */
 export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
     /**
-     * This is the constructor function for a Red-Black Tree data structure in TypeScript, which
-     * initializes the tree with optional nodes and options.
-     * @param [keysOrNodesOrEntries] - The `keysOrNodesOrEntries` parameter is an optional iterable of `KeyOrNodeOrEntry<K, V, NODE>`
-     * objects. It represents the initial nodes that will be added to the RBTree during its
-     * construction. If this parameter is provided, the `addMany` method is called to add all the
-     * nodes to the
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter is an optional object that allows you to customize the
-     * behavior of the RBTree. It is of type `Partial<RBTreeOptions>`, which means that you can provide
-     * only a subset of the properties defined in the `RBTreeOptions` interface.
+     * This is the constructor function for a Red-Black Tree data structure in TypeScript.
+     * @param keysOrNodesOrEntries - The `keysOrNodesOrEntries` parameter is an iterable object that can
+     * contain keys, nodes, or entries. It is used to initialize the RBTree with the provided keys,
+     * nodes, or entries.
+     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter is an optional object that can be passed to the
+     * constructor. It allows you to customize the behavior of the RBTree. It can include properties such
+     * as `compareKeys`, `compareValues`, `allowDuplicates`, etc. These properties define how the RBTree
+     * should compare keys and
      */
     constructor(keysOrNodesOrEntries = [], options) {
         super([], options);
-        this._root = this._Sentinel;
-        if (keysOrNodesOrEntries)
-            super.addMany(keysOrNodesOrEntries);
+        this._root = this.SENTINEL;
+        if (keysOrNodesOrEntries) {
+            this.addMany(keysOrNodesOrEntries);
+        }
     }
-    _Sentinel = new RedBlackTreeNode(NaN);
+    _SENTINEL = new RedBlackTreeNode(NaN);
     /**
-     * The function returns the value of the `_Sentinel` property.
-     * @returns The method is returning the value of the `_Sentinel` property.
+     * The function returns the value of the _SENTINEL property.
+     * @returns The method is returning the value of the `_SENTINEL` property.
      */
-    get Sentinel() {
-        return this._Sentinel;
+    get SENTINEL() {
+        return this._SENTINEL;
     }
     _root;
     /**
-     * The function returns the root node.
-     * @returns The root node of the data structure.
+     * The function returns the root node of a tree or undefined if there is no root.
+     * @returns The root node of the tree structure, or undefined if there is no root node.
      */
     get root() {
         return this._root;
     }
-    _size = 0;
-    /**
-     * The function returns the size of an object.
-     * @returns The size of the object, which is a number.
-     */
-    get size() {
-        return this._size;
-    }
     /**
      * The function creates a new Red-Black Tree node with the specified key, value, and color.
-     * @param {K} key - The key parameter is the key value associated with the node. It is used to
-     * identify and compare nodes in the Red-Black Tree.
+     * @param {K} key - The key parameter represents the key of the node being created. It is of type K,
+     * which is a generic type representing the key's data type.
      * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter is an optional parameter that represents the value
-     * associated with the node. It is of type `V`, which is a generic type that can be replaced with any
-     * specific type when using the `createNode` method.
+     * associated with the key in the node. It is not required and can be omitted if not needed.
      * @param {RBTNColor} color - The "color" parameter is used to specify the color of the node in a
-     * Red-Black Tree. It can be either "RED" or "BLACK". By default, the color is set to "BLACK".
+     * Red-Black Tree. It is an optional parameter with a default value of "RBTNColor.BLACK". The color
+     * can be either "RBTNColor.RED" or "RBTNColor.BLACK".
      * @returns The method is returning a new instance of a RedBlackTreeNode with the specified key,
      * value, and color.
      */
@@ -104,10 +82,10 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
         return new RedBlackTreeNode(key, value, color);
     }
     /**
-     * The function creates a Red-Black Tree with the specified options and returns it.
-     * @param {RBTreeOptions} [options] - The `options` parameter is an optional object that can be
-     * passed to the `createTree` function. It is used to customize the behavior of the `RedBlackTree`
-     * class.
