cyclecad 3.7.0 → 3.9.0

package/docs/KILLER-FEATURES-GUIDE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2728 @@
+# cycleCAD Killer Features Guide
+
+Complete technical reference and user guide for cycleCAD's 6 next-generation features that redefine browser-based CAD.
+
+**Version:** 3.5.0
+**Last Updated:** 2026-03-31
+**Status:** Production Ready
+
+---
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Overview](#overview)
+2. [Text-to-CAD](#text-to-cad-ai-powered-geometry-generation)
+3. [Photo-to-CAD](#photo-to-cad-image-based-reverse-engineering)
+4. [Manufacturability](#manufacturability-dfm-analysis-and-costing)
+5. [Generative Design](#generative-design-topology-optimization)
+6. [Multi-Physics](#multi-physics-simulation)
+7. [Smart Parts Library](#smart-parts-library)
+8. [Integration Guide](#integration-guide)
+9. [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting-common-issues)
+
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+### What Makes cycleCAD Unique
+
+cycleCAD is the first browser-native parametric CAD platform that combines all six of these killer features in a single, cohesive ecosystem:
+
+- **AI-Native Design** (Text-to-CAD) — Never type CAD commands again
+- **Vision-to-3D** (Photo-to-CAD) — Turn photos into parametric models
+- **Real-time Manufacturing Insight** (Manufacturability) — Know cost, feasibility, and lead time as you design
+- **Topology Optimization** (Generative Design) — Automatically reduce weight 30-50%
+- **Instant Physics Validation** (Multi-Physics) — Drop test, thermal analysis, vibration—all in real-time
+- **Smart Sourcing** (Smart Parts Library) — Auto-populate BOMs from 200+ standard parts
+
+### Competitive Landscape
+
+#### Feature Comparison Matrix
+
+| Feature | cycleCAD | OnShape | Fusion 360 | SolidWorks | FreeCAD | Aurorin |
+|---------|----------|---------|-----------|-----------|---------|---------|
+| **Text-to-CAD** | ✅ Full | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | Partial |
+| **Photo-to-CAD** | ✅ Full | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
+| **Manufacturability** | ✅ 9 processes | Partial | Partial | ✅ | ✗ | Partial |
+| **Generative Design** | ✅ Real-time | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✗ | ✗ |
+| **FEA/Thermal** | ✅ Multi-physics | ✗ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✗ |
+| **Drop Test** | ✅ Real-time | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
+| **Smart Parts** | ✅ 200+ | Partial | ✅ | ✅ | ✗ | ✗ |
+| **Browser-Native** | ✅ | ✅ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |
+| **Free** | ✅ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✅ | ✗ |
+| **Open Source** | ✅ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✅ | ✗ |
+
+### Architecture Overview
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│                   cycleCAD v3.5.0                           │
+├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                                                              │
+│  ┌─────────────────┐  ┌────────────────┐  ┌─────────────┐  │
+│  │  Text-to-CAD    │  │  Photo-to-CAD  │  │Manufacturability
+│  │  (AI)           │  │  (Vision)      │  │  (DFM)      │  │
+│  └────────┬────────┘  └────────┬───────┘  └──────┬──────┘  │
+│           │                    │                 │           │
+│           └────────────────────┼─────────────────┘           │
+│                                │                             │
+│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
+│  │        Unified 3D Geometry Engine (Three.js)         │  │
+│  │  (All features read/write geometry via shared API)   │  │
+│  └───────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘  │
+│                      │                                      │
+│  ┌────────────────┐  │  ┌──────────────┐  ┌────────────┐   │
+│  │ Generative     │  │  │Multi-Physics │  │Smart Parts │   │
+│  │ Design (SIMP)  │──┴──│ (FEA/Thermal)│  │Library     │   │
+│  │ (Topology Opt) │     │ (GPU Accel)  │  │(200+ parts)│   │
+│  └────────────────┘     └──────────────┘  └────────────┘   │
+│                                                              │
+│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
+│  │  Shared Services Layer                              │   │
+│  │  - Material Database (20+ materials)               │   │
+│  │  - Dimension & Unit Conversion                     │   │
+│  │  - Feature History & Undo/Redo                     │   │
+│  │  - STEP/STL Import-Export                          │   │
+│  │  - BOM Management                                  │   │
+│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
+│                                                              │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+---
+
+## Text-to-CAD: AI-Powered Geometry Generation
+
+Convert natural language descriptions directly into 3D parametric geometry. Powered by GPT-4/Claude NLP with fallback local transformer model for offline use.
+
+### How It Works
+
+**Pipeline:** User Input → NLP Tokenization → Intent Detection → Shape Matching → Dimension Extraction → Geometry Generation → Live Preview
+
+#### 1. NLP Processing
+- **Tokenization**: Split description into semantic tokens
+- **Intent Detection**: Classify as CREATE, MODIFY, ANALYZE, EXPORT
+- **Entity Extraction**: Identify shape names, materials, dimensions, tolerances
+- **Ambiguity Resolution**: Ask clarifying questions when needed
+
+#### 2. Shape Recognition
+
+The system recognizes 18+ geometric primitives and parametric forms:
+
+| Shape | Aliases | Extracted Parameters | Example |
+|-------|---------|---------------------|---------|
+| **Cylinder** | "cyl", "rod", "pin", "shaft" | radius, height, axis | `create cylinder 25mm diameter 50mm tall` |
+| **Sphere** | "ball", "sphere", "orb" | radius | `create sphere 30mm` |
+| **Box** | "block", "cube", "rectangular prism" | width, depth, height | `create box 100 x 50 x 25mm` |
+| **Cone** | "taper", "cone" | base radius, height, apex | `create cone 40mm base 30mm height` |
+| **Disk** | "plate", "washer", "ring" | outer radius, inner radius (opt), thickness | `create disk 50mm outer 25mm inner 5mm thick` |
+| **Tube** | "pipe", "hollow cylinder" | outer radius, inner radius, length | `create tube 30mm outer 20mm inner 80mm long` |
+| **Torus** | "donut", "ring" | major radius, minor radius | `create torus 40mm major 10mm minor` |
+| **Hexagon** | "hex", "bolt head" | width across flats, height | `create hex 13mm 8mm tall` |
+| **Gear** | "gear", "sprocket", "cog" | num teeth, module, bore | `create gear 20 teeth 2mm module 8mm bore` |
+| **Bracket** | "L-bracket", "corner" | arm width, arm depth, thickness, radius | `create bracket 50x50x10mm 5mm radius` |
+| **Flange** | "flange", "hub" | hub diameter, flange outer, bolt circle | `create flange hub 20mm flange 80mm 4 bolt holes` |
+| **Washer** | "washer", "shim" | outer diameter, inner diameter, thickness | `create washer 25mm outer 10mm inner 2mm thick` |
+| **Ring** | "ring", "collar" | outer diameter, inner diameter, width | `create ring 40mm outer 25mm inner 10mm wide` |
+| **Spring** | "spring", "coil" | diameter, pitch, turns, wire gauge | `create spring 30mm diameter 5mm pitch 10 turns` |
+| **Thread** | "screw", "bolt", "thread" | diameter, pitch, length, handedness | `create thread M10 x 1.5mm 30mm long` |
+| **Polygon** | "pentagon", "octagon" | num sides, circumscribed radius | `create polygon 8 sides 25mm radius` |
+| **Lofted Form** | "teardrop", "boat hull" | profile count, tapering | `create lofted hull 5 profiles tapering 0.8` |
+| **Polyhedron** | "pyramid", "tetrahedron" | base, num sides, height | `create pyramid square 50mm base 75mm tall` |
+
+### Supported Features & Operations
+
+After creating a base shape, layer parametric features:
+
+```
+Text Command                                   Generated CAD Feature
+────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+"add hole 10mm diameter center"               Hole (diameter, depth, location)
+"add 5mm fillet on all edges"                 Fillet (radius, selection mode)
+"chamfer the top 2mm"                         Chamfer (distance, face selection)
+"create rectangular array 3x4 spacing 15mm"   Linear Pattern (count, spacing, direction)
+"add M8 thread 20mm deep"                     Thread (size, depth, direction)
+"mirror across the front plane"               Mirror (plane selection)
+"scale to 80% of original"                    Scale (factor, center point)
+"subtract the hole from main body"            Boolean Cut (tool body, keep face)
+"combine with fastener part"                  Boolean Union (multiple bodies)
+```
+
+### Unit Support & Conversion
+
+cycleCAD automatically detects and converts units:
+
+```javascript
+// Supported unit declarations
+"100mm" → 100 millimeters
+"4 inches" → 101.6mm
+"3.5 cm" → 35mm
+"0.5m" → 500mm
+"2'" → 609.6mm (feet)
+"5 thou" → 0.127mm (thousandths of inch)
+"2.5 in" → 63.5mm
+
+// Default: millimeters if unspecified
+"cylinder 50 tall" → 50mm height
+```
+
+### Multi-Step Workflow Examples
+
+cycleCAD supports iterative, stateful design:
+
+#### Example 1: Create a Simple Shaft with Shoulders
+
+```
+Step 1: "create cylinder 25mm diameter 100mm tall"
+        → Main body created, preview shows
+
+Step 2: "add shoulder 35mm diameter 10mm long at top"
+        → Additional feature added, cumulatively displayed
+
+Step 3: "add 10mm diameter hole through center"
+        → Hole subtracted, history tracked
+
+Step 4: "fillet all edges 2mm"
+        → Final operation applied
+
+Result: Complete shaft in 4 simple sentences
+```
+
+#### Example 2: Create a Bearing Flange with Bolt Holes
+
+```
+Step 1: "create disk 80mm outer 30mm inner 8mm thick"
+        → Base disk created
+
+Step 2: "add 4 holes 10mm diameter bolt circle 60mm"
+        → Holes distributed in circular pattern
+
+Step 3: "chamfer the bolt holes 2mm"
+        → All holes chamfered
+
+Step 4: "export as stl"
+        → Ready for 3D printing
+```
+
+### Confidence Scoring
+
+The NLP engine reports confidence for each extracted parameter:
+
+```
+Extracted Parameters:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Shape: Cylinder         Confidence: 98%
+Diameter: 25mm         Confidence: 95%
+Height: 50mm           Confidence: 92%
+
+Ambiguities Detected:
+- "tall" could mean HEIGHT or TOTAL LENGTH (asked user)
+- "large hole" inferred as "diameter > 50% of shaft" (70% confidence)
+
+Recommendation: Preview before confirming
+```
+
+If confidence < 80%, the system prompts for clarification:
+- "Did you mean 50mm diameter or 50mm radius?"
+- "Should the hole go through the entire part or 10mm deep?"
+- "Apply the 5mm fillet to all edges or just the top?"
+
+### Live Preview System
+
+As you type, cycleCAD renders a semi-transparent "ghost" geometry preview:
+
+```
+User Types:          Preview Updates:
+────────────────────────────────────────────
+"create cyl"         Cylinder outline appears (1x1x1 default)
+"25mm diameter"      Diameter dimension updates in real-time
+"50mm tall"          Height extends to 50mm
+"add hole"           Hole preview appears
+"10mm"               Hole diameter set to 10mm
+(press Enter)        Live preview becomes solid geometry
+```
+
+### Keyboard Shortcuts & UI
+
+| Shortcut | Action |
+|----------|--------|
+| `Ctrl+T` | Open Text-to-CAD input box |
+| `Enter` | Execute current command |
+| `Escape` | Cancel preview, revert to last solid |
+| `Tab` | Show parameter suggestions (dropdown) |
+| `Ctrl+↓` | Next command from history |
+| `Ctrl+↑` | Previous command from history |
+| `F1` | Show NLP help and example prompts |
+
+### API Reference
+
+#### Execute a Text Command
+
+```javascript
+// Basic usage
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.textToCad.execute(
+  "create cylinder 25mm diameter 50mm tall"
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  success: true,
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  parameters: {
+    shape: "cylinder",
+    diameter: 25,
+    height: 50,
+    unit: "mm"
+  },
+  confidence: 0.95,
+  timestamp: 1711900800000
+}
+```
+
+#### Get Shape Suggestions (for Autocomplete)
+
+```javascript
+const suggestions = window.cycleCAD.textToCad.getSuggestions("create cyl");
+// Returns: ["cylinder", "cylindrical", "cylindric form", ...]
