cui-llama.rn 0.2.0

package/cpp/ggml.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2444 @@
+#pragma once
+
+//
+// GGML Tensor Library
+//
+// This documentation is still a work in progress.
+// If you wish some specific topics to be covered, feel free to drop a comment:
+//
+//   https://github.com/ggerganov/whisper.cpp/issues/40
+//
+// ## Overview
+//
+// This library implements:
+//
+//  - a set of tensor operations
+//  - automatic differentiation
+//  - basic optimization algorithms
+//
+// The aim of this library is to provide a minimalistic approach for various machine learning tasks. This includes,
+// but is not limited to, the following:
+//
+//  - linear regression
+//  - support vector machines
+//  - neural networks
+//
+// The library allows the user to define a certain function using the available tensor operations. This function
+// definition is represented internally via a computation graph. Each tensor operation in the function definition
+// corresponds to a node in the graph. Having the computation graph defined, the user can choose to compute the
+// function's value and/or its gradient with respect to the input variables. Optionally, the function can be optimized
+// using one of the available optimization algorithms.
+//
+// For example, here we define the function: f(x) = a*x^2 + b
+//
+//   {
+//       struct lm_ggml_init_params params = {
+//           .mem_size   = 16*1024*1024,
+//           .mem_buffer = NULL,
+//       };
+//
+//       // memory allocation happens here
+//       struct lm_ggml_context * ctx = lm_ggml_init(params);
+//
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * x = lm_ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, LM_GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+//
+//       lm_ggml_set_param(ctx, x); // x is an input variable
+//
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * a  = lm_ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, LM_GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * b  = lm_ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, LM_GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * x2 = lm_ggml_mul(ctx, x, x);
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * f  = lm_ggml_add(ctx, lm_ggml_mul(ctx, a, x2), b);
+//
+//       ...
+//   }
+//
+// Notice that the function definition above does not involve any actual computation. The computation is performed only
+// when the user explicitly requests it. For example, to compute the function's value at x = 2.0:
+//
+//   {
+//       ...
+//
+//       struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gf = lm_ggml_new_graph(ctx);
+//       lm_ggml_build_forward_expand(gf, f);
+//
+//       // set the input variable and parameter values
+//       lm_ggml_set_f32(x, 2.0f);
+//       lm_ggml_set_f32(a, 3.0f);
+//       lm_ggml_set_f32(b, 4.0f);
+//
+//       lm_ggml_graph_compute_with_ctx(ctx, &gf, n_threads);
+//
+//       printf("f = %f\n", lm_ggml_get_f32_1d(f, 0));
+//
+//       ...
+//   }
+//
+// The actual computation is performed in the lm_ggml_graph_compute() function.
+//
+// The lm_ggml_new_tensor_...() functions create new tensors. They are allocated in the memory buffer provided to the
+// lm_ggml_init() function. You have to be careful not to exceed the memory buffer size. Therefore, you have to know
+// in advance how much memory you need for your computation. Alternatively, you can allocate a large enough memory
+// and after defining the computation graph, call the lm_ggml_used_mem() function to find out how much memory was
+// actually needed.
+//
+// The lm_ggml_set_param() function marks a tensor as an input variable. This is used by the automatic
+// differentiation and optimization algorithms.
+//
+// The described approach allows to define the function graph once and then compute its forward or backward graphs
+// multiple times. All computations will use the same memory buffer allocated in the lm_ggml_init() function. This way
+// the user can avoid the memory allocation overhead at runtime.
+//
+// The library supports multi-dimensional tensors - up to 4 dimensions. The FP16 and FP32 data types are first class
+// citizens, but in theory the library can be extended to support FP8 and integer data types.
+//
+// Each tensor operation produces a new tensor. Initially the library was envisioned to support only the use of unary
+// and binary operations. Most of the available operations fall into one of these two categories. With time, it became
+// clear that the library needs to support more complex operations. The way to support these operations is not clear
+// yet, but a few examples are demonstrated in the following operations:
+//
+//   - lm_ggml_permute()
+//   - lm_ggml_conv_1d_1s()
+//   - lm_ggml_conv_1d_2s()
+//
+// For each tensor operator, the library implements a forward and backward computation function. The forward function
+// computes the output tensor value given the input tensor values. The backward function computes the adjoint of the
+// input tensors given the adjoint of the output tensor. For a detailed explanation of what this means, take a
+// calculus class, or watch the following video:
+//
+//   What is Automatic Differentiation?