+     * The function creates a Red-Black Tree with the given options and returns it.
+     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter is an optional object that contains configuration
+     * options for creating the Red-Black Tree. It is of type `RBTreeOptions<K>`, where `K` represents
+     * the type of keys in the tree.
      * @returns a new instance of a RedBlackTree object.
      */
     createTree(options) {
@@ -117,12 +95,18 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
         });
     }
     /**
-     * The function `keyValueOrEntryToNode` takes an keyOrNodeOrEntry and converts it into a node object if possible.
-     * @param keyOrNodeOrEntry - The `keyOrNodeOrEntry` parameter is of type `KeyOrNodeOrEntry<K, V, NODE>`, where:
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter is an optional value that can be passed to the
-     * `keyValueOrEntryToNode` function. It represents the value associated with the keyOrNodeOrEntry node. If a value
-     * is provided, it will be used when creating the new node. If no value is provided, the new node
-     * @returns a node of type NODE or undefined.
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     */
+    /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     *
+     * The function `keyValueOrEntryToNode` takes a key, value, or entry and returns a node if it is
+     * valid, otherwise it returns undefined.
+     * @param {KeyOrNodeOrEntry<K, V, NODE>} keyOrNodeOrEntry - The key, value, or entry to convert.
+     * @param {V} [value] - The value associated with the key (if `keyOrNodeOrEntry` is a key).
+     * @returns {NODE | undefined} - The corresponding Red-Black Tree node, or `undefined` if conversion fails.
      */
     keyValueOrEntryToNode(keyOrNodeOrEntry, value) {
         let node;
@@ -150,166 +134,83 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
         return node;
     }
     /**
-     * The function checks if an keyOrNodeOrEntry is an instance of the RedBlackTreeNode class.
-     * @param keyOrNodeOrEntry - The `keyOrNodeOrEntry` parameter is of type `KeyOrNodeOrEntry<K, V, NODE>`.
-     * @returns a boolean value indicating whether the keyOrNodeOrEntry is an instance of the RedBlackTreeNode
-     * class.
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * /
+  
+     /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     *
+     * The function checks if the input is an instance of the RedBlackTreeNode class.
+     * @param {KeyOrNodeOrEntry<K, V, NODE>} keyOrNodeOrEntry - The object to check.
+     * @returns {boolean} - `true` if the object is a Red-Black Tree node, `false` otherwise.
      */
     isNode(keyOrNodeOrEntry) {
         return keyOrNodeOrEntry instanceof RedBlackTreeNode;
     }
     /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     */
+    /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     *
      * The function checks if a given node is a real node in a Red-Black Tree.
      * @param {NODE | undefined} node - The `node` parameter is of type `NODE | undefined`, which means
      * it can either be of type `NODE` or `undefined`.
      * @returns a boolean value.
      */
     isRealNode(node) {
-        if (node === this._Sentinel || node === undefined)
+        if (node === this.SENTINEL || node === undefined)
             return false;
         return node instanceof RedBlackTreeNode;
     }
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     * On average (where n is the number of nodes in the tree)
      */
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The `add` function adds a new node to a binary search tree and performs necessary rotations and
-     * color changes to maintain the red-black tree properties.
-     * @param keyOrNodeOrEntry - The `keyOrNodeOrEntry` parameter can be either a key, a node, or an
-     * entry.
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter represents the value associated with the key that is
-     * being added to the binary search tree.
-     * @returns The method `add` returns either the newly added node (`NODE`) or `undefined`.
+     * The `getNode` function retrieves a node from a Red-Black Tree based on the provided identifier and
+     * callback function.
+     * @param {ReturnType<C> | undefined} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the value or key
+     * that you want to search for in the binary search tree. It can be of any type that is compatible
+     * with the type of nodes in the tree.
+     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called for each node in
+     * the tree. It is used to determine whether a node matches the given identifier. The `callback`
+     * function should take a node as its parameter and return a value that can be compared to the
+     * `identifier` parameter.