+```
+
+#### Parse Dimensions with Unit Conversion
+
+```javascript
+const parsed = window.cycleCAD.textToCad.parseDimension("3.5 inches");
+// Returns: { value: 88.9, unit: "mm", original: "3.5 inches" }
+```
+
+#### Build Multi-Step History
+
+```javascript
+const history = window.cycleCAD.textToCad.getHistory();
+// Returns array of all executed commands with timestamps and geometries
+```
+
+#### Clear Preview (Manual Control)
+
+```javascript
+window.cycleCAD.textToCad.clearPreview();  // Remove ghost geometry
+window.cycleCAD.textToCad.confirm();       // Confirm current preview as solid
+```
+
+### Limitations & Workarounds
+
+| Limitation | Workaround |
+|-----------|-----------|
+| Complex shapes (aerodynamic curves) | Use Photo-to-CAD from reference image |
+| Under-constrained dimensions | System asks clarifying questions |
+| Ambiguous directions (top/bottom on sphere) | Specify with "upper hemisphere" or exact angle |
+| Compound boolean ops (A-(B+C)) | Execute step-by-step: create A, subtract B, subtract C |
+| Non-parametric freeform | Use Generative Design to auto-shape from constraints |
+
+### 10 Example Prompts
+
+**Beginner Level:**
+
+1. `create cylinder 30mm diameter 80mm tall`
+2. `create box 100 x 50 x 25mm`
+3. `add hole 10mm diameter through center`
+
+**Intermediate Level:**
+
+4. `create gear 20 teeth 2mm module 8mm bore then add M8 thread 20mm`
+5. `create disk 80mm outer 25mm inner 5mm thick then add 4 holes bolt circle 60mm`
+6. `create bracket 50x50 arms 10mm thick then fillet all edges 2mm`
+
+**Advanced Level:**
+
+7. `create cylindrical shell 40mm outer 30mm inner 100mm long then add reinforcing ribs 5mm thick 4 spines`
+8. `create lofted hull with 5 profiles tapering from 100mm top to 50mm bottom over 150mm length then add keel slot 20mm deep`
+9. `create springboard shape with parabolic curve stiffness 80%, length 500mm width 100mm, then add mounting holes at ends`
+10. `create hollow rotor blade with leading edge 15mm sharp trailing edge rounded 10mm, chord 80mm, span 200mm, twisted 25 degrees, then simulate for stress`
+
+---
+
+## Photo-to-CAD: Image-Based Reverse Engineering
+
+Convert 2D photographs into parametric 3D models using computer vision and AI-assisted shape recognition.
+
+### How It Works
+
+**Pipeline:** Image Input → Preprocessing → Edge Detection → Contour Extraction → Shape Matching → 3D Reconstruction → Parameterization
+
+#### 1. Image Input Methods
+
+Users can provide reference images in three ways:
+
+```
+Method 1: Drag-and-Drop
+───────────────────────
+Drag image file into 3D viewport
+→ System auto-detects and prompts for reference dimension
+
+Method 2: Camera Capture
+───────────────────────
+Click camera icon, aim at physical object
+→ Photo captured, auto-analyzed, scale dialog appears
+
+Method 3: Clipboard Paste
+───────────────────────
+Copy image, press Ctrl+V in viewport
+→ System extracts from clipboard, processes immediately
+```
+
+#### 2. Edge Detection Pipeline
+
+Multi-stage computer vision processing:
+
+```
+Original Image
+    ↓
+[Grayscale Conversion]
+    ↓
+[Gaussian Blur (5x5 kernel)] → Noise reduction
+    ↓
+[Sobel Edge Detection] → Edge magnitude & direction
+    ↓
+[Non-Maximum Suppression] → Thin edges to 1px
+    ↓
+[Hysteresis Thresholding] → Strong / weak edges
+    ↓
+[Contour Tracing] → Extract boundary polygons
+    ↓
+[Simplification (Douglas-Peucker)] → Reduce point count
+    ↓
+Contour Points Ready for Shape Matching
+```
+
+#### 3. Shape Detection & Matching
+
+The system recognizes these geometric forms from contours:
+
+| Detected Shape | Matching Algorithm | Parameters Extracted |
+|---|---|---|
+| **Circles** | Least-squares circle fit | Center (x,y), radius, eccentricity |
+| **Ellipses** | Covariance matrix diagonalization | Center, major/minor axes, angle |
+| **Rectangles** | Corner detection + corner angle refinement | Width, height, corner radii |
+| **Polygons** | n-gon vertex clustering | Num sides, regularity score, rotation |
+| **Arcs** | Arc fitting to point sequence | Start angle, end angle, radius |
+| **Lines** | Hough transform or least-squares fit | Start point, end point, angle |
+| **Curves** | Spline fitting (B-spline or Bezier) | Control points, degree, tension |
+| **Composite** | Recursive decomposition | Sub-shape list with connectivity |
+
+### Reference Dimension System
+
+cycleCAD uses a visual reference object to establish scale:
+
+```
+User Action:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────
+1. Image uploaded showing part + ruler
+2. System asks: "Select the reference dimension"
+3. User clicks & drags along ruler edge
+4. User enters value: "50mm"
+5. System: "Established scale: 1 pixel = 0.5mm"
+6. All extracted dimensions auto-scaled
+
+Alternative: Manual scale entry
+─────────────────────────────────────────────
+1. Image uploaded (no ruler visible)
+2. User clicks "Reference" button
+3. Enters: "This part is 100mm tall"
+4. Selects the tall edge in preview
+5. System scales entire contour to match
+```
+
+### AI Enhancement (Optional)
+
+When enabled, Gemini Vision API analyzes the image semantically:
+
+```
+Gemini Analysis:
+────────────────────────────────────────────
+Image Description:
+  "Aluminum bracket with bent flanges, two
+   mounting holes, likely CNC machined"
+
+Material Detection: Aluminum (inferred from finish)
+Process Hint: CNC milling (suggests sharp corners,
+             not injection molded)
+Feature Suggestions:
+  - Add 2mm chamfers (standard for CNC)
+  - Suggest sheet metal origin (if <2mm thick)
+  - Check for undercuts (not manufacturable)
+
+Confidence: 87%
+```
+
+### Interactive Refinement Workflow
+
+User has full control to refine the AI-generated 3D model:
+
+```
+Step 1: Image Analysis
+    ↓ Shows contour preview on original image
+
+Step 2: Contour Acceptance
+    ↓ User approves or manually adjusts edge points
+
+Step 3: Shape Matching
+    ↓ User confirms shape type (cylinder, box, loft, etc.)
+
+Step 4: Scale & Dimension
+    ↓ User sets reference scale and dimension labels
+
+Step 5: 3D Reconstruction
+    ↓ System auto-generates 3D geometry
+
+Step 6: Review & Confirm
+    ↓ User checks preview, suggests revisions
+    → Can iterate: adjust scale, change shape type, etc.
+
+Step 7: Parametrization (Optional)
+    ↓ User can:
+        • Name parameters
+        • Set relationships (width = 2x height)
+        • Lock certain dimensions as "reference"
+```
+
+### Shape Detection Examples
+
+#### Example 1: Bracket from Photo
+
+```
+Input: Smartphone photo of aluminum L-bracket on workbench
+
+Edge Detection Output:
+  ├─ Outer profile: L-shaped polygon (12 vertices)
+  ├─ Hole 1: Circle, center (x=42, y=28), r=4mm
+  └─ Hole 2: Circle, center (x=42, y=58), r=4mm
+
+Shape Recognition:
+  Primary Shape: Right-angle bracket
+    └─ Arm 1: Rectangle 50mm x 10mm (horizontal)
+    └─ Arm 2: Rectangle 10mm x 60mm (vertical)
+    └─ Corner Radius: 3mm (detected from rounded corner pixels)
+
+Features:
+  └─ Hole 1: 8mm diameter countersink
+  └─ Hole 2: 8mm diameter countersink
+
+Generated CAD:
+  1. Create box 50 x 10 x 10mm
+  2. Create box 10 x 60 x 10mm (positioned)
+  3. Boolean union
+  4. Fillet corners 3mm
+  5. Add counterbore holes at (42, 28) and (42, 58)
+```
+
+#### Example 2: Circular Flanged Part
+
+```
+Input: Top-down photo of circular part with 4 bolt holes
+
+Contour Detection:
+  ├─ Outer circle: diameter 80mm ✓
+  ├─ Center hole: diameter 25mm ✓
+  └─ 4 bolt holes: 8mm, arranged in bolt circle
+      └─ Bolt circle diameter: 60mm (calculated from positions)
+
+Shape Recognition:
+  Primary: Disk/flange
+    ├─ Outer diameter: 80mm
+    ├─ Center bore: 25mm
+    └─ Thickness: ~5mm (estimated from lighting/shadows)
+
+Generated CAD:
+  1. Create disk 80mm outer 25mm inner 5mm thick
+  2. Add 4 holes 8mm diameter bolt circle 60mm
+  3. Chamfer bolt holes 2mm
+```
+
+### API Reference
+
+#### Upload & Process Image
+
+```javascript
+// File input
+const file = document.querySelector('#imageUpload').files[0];
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.processImage(file);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  success: true,
+  edges: ImageData,                    // Canvas ImageData of edge map
+  contours: [[{x,y}, ...], ...],      // Array of contour point lists
+  shapes: [
+    { type: "circle", center: {x,y}, radius: 42, confidence: 0.94 },
+    { type: "circle", center: {x,y}, radius: 8, confidence: 0.88 },
+    // ...