+//   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG_nF1awSSY
+//
+//
+// ## Tensor data (struct lm_ggml_tensor)
+//
+// The tensors are stored in memory via the lm_ggml_tensor struct. The structure provides information about the size of
+// the tensor, the data type, and the memory buffer where the tensor data is stored. Additionally, it contains
+// pointers to the "source" tensors - i.e. the tensors that were used to compute the current tensor. For example:
+//
+//   {
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * c = lm_ggml_add(ctx, a, b);
+//
+//       assert(c->src[0] == a);
+//       assert(c->src[1] == b);
+//   }
+//
+// The multi-dimensional tensors are stored in row-major order. The lm_ggml_tensor struct contains fields for the
+// number of elements in each dimension ("ne") as well as the number of bytes ("nb", a.k.a. stride). This allows
+// to store tensors that are not contiguous in memory, which is useful for operations such as transposition and
+// permutation. All tensor operations have to take the stride into account and not assume that the tensor is
+// contiguous in memory.
+//
+// The data of the tensor is accessed via the "data" pointer. For example:
+//
+//   {
+//       const int nx = 2;
+//       const int ny = 3;
+//
+//       struct lm_ggml_tensor * a = lm_ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, LM_GGML_TYPE_F32, nx, ny);
+//
+//       for (int y = 0; y < ny; y++) {
+//           for (int x = 0; x < nx; x++) {
+//               *(float *) ((char *) a->data + y*a->nb[1] + x*a->nb[0]) = x + y;
+//           }
+//       }
+//
+//       ...
+//   }
+//
+// Alternatively, there are helper functions, such as lm_ggml_get_f32_1d() and lm_ggml_set_f32_1d() that can be used.
+//
+// ## The matrix multiplication operator (lm_ggml_mul_mat)
+//
+// TODO
+//
+//
+// ## Multi-threading
+//
+// TODO
+//
+//
+// ## Overview of ggml.c
+//
+// TODO
+//
+//
+// ## SIMD optimizations
+//
+// TODO
+//
+//
+// ## Debugging ggml
+//
+// TODO
+//
+//
+
+#ifdef LM_GGML_SHARED
+#    if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+#        ifdef LM_GGML_BUILD
+#            define LM_GGML_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#        else
+#            define LM_GGML_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#        endif
+#    else
+#        define LM_GGML_API __attribute__ ((visibility ("default")))
+#    endif
+#else
+#    define LM_GGML_API
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LM_GGML_MULTIPLATFORM
+#    if defined(_WIN32)
+#        define LM_GGML_CALL
+#    else
+#        define LM_GGML_CALL __attribute__((__ms_abi__))
+#    endif
+#else
+#    define LM_GGML_CALL
+#endif
+
+// TODO: support for clang
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#    define LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) func __attribute__((deprecated(hint)))
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) __declspec(deprecated(hint)) func
+#else
+#    define LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(func, hint) func
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+#    define LM_GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(...)
+#elif defined(__MINGW32__)
+#    define LM_GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(...) __attribute__((format(gnu_printf, __VA_ARGS__)))
+#else
+#    define LM_GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(...) __attribute__((format(printf, __VA_ARGS__)))
+#endif
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#define LM_GGML_FILE_MAGIC   0x67676d6c // "ggml"
+#define LM_GGML_FILE_VERSION 1
+
+#define LM_GGML_QNT_VERSION        2    // bump this on quantization format changes
+#define LM_GGML_QNT_VERSION_FACTOR 1000 // do not change this
+
+#define LM_GGML_MAX_DIMS           4
+#define LM_GGML_MAX_PARAMS         2048
+#define LM_GGML_MAX_CONTEXTS       64
+#define LM_GGML_MAX_SRC            10
+#ifndef LM_GGML_MAX_NAME
+#define LM_GGML_MAX_NAME           64
+#endif
+#define LM_GGML_MAX_OP_PARAMS      64
+#define LM_GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS  4
+#define LM_GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE 2048
+#if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xFFFFFFFF
+    #define LM_GGML_MEM_ALIGN 4
+#else
+    #define LM_GGML_MEM_ALIGN 16
+#endif
+
+#define LM_GGML_EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+#define LM_GGML_EXIT_ABORTED 1
+
+#define LM_GGUF_MAGIC "GGUF"
+
+#define LM_GGUF_VERSION 3
+
+#define LM_GGUF_DEFAULT_ALIGNMENT 32
+
+#define LM_GGML_UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
+
+#define LM_GGML_PAD(x, n) (((x) + (n) - 1) & ~((n) - 1))
+
+#define LM_GGML_ASSERT(x) \
+    do { \
+        if (!(x)) { \
+            fflush(stdout); \
+            fprintf(stderr, "LM_GGML_ASSERT: %s:%d: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, #x); \
+            lm_ggml_print_backtrace(); \
+            abort(); \
+        } \
+    } while (0)
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define LM_GGML_UNREACHABLE() LM_GGML_ASSERT(!"statement should not be reached")
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#define LM_GGML_UNREACHABLE() __builtin_unreachable()
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define LM_GGML_UNREACHABLE() __assume(0)
+#else
+#define LM_GGML_UNREACHABLE() ((void) 0)
+#endif
+
+// used to copy the number of elements and stride in bytes of tensors into local variables.