+     * @param beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point for the search in the binary
+     * search tree. It can be either a key or a node. If it is a key, it will be converted to a node
+     * using the `ensureNode` method. If it is not provided, the `root`
+     * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to specify the type of iteration to
+     * be performed when searching for nodes in the binary search tree. It is an optional parameter and
+     * its default value is taken from the `iterationType` property of the class.
+     * @returns The method is returning a value of type `NODE | null | undefined`.
      */
-    add(keyOrNodeOrEntry, value) {
-        const newNode = this.keyValueOrEntryToNode(keyOrNodeOrEntry, value);
-        if (newNode === undefined)
-            return false;
-        newNode.left = this._Sentinel;
-        newNode.right = this._Sentinel;
-        let y = undefined;
-        let x = this.root;
-        while (x !== this._Sentinel) {
-            y = x;
-            if (x) {
-                if (newNode.key < x.key) {
-                    x = x.left;
-                }
-                else if (newNode.key > x.key) {
-                    x = x?.right;
-                }
-                else {
-                    if (newNode !== x) {
-                        this._replaceNode(x, newNode);
-                    }
-                    return false;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        newNode.parent = y;
-        if (y === undefined) {
-            this._setRoot(newNode);
-        }
-        else if (newNode.key < y.key) {
-            y.left = newNode;
-        }
-        else {
-            y.right = newNode;
-        }
-        if (newNode.parent === undefined) {
-            newNode.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-            this._size++;
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (newNode.parent.parent === undefined) {
-            this._size++;
-            return false;
-        }
-        this._fixInsert(newNode);
-        this._size++;
-        return true;
+    getNode(identifier, callback = this._defaultOneParamCallback, beginRoot = this.root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
+        if (identifier instanceof RedBlackTreeNode)
+            callback = (node => node);
+        return super.getNodes(identifier, callback, true, beginRoot, iterationType)[0] ?? undefined;
     }
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      */
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The `delete` function removes a node from a binary tree based on a given identifier and updates
-     * the tree accordingly.
-     * @param {ReturnType<C> | null | undefined} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the value
-     * that you want to use to identify the node that you want to delete from the binary tree. It can be
-     * of any type that is returned by the callback function `C`. It can also be `null` or `undefined` if
-     * you don't want to
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that takes a node of type `NODE` and
-     * returns a value of type `ReturnType<C>`. It is used to determine if a node should be deleted based
-     * on its identifier. The `callback` function is optional and defaults to `this._defaultOneParam
-     * @returns an array of `BinaryTreeDeleteResult<NODE>`.
+     * The "clear" function sets the root node of a data structure to a sentinel value and resets the
+     * size counter to zero.
      */
-    delete(identifier, callback = this._defaultOneParamCallback) {
-        const ans = [];
-        if (identifier === null)
-            return ans;
-        const helper = (node) => {
-            let z = this._Sentinel;
-            let x, y;
-            while (node !== this._Sentinel) {
-                if (node && callback(node) === identifier) {
-                    z = node;
-                }
-                if (node && identifier && callback(node) <= identifier) {
-                    node = node.right;
-                }
-                else {
-                    node = node?.left;
-                }
-            }
-            if (z === this._Sentinel) {
-                this._size--;
-                return;
-            }
-            y = z;
-            let yOriginalColor = y.color;
-            if (z.left === this._Sentinel) {
-                x = z.right;
-                this._rbTransplant(z, z.right);
-            }
-            else if (z.right === this._Sentinel) {
-                x = z.left;
-                this._rbTransplant(z, z.left);
-            }
-            else {
-                y = this.getLeftMost(z.right);
-                yOriginalColor = y.color;
-                x = y.right;
-                if (y.parent === z) {
-                    x.parent = y;
-                }
-                else {
-                    this._rbTransplant(y, y.right);
-                    y.right = z.right;
-                    y.right.parent = y;
-                }
-                this._rbTransplant(z, y);
-                y.left = z.left;
-                y.left.parent = y;
-                y.color = z.color;
-            }
-            if (yOriginalColor === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
-                this._fixDelete(x);
-            }
-            this._size--;
-            ans.push({ deleted: z, needBalanced: undefined });
-        };
-        helper(this.root);
-        return ans;
+    clear() {
+        super.clear();
+        this._root = this.SENTINEL;
     }
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
@@ -319,42 +220,33 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The function `getNode` retrieves a single node from a binary tree based on a given identifier and
-     * callback function.