+  ],
+  scalePixelsPerMM: 0.5,              // Requires reference dimension
+  preprocessedImage: ImageData        // After blur/normalization
+}
+```
+
+#### Set Reference Dimension
+
+```javascript
+// Define scale by selecting two points and entering dimension
+window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.setReferenceDimension(
+  {x: 100, y: 200},    // Point 1 on image
+  {x: 350, y: 200},    // Point 2 on image
+  250,                  // Distance in millimeters
+  "mm"                  // Unit
+);
+// Internally calculates: 1 pixel = 250 / |p1-p2| mm
+```
+
+#### Detect Edges (Manual)
+
+```javascript
+const edges = await window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.detectEdges(
+  canvasContext,    // 2D canvas context with image data
+  {
+    blurRadius: 5,
+    sobelThreshold: 50,
+    lowThreshold: 100,
+    highThreshold: 200
+  }
+);
+// Returns ImageData with edge pixels
+```
+
+#### Reconstruct 3D Geometry
+
+```javascript
+const geometry3D = await window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.reconstruct3D(
+  shapes,           // Shape array from processImage()
+  {
+    primaryShape: "disk",     // Override auto-detection
+    thickness: 5,             // Extrusion depth in mm
+    smoothing: true,          // Apply Catmull-Rom smoothing
+    tolerance: 0.5            // Deviation tolerance
+  }
+);
+// Returns THREE.BufferGeometry
+```
+
+#### Apply AI Enhancement
+
+```javascript
+const enhanced = await window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.enhanceWithAI(
+  {
+    originalImage: File,
+    detectedShapes: shapes,
+    scale: { pixelsPerMM: 0.5 }
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  materialGuess: "aluminum",
+  processHints: ["CNC milling", "sheet metal"],
+  suggestedFeatures: [
+    { type: "chamfer", radius: 2 },
+    { type: "check", issue: "sharp internal corner not manufacturable" }
+  ],
+  confidence: 0.87
+}
+```
+
+### Limitations & Best Practices
+
+| Issue | Solution |
+|-------|----------|
+| **Shadows obscure edges** | Use even lighting, capture perpendicular to surface |
+| **Reflective surfaces** | Matte reference object nearby for scale |
+| **Complex curves (NURBS)** | Use Text-to-CAD with "lofted" description instead |
+| **Very small features** | Include macro photography (close-up) for accurate edge detect |
+| **Multiple overlapping parts** | Photograph each part separately, assemble after import |
+| **Transparent materials** | Place matte background behind part |
+
+### Tips for Best Results
+
+1. **Lighting:** Bright, even illumination with minimal shadows
+2. **Background:** Plain, contrasting color (white for dark parts, gray for reflective)
+3. **Angle:** Perpendicular to largest feature (top-down for flanges, side view for shafts)
+4. **Resolution:** >= 1024x1024 pixels (smartphone photos are adequate)
+5. **Reference:** Always include scale reference (ruler, coin, or known-size object)
+6. **Zoom:** Frame the part to fill 60-80% of the image
+7. **Orientation:** Position part so edges are mostly horizontal/vertical
+
+---
+
+## Manufacturability: DFM Analysis and Costing
+
+Real-time Design for Manufacturability (DFM) analysis and instant cost estimation across 9 manufacturing processes and 20+ materials.
+
+### How It Works
+
+**Pipeline:** Geometry Analysis → Process-Specific Rule Checking → Cost Calculation → Visualization → Report Generation
+
+The system continuously monitors the current design and flags manufacturability issues in real-time:
+
+```
+As User Designs:
+─────────────────────────────────────
+Add feature → Analyze for all 9 processes
+           ↓
+           Check material compatibility
+           ↓
+           Calculate cost delta
+           ↓
+           Update heatmap overlay
+           ↓
+           Alert if rule violations
+```
+
+### Supported Processes
+
+#### 1. CNC Milling (3-Axis)
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit        Alert Level
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Minimum corner radius          1mm          RED if < 1mm
+Minimum feature size           2mm          YELLOW if < 3mm
+Maximum depth-to-width         4:1          RED if > 5:1
+Tool reach (spindle height)    150mm        RED if exceeds
+Hole minimum diameter          2mm          RED if < 2mm
+Hole minimum depth             1.5 x Ø      YELLOW if < 2 x Ø
+Wall thickness (internal)      2mm          RED if < 2mm
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+
+```
+Base: $ 5.00 per setup
+
+Variable:
+├─ Tool changes: $2.00 each
+├─ Complex tool paths: $0.50 per pocket
+├─ Material cost: $/gram (see Material Database)
+├─ Machine time: $0.25/min
+└─ Quantity discount: -10% @ 10+, -25% @ 100+
+```
+
+**Example:**
+```
+Part: 50x50x25mm aluminum bracket with 3 pockets, 4 holes
+Setup cost: $5.00
+Tool changes (3 tools): $6.00
+Pocket cost: $1.50
+Machine time (15 min @ $0.25): $3.75
+Material (aluminum, 47g @ $0.002/g): $0.09
+────────────────────────────────────────
+Unit cost: $16.34
+Qty 10: $14.71 each
+```
+
+#### 2. CNC Milling (5-Axis)
+
+**Additional Rules:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+5-axis simultaneous machining  2-axis rotary heads available
+Undercut allowance             0 (no geometry interference)
+Minimum feature angle          5° from vertical
+Dynamic stability              max 2mm deviation
+```
+
+**Cost Adjustment:**
+- Machine hourly rate: +100% vs 3-axis
+- Tool changes: same
+- Setup time: +50%
+
+#### 3. 3D Printing (FDM — Fused Deposition Modeling)
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit        Alert Level
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Wall thickness (minimum)       0.8mm        RED if < 0.8mm
+Wall thickness (maximum)       50mm         YELLOW if > 80mm
+Overhangs (unsupported)        45°          RED if steeper
+Support generation             auto         Manual if > 20% volume
+Bridging distance              10mm         RED if > 15mm
+Minimum feature size           1mm          RED if < 1mm
+Layer height                   0.2mm        (user config)
+Infill percentage              15-100%      Affects strength
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+
+```
+Base: $1.50 per print
+
+Variable:
+├─ Resin/filament: $/gram (material dependent)
+├─ Print time: $0.01/hour (utility)
+├─ Support material: +15% volume cost
+├─ Post-processing: $2.00 (washing for SLA)
+└─ Quantity: bulk print discount (multiple parts)
+```
+
+**Example:**
+```
+Part: Hollow bracket, 50g PLA, 4 hours print time
+Material cost (PLA $15/kg): 50g × $0.015 = $0.75
+Print time (4hrs @ $0.01/hr): $0.04
+Base: $1.50
+Support removal: $0.50
+────────────────────────────────────────
+Unit cost: $2.79
+Qty 1: $2.79
+Qty 50: $0.89 each (bulk print)
+```
+
+#### 4. 3D Printing (SLA — Stereolithography)
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Part tilt angle (support)      30-60°
+Minimum wall thickness         0.6mm (thin walls)
+Minimum feature                0.25mm (high detail)
+Trapped resin in voids         Alert if detected
+Build platform Z-offset        min 2mm
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+- Resin cost: $/gram (premium: 2-5x FDM)
+- Post-cure time: +$1.00
+- Cleaning: +$0.50
+- Fine details charge: +$0.25/complex feature
+
+#### 5. Injection Molding
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit        Alert Level
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Draft angle (unmold-able)      0.5° min     RED if < 0.5°
+Wall thickness uniformity      ± 0.5mm      YELLOW if > ±1mm
+Rib thickness                  50% of wall  RED if > 60% wall
+Rib height                     2-3x thick   YELLOW if > 4x
+Minimum feature                0.5mm        RED if < 0.5mm
+Undercut allowance             0mm (strict) RED if undercut
+Gate location                  thick area   YELLOW if on thin wall
+Cooling time                   3-20 sec     (material dependent)
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+
+```
+Tooling (one-time):
+├─ Simple 2-cavity mold: $5,000-15,000
+├─ Complex 4-cavity mold: $15,000-40,000
+└─ Ultra-complex (5+ features): $40,000+
+
+Per-unit variable:
+├─ Resin cost: $0.50-2.00/part (material)
+├─ Machine time: $0.10/part
+├─ Cycle time: 30-120 sec
+└─ Finishing: $0.25/part (gates, flash removal)
+```
+
+**Cost Calculation:**
+
+```
+1-shot tooling:
+├─ Mold cost: $12,000
+├─ Unit cost (qty 1000): $12,000/1000 + $1.50 = $13.50
+├─ Unit cost (qty 10000): $12,000/10000 + $1.50 = $2.70
+└─ Unit cost (qty 100000): $12,000/100000 + $1.50 = $1.62
+```
+
+#### 6. Sheet Metal Forming
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit        Alert Level
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Material thickness             0.5-3mm      RED if outside
+Bend radius (minimum)          1-2x thick   RED if < 1x
+Bend angle (formable)          0-180°       RED if < 0°
+Hole distance from bend        3x thick     YELLOW if < 2x
+Sharp corners post-bend        radius 0.5mm RED if too sharp
+Flange length (minimum)        2.5x thick   RED if < 2x thick
+Notch size (accurate)          user input   YELLOW if undefined
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+
+```
+Base: $3.00 per bend/form
+
+Variable:
+├─ Stock material: $/kg (steel, aluminum, brass)
+├─ Laser cutting: $0.50/meter of edge
+├─ Bending: $2.00 per 90° bend
+├─ Holes (punched): $0.15 each
+├─ Assembly (rivets/welds): $1.00-5.00
+└─ Finishing: $0.50-2.00 (paint, powder coat, anodize)
+```
+
+**Example:**
+```
+Part: Aluminum bracket, 1.5mm thick, 4 bends, 4 holes, powder coat
+Material (0.2kg aluminum @ $3/kg): $0.60
+Cutting: $1.00
+Bending (4x @$2): $8.00
+Holes (4x @ $0.15): $0.60
+Powder coat: $1.50
+────────────────────────────────────────
+Unit cost: $11.70
+Qty 50: $10.80 each
+Qty 500: $8.50 each
+```
+
+#### 7. Casting (Sand Casting)
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit        Alert Level
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Minimum thickness              4-5mm        RED if < 4mm
+Draft angle (mold release)     1.0° min     RED if < 1.0°
+Fillet radius (sharp corners)  3-5mm        RED if < 2mm
+Undercut allowance             none         RED if undercut
+Cooling allowance              +0.5-2mm     Allow for shrinkage
+Internal cores                 restricted   YELLOW if complex
+Gate/riser location            hot spots    Alert if suboptimal
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+
+```
+Tooling (sand mold):
+├─ Wood/aluminum pattern: $500-2000 (one-time)
+├─ Core boxes: $200-500 each
+
+Per-unit variable:
+├─ Molding labor: $5-15 per part
+├─ Casting material: $/kg (iron, aluminum, bronze)
+├─ Pouring/cooling: $2-10 per part
+├─ Finishing (cleanup, drilling): $3-8
+└─ Machining (post-cast): $0-20 depending on precision
+```
+
+#### 8. Casting (Investment Casting)
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit        Alert Level
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Wall thickness                 2-5mm        RED if < 2mm
+Detail definition              high         ✓ for fine features
+Undercut restriction           limited      Alert if complex
+Surface finish (as-cast)       Ra 6.3µm     baseline
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+- Pattern cost: $2,000-10,000 (one-time)
+- Per-part: $3-15 (material + labor)
+- Finishing (polishing, HIP, shot-peen): +$2-10
+
+#### 9. Waterjet Cutting
+
+**Rules Checked:**
+
+```
+Rule                           Limit
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Material thickness             2-100mm
+Minimum corner radius          0.3mm
+Acute corner angle             > 15°
+Cutting head diameter          0.015"
+Taper allowance                <1° on thickness
+Piercing location              > 6mm from edge
+```
+
+**Cost Factors:**
+- Setup: $10-30
+- Cutting: $0.05-0.30 per inch of cut
+- Material cost: as input
+- Post-processing: minimal
+
+### Material Database
+
+cycleCAD includes 20+ materials with complete property tables:
+
+```
+Material        Density  Yield    E         Cost      Notes
+                g/cm³    Strength MPa       $/kg
+────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Steel (AISI    7.85     250      200       0.50      General purpose
+ 1018)
+
+Aluminum       2.70     90       69        3.00      Lightweight,
+ (6061-T6)                                          machinable
+
+Titanium       4.51     880      103       15.00     High strength,
+ (Ti-6Al-4V)                                        expensive
+
+Brass          8.47     300      97        8.50      Corrosion resistant
+ (C360)
+
+Nylon 6        1.14     70       3.0       4.00      Low friction,
+                                                      tough
+
+ABS            1.05     40       2.3       2.50      Impact resistant,
+                                                      printable
+
+PLA            1.24     50       2.7       1.50      Biodegradable,
+                                                      easy print
+
+Copper         8.96     200      117       5.00      Electrical conductor
+
+Magnesium      1.81     160      45        8.00      Very light
+```
+
+Each material includes:
+- Tensile strength, yield strength, elongation
+- Young's modulus, Poisson ratio
+- Thermal conductivity, expansion coefficient
+- Machinability rating, weldability
+- Cost per kg (market rates)
+- Recommended processes
+- Environmental/hazard notes
+
+### Cost Estimation Model
+
+#### Formula
+
+```
+Total Cost = Setup Cost + Material Cost + Process Cost + Labor Cost + Markup
+
+Where:
+──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+Setup Cost = Process base fee
+             (e.g., CNC: $5, 3D print: $1.50)
+
+Material Cost = Volume (cm³) × Density (g/cm³) × $/kg ÷ 1000
+
+Process Cost = Feature count × Feature cost
+             + Machine time (minutes) × Hourly rate ÷ 60
+             + Tool changes × Tool change cost
+
+Labor Cost = Finishing time (min) × Labor rate ($/min)
+             + Assembly time × Assembly rate
+
+Markup = (Setup + Material + Process + Labor) × Margin%
+         (Typical: 30-50% for job shops)
+
+Quantity Discount = -5% @ 5 units, -15% @ 50, -30% @ 500+
+```
+
+#### Real-Time Cost Heatmap
+
+As the user designs, cycleCAD overlays cost data on the geometry:
+
+```
+Colors:     Meaning:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────
+🟢 Green    < $1/unit (low cost)
+🟡 Yellow   $1-5/unit (moderate)
+🟠 Orange   $5-20/unit (expensive)
+🔴 Red      > $20/unit (very expensive)
+           or unmanufacturable
+```
+
+Features like sharp corners or thin walls turn red to warn the user.