+// main purpose is to reduce code duplication and improve readability.
+//
+// example:
+//
+//    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne1, src1, ne);
+//    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb1, src1, nb);
+//
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS_1(type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    const type prefix##0 = (pointer)->array[0]; \
+    LM_GGML_UNUSED(prefix##0);
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS_2(type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS_1    (type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    const type prefix##1 = (pointer)->array[1]; \
+    LM_GGML_UNUSED(prefix##1);
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS_3(type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS_2    (type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    const type prefix##2 = (pointer)->array[2]; \
+    LM_GGML_UNUSED(prefix##2);
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS_3  (type, prefix, pointer, array) \
+    const type prefix##3 = (pointer)->array[3]; \
+    LM_GGML_UNUSED(prefix##3);
+
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_UNARY_OP_LOCALS \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne0, src0, ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb0, src0, nb) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne,  dst,  ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb,  dst,  nb)
+
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne0, src0, ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb0, src0, nb) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne1, src1, ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb1, src1, nb) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne,  dst,  ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb,  dst,  nb)
+
+#define LM_GGML_TENSOR_BINARY_OP_LOCALS01 \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne0, src0, ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb0, src0, nb) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(int64_t, ne1, src1, ne) \
+    LM_GGML_TENSOR_LOCALS(size_t,  nb1, src1, nb)
+
+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+    enum lm_ggml_status {
+        LM_GGML_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED = -2,
+        LM_GGML_STATUS_FAILED = -1,
+        LM_GGML_STATUS_SUCCESS = 0,
+        LM_GGML_STATUS_ABORTED = 1,
+    };
+
+    // get lm_ggml_status name string
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL const char * lm_ggml_status_to_string(enum lm_ggml_status status);
+
+    // ieee 754-2008 half-precision float16
+    // todo: make this not an integral type
+    typedef uint16_t lm_ggml_fp16_t;
+    LM_GGML_API float       lm_ggml_fp16_to_fp32(lm_ggml_fp16_t);
+    LM_GGML_API lm_ggml_fp16_t lm_ggml_fp32_to_fp16(float);
+    LM_GGML_API void        lm_ggml_fp16_to_fp32_row(const lm_ggml_fp16_t *, float *, int64_t);
+    LM_GGML_API void        lm_ggml_fp32_to_fp16_row(const float *, lm_ggml_fp16_t *, int64_t);
+
+    // google brain half-precision bfloat16
+    typedef struct { uint16_t bits; } lm_ggml_bf16_t;
+    LM_GGML_API lm_ggml_bf16_t lm_ggml_fp32_to_bf16(float);
+    LM_GGML_API float       lm_ggml_bf16_to_fp32(lm_ggml_bf16_t);  // consider just doing << 16
+    LM_GGML_API void        lm_ggml_bf16_to_fp32_row(const lm_ggml_bf16_t *, float *, int64_t);
+    LM_GGML_API void        lm_ggml_fp32_to_bf16_row(const float *, lm_ggml_bf16_t *, int64_t);
+
+    struct lm_ggml_object;
+    struct lm_ggml_context;
+
+    // NOTE: always add types at the end of the enum to keep backward compatibility
+    enum lm_ggml_type {
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_F32     = 0,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_F16     = 1,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_0    = 2,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_1    = 3,
+        // LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_2 = 4, support has been removed
+        // LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_3 = 5, support has been removed
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q5_0    = 6,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q5_1    = 7,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q8_0    = 8,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q8_1    = 9,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q2_K    = 10,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q3_K    = 11,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_K    = 12,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q5_K    = 13,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q6_K    = 14,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q8_K    = 15,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XXS = 16,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ2_XS  = 17,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ3_XXS = 18,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ1_S   = 19,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ4_NL  = 20,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ3_S   = 21,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ2_S   = 22,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ4_XS  = 23,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_I8      = 24,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_I16     = 25,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_I32     = 26,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_I64     = 27,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_F64     = 28,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_IQ1_M   = 29,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_BF16    = 30,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_0_4_4 = 31,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_0_4_8 = 32,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_Q4_0_8_8 = 33,
+        LM_GGML_TYPE_COUNT,
+    };
+
+    // precision
+    enum lm_ggml_prec {
+        LM_GGML_PREC_DEFAULT,
+        LM_GGML_PREC_F32,
+    };
+
+    enum lm_ggml_backend_type {
+        LM_GGML_BACKEND_TYPE_CPU = 0,
+        LM_GGML_BACKEND_TYPE_GPU = 10,
+        LM_GGML_BACKEND_TYPE_GPU_SPLIT = 20,
+    };
+
+    // model file types
+    enum lm_ggml_ftype {
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_UNKNOWN        = -1,
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_ALL_F32        = 0,
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_F16     = 1,  // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0    = 2,  // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1    = 3,  // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1_SOME_F16 = 4, // tok_embeddings.weight and output.weight are F16
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q8_0    = 7,  // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_0    = 8,  // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_1    = 9,  // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q2_K    = 10, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K    = 11, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K    = 12, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K    = 13, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q6_K    = 14, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ2_XXS = 15, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ2_XS  = 16, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ3_XXS = 17, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ1_S   = 18, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ4_NL  = 19, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ3_S   = 20, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ2_S   = 21, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ4_XS  = 22, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_IQ1_M   = 23, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_BF16    = 24, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0_4_4 = 25, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0_4_8 = 26, // except 1d tensors