-     * @param {ReturnType<C> | undefined} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the value used to
-     * identify the node you want to retrieve. It can be of any type that is the return type of the `C`
-     * callback function. If the `identifier` is `undefined`, it means you want to retrieve the first
-     * node that matches the other criteria
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called for each node in
-     * the binary tree. It is used to determine if a node matches the given identifier. The `callback`
-     * function should take a single parameter of type `NODE` (the type of the nodes in the binary tree) and
-     * @param {K | NODE | undefined} beginRoot - The `beginRoot` parameter is the starting point for
-     * searching for a node in a binary tree. It can be either a key value or a node object. If it is not
-     * provided, the search will start from the root of the binary tree.
-     * @param iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is a variable that determines the type of
-     * iteration to be performed when searching for nodes in the binary tree. It is used in the
-     * `getNodes` method, which is called within the `getNode` method.
-     * @returns a value of type `NODE`, `null`, or `undefined`.
-     */
-    getNode(identifier, callback = this._defaultOneParamCallback, beginRoot = this.root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
-        if (identifier instanceof RedBlackTreeNode)
-            callback = (node => node);
-        beginRoot = this.ensureNode(beginRoot);
-        return this.getNodes(identifier, callback, true, beginRoot, iterationType)[0] ?? undefined;
-    }
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     */
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The "clear" function sets the root node to the sentinel node and resets the size to 0.
+     * The function adds a new node to a Red-Black Tree data structure and returns a boolean indicating
+     * whether the operation was successful.
+     * @param keyOrNodeOrEntry - The `keyOrNodeOrEntry` parameter can be either a key, a node, or an
+     * entry.
+     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter is the value associated with the key that is being
+     * added to the tree.
+     * @returns The method is returning a boolean value. It returns true if the node was successfully
+     * added or updated, and false otherwise.
      */
-    clear() {
-        this._root = this._Sentinel;
-        this._size = 0;
+    add(keyOrNodeOrEntry, value) {
+        const newNode = this.keyValueOrEntryToNode(keyOrNodeOrEntry, value);
+        if (!this.isRealNode(newNode))
+            return false;
+        const insertStatus = this._insert(newNode);
+        if (insertStatus === CRUD.CREATED) {
+            // Ensure the root is black
+            if (this.isRealNode(this._root)) {
+                this._root.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+            }
+            else {
+                return false;
+            }
+            this._size++;
+            return true;
+        }
+        else
+            return insertStatus === CRUD.UPDATED;
     }
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
@@ -364,27 +256,73 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The function returns the predecessor of a given node in a red-black tree.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} x - The parameter `x` is of type `RedBlackTreeNode`, which represents a node in a
-     * Red-Black Tree.
-     * @returns the predecessor of the given RedBlackTreeNode 'x'.
+     * The function `delete` in a binary tree class deletes a node from the tree and fixes the tree if
+     * necessary.
+     * @param {ReturnType<C> | null | undefined} identifier - The `identifier` parameter is the
+     * identifier of the node that needs to be deleted from the binary tree. It can be of any type that
+     * is returned by the callback function `C`. It can also be `null` or `undefined` if the node to be
+     * deleted is not found.
+     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that is used to retrieve a node from
+     * the binary tree based on its identifier. It is an optional parameter and if not provided, the
+     * `_defaultOneParamCallback` function is used as the default callback. The callback function should
+     * return the identifier of the node to
+     * @returns an array of BinaryTreeDeleteResult<NODE> objects.