+
+### Report Generation
+
+The Manufacturability panel generates a detailed report:
+
+```markdown
+# Design for Manufacturability Report
+Part: Bracket Assembly
+Generated: 2026-03-31 10:45 UTC
+
+## Summary
+│ Optimal for: CNC Milling, Sheet Metal
+│ Acceptable: 3D Printing (FDM)
+│ Not Recommended: Injection Molding (sharp corner)
+│ Issues Found: 3 warnings, 1 critical
+
+## Cost Estimation (Quantity: 100)
+
+Process           Unit Cost    Total Cost    Lead Time
+────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+CNC 3-axis        $18.50       $1,850        2-3 weeks
+Sheet Metal       $12.20       $1,220        1-2 weeks
+3D Print (SLS)    $8.75        $875          3-5 days
+Injection Mold    $2.10*       $210*         4-6 weeks
+                  (*tooling $8K)
+
+Recommended: Sheet Metal ($1,220, 1-2 weeks)
+
+## Manufacturability Findings
+
+✓ Passing Rules:
+  ├─ All hole sizes >= 3mm
+  ├─ Wall thickness 2-4mm (optimal)
+  └─ No trapped undercuts
+
+⚠ Warnings:
+  ├─ Corner radius 0.5mm (minimum is 1mm)
+  │  → Suggest 1mm fillet, adds $0.10/part
+  ├─ Bolt hole locations within 2mm of edge
+  │  → Stress concentration possible
+  └─ Sheet metal edge length 340mm (tooling: 350mm max)
+     → Fits within standard tool size
+
+✗ Critical Issues:
+  └─ Sharp internal corner (0 radius) at mounting post
+     → NOT machinable with CNC ER32 collet
+     → FIX: Add 1mm fillet
+     → Impact: Adds 30 sec machine time ($0.13)
+
+## Material Selection Analysis
+
+Selected: Aluminum 6061-T6
+
+Alternatives:
+├─ Steel (AISI 1020): +10% cost, +15% weight, +strength
+├─ Brass (C360): +250% cost, corrosion-resistant, no coating needed
+└─ Nylon 6: -20% cost, electrical insulation, creep under load
+
+Verdict: Aluminum 6061-T6 is optimal for this application
+
+## Manufacturing Notes
+
+CNC Milling Sequence:
+  1. Stock: 60x60x10mm aluminum plate
+  2. Face mill top and bottom: 0.2mm pass
+  3. Drill 4 mounting holes: 3mm dia.
+  4. Counterbore mounting holes: 5mm dia. x 2mm deep
+  5. Mill pockets (3 designs): 0.5mm step-down
+  6. Fillet all edges: 1mm radius (2mm endmill, slow feed)
+  7. Remove sharp corners with deburr tool
+  8. Degreasing wash + compressed air dry
+
+Total Setup & Machine Time: 22 minutes
+Est. Cost @ 3-axis shop rate ($30/hr): $11
+
+## DFM Recommendations
+
+Priority 1 (Must fix):
+  1. Add 1mm fillet to sharp internal corner (post #5)
+  2. Increase bolt hole edge distance to 3mm minimum
+
+Priority 2 (Should fix):
+  1. Consider 1.5mm corner radius (better aesthetics, no cost)
+  2. Specify anodize finish after machining (+$0.80, corrosion resist)
+
+Priority 3 (Nice to have):
+  1. Add serialization engraving ($1.50)
+  2. Silk-screen logo ($2.00 setup, $0.05/part)
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Design is APPROVED for manufacturing with 2 minor DFM improvements.
+Recommended vendor: Local CNC job shop (fast turnaround).
+Estimated budget: $1,850 @ qty 100 (3-week delivery).
+```
+
+### API Reference
+
+#### Analyze Geometry for All Processes
+
+```javascript
+const report = await window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.analyze(
+  THREE.BufferGeometry,  // Current part geometry
+  {
+    material: "aluminum-6061",
+    processes: ["cnc-3axis", "cnc-5axis", "fdm", "injection"],
+    quantity: 100,
+    currency: "USD"
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  suitable_processes: ["cnc-3axis", "fdm"],
+  unsuitable_processes: ["injection"],
+  violations: [
+    { severity: "warning", process: "cnc-3axis", rule: "corner_radius",
+      value: "0.5mm", limit: "1mm", fix: "Add 1mm fillet" }
+  ],
+  costs: {
+    "cnc-3axis": { unit: 18.50, total: 1850, leadtime_days: 14 },
+    "fdm": { unit: 8.75, total: 875, leadtime_days: 3 }
+  },
+  recommended: "cnc-3axis"
+}
+```
+
+#### Get Cost Estimate
+
+```javascript
+const estimate = await window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.estimateCost(
+  geometry,
+  "cnc-3axis",
+  { material: "steel-1018", quantity: 50 }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  setup: 5.00,
+  material: 12.50,
+  machining: 8.75,
+  labor: 2.00,
+  subtotal: 28.25,
+  margin_30pct: 8.48,
+  unit_cost: 36.73,
+  total_qty_50: 1836.50,
+  leadtime: "2-3 weeks",
+  breakdown: { ... }
+}
+```
+
+#### Generate Heatmap Overlay
+
+```javascript
+window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.showCostHeatmap(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    process: "injection",
+    colorScheme: "cost",  // "cost", "difficulty", "speed"
+    scale: "log"          // "linear" or "log"
+  }
+);
+// Renders color overlay on 3D geometry in viewport
+```
+
+#### Create Manufacturing Notes
+
+```javascript
+const notes = window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.generateNotes(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    process: "cnc-3axis",
+    includeToolpath: false,  // Skip CAM integration
+    language: "en"
+  }
+);
+// Returns markdown text with operation sequence
+```
+
+---
+
+## Generative Design: Topology Optimization
+
+Automatically optimize part geometry for minimum weight, maximum stiffness, or lowest cost using SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) topology optimization algorithm.
+
+### How It Works
+
+**Pipeline:** Design Space Definition → Load & Constraint Setup → Voxel Discretization → Density Optimization → Sensitivity Filtering → Marching Cubes → Smoothing
+
+#### 1. Design Space Definition
+
+User specifies:
+
+```javascript
+// Method 1: Draw keep/avoid regions
+const designSpace = {
+  keepRegions: [
+    // Regions that must stay solid (e.g., mounting points)
+    { shape: "sphere", center: {x:0, y:0, z:10}, radius: 15 }
+  ],
+  avoidRegions: [
+    // Regions to exclude (e.g., for clearance)
+    { shape: "box", min: {x:-30, y:-30, z:20}, max: {x:30, y:30, z:40} }
+  ],
+  optimizationZone: {
+    // Overall bounding volume to optimize
+    min: {x:-50, y:-50, z:0},
+    max: {x:50, y:50, z:60}
+  }
+};
+
+// Method 2: Use existing geometry
+const designSpace = window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.createFromGeometry(
+  baseGeometry,
+  { expansion: 10 }  // Expand by 10mm in all directions
+);
+```
+
+#### 2. Loads & Constraints
+
+Define physical conditions:
+
+```javascript
+const loadCase = {
+  loads: [
+    {
+      type: "force",
+      location: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 60},    // Top center
+      direction: {x: 0, y: 0, z: -1},   // Downward
+      magnitude: 1000                     // 1000 N
+    },
+    {
+      type: "moment",
+      location: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0},
+      axis: {x: 1, y: 0, z: 0},          // Around X-axis
+      magnitude: 50                       // 50 Nm
+    }
+  ],
+  constraints: [
+    {
+      type: "fixed",                     // Fixed support
+      region: { shape: "sphere", center: {x:0, y:0, z:-5}, radius: 10 }
+    }
+  ],
+  material: {
+    name: "aluminum-6061",
+    density: 2700,          // kg/m³
+    youngs_modulus: 69,     // GPa
+    yield_strength: 90      // MPa
+  }
+};
+```
+
+#### 3. Voxel Discretization
+
+The optimization zone is converted to a 3D grid of voxels:
+
+```
+Example: 80x80x60 mm design space
+Voxel size: 2mm per voxel
+Grid dimensions: 40 x 40 x 30 voxels
+Total voxels: 48,000 (solvable in <10 seconds)
+
+Initial state:
+└─ All voxels: density = 1.0 (100% solid)
+```
+
+#### 4. Density Optimization (SIMP Method)
+
+The algorithm iteratively adjusts voxel densities to minimize compliance (C) while respecting volume constraint:
+
+```
+SIMP Formulation:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Minimize:     C = U^T K U           (compliance = deformation energy)
+Subject to:   ∑ρ ≤ V_target         (volume constraint)
+              0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1             (density bounds)
+              K U = F               (FEA equation)
+
+Density-to-Stiffness Relation:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+E(ρ) = E0 × ρ^p
+
+where:
+  E(ρ)   = effective Young's modulus
+  E0     = base material modulus
+  ρ      = voxel relative density (0-1)
+  p      = penalization exponent (typically 3)
+
+Effect:
+  ρ = 0.5  → E = 0.125 × E0  (very weak, encouraged to remove)
+  ρ = 0.1  → E = 0.001 × E0  (nearly void)
+  ρ = 1.0  → E = E0          (full material)
+
+Sensitivity:
+───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+dC/dρ = -p × ρ^(p-1) × (stress_energy / avg_density)
+
+Rule: Remove voxels with low sensitivity (won't affect stiffness much)
+```
+
+#### 5. Optimization Loop
+
+```
+Iteration 1:
+  ├─ Solve FEA: Calculate stress in each voxel
+  ├─ Compute sensitivity: dC/dρ for each voxel
+  ├─ Update densities:
+  │   ├─ High sensitivity (must-keep): ρ → 1.0
+  │   ├─ Medium: ρ → 0.5
+  │   └─ Low (can remove): ρ → 0.0
+  ├─ Apply filter (see below)
+  └─ Convergence check: |ΔC| < tolerance?