+        LM_GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0_8_8 = 27, // except 1d tensors
+    };
+
+    // available tensor operations:
+    enum lm_ggml_op {
+        LM_GGML_OP_NONE = 0,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_DUP,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ADD,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ADD1,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ACC,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SUB,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MUL,
+        LM_GGML_OP_DIV,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SQR,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SQRT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_LOG,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SUM,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MEAN,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ARGMAX,
+        LM_GGML_OP_REPEAT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_REPEAT_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CONCAT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SILU_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_NORM, // normalize
+        LM_GGML_OP_RMS_NORM,
+        LM_GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_GROUP_NORM,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_MUL_MAT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MUL_MAT_ID,
+        LM_GGML_OP_OUT_PROD,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_SCALE,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SET,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CPY,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CONT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_RESHAPE,
+        LM_GGML_OP_VIEW,
+        LM_GGML_OP_PERMUTE,
+        LM_GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE,
+        LM_GGML_OP_GET_ROWS,
+        LM_GGML_OP_GET_ROWS_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_DIAG,
+        LM_GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF,
+        LM_GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ROPE,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CLAMP,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_1D,
+        LM_GGML_OP_IM2COL,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CONV_TRANSPOSE_2D,
+        LM_GGML_OP_POOL_1D,
+        LM_GGML_OP_POOL_2D,
+        LM_GGML_OP_UPSCALE, // nearest interpolate
+        LM_GGML_OP_PAD,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ARANGE,
+        LM_GGML_OP_TIMESTEP_EMBEDDING,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ARGSORT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_LEAKY_RELU,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_EXT,
+        LM_GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_BACK,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SSM_CONV,
+        LM_GGML_OP_SSM_SCAN,
+        LM_GGML_OP_WIN_PART,
+        LM_GGML_OP_WIN_UNPART,
+        LM_GGML_OP_GET_REL_POS,
+        LM_GGML_OP_ADD_REL_POS,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_UNARY,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_UNARY,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_BINARY,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM1_F32,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM2_F32,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM3_F32,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM1,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM2,
+        LM_GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM3,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS,
+        LM_GGML_OP_CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS_BACK,
+
+        LM_GGML_OP_COUNT,
+    };
+
+    enum lm_ggml_unary_op {
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_ABS,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_SGN,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_NEG,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_STEP,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_TANH,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_ELU,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_RELU,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_SIGMOID,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_GELU_QUICK,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_SILU,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_HARDSWISH,
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_HARDSIGMOID,
+
+        LM_GGML_UNARY_OP_COUNT,
+    };
+
+    enum lm_ggml_object_type {
+        LM_GGML_OBJECT_TYPE_TENSOR,
+        LM_GGML_OBJECT_TYPE_GRAPH,
+        LM_GGML_OBJECT_TYPE_WORK_BUFFER
+    };
+
+    enum lm_ggml_log_level {
+        LM_GGML_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR = 2,
+        LM_GGML_LOG_LEVEL_WARN  = 3,
+        LM_GGML_LOG_LEVEL_INFO  = 4,
+        LM_GGML_LOG_LEVEL_DEBUG = 5
+    };
+
+    enum lm_ggml_tensor_flag {
+        LM_GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_INPUT  = 1,
+        LM_GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_OUTPUT = 2,
+        LM_GGML_TENSOR_FLAG_PARAM  = 4,
+    };
+
+    // ggml object
+    struct lm_ggml_object {
+        size_t offs;
+        size_t size;
+
+        struct lm_ggml_object * next;
+
+        enum lm_ggml_object_type type;
+
+        char padding[4];
+    };
+
+    static const size_t LM_GGML_OBJECT_SIZE = sizeof(struct lm_ggml_object);
+
+    // n-dimensional tensor
+    struct lm_ggml_tensor {
+        enum lm_ggml_type         type;
+
+        LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(enum lm_ggml_backend_type backend, "use the buffer type to find the storage location of the tensor");
+
+        struct lm_ggml_backend_buffer * buffer;
+
+        int64_t ne[LM_GGML_MAX_DIMS]; // number of elements
+        size_t  nb[LM_GGML_MAX_DIMS]; // stride in bytes:
+                                   // nb[0] = lm_ggml_type_size(type)
+                                   // nb[1] = nb[0]   * (ne[0] / lm_ggml_blck_size(type)) + padding
+                                   // nb[i] = nb[i-1] * ne[i-1]
+
+        // compute data
+        enum lm_ggml_op op;
+
+        // op params - allocated as int32_t for alignment
+        int32_t op_params[LM_GGML_MAX_OP_PARAMS / sizeof(int32_t)];
+
+        int32_t flags;
+
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor * grad;
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor * src[LM_GGML_MAX_SRC];
+
+        // source tensor and offset for views
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor * view_src;
+        size_t               view_offs;
+
+        void * data;
+
+        char name[LM_GGML_MAX_NAME];
+
+        void * extra; // extra things e.g. for ggml-cuda.cu
+
+        // char padding[4];
+    };
+
+    static const size_t LM_GGML_TENSOR_SIZE = sizeof(struct lm_ggml_tensor);
+
+    // Abort callback
+    // If not NULL, called before ggml computation
+    // If it returns true, the computation is aborted
+    typedef bool (*lm_ggml_abort_callback)(void * data);
+
+    // the compute plan that needs to be prepared for lm_ggml_graph_compute()
+    // since https://github.com/ggerganov/ggml/issues/287
+    struct lm_ggml_cplan {
+        size_t    work_size; // size of work buffer, calculated by `lm_ggml_graph_plan()`
+        uint8_t * work_data; // work buffer, to be allocated by caller before calling to `lm_ggml_graph_compute()`
+
+        int n_threads;
+
+        // abort lm_ggml_graph_compute when true
+        lm_ggml_abort_callback abort_callback;
+        void *              abort_callback_data;