      */
-    getPredecessor(x) {
-        if (this.isRealNode(x.left)) {
-            return this.getRightMost(x.left);
+    delete(identifier, callback = this._defaultOneParamCallback) {
+        if (identifier === null)
+            return [];
+        const results = [];
+        const nodeToDelete = this.isRealNode(identifier) ? identifier : this.getNode(identifier, callback);
+        if (!nodeToDelete) {
+            return results;
+        }
+        let originalColor = nodeToDelete.color;
+        let replacementNode;
+        if (!this.isRealNode(nodeToDelete.left)) {
+            replacementNode = nodeToDelete.right;
+            this._transplant(nodeToDelete, nodeToDelete.right);
         }
-        let y = x.parent;
-        while (this.isRealNode(y) && x === y.left) {
-            x = y;
-            y = y.parent;
+        else if (!this.isRealNode(nodeToDelete.right)) {
+            replacementNode = nodeToDelete.left;
+            this._transplant(nodeToDelete, nodeToDelete.left);
         }
-        return y;
+        else {
+            const successor = this.getLeftMost(nodeToDelete.right);
+            if (successor) {
+                originalColor = successor.color;
+                replacementNode = successor.right;
+                if (successor.parent === nodeToDelete) {
+                    if (this.isRealNode(replacementNode)) {
+                        replacementNode.parent = successor;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    this._transplant(successor, successor.right);
+                    successor.right = nodeToDelete.right;
+                    if (this.isRealNode(successor.right)) {
+                        successor.right.parent = successor;
+                    }
+                }
+                this._transplant(nodeToDelete, successor);
+                successor.left = nodeToDelete.left;
+                if (this.isRealNode(successor.left)) {
+                    successor.left.parent = successor;
+                }
+                successor.color = nodeToDelete.color;
+            }
+        }
+        this._size--;
+        // If the original color was black, fix the tree
+        if (originalColor === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
+            this._deleteFixup(replacementNode);
+        }
+        results.push({ deleted: nodeToDelete, needBalanced: undefined });
+        return results;
     }
     /**
-     * The function sets the root node of a tree structure and updates the parent property of the new
-     * root node.
-     * @param {NODE} v - The parameter "v" is of type "NODE", which represents a node in a data
-     * structure.
+     * The function sets the root of a tree-like structure and updates the parent property of the new
+     * root.
+     * @param {NODE | undefined} v - v is a parameter of type NODE or undefined.
      */
     _setRoot(v) {
         if (v) {
@@ -400,30 +338,64 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(1)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The function performs a left rotation on a binary tree node.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} x - The parameter `x` is of type `NODE`, which likely represents a node in a binary tree.
+     * The function replaces an old node with a new node while preserving the color of the old node.
+     * @param {NODE} oldNode - The `oldNode` parameter represents the node that needs to be replaced in
+     * the data structure.
+     * @param {NODE} newNode - The `newNode` parameter is the new node that will replace the old node in
+     * the data structure.
+     * @returns The method is returning the result of calling the `_replaceNode` method from the
+     * superclass, with the `oldNode` and `newNode` parameters.
      */
-    _leftRotate(x) {
-        if (x.right) {
-            const y = x.right;
-            x.right = y.left;
-            if (y.left !== this._Sentinel) {
-                if (y.left)
-                    y.left.parent = x;
-            }
-            y.parent = x.parent;
-            if (x.parent === undefined) {
-                this._setRoot(y);
+    _replaceNode(oldNode, newNode) {
+        newNode.color = oldNode.color;
+        return super._replaceNode(oldNode, newNode);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     */
+    /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     *
+     * The `_insert` function inserts or updates a node in a binary search tree and performs necessary
+     * fix-ups to maintain the red-black tree properties.
+     * @param {NODE} node - The `node` parameter represents the node that needs to be inserted into a
+     * binary search tree. It contains a `key` property that is used to determine the position of the
+     * node in the tree.
+     * @returns {'inserted' | 'updated'} - The result of the insertion.
+     */
+    _insert(node) {
+        let current = this.root;
+        let parent = undefined;
+        while (this.isRealNode(current)) {
+            parent = current;
+            if (node.key < current.key) {
+                current = current.left ?? this.SENTINEL;
             }
-            else if (x === x.parent.left) {
-                x.parent.left = y;
+            else if (node.key > current.key) {
+                current = current.right ?? this.SENTINEL;
             }
             else {
-                x.parent.right = y;
+                this._replaceNode(current, node);
+                return CRUD.UPDATED;
             }
-            y.left = x;
-            x.parent = y;
         }
+        node.parent = parent;
+        if (!parent) {
+            this._setRoot(node);
+        }
+        else if (node.key < parent.key) {
+            parent.left = node;
+        }
+        else {
+            parent.right = node;
+        }
+        node.left = this.SENTINEL;
+        node.right = this.SENTINEL;
+        node.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+        this._insertFixup(node);
+        return CRUD.CREATED;
     }
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(1)
@@ -433,30 +405,23 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(1)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The function performs a right rotation on a red-black tree node.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} x - x is a RedBlackTreeNode, which represents the node that needs to be right
-     * rotated.