+      ├─ YES → Done! Go to step 6
+      └─ NO → Iteration 2 (repeat)
+
+Typical convergence: 10-50 iterations
+Time per iteration: 100-500ms (depending on grid size)
+Total optimization time: 2-30 seconds
+```
+
+#### 6. Sensitivity Filtering
+
+After each iteration, a spatial filter prevents checkerboard patterns:
+
+```javascript
+// Checkerboard Prevention (Helmholtz filter)
+// For each voxel ρ_i, replace with weighted average of neighbors:
+
+ρ_new[i] = (
+  ∑(w[j] × ρ_old[j])  /  ∑w[j]
+)
+
+where:
+  w[j] = max(0, R_filter - distance(i, j))
+  R_filter = filter radius (typical: 1.5 voxel sizes)
+
+Example:
+  Before filter:    █░███░█░░  (checkerboard)
+  After filter:     ███░░░█░░  (smooth transition)
+```
+
+#### 7. Marching Cubes Isosurface Extraction
+
+Convert voxel density field to triangulated mesh:
+
+```
+Algorithm:
+──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Input: 3D density grid (each voxel: 0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1)
+Threshold: ρ_iso = 0.5  (extract surface where density = 0.5)
+
+For each cube of 8 voxels:
+  ├─ Classify: which voxels are above/below threshold?
+  ├─ Determine cube type: 256 possible cases (2^8)
+  │   └─ Pre-computed triangle list for each case
+  ├─ Interpolate vertex positions on edges
+  │   └─ Linear interpolation to find exact crossing point
+  └─ Add triangles to output mesh
+
+Output: THREE.BufferGeometry with ~50,000-200,000 triangles
+        (density-dependent, further reducible)
+```
+
+#### 8. Smoothing & Mesh Post-Processing
+
+Raw marching cubes output is faceted; apply Laplacian smoothing:
+
+```javascript
+// Laplacian Smoothing (Catmull-Clark-inspired)
+for (5 iterations) {
+  for (each vertex v) {
+    neighbors = adjacentVertices(v);
+    v_new = (v + avg(neighbors)) / 2;
+  }
+}
+
+Result: Smooth, manufacturable geometry
+```
+
+### Example Optimization: Cantilever Bracket
+
+```
+Input:
+  Design space: 100x50x80mm box
+  Load: 500N downward at top-right corner
+  Constraint: Fixed base at bottom-left corner
+  Material: Steel
+  Target volume: 50% of original
+
+Iteration 1 (Initial):
+  └─ All solid, stress concentrated at corners
+
+Iteration 5:
+  └─ Material migrating to main load path
+  │  Side walls reducing, internal ribs forming
+  │
+Iteration 15:
+  └─ Clear load-path visible
+  │  Internal topology resembles bone structure
+  │
+Iteration 25 (Converged):
+  ├─ Final weight: 47% of original ✓
+  ├─ Compliance: 52% increase (acceptable: you saved 53% weight)
+  ├─ Max stress: 180 MPa (safe, yield = 250 MPa)
+  ├─ Symmetry: Natural (load path is one-sided)
+  └─ Manufacturability: CNC machinable, no internal voids
+
+Output Geometry:
+  ├─ Main wall: 3mm solid (load-bearing)
+  ├─ Support ribs: 2mm thickness
+  ├─ Far corner: Reduced to shell with ribs
+  └─ Total material removed: Main body walls thinned, side void
+```
+
+### Multi-Objective Optimization
+
+cycleCAD supports simultaneous optimization for multiple goals:
+
+```javascript
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.optimize({
+  objectives: [
+    {
+      name: "weight",
+      priority: 1.0,         // Highest priority
+      target: "minimize"
+    },
+    {
+      name: "cost",
+      priority: 0.5,         // Lower priority
+      target: "minimize"
+    },
+    {
+      name: "manufacturability",
+      priority: 0.3,
+      target: "maximize"     // Easier to manufacture
+    }
+  ],
+  constraints: {
+    maxDeformation: 2.0,     // mm max
+    maxStress: 150,          // MPa
+    volumeTarget: 0.45       // 45% of original
+  }
+});
+
+// Returns
+{
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  metrics: {
+    weight: 0.47,            // 47% of original
+    cost: 0.52,              // 52% of original cost
+    manufacturability: 8.2,  // Score 1-10
+    maxStress: 148,          // MPa
+    deformation: 1.8,        // mm
+  },
+  iterations: 28,
+  convergenceTime: 18500,    // ms
+  recommendedProcess: "CNC milling"
+}
+```
+
+### API Reference
+
+#### Run Topology Optimization
+
+```javascript
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.optimize(config);
+
+// config:
+{
+  designSpace: {
+    // as defined above
+  },
+  loadCase: {
+    // as defined above
+  },
+  optimization: {
+    volumeFraction: 0.5,         // Target 50% material
+    penalizationPower: 3,        // SIMP exponent
+    filterRadius: 1.5,           // Sensitivity filter radius (voxels)
+    threshold: 0.5,              // Isosurface threshold
+    maxIterations: 50,
+    convergenceTolerance: 0.001, // Stop when Δ C < 0.001
+    verbose: true                // Console progress updates
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns
+{
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  densityField: Float32Array,  // 3D grid (for visualization)
+  metrics: { weight, cost, stress, deformation, iterations },
+  convergenceHistory: [ ... ],  // Compliance vs iteration
+  metadata: {
+    voxelSize: 2.0,             // mm per voxel
+    gridDimensions: [40, 40, 60],
+    totalVoxels: 96000,
+    activeVoxels: 45000
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Visualize Density Field (Debugging)
+
+```javascript
+// Show semi-transparent density distribution during optimization
+window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.visualizeDensityField(
+  densityField,
+  {
+    colorScheme: "density",  // density, stress, sensitivity
+    opacity: 0.3,
+    showIsosurface: true
+  }
+);
+```
+
+#### Create Manufacturing Notes
+
+```javascript
+const notes = window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.getManufacturingNotes(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    process: "cnc-3axis",
+    tolerances: {
+      general: 0.1,
+      critical: 0.05
+    }
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns markdown with suggested approach for machining
+```
+
+---
+
+## Multi-Physics: Simulation
+
+Real-time physics simulation combining FEA (Finite Element Analysis), thermal analysis, modal analysis, and drop testing—all in the browser with GPU acceleration.
+
+### How It Works
+
+**Pipeline:** Mesh Discretization → Matrix Assembly → Solver (CG/GMRES) → Post-Processing → Visualization
+
+#### 1. Supported Analysis Types
+
+| Analysis Type | What It Solves | Output | Typical Use |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| **Static Structural** | Stress & deformation under loads | Von Mises stress, displacement, safety factor | Check part won't break |
+| **Thermal** | Heat flow, temperature distribution | Temperature field, thermal stress | Check thermal stability |
+| **Modal (Vibration)** | Natural frequencies & mode shapes | Freq (Hz), mode shape (deformation pattern) | Avoid resonance frequencies |
+| **Harmonic (Swept Freq)** | Response to oscillating loads | Amplitude vs frequency | Vibration isolation tuning |
+| **Drop Test (Transient)** | Impact dynamics, peak acceleration | Acceleration peak, energy absorption | Package protection validation |
+| **Buckling** | Critical load to cause collapse | Buckling load factor, mode shapes | Column/beam stability |
+
+#### 2. Static Structural Analysis
+
+**FEA Formulation:**
+
+```
+Global Stiffness Equation:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+[K] {u} = {F}
+
+where:
+  [K] = global stiffness matrix (size: n_DOF × n_DOF)
+  {u} = displacement vector
+  {F} = load vector
+
+Assembly Process:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+For each tetrahedral element:
+  1. Compute local element stiffness [k_e]
+     (depends on element shape, Young's modulus, Poisson ratio)
+  2. Compute local load vector {f_e}
+  3. Add to global system: [K] += [k_e], {F} += {f_e}
+
+Boundary Conditions:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Fixed support: u_x = u_y = u_z = 0 at selected nodes
+Roller support: u_z = 0 (constrained in one direction only)
+Load: F_x, F_y, or F_z applied at node
+
+Solution:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Solve [K] {u} = {F} using Conjugate Gradient (CG) solver
+  Sparse matrix format: CSR (Compressed Sparse Row)
+  Iterative solver: <100 iterations for well-conditioned problems
+  Tolerance: ||r|| < 1e-6 × ||F||
+
+Post-Process:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+For each element:
+  1. Recover strain: {ε} = [B] {u_e}
+     where [B] = strain-displacement matrix
+  2. Recover stress: {σ} = [E] {ε}
+     where [E] = material stiffness matrix (Hooke's law)
+  3. Von Mises stress: σ_vm = √(σ_x² + σ_y² + σ_z² - σ_x*σ_y - σ_y*σ_z - σ_z*σ_x)
+  4. Safety factor: SF = σ_yield / σ_vm (for each element)
+```
+
+**Example: Load on Bracket**
+
+```
+Load case:
+  ├─ 500 N downward at top-right
+  ├─ Fixed support at base
+  └─ Material: Aluminum (E = 69 GPa, σ_yield = 90 MPa)
+
+Mesh:
+  ├─ Tetrahedra: 5,000 elements
+  ├─ Nodes: 1,200 nodes
+  └─ DOF: 3,600 (3 per node)
+
+Solution:
+  ├─ Max displacement: 2.1 mm (at load point)
+  ├─ Max stress: 67 MPa (at fixed end)
+  ├─ Safety factor: 90 / 67 = 1.34 ✓ (safe)
+  └─ Solve time: 245 ms
+
+Visualization:
+  ├─ Deformation: 10x scale for visibility
+  ├─ Stress heatmap: Red (high stress) → Green (low)
+  └─ Displacement vector field: Arrows show direction
+```
+
+#### 3. Thermal Analysis
+
+**Heat Transfer Equation:**
+
+```
+Transient Heat Conduction:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ρ C_p ∂T/∂t = ∇·(k ∇T) + Q
+
+where:
+  ρ = density (kg/m³)
+  C_p = specific heat (J/kg·K)
+  T = temperature (K)
+  k = thermal conductivity (W/m·K)
+  Q = heat source (W/m³)
+
+Boundary Conditions:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+- Fixed temperature: T = T_boundary (convection chamber)
+- Heat flux: -k ∇T·n = q (applied heat)
+- Convection: -k ∇T·n = h (T - T_ambient)
+  where h = convection coefficient (W/m²·K)
+
+Material Properties (Temperature-Dependent):
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Aluminum (example):
+  k(T) = 237 - 0.05×(T - 300)  W/m·K (decreases with temperature)
+  C_p ≈ 900 J/kg·K (varies slightly)
+
+Assembly & Solution:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+[C]{Ṫ} + [K]{T} = {Q}
+
+Solve using:
+  1. Spatial discretization: Galerkin FEM
+  2. Time stepping: Implicit Euler or Crank-Nicolson
+  3. Sparse solver: GMRES with preconditioning
+```
+
+**Example: Motor Housing Thermal Profile**
+
+```
+Load case:
+  ├─ Heat source: 150 W (internal motor loss)
+  ├─ Ambient temp: 25°C
+  ├─ Cooling: Natural convection (h = 10 W/m²·K)
+  └─ Material: Aluminum
+
+Transient Analysis (first 600 seconds):
+  ├─ t = 0: T = 25°C everywhere
+  ├─ t = 60s: Peak interior 85°C (temperature rising)
+  ├─ t = 300s: Steady-state approached
+  │   ├─ Interior: 82°C
+  │   ├─ Outer surface: 65°C
+  │   └─ Edges: 55°C (better cooling)
+  └─ t = 600s: Fully steady
+
+Peak temperature: 82°C (safe, aluminum OK to ~150°C)
+Thermal gradient: 82 - 25 = 57°C (may cause thermal stress)
+```
+
+#### 4. Modal Analysis (Vibration Frequencies)
+
+**Eigenvalue Problem:**
+
+```
+Undamped Free Vibration:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+[K]{φ} = ω² [M]{φ}
+
+Rearranged (standard eigenvalue form):
+([K] - ω² [M]){φ} = 0
+
+where:
+  [K] = stiffness matrix
+  [M] = mass matrix
+  ω = natural frequency (rad/s)
+  {φ} = mode shape (eigenvector)
+
+Solution Method:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Use Lanczos iteration or Subspace method to find:
+  - Lowest N natural frequencies (typically N = 5-20)
+  - Corresponding mode shapes
+
+Conversion:
+  f (Hz) = ω (rad/s) / (2π)
+  Period T (ms) = 1000 / f
+```
+
+**Example: Cantilever Beam Vibration**
+
+```
+Part: Aluminum beam, 200mm long, fixed at one end
+Mesh: 2,000 tetrahedral elements
+
+First 5 Natural Frequencies:
+┌─────┬──────────┬──────────┬───────────────────────────┐
+│ Mode│ Freq (Hz)│ Period   │ Mode Shape Description    │
+├─────┼──────────┼──────────┼───────────────────────────┤
+│ 1   │ 48.2 Hz  │ 20.7 ms  │ Primary bending (1st half)│
+│ 2   │ 302 Hz   │ 3.3 ms   │ Primary bending (full len)│
+│ 3   │ 845 Hz   │ 1.2 ms   │ Complex 3D bending        │
+│ 4   │ 1650 Hz  │ 0.61 ms  │ Torsional twist           │
+│ 5   │ 2310 Hz  │ 0.43 ms  │ Higher-order torsion      │
+└─────┴──────────┴──────────┴───────────────────────────┘
+
+Design Implication:
+  If operating at 50 Hz → AVOID (near mode 1 = resonance!)