+    };
+
+    enum lm_ggml_cgraph_eval_order {
+        LM_GGML_CGRAPH_EVAL_ORDER_LEFT_TO_RIGHT = 0,
+        LM_GGML_CGRAPH_EVAL_ORDER_RIGHT_TO_LEFT,
+        LM_GGML_CGRAPH_EVAL_ORDER_COUNT
+    };
+
+    struct lm_ggml_hash_set {
+        size_t size;
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor ** keys;
+    };
+
+    // computation graph
+    struct lm_ggml_cgraph {
+        int size;
+        int n_nodes;
+        int n_leafs;
+
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor ** nodes;
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor ** grads;
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor ** leafs;
+
+        struct lm_ggml_hash_set visited_hash_table;
+
+        enum lm_ggml_cgraph_eval_order order;
+    };
+
+    // scratch buffer
+    struct lm_ggml_scratch {
+        size_t offs;
+        size_t size;
+        void * data;
+    };
+
+    struct lm_ggml_init_params {
+        // memory pool
+        size_t mem_size;   // bytes
+        void * mem_buffer; // if NULL, memory will be allocated internally
+        bool   no_alloc;   // don't allocate memory for the tensor data
+    };
+
+    // numa strategies
+    enum lm_ggml_numa_strategy {
+        LM_GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_DISABLED   = 0,
+        LM_GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_DISTRIBUTE = 1,
+        LM_GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_ISOLATE    = 2,
+        LM_GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_NUMACTL    = 3,
+        LM_GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_MIRROR     = 4,
+        LM_GGML_NUMA_STRATEGY_COUNT
+    };
+
+    //
+    // GUID
+    //
+
+    // GUID types
+    typedef uint8_t lm_ggml_guid[16];
+    typedef lm_ggml_guid * lm_ggml_guid_t;
+
+    LM_GGML_API bool lm_ggml_guid_matches(lm_ggml_guid_t guid_a, lm_ggml_guid_t guid_b);
+
+    // misc
+
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_time_init(void); // call this once at the beginning of the program
+    LM_GGML_API int64_t lm_ggml_time_ms(void);
+    LM_GGML_API int64_t lm_ggml_time_us(void);
+    LM_GGML_API int64_t lm_ggml_cycles(void);
+    LM_GGML_API int64_t lm_ggml_cycles_per_ms(void);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_print_backtrace(void);
+
+    // accepts a UTF-8 path, even on Windows
+    LM_GGML_API FILE *  lm_ggml_fopen(const char * fname, const char * mode);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_numa_init(enum lm_ggml_numa_strategy numa); // call once for better performance on NUMA systems
+    LM_GGML_API bool    lm_ggml_is_numa(void); // true if init detected that system has >1 NUMA node
+
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_print_object (const struct lm_ggml_object * obj);
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_print_objects(const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL int64_t lm_ggml_nelements   (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL int64_t lm_ggml_nrows       (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL size_t  lm_ggml_nbytes      (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API           size_t  lm_ggml_nbytes_pad  (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as lm_ggml_nbytes() but padded to LM_GGML_MEM_ALIGN
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL int64_t lm_ggml_blck_size(enum lm_ggml_type type);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL size_t  lm_ggml_type_size(enum lm_ggml_type type);             // size in bytes for all elements in a block
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL size_t  lm_ggml_row_size (enum lm_ggml_type type, int64_t ne); // size in bytes for all elements in a row
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(
+    LM_GGML_API double lm_ggml_type_sizef(enum lm_ggml_type type), // lm_ggml_type_size()/lm_ggml_blck_size() as float
+    "use lm_ggml_row_size() instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL const char * lm_ggml_type_name(enum lm_ggml_type type);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL const char * lm_ggml_op_name  (enum lm_ggml_op   op);
+    LM_GGML_API           const char * lm_ggml_op_symbol(enum lm_ggml_op   op);
+
+    LM_GGML_API           const char * lm_ggml_unary_op_name(enum lm_ggml_unary_op op);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL const char * lm_ggml_op_desc(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * t); // unary or op name
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL size_t  lm_ggml_element_size(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool    lm_ggml_is_quantized(enum lm_ggml_type type);
+
+    // TODO: temporary until model loading of ggml examples is refactored
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_type lm_ggml_ftype_to_lm_ggml_type(enum lm_ggml_ftype ftype);
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_transposed(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_permuted  (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_empty     (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API           bool lm_ggml_is_scalar    (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API           bool lm_ggml_is_vector    (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API           bool lm_ggml_is_matrix    (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API           bool lm_ggml_is_3d        (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API           int  lm_ggml_n_dims       (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor); // returns 1 for scalars
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_contiguous  (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_contiguous_0(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor); // same as lm_ggml_is_contiguous()
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_contiguous_1(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor); // contiguous for dims >= 1
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL bool lm_ggml_is_contiguous_2(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor); // contiguous for dims >= 2
+
+    LM_GGML_API bool lm_ggml_are_same_shape (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * t0, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * t1);
+    LM_GGML_API bool lm_ggml_are_same_stride(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * t0, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * t1);
+
+    // use this to compute the memory overhead of a tensor
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_ggml_tensor_overhead(void);
+
+    LM_GGML_API bool lm_ggml_validate_row_data(enum lm_ggml_type type, const void * data, size_t nbytes);
+
+    // main
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_context * lm_ggml_init(struct lm_ggml_init_params params);
+    LM_GGML_API void                  lm_ggml_free(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+
+    LM_GGML_API size_t  lm_ggml_used_mem(const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+
+    LM_GGML_API size_t  lm_ggml_set_scratch (struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, struct lm_ggml_scratch scratch);
+    LM_GGML_API bool    lm_ggml_get_no_alloc(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_set_no_alloc(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, bool no_alloc);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void *  lm_ggml_get_mem_buffer     (const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API size_t  lm_ggml_get_mem_size       (const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API size_t  lm_ggml_get_max_tensor_size(const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_tensor(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type type,
+            int    n_dims,