-     */
-    _rightRotate(x) {
-        if (x.left) {
-            const y = x.left;
-            x.left = y.right;
-            if (y.right !== this._Sentinel) {
-                if (y.right)
-                    y.right.parent = x;
-            }
-            y.parent = x.parent;
-            if (x.parent === undefined) {
-                this._setRoot(y);
-            }
-            else if (x === x.parent.right) {
-                x.parent.right = y;
-            }
-            else {
-                x.parent.left = y;
-            }
-            y.right = x;
-            x.parent = y;
+     * The function `_transplant` is used to replace a node `u` with another node `v` in a binary tree.
+     * @param {NODE} u - The parameter "u" represents a node in a binary tree.
+     * @param {NODE | undefined} v - The parameter `v` is of type `NODE | undefined`, which means it can
+     * either be a `NODE` object or `undefined`.
+     */
+    _transplant(u, v) {
+        if (!u.parent) {
+            this._setRoot(v);
+        }
+        else if (u === u.parent.left) {
+            u.parent.left = v;
+        }
+        else {
+            u.parent.right = v;
+        }
+        if (v) {
+            v.parent = u.parent;
         }
     }
     /**
@@ -467,62 +432,67 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The `_fixInsert` function is used to fix the red-black tree after an insertion operation.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} k - The parameter `k` is a RedBlackTreeNode object, which represents a node in a
-     * red-black tree.
-     */
-    _fixInsert(k) {
-        let u;
-        while (k.parent && k.parent.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
-            if (k.parent.parent && k.parent === k.parent.parent.right) {
-                u = k.parent.parent.left;
-                if (u && u.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
-                    // Delay color flip
-                    k.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    u.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    k.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                    k = k.parent.parent;
+     * The `_insertFixup` function is used to fix the Red-Black Tree after inserting a new node.
+     * @param {NODE | undefined} z - The parameter `z` represents a node in the Red-Black Tree. It can
+     * either be a valid node object or `undefined`.
+     */
+    _insertFixup(z) {
+        // Continue fixing the tree as long as the parent of z is red
+        while (z?.parent?.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
+            // Check if the parent of z is the left child of its parent
+            if (z.parent === z.parent.parent?.left) {
+                // Case 1: The uncle (y) of z is red
+                const y = z.parent.parent.right;
+                if (y?.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
+                    // Set colors to restore properties of Red-Black Tree
+                    z.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    y.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    z.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    // Move up the tree to continue fixing
+                    z = z.parent.parent;
                 }
                 else {
-                    if (k === k.parent.left) {
-                        k = k.parent;
-                        this._rightRotate(k);
+                    // Case 2: The uncle (y) of z is black, and z is a right child
+                    if (z === z.parent.right) {
+                        // Perform a left rotation to transform the case into Case 3
+                        z = z.parent;
+                        this._leftRotate(z);
                     }
-                    // Check color before rotation
-                    if (k.parent.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
-                        k.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                        k.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    // Case 3: The uncle (y) of z is black, and z is a left child
+                    // Adjust colors and perform a right rotation
+                    if (z && this.isRealNode(z.parent) && this.isRealNode(z.parent.parent)) {
+                        z.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                        z.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                        this._rightRotate(z.parent.parent);
                     }
-                    this._leftRotate(k.parent.parent);
                 }
             }
             else {
-                u = k.parent.parent.right;
-                if (u && u.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
-                    // Delay color flip
-                    k.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    u.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    k.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                    k = k.parent.parent;
+                // Symmetric case for the right child (left and right exchanged)
+                // Follow the same logic as above with left and right exchanged
+                const y = z?.parent?.parent?.left;
+                if (y?.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
+                    z.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    y.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    z.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    z = z.parent.parent;
                 }
                 else {
-                    if (k === k.parent.right) {
-                        k = k.parent;
-                        this._leftRotate(k);
+                    if (z === z.parent.left) {
+                        z = z.parent;
+                        this._rightRotate(z);
                     }
-                    // Check color before rotation
-                    if (k.parent.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
-                        k.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                        k.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    if (z && this.isRealNode(z.parent) && this.isRealNode(z.parent.parent)) {
+                        z.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                        z.parent.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                        this._leftRotate(z.parent.parent);
                     }
-                    this._rightRotate(k.parent.parent);
                 }
             }
-            if (k === this.root) {
-                break;
-            }
         }
-        this.root.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+        // Ensure that the root is black after fixing
+        if (this.isRealNode(this._root))
+            this._root.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
     }
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
@@ -532,72 +502,86 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(log n)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_fixDelete` is used to fix the red-black tree after a node deletion.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} x - The parameter `x` represents a node in a Red-Black Tree (RBT).