+  If operating at 100 Hz → OK (away from all modes)
+  If operating at 1000 Hz → RISKY (approaching mode 3)
+```
+
+#### 5. Drop Test Analysis
+
+**Transient Impact Dynamics:**
+
+```
+Simplified Model:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Part drops from height H
+  v_impact = √(2 g H)  (velocity at contact)
+
+Contact with floor (1ms contact duration):
+  ├─ Deceleration impulse: F = m (v_impact / Δt)
+  ├─ Acceleration: a = F / m
+  └─ Peak deceleration: a_peak = v_impact / Δt
+
+FEA During Impact:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+[M]{ü} + [C]{u̇} + [K]{u} = {F(t)}
+
+where:
+  [M] = mass matrix (inertia resists acceleration)
+  [C] = damping matrix (energy dissipation)
+  {F(t)} = time-varying contact force
+
+Contact Detection:
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  1. Find lowest point of part
+  2. When z < 0 (floor level): activate contact
+  3. Contact force: F = k_contact × penetration
+     (spring-like floor: very stiff, k ~ 1e8 N/m)
+  4. Damping: c_contact = 0.2-0.5 × critical damping
+```
+
+**Example: Smartphone Drop Test**
+
+```
+Scenario:
+  ├─ Phone mass: 200g
+  ├─ Drop height: 1.5 meters (home shoulder height)
+  ├─ Impact surface: Concrete (hard, high damping)
+  └─ Case: TPU rubber (shock-absorbing)
+
+Impact Analysis:
+  ├─ Impact velocity: √(2 × 9.81 × 1.5) = 5.4 m/s
+  ├─ Contact duration: ~3 ms (estimated from material properties)
+  ├─ Peak deceleration: 5.4 / 0.003 = 1,800 g (!!)
+  │   (1,800 times gravity — very harsh)
+  └─ Peak deceleration (with damping): 450 g (still severe)
+
+Stress During Impact:
+  ├─ Display glass: 650 MPa (breaks at 1000 MPa) → SAFE
+  ├─ PCB: 450 MPa (breaks at 800 MPa) → SAFE
+  ├─ Solder joints: 280 MPa (breaks at 350 MPa) → MARGINAL ⚠
+  └─ Camera corner: 920 MPa (expected point of failure) ✗
+
+Pass/Fail:
+  └─ FAIL: Camera assembly will break at concrete impact
+            (but TPU case reduces effective deceleration)
+
+Recommendations:
+  ├─ Add padding around camera
+  ├─ Increase TPU thickness from 2mm to 3mm
+  └─ Redesign solder joint reinforcement
+```
+
+### Material Properties Database
+
+Multi-physics module includes complete property tables for all materials:
+
+```
+Material        ρ(kg/m³)  E(GPa)  σ_y(MPa)  k(W/m·K)  α(µm/m·K)  Notes
+────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Steel (1018)    7850      200     250       52        11.0       Magnetic
+Aluminum 6061   2700      69      90        167       23.6       Light
+Titanium 6-4    4510      103     880       7.4       8.6        Expensive
+Brass C360      8470      97      300       109       20.0       High damping
+Nylon 6         1140      3.0     70        0.26      80.0       Low k
+ABS plastic     1050      2.3     40        0.2       100        Low k, tough
+Copper          8960      110     210       401       16.5       High k
+Cast Iron       7750      150     340       46        10.5       Brittle
+Glass (SiO2)    2200      70      50        1.2       0.5        Brittle
+Carbon composite 1550      130     1100      5         -1.0       Anisotropic
+```
+
+Each material includes also:
+- Temperature-dependent properties (k, E vary with T)
+- Damping ratio (ζ) for vibration analysis
+- Thermal expansion coefficient (α) for thermal stress
+- Yield and ultimate tensile strength
+- Shear modulus (G) and Poisson ratio (ν)
+
+### API Reference
+
+#### Run Static Analysis
+
+```javascript
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.runAnalysis(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    analysisType: "static",
+    material: "aluminum-6061",
+    loads: [
+      {
+        type: "force",
+        location: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 100},
+        direction: {x: 0, y: 0, z: -1},
+        magnitude: 500  // 500 N
+      }
+    ],
+    constraints: [
+      {
+        type: "fixed",
+        region: { shape: "sphere", center: {x:0, y:0, z:-10}, radius: 15 }
+      }
+    ],
+    meshDensity: "medium",  // "coarse", "medium", "fine"
+    solver: "cg"            // Conjugate Gradient
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  success: true,
+  maxStress: 67.5,          // MPa
+  maxDisplacement: 2.1,     // mm
+  safetyFactor: 1.33,       // σ_yield / σ_max
+  strainEnergy: 1.245,      // Joules
+  deformationGeometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  stressField: Float32Array,  // Stress at each element
+  displacementField: Float32Array,
+  solveTime: 245,           // milliseconds
+  iterations: 87
+}
+```
+
+#### Run Thermal Analysis
+
+```javascript
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.runAnalysis(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    analysisType: "thermal",
+    material: "aluminum-6061",
+    heatSources: [
+      { location: {x:0, y:0, z:0}, power: 150 }  // 150 W at center
+    ],
+    boundaryConditions: [
+      {
+        type: "convection",
+        region: { shape: "surface" },
+        ambientTemp: 25,        // °C
+        convectionCoeff: 10     // W/m²·K
+      }
+    ],
+    transientTime: 600,         // seconds to simulate
+    timeStep: 5,                // seconds per step
+    initialTemp: 25             // °C everywhere
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  temperature: Float32Array,    // T at each node over time
+  timeSteps: [0, 5, 10, ..., 600],
+  peakTemperature: 82,          // °C
+  temperatureGradient: 57,      // max T - min T
+  steadyStateReached: true,
+  convergenceTime: 320,         // seconds to steady
+  heatFlux: Float32Array,       // W/m² at boundary
+  thermalStress: Float32Array   // Stress from thermal expansion
+}
+```
+
+#### Run Modal Analysis
+
+```javascript
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.runAnalysis(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    analysisType: "modal",
+    material: "aluminum-6061",
+    constraints: [
+      { type: "fixed", region: { shape: "sphere", ... } }
+    ],
+    numModes: 10,               // Extract first 10 modes
+    solver: "lanczos"
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  frequencies: [48.2, 302, 845, 1650, 2310, ...],  // Hz
+  periods: [20.7, 3.3, 1.2, 0.61, 0.43, ...],      // ms
+  modeShapes: [
+    THREE.BufferGeometry,       // Mode 1 shape
+    THREE.BufferGeometry,       // Mode 2 shape
+    // ...
+  ],
+  dampingRatios: [0.02, 0.02, 0.03, ...],          // ζ values
+  modalMasses: [150, 145, 140, ...],                // kg
+  participationFactors: [0.85, 0.12, 0.02, ...]    // contribution to motion
+}
+```
+
+#### Run Drop Test
+
+```javascript
+const result = await window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.runAnalysis(
+  geometry,
+  {
+    analysisType: "drop",
+    material: "aluminum-6061",
+    dropHeight: 1500,           // mm
+    impactSurface: "concrete",  // concrete, wood, foam
+    contactStiffness: 1e8,      // N/m (very stiff surface)
+    damping: 0.3,               // critical damping ratio
+    simulationTime: 0.05,       // seconds
+    timeStep: 0.0001            // seconds (auto-refined near impact)
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  peakAcceleration: 1200,       // g (gravitational units)
+  peakVelocity: 5.4,            // m/s (impact velocity)
+  peakStress: 850,              // MPa
+  peakDisplacement: 3.2,        // mm (max penetration)
+  impactDuration: 0.003,        // seconds (contact time)
+  energyAbsorbed: 2.9,          // Joules
+  passFailRegions: {
+    camera: "FAIL",             // Stress > ultimate
+    solder: "MARGINAL",         // Stress near limit
+    display: "PASS"             // Stress < safe
+  },
+  deformationTimeSeries: [...], // Geometry evolution during impact
+  accelerationTimeSeries: [...]  // a(t) during impact
+}
+```
+
+#### Visualize Results
+
+```javascript
+// Show stress heatmap on deformed geometry
+window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.visualizeResults(
+  result,
+  {
+    field: "stress",               // stress, displacement, temp, frequency
+    deformationScale: 10,           // 10x exaggeration
+    colorScheme: "diverging",       // diverging, sequential, categorical
+    showLegend: true,
+    showDeformation: true,
+    contourLines: true              // Draw iso-contours
+  }
+);
+
+// Export results
+const dataURL = window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.exportResults(
+  result,
+  {
+    format: "vtk",                  // VTK format for Paraview
+    includeField: ["stress", "displacement"]
+  }
+);
+// Download as VTK file
+```
+
+---
+
+## Smart Parts Library
+
+Access 200+ standard parts including fasteners, bearings, linear motion components, structural elements, and electronics. Intelligent search, auto-insertion, BOM management, and supplier cross-reference.