+            const int64_t *ne);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_tensor_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type type,
+            int64_t ne0);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_tensor_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type type,
+            int64_t ne0,
+            int64_t ne1);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_tensor_3d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type type,
+            int64_t ne0,
+            int64_t ne1,
+            int64_t ne2);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_tensor_4d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type type,
+            int64_t ne0,
+            int64_t ne1,
+            int64_t ne2,
+            int64_t ne3);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_i32(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, int32_t value);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_new_f32(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, float value);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_dup_tensor (struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * src);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_view_tensor(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, struct lm_ggml_tensor * src);
+
+    // Context tensor enumeration and lookup
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_get_first_tensor(const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_get_next_tensor (const struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_get_tensor(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, const char * name);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_zero(struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_i32 (struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int32_t value);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_f32 (struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, float value);
+
+    // Converts a flat index into coordinates
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_unravel_index(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int64_t i, int64_t * i0, int64_t * i1, int64_t * i2, int64_t * i3);
+
+    LM_GGML_API int32_t lm_ggml_get_i32_1d(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i);
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_set_i32_1d(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, int32_t value);
+
+    LM_GGML_API int32_t lm_ggml_get_i32_nd(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3);
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_set_i32_nd(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, int32_t value);
+
+    LM_GGML_API float   lm_ggml_get_f32_1d(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i);
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_set_f32_1d(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, float value);
+
+    LM_GGML_API float   lm_ggml_get_f32_nd(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3);
+    LM_GGML_API void    lm_ggml_set_f32_nd(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, int i0, int i1, int i2, int i3, float value);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void *  lm_ggml_get_data    (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API float * lm_ggml_get_data_f32(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+
+    LM_GGML_API LM_GGML_CALL enum lm_ggml_unary_op lm_ggml_get_unary_op(const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+
+    LM_GGML_API const char *         lm_ggml_get_name   (const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_name   (      struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * name);
+    LM_GGML_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(2, 3)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_format_name(      struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * fmt, ...);
+
+    //
+    // operations on tensors with backpropagation
+    //
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_dup(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_dup_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add_cast(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type      type);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add1(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add1_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // dst = a
+    // view(dst, nb1, nb2, nb3, offset) += b
+    // return dst
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_acc(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                nb1,
+            size_t                nb2,
+            size_t                nb3,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_acc_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                nb1,
+            size_t                nb2,
+            size_t                nb3,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sub(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sub_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_mul(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_mul_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_div(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_div_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sqr(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sqr_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sqrt(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sqrt_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_log(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_log_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // return scalar
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sum(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // sums along rows, with input shape [a,b,c,d] return shape [1,b,c,d]
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sum_rows(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // mean along rows
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_mean(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // argmax along rows
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_argmax(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // if a is the same shape as b, and a is not parameter, return a
+    // otherwise, return a new tensor: repeat(a) to fit in b
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_repeat(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // sums repetitions in a into shape of b
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_repeat_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // concat a and b along dim
+    // used in stable-diffusion
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_concat(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   dim);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_abs(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_abs_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sgn(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sgn_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_neg(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_neg_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_step(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_step_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_tanh(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_tanh_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_elu(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_elu_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_relu(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_leaky_relu(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a, float negative_slope, bool inplace);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_relu_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sigmoid(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_sigmoid_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_gelu(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_gelu_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_gelu_quick(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_gelu_quick_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_silu(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_silu_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // a - x