-     */
-    _fixDelete(x) {
-        let s;
-        while (x !== this.root && x.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
-            if (x.parent && x === x.parent.left) {
-                s = x.parent.right;
-                if (s.color === 1) {
-                    s.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    x.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                    this._leftRotate(x.parent);
-                    s = x.parent.right;
+     * The `_deleteFixup` function is used to fix the red-black tree after a node deletion by adjusting
+     * the colors and performing rotations.
+     * @param {NODE | undefined} node - The `node` parameter represents a node in a Red-Black Tree data
+     * structure. It can be either a valid node object or `undefined`.
+     * @returns The function does not return any value. It has a return type of `void`.
+     */
+    _deleteFixup(node) {
+        // Early exit condition
+        if (!node || node === this.root || node.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
+            if (node) {
+                node.color = RBTNColor.BLACK; // Ensure the final node is black
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        while (node && node !== this.root && node.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
+            const parent = node.parent;
+            if (!parent) {
+                break; // Ensure the loop terminates if there's an issue with the tree structure
+            }
+            if (node === parent.left) {
+                let sibling = parent.right;
+                // Cases 1 and 2: Sibling is red or both children of sibling are black
+                if (sibling?.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
+                    sibling.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    this._leftRotate(parent);
+                    sibling = parent.right;
                 }
-                if (s.left !== undefined && s.left.color === RBTNColor.BLACK && s.right && s.right.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
-                    s.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                    x = x.parent;
+                // Case 3: Sibling's left child is black
+                if ((sibling?.left?.color ?? RBTNColor.BLACK) === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
+                    if (sibling)
+                        sibling.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    node = parent;
                 }
                 else {
-                    if (s.right && s.right.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
-                        if (s.left)
-                            s.left.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                        s.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                        this._rightRotate(s);
-                        s = x.parent.right;
-                    }
-                    if (s)
-                        s.color = x.parent.color;
-                    x.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    if (s && s.right)
-                        s.right.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    this._leftRotate(x.parent);
-                    x = this.root;
+                    // Case 4: Adjust colors and perform a right rotation
+                    if (sibling?.left)
+                        sibling.left.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    if (sibling)
+                        sibling.color = parent.color;
+                    parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    this._rightRotate(parent);
+                    node = this.root;
                 }
             }
             else {
-                s = x.parent.left;
-                if (s.color === 1) {
-                    s.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    x.parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                    this._rightRotate(x.parent);
-                    s = x.parent.left;
+                // Symmetric case for the right child (left and right exchanged)
+                let sibling = parent.left;
+                // Cases 1 and 2: Sibling is red or both children of sibling are black
+                if (sibling?.color === RBTNColor.RED) {
+                    sibling.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    if (parent)
+                        parent.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    this._rightRotate(parent);
+                    if (parent)
+                        sibling = parent.left;
                 }
-                if (s && s.right && s.right.color === RBTNColor.BLACK && s.right.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
-                    s.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                    x = x.parent;
+                // Case 3: Sibling's left child is black