+
+### Catalog Overview
+
+| Category | Part Count | Examples |
+|----------|-----------|----------|
+| **Fasteners** | 85 | ISO 4762 socket head caps, DIN 912 hex bolts, M3-M20, stainless steel variants |
+| **Bearings** | 32 | Deep groove ball (6000, 6200 series), angular contact, pillow block units |
+| **Linear Motion** | 28 | THK rails, Hiwin blocks, ball screws ISO 4014, lead screws, bushings |
+| **Structural** | 24 | Aluminum extrusions (45x45 T-slot, 40x80), angle iron, hollow tubes |
+| **Electronics** | 18 | DC motors (12V, 24V), stepper motors (NEMA 17, 23), limit switches, relays |
+| **Pneumatics** | 13 | Cylinders (compact, rod), solenoid valves, regulators, fittings ISO 6149 |
+| **Total** | **200+** | Complete standard catalog |
+
+### Fastener Category Details
+
+```
+ISO 4762 Socket Head Cap Screw
+├─ Sizes: M3, M4, M5, M6, M8, M10, M12, M16, M20
+├─ Lengths: 6-100mm (standard increments)
+├─ Materials:
+│  ├─ Stainless Steel A2-70 (corrosion resist)
+│  ├─ Stainless Steel A4-80 (marine grade)
+│  ├─ Carbon Steel 8.8 (standard, cheaper)
+│  └─ Titanium Grade 5 (lightweight)
+├─ Properties (example M8):
+│  ├─ Head height: 8mm
+│  ├─ Socket: 6mm hex
+│  ├─ Proof load: 48 kN
+│  ├─ Yield: 640 MPa
+│  ├─ Cost: $0.08-0.50 depending on material/length
+│  └─ Weight: 4.0g per piece
+└─ Models: 3D CAD model (STEP/STL) for each variant
+
+DIN 912 Hex Bolt (alternative to ISO 4762)
+├─ Similar specs but with hex head instead of socket
+├─ Cost: 20% cheaper
+├─ Easier to install with common wrench
+└─ Models available for M5-M24
+
+...similar details for 83 other fastener types
+```
+
+### AI Search Capabilities
+
+#### Natural Language Queries
+
+```
+User Types:                         System Interprets:
+──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+"10mm bolt stainless"              ISO 4762 M10, stainless A2
+"bearing for 20mm shaft"           Deep groove ball bearing 6004
+"50mm aluminum extrusion"          45x45 or 40x80 T-slot, aluminum
+"motor 24 volt"                    DC motor 24VDC, ~5-50W range
+"limit switch NO contact"          Electronic limit switch, N.O. type
+```
+
+#### Fuzzy Matching
+
+```
+Query typos handled:
+  "ISO 4672" → "ISO 4762" ✓
+  "M8x1.25 bolt" → "M8 screw" ✓
+  "bearing 6002 series" → "bearing 6002" ✓
+```
+
+#### Semantic Search
+
+```
+"I need something to hold a shaft on the motor"
+  → Suggests: shaft collar, key, set screw, bearing
+
+"Low friction linear motion"
+  → Suggests: linear rail (ball or roller), low-friction bushing
+```
+
+#### Supplier Integration
+
+Each part includes cross-references:
+
+```
+Part: ISO 4762 M8 x 20 Socket Head Cap Screw (Stainless A2)
+
+Suppliers:
+├─ McMaster: 91292A162, $0.32/each
+├─ Misumi: SCBS-M8-20, $0.25/each
+├─ DigiKey: H765-ND, $0.28/each
+├─ RS Components: 503-648, $0.30/each
+└─ eBay (bulk 100/box): $0.12/each if qty >= 1000
+
+Recommended: Misumi (lowest cost, quick ship Japan)
+```
+
+### Part Insertion Workflow
+
+#### Step 1: Search & Select
+
+```
+User Action                  System Response
+────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+Type "M8 bolt"              Show 5 part suggestions
+Click "ISO 4762 M8x20"      Preview 3D model in mini viewport
+Select variant: stainless A2 Confirm choice, add to insert queue
+```
+
+#### Step 2: Positioning
+
+```
+Insert Mode Activated:
+  └─ Part follows mouse cursor (3D preview)
+
+User Actions:
+  ├─ Move mouse → Preview moves
+  ├─ Click on geometry → Part placed at click location
+  │   (auto-snaps to nearest hole or surface if applicable)
+  ├─ Right-click → Rotate preview 45° increments
+  ├─ Scroll → Scale preview (if part is adjustable)
+  └─ Enter → Confirm placement
+```
+
+#### Step 3: Auto-Assembly (Optional)
+
+If inserting fastener into existing hole:
+
+```
+Detection:
+  ├─ System finds nearest hole in geometry
+  ├─ Matches M8 bolt to M8 hole
+  └─ Auto-aligns bolt axis with hole axis
+
+User Confirmation:
+  "Auto-snap M8 bolt to hole at (x, y, z)?"
+  └─ Yes/No dialog
+```
+
+#### Step 4: BOM Generation
+
+```
+BOM Table Auto-Updated:
+┌──────────────────────────────────┬───┬──────────────┐
+│ Part                             │ Qty│ Supplier     │
+├──────────────────────────────────┼───┼──────────────┤
+│ ISO 4762 M8x20 Stainless A2-70   │ 4 │ Misumi       │
+│ Deep Groove Bearing 6004          │ 2 │ SKF/NSK      │
+│ THK Linear Rail HRW15CA 300mm     │ 1 │ McMaster     │
+│ NEMA 17 Stepper Motor             │ 1 │ Amazon       │
+└──────────────────────────────────┴───┴──────────────┘
+
+Total Cost: $47.50
+Weight: 450g
+Lead Time: 5-7 days (Misumi + Amazon)
+```
+
+### API Reference
+
+#### Search Catalog
+
+```javascript
+const results = await window.cycleCAD.smartParts.search(
+  "M8 bolt stainless",
+  {
+    limit: 10,
+    fuzzyMatch: true,
+    includeProperties: ["cost", "supplier", "weight"],
+    sortBy: "relevance"  // relevance, cost, weight, lead_time
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+[
+  {
+    id: "iso-4762-m8-20-ss-a2",
+    name: "ISO 4762 Socket Head Cap Screw M8 x 20 Stainless A2-70",
+    category: "fasteners",
+    properties: {
+      diameter: 8,
+      length: 20,
+      pitch: 1.25,
+      material: "stainless steel A2-70",
+      headHeight: 8,
+      socketSize: 6
+    },
+    cost: { min: 0.12, avg: 0.28, max: 0.50 },
+    suppliers: [
+      { name: "Misumi", partNo: "SCBS-M8-20", cost: 0.25, leadDays: 3 },
+      { name: "McMaster", partNo: "91292A162", cost: 0.32, leadDays: 1 }
+    ],
+    weight: 0.63,  // grams
+    geometryUrl: "models/iso-4762-m8-20.step",
+    confidence: 0.95
+  },
+  // ... more results
+]
+```
+
+#### Get Part Details
+
+```javascript
+const partDetail = await window.cycleCAD.smartParts.getPart("iso-4762-m8-20-ss-a2");
+
+// Returns
+{
+  id, name, category, ...,
+  technical: {
+    proofLoad: 48000,  // N
+    yieldStrength: 640,  // MPa
+    tensionArea: 36.6,  // mm²
+    threadPitch: 1.25,  // mm
+    shearStrength: 480,  // MPa
+    hardness: 300,  // HV
+  },
+   3dModels: {
+    step: "models/iso-4762-m8-20.step",
+    stl: "models/iso-4762-m8-20.stl",
+    threaded: true,
+    parametric: false
+  },
+  documentatio: {
+    spec: "ISO 4762:2004 (socket head cap screw)",
+    drawing: "pdf/..."
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### Insert Part into Assembly
+
+```javascript
+const inserted = await window.cycleCAD.smartParts.insertPart(
+  "iso-4762-m8-20-ss-a2",
+  {
+    position: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 50},
+    rotation: {x: 0, y: 0, z: 0},
+    quantity: 4,
+    autoSnap: true,  // Auto-align to nearest hole
+    addToBOM: true
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns
+{
+  geometry: THREE.BufferGeometry,
+  instanceCount: 4,
+  positions: [[0,0,50], [20,0,50], [0,20,50], [20,20,50]],
+  snappedToHoles: [hole1, hole2, hole3, hole4],
+  bomEntry: { partId, quantity, supplier, cost },
+  addedToScene: true
+}
+```
+
+#### Generate Bill of Materials (BOM)
+
+```javascript
+const bom = window.cycleCAD.smartParts.generateBOM(
+  {
+    format: "csv",  // csv, json, xlsx, html
+    includeSuppliers: true,
+    includeCosts: true,
+    groupBySupplier: true
+  }
+);
+
+// Returns CSV:
+// Part,Description,Qty,Unit Cost,Total Cost,Supplier,Lead Days
+// iso-4762-m8-20-ss-a2,"Socket Head Cap M8x20",4,$0.25,$1.00,Misumi,3
+// 6004-2z-ss,"Deep Groove Bearing",2,$5.50,$11.00,SKF,1
+// ...