+    // b - dy
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_silu_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // hardswish(x) = x * relu6(x + 3) / 6
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_hardswish(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // hardsigmoid(x) = relu6(x + 3) / 6
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_hardsigmoid(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // normalize along rows
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_norm(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 eps);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_norm_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 eps);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rms_norm(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 eps);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rms_norm_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 eps);
+
+    // group normalize along ne0*ne1*n_groups
+    // used in stable-diffusion
+    // TODO: eps is hardcoded to 1e-6 for now
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_group_norm(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_groups);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_group_norm_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_groups);
+
+    // a - x
+    // b - dy
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rms_norm_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            float                 eps);
+
+    // A: k columns, n rows => [ne03, ne02, n, k]
+    // B: k columns, m rows  (i.e. we transpose it internally) => [ne03 * x, ne02 * y, m, k]
+    // result is n columns, m rows => [ne03 * x, ne02 * y, m, n]
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_mul_mat(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // change the precision of a matrix multiplication
+    // set to LM_GGML_PREC_F32 for higher precision (useful for phi-2)
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_mul_mat_set_prec(
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * a,
+            enum lm_ggml_prec       prec);
+
+    // indirect matrix multiplication
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_mul_mat_id(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * as,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * ids);
+
+    // A: m columns, n rows,
+    // B: p columns, n rows,
+    // result is m columns, p rows
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_out_prod(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    //
+    // operations on tensors without backpropagation
+    //
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_scale(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 s);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_scale_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 s);
+
+    // b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return modified a
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                nb1,
+            size_t                nb2,
+            size_t                nb3,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    // b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                nb1,
+            size_t                nb2,
+            size_t                nb3,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_1d_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    // b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return modified a
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                nb1,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    // b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_set_2d_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            size_t                nb1,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    // a -> b, return view(b)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cpy(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cast(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            enum   lm_ggml_type      type);
+
+    // make contiguous
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cont(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // make contiguous, with new shape
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cont_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cont_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cont_3d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            int64_t               ne2);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cont_4d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            int64_t               ne2,
+            int64_t               ne3);
+
+    // return view(a), b specifies the new shape
+    // TODO: when we start computing gradient, make a copy instead of view
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_reshape(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // return view(a)
+    // TODO: when we start computing gradient, make a copy instead of view
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_reshape_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_reshape_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1);
+
+    // return view(a)
+    // TODO: when we start computing gradient, make a copy instead of view
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_reshape_3d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            int64_t               ne2);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_reshape_4d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            int64_t               ne2,
+            int64_t               ne3);
+
+    // offset in bytes
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_view_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_view_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            size_t                nb1, // row stride in bytes
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_view_3d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            int64_t               ne2,
+            size_t                nb1, // row   stride in bytes
+            size_t                nb2, // slice stride in bytes
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_view_4d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int64_t               ne0,
+            int64_t               ne1,
+            int64_t               ne2,
+            int64_t               ne3,
+            size_t                nb1, // row   stride in bytes
+            size_t                nb2, // slice stride in bytes
+            size_t                nb3,
+            size_t                offset);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_permute(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   axis0,
+            int                   axis1,
+            int                   axis2,
+            int                   axis3);
+
+    // alias for lm_ggml_permute(ctx, a, 1, 0, 2, 3)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_transpose(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // supports 3D: a->ne[2] == b->ne[1]
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_get_rows(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_get_rows_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * c);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_diag(
+        struct lm_ggml_context     * ctx,