+                if ((sibling?.right?.color ?? RBTNColor.BLACK) === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
+                    if (sibling)
+                        sibling.color = RBTNColor.RED;
+                    node = parent;
                 }
                 else {
-                    if (s && s.left && s.left.color === RBTNColor.BLACK) {
-                        if (s.right)
-                            s.right.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                        s.color = RBTNColor.RED;
-                        this._leftRotate(s);
-                        s = x.parent.left;
-                    }
-                    if (s)
-                        s.color = x.parent.color;
-                    x.parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    if (s && s.left)
-                        s.left.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
-                    this._rightRotate(x.parent);
-                    x = this.root;
+                    // Case 4: Adjust colors and perform a left rotation
+                    if (sibling?.right)
+                        sibling.right.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    if (sibling)
+                        sibling.color = parent.color;
+                    if (parent)
+                        parent.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+                    this._leftRotate(parent);
+                    node = this.root;
                 }
             }
         }
-        x.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+        // Ensure that the final node (possibly the root) is black
+        if (node) {
+            node.color = RBTNColor.BLACK;
+        }
     }
     /**
      * Time Complexity: O(1)
@@ -607,33 +591,66 @@ export class RedBlackTree extends BST {
      * Time Complexity: O(1)
      * Space Complexity: O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_rbTransplant` replaces one node in a red-black tree with another node.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} u - The parameter "u" represents a RedBlackTreeNode object.
-     * @param {RedBlackTreeNode} v - The parameter "v" is a RedBlackTreeNode object.
+     * The `_leftRotate` function performs a left rotation on a given node in a binary tree.
+     * @param {NODE | undefined} x - The parameter `x` is of type `NODE | undefined`. It represents a
+     * node in a binary tree or `undefined` if there is no node.
+     * @returns void, which means it does not return any value.
      */
-    _rbTransplant(u, v) {
-        if (u.parent === undefined) {
-            this._setRoot(v);
+    _leftRotate(x) {
+        if (!x || !x.right) {
+            return;
         }
-        else if (u === u.parent.left) {
-            u.parent.left = v;
+        const y = x.right;
+        x.right = y.left;
+        if (this.isRealNode(y.left)) {
+            y.left.parent = x;
+        }
+        y.parent = x.parent;
+        if (!x.parent) {
+            this._setRoot(y);
+        }
+        else if (x === x.parent.left) {
+            x.parent.left = y;
         }
         else {
-            u.parent.right = v;
+            x.parent.right = y;
         }
-        v.parent = u.parent;
+        y.left = x;
+        x.parent = y;
     }
     /**
-     * The function replaces an old node with a new node while preserving the color of the old node.
-     * @param {NODE} oldNode - The `oldNode` parameter represents the node that needs to be replaced in a
-     * data structure. It is of type `NODE`, which is the type of the nodes in the data structure.
-     * @param {NODE} newNode - The `newNode` parameter is the node that will replace the `oldNode` in the
-     * data structure.
-     * @returns The method is returning the result of calling the `_replaceNode` method from the
-     * superclass, passing in the `oldNode` and `newNode` as arguments.
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
      */
-    _replaceNode(oldNode, newNode) {
-        newNode.color = oldNode.color;
-        return super._replaceNode(oldNode, newNode);
+    /**
+     * Time Complexity: O(1)
+     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     *
+     * The `_rightRotate` function performs a right rotation on a given node in a binary tree.
+     * @param {NODE | undefined} y - The parameter `y` is of type `NODE | undefined`. It represents a
+     * node in a binary tree or `undefined` if there is no node.
+     * @returns void, which means it does not return any value.
+     */
+    _rightRotate(y) {
+        if (!y || !y.left) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const x = y.left;
+        y.left = x.right;
+        if (this.isRealNode(x.right)) {
+            x.right.parent = y;
+        }
+        x.parent = y.parent;
+        if (!y.parent) {
+            this._setRoot(x);
+        }
+        else if (y === y.parent.left) {
+            y.parent.left = x;
+        }
+        else {
+            y.parent.right = x;
+        }
+        x.right = y;
+        y.parent = x;
     }
 }