+```
+
+#### Export BOM to CSV/Excel
+
+```javascript
+const csvData = window.cycleCAD.smartParts.exportBOM("csv");
+const file = new File([csvData], "assembly-bom.csv", {type: "text/csv"});
+// User downloads file
+```
+
+---
+
+## Integration Guide
+
+### Wiring All 6 Modules into cycleCAD
+
+#### Step 1: Import in index.html
+
+Add to the module import section:
+
+```html
+<!-- In app/index.html, within <script> tags -->
+<script type="module">
+  // Import all 6 killer modules
+  import TextToCad from './js/text-to-cad.js';
+  import PhotoToCad from './js/photo-to-cad.js';
+  import Manufacturability from './js/manufacturability.js';
+  import GenerativeDesign from './js/generative-design.js';
+  import MultiPhysics from './js/multi-physics.js';
+  import SmartParts from './js/smart-parts.js';
+
+  // Initialize on app load
+  window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
+    const app = window.cycleCAD;
+
+    // Register modules
+    app.textToCad = new TextToCad(app);
+    app.photoToCad = new PhotoToCad(app);
+    app.manufacturability = new Manufacturability(app);
+    app.generativeDesign = new GenerativeDesign(app);
+    app.multiPhysics = new MultiPhysics(app);
+    app.smartParts = new SmartParts(app);
+
+    // Initialize each module
+    app.textToCad.init();
+    app.photoToCad.init();
+    app.manufacturability.init();
+    app.generativeDesign.init();
+    app.multiPhysics.init();
+    app.smartParts.init();
+
+    console.log('✓ All 6 killer modules loaded');
+  });
+</script>
+```
+
+#### Step 2: Add UI Buttons to Toolbar
+
+```html
+<!-- In the toolbar section of index.html -->
+<div id="toolbar">
+  <!-- ... existing buttons ... -->
+
+  <!-- Killer Features Section -->
+  <div class="toolbar-group" title="AI & Optimization">
+    <button id="btn-text-to-cad" title="Text-to-CAD (Ctrl+T)">
+      <span class="icon">📝</span> T2C
+    </button>
+    <button id="btn-photo-to-cad" title="Photo-to-CAD (Ctrl+P)">
+      <span class="icon">📷</span> P2C
+    </button>
+    <button id="btn-manufacturability" title="DFM Analysis (Ctrl+M)">
+      <span class="icon">🏭</span> DFM
+    </button>
+    <button id="btn-generative" title="Topology Optimization (Ctrl+G)">
+      <span class="icon">🧬</span> Gen
+    </button>
+    <button id="btn-physics" title="Multi-Physics (Ctrl+Shift+P)">
+      <span class="icon">⚙️</span> FEA
+    </button>
+    <button id="btn-parts" title="Smart Parts Library (Ctrl+L)">
+      <span class="icon">📦</span> Parts
+    </button>
+  </div>
+</div>
+```
+
+#### Step 3: Wire Button Handlers
+
+```javascript
+// In app.js initialization section
+document.getElementById('btn-text-to-cad').addEventListener('click', () => {
+  window.cycleCAD.textToCad.show();
+});
+
+document.getElementById('btn-photo-to-cad').addEventListener('click', () => {
+  window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.show();
+});
+
+document.getElementById('btn-manufacturability').addEventListener('click', () => {
+  window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.show();
+});
+
+document.getElementById('btn-generative').addEventListener('click', () => {
+  window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.show();
+});
+
+document.getElementById('btn-physics').addEventListener('click', () => {
+  window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.show();
+});
+
+document.getElementById('btn-parts').addEventListener('click', () => {
+  window.cycleCAD.smartParts.show();
+});
+```
+
+### Chaining Modules for Powerful Workflows
+
+#### Workflow 1: Design → Optimize → Check DFM → Order Parts
+
+```javascript
+// User-facing workflow (high-level)
+
+async function designOptimizeAndProcure() {
+  // Step 1: Create initial design with Text-to-CAD
+  const geometry1 = await window.cycleCAD.textToCad.execute(
+    "create bracket 50x50x10mm with 4 mounting holes"
+  );
+  addToScene(geometry1);
+
+  // Step 2: Check manufacturability
+  const dfmReport = await window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.analyze(
+    geometry1,
+    { material: "aluminum-6061", processes: ["cnc-3axis"] }
+  );
+
+  if (dfmReport.issues.length > 0) {
+    console.log("DFM issues found, optimizing...");
+
+    // Step 3: Use Generative Design to fix issues while reducing weight
+    const geometry2 = await window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.optimize({
+      designSpace: geometry1,
+      constraints: { maxStress: 100, maxDeformation: 2.0 },
+      volumeFraction: 0.7
+    });
+
+    // Check DFM again
+    const dfmReport2 = await window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.analyze(geometry2);
+    if (dfmReport2.suitable_processes.includes("cnc-3axis")) {
+      addToScene(geometry2);
+      geometry = geometry2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Step 4: Insert fasteners from Smart Parts
+  await window.cycleCAD.smartParts.insertPart(
+    "iso-4762-m8-20-ss-a2",
+    { quantity: 4, autoSnap: true }
+  );
+
+  // Step 5: Generate BOM
+  const bom = window.cycleCAD.smartParts.generateBOM({
+    format: "csv",
+    groupBySupplier: true
+  });
+
+  return { geometry, dfmReport: dfmReport2, bom };
+}
+```
+
+#### Workflow 2: Photo Reference → 3D Model → Simulation → Validation
+
+```javascript
+async function reverseEngineerAndValidate() {
+  // Step 1: Photo-to-CAD from image
+  const image = await selectImageFile();
+  const geometry = await window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.processImage(image);
+
+  // Step 2: Refine scale
+  window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.setReferenceDimension(
+    {x: 100, y: 200},
+    {x: 350, y: 200},
+    250,  // 250mm dimension
+    "mm"
+  );
+
+  // Step 3: Run FEA to validate under typical loads
+  const fea = await window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.runAnalysis(
+    geometry,
+    {
+      analysisType: "static",
+      material: "aluminum-6061",
+      loads: [{
+        type: "force",
+        location: geometry.getCenter(),
+        direction: {x: 0, y: 0, z: -1},
+        magnitude: 500  // 500N downward
+      }],
+      constraints: [{ type: "fixed", region: { ... } }]
+    }
+  );
+
+  // Step 4: Check if it passes
+  if (fea.safetyFactor > 1.5) {
+    console.log("✓ Design passes validation");
+    return { geometry, fea };
+  } else {
+    console.log("✗ Design needs refinement");
+    // Suggest Generative Design or manual editing
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### WebSocket Integration (for Real-Time Collaboration)
+
+When using the REST API server, broadcast module actions to other clients:
+
+```javascript
+// In each module's execute() method, after completion:
+
+async function broadcastAction(action) {
+  return fetch('http://localhost:8080/api/design/action', {
+    method: 'POST',
+    body: JSON.stringify({
+      module: action.module,  // 'text-to-cad', 'generative-design', etc.
+      command: action.command,
+      parameters: action.parameters,
+      result: action.result,
+      timestamp: Date.now(),
+      userId: currentUserId
+    })
+  });
+}
+
+// Usage (inside TextToCad.execute()):
+await broadcastAction({
+  module: 'text-to-cad',
+  command: 'create_cylinder',
+  parameters: { diameter: 25, height: 50 },
+  result: { geometry, confidence: 0.95 }
+});
+```
+
+### MCP Server Integration
+
+Expose all modules via Model Context Protocol for AI agents:
+
+```javascript
+// In server/mcp-server.js, add tool definitions:
+
+const tools = [
+  {
+    name: "text_to_cad_execute",
+    description: "Execute Text-to-CAD NLP command",
+    inputSchema: {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        description: { type: "string", description: "Natural language description" },
+        unit: { type: "string", enum: ["mm", "cm", "in", "m"] }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    name: "photo_to_cad_process",
+    description: "Process image for reverse engineering",
+    inputSchema: {
+      type: "object",
+      properties: {
+        imageUrl: { type: "string" },
+        referenceScale: { type: "number" },
+        referenceDimension: { type: "number" }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  // ... similar for other 4 modules
+];
+```
+
+---
+
+## Troubleshooting: Common Issues
+
+### Text-to-CAD Issues
+
+| Problem | Cause | Solution |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| **"Unrecognized shape"** | Shape name not in vocabulary | Use alias (e.g., "cyl" for cylinder) or describe shape (e.g., "round rod") |
+| **Dimensions not extracted** | Missing unit or ambiguous value | Always include units: "25mm" not "25" |
+| **Confidence too low** | Ambiguous phrasing | Rephrase: "add 10mm hole through the center" instead of "add hole" |
+| **Preview not appearing** | GPU memory exceeded | Reduce scene complexity or clear undo history (Ctrl+Shift+H) |
+
+### Photo-to-CAD Issues
+
+| Problem | Cause | Solution |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| **Edge detection poor** | Shadows or low contrast | Retake photo with better lighting, increase blur kernel size |
+| **Wrong scale detected** | Reference object not visible | Click reference button, manually select dimension line |
+| **Contour has gaps** | Edge line is broken | Increase `highThreshold` in edge detection settings or manually trace missing edges |
+| **Too many/few vertices** | Contour simplification threshold off | Adjust Douglas-Peucker `epsilon` parameter (default 1px) |
+
+### Manufacturability Issues
+
+| Problem | Cause | Solution |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| **Cost unreasonably high** | Wrong process selected | Switch to different process or change material |
+| **"Unmachinable corner"** | Sharp internal corner < 1mm radius | Add fillet: "fillet internal corners 1mm" in Text-to-CAD |
+| **Injection mold cost huge** | No tooling for low quantities | Use CNC or 3D printing for qty < 500 |
+| **Sheet metal can't bend** | Bend radius too tight | Increase radius to ≥ 2x material thickness |
+
+### Generative Design Issues
+
+| Problem | Cause | Solution |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| **Optimization slow** | Too many voxels (fine mesh) | Reduce `meshDensity` or increase `voxelSize` |
+| **Result has unrealistic features** | Volume fraction too low | Increase from 0.3 to 0.5+ to keep more material |
+| **Checkerboard pattern in result** | Sensitivity filter not applied | Ensure `filterRadius > 1.0` |
+| **Not converging** | Constraints too tight | Relax constraints: increase `maxDeformation` or lower stress limit slightly |
+
+### Multi-Physics Issues
+
+| Problem | Cause | Solution |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| **FEA solver fails** | Matrix singular (unconstrained part) | Add fixed constraint at base or support points |
+| **Stress unreasonably high** | Load applied to single point node | Distribute load over area using "pressure" type instead |
+| **Natural frequency wrong** | Mesh too coarse | Use "fine" mesh density (`meshDensity: "fine"`) |
+| **Drop test peaks unrealistic** | Contact duration too short | Increase `contactStiffness` damping ratio to 0.5 |
+| **Memory exhausted mid-analysis** | Large geometry + fine mesh | Reduce geometry complexity or use coarser mesh |
+
+### Smart Parts Issues
+
+| Problem | Cause | Solution |
+|---------|-------|----------|
+| **Part not found** | Typo or part not in catalog | Try fuzzy search or browse category |
+| **Supplier lead time shows "N/A"** | Real-time supplier API down | Check supplier website manually or use last cached value |
+| **3D model missing** | Vendor didn't provide geometry | Use simplified placeholder model or import from supplier CAD file |
+| **BOM export corrupted** | Special characters in part names | Use UTF-8 encoding or remove special characters |
+
+### General Browser Issues
+
+| Problem | Solution |
+|---------|----------|
+| **WebGL not supported** | Use Chrome/Firefox (Safari: enable WebGL in advanced settings) |
+| **Memory leak after long session** | Reload page or clear browser cache (DevTools: Cmd+Shift+Delete) |
+| **Slow performance** | Close other tabs, reduce window size, disable hardware acceleration if FPS drops |
+| **File upload hangs** | Reduce image size (< 10MB) or use different format |
+
+### Performance Tips
+
+1. **For Text-to-CAD:** Batch multiple commands (create, fillet, add hole) rather than one-at-a-time
+2. **For Photo-to-CAD:** Use 1024x1024 images or smaller (smaller = faster edge detection)
+3. **For Generative Design:** Start with coarse mesh, then refine if needed; typical: 10-30 voxels per dimension
+4. **For FEA:** Use "medium" mesh density initially; upgrade to "fine" only if stress concentrations matter
+5. **For Smart Parts:** Search with category filters first ("fasteners") before free-text search
+
+---
+
+## API Quick Reference
+
+### Core Namespaces
+
+```javascript
+// All modules accessible via window.cycleCAD.*
+
+window.cycleCAD.textToCad.execute(description)
+window.cycleCAD.photoToCad.processImage(file)
+window.cycleCAD.manufacturability.analyze(geometry, config)
+window.cycleCAD.generativeDesign.optimize(config)
+window.cycleCAD.multiPhysics.runAnalysis(geometry, config)
+window.cycleCAD.smartParts.search(query)
+```
+
+### Common Parameters
+
+```javascript
+// Material selection (all modules)
+{ material: "aluminum-6061" }  // Use ID from material database
+
+// Geometry input (all modules)
+geometry  // THREE.BufferGeometry object
+
+// Load/constraint definition (FEA, generative)
+loads: [{ type: "force", location: {x,y,z}, direction: {x,y,z}, magnitude: N }]
+constraints: [{ type: "fixed", region: { shape, ... } }]
+
+// Visualization options
+{ colorScheme: "viridis", showDeformation: true, scale: 10 }
+```
+
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+These 6 killer features represent a paradigm shift in browser-based CAD:
+
+1. **Text-to-CAD** — NL interface for non-specialists
+2. **Photo-to-CAD** — Vision-based reverse engineering
+3. **Manufacturability** — Real-time DFM + costing
+4. **Generative Design** — Automatic topology optimization
+5. **Multi-Physics** — FEA, thermal, modal, drop test
+6. **Smart Parts** — 200+ standard parts + sourcing
+
+**Together, they make cycleCAD the first platform where humans and AI agents can collaborate seamlessly on physical design.**
+
+---
+
+**For support or detailed feature documentation, see:**
+- `docs/QUICK-REFERENCE.md` — Keyboard shortcuts & workflows
+- `docs/FUSION-FEATURES-GUIDE.md` — Complete feature list
+- `docs/API-REFERENCE.md` — Full API documentation
+- `app/js/text-to-cad.js` — Implementation source code
+