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor      * a);
+
+    // set elements above the diagonal to -INF
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_diag_mask_inf(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_past);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_diag_mask_inf_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_past);
+
+    // set elements above the diagonal to 0
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_diag_mask_zero(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_past);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_diag_mask_zero_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   n_past);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_soft_max(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_soft_max_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a);
+
+    // fused soft_max(a*scale + mask*(ALiBi slope))
+    // mask is optional
+    // max_bias = 0.0f for no ALiBi
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_soft_max_ext(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * mask,
+            float                 scale,
+            float                 max_bias);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_soft_max_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_soft_max_back_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // rotary position embedding
+    // if mode & 1 == 1, skip n_past elements (NOT SUPPORTED)
+    // if mode & 2 == 1, GPT-NeoX style
+    //
+    // b is an int32 vector with size a->ne[2], it contains the positions
+    // c is freq factors (e.g. phi3-128k), (optional)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode);
+
+    // custom RoPE
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope_ext(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * c,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode,
+            int                   n_ctx_orig,
+            float                 freq_base,
+            float                 freq_scale,
+            float                 ext_factor,
+            float                 attn_factor,
+            float                 beta_fast,
+            float                 beta_slow);
+
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope_ext_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * c,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode,
+            int                   n_ctx_orig,
+            float                 freq_base,
+            float                 freq_scale,
+            float                 ext_factor,
+            float                 attn_factor,
+            float                 beta_fast,
+            float                 beta_slow);
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope_custom(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode,
+            int                   n_ctx_orig,
+            float                 freq_base,
+            float                 freq_scale,
+            float                 ext_factor,
+            float                 attn_factor,
+            float                 beta_fast,
+            float                 beta_slow),
+        "use lm_ggml_rope_ext instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope_custom_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode,
+            int                   n_ctx_orig,
+            float                 freq_base,
+            float                 freq_scale,
+            float                 ext_factor,
+            float                 attn_factor,
+            float                 beta_fast,
+            float                 beta_slow),
+        "use lm_ggml_rope_ext_inplace instead");
+
+    // compute correction dims for YaRN RoPE scaling
+    LM_GGML_CALL void lm_ggml_rope_yarn_corr_dims(
+        int n_dims, int n_ctx_orig, float freq_base, float beta_fast, float beta_slow, float dims[2]);
+
+    // rotary position embedding backward, i.e compute dx from dy
+    // a - dy
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_rope_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * c,
+            int                   n_dims,
+            int                   mode,
+            int                   n_ctx_orig,
+            float                 freq_base,
+            float                 freq_scale,
+            float                 ext_factor,
+            float                 attn_factor,
+            float                 beta_fast,
+            float                 beta_slow);
+
+    // clamp
+    // in-place, returns view(a)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_clamp(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            float                 min,
+            float                 max);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_im2col(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                  s0,
+            int                  s1,
+            int                  p0,
+            int                  p1,
+            int                  d0,
+            int                  d1,
+            bool                 is_2D,
+            enum lm_ggml_type       dst_type);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_depthwise_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                  s0,
+            int                  s1,
+            int                  p0,
+            int                  p1,
+            int                  d0,
+            int                  d1);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   s0,  // stride
+            int                   p0,  // padding
+            int                   d0); // dilation
+
+    // conv_1d with padding = half
+    // alias for lm_ggml_conv_1d(a, b, s, a->ne[0]/2, d)
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor* lm_ggml_conv_1d_ph(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   s,
+            int                   d);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_transpose_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   s0,
+            int                   p0,
+            int                   d0);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   s0,
+            int                   s1,
+            int                   p0,
+            int                   p1,
+            int                   d0,
+            int                   d1);
+
+
+    // kernel size is a->ne[0] x a->ne[1]
+    // stride is equal to kernel size
+    // padding is zero
+    // example:
+    // a:     16   16    3  768
+    // b:   1024 1024    3    1
+    // res:   64   64  768    1
+    // used in sam
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_2d_sk_p0(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    // kernel size is a->ne[0] x a->ne[1]
+    // stride is 1
+    // padding is half
+    // example:
+    // a:      3    3    256  256
+    // b:     64   64    256    1
+    // res:   64   64    256    1
+    // used in sam
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_2d_s1_ph(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_conv_transpose_2d_p0(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * b,
+            int                   stride);
+
+    enum lm_ggml_op_pool {
+        LM_GGML_OP_POOL_MAX,
+        LM_GGML_OP_POOL_AVG,
+        LM_GGML_OP_POOL_COUNT,
+    };
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_pool_1d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            enum lm_ggml_op_pool     op,
+            int                   k0, // kernel size
+            int                   s0, // stride
+            int                   p0); // padding
+
+    // the result will have 2*p0 padding for the first dimension
+    // and 2*p1 padding for the second dimension
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_pool_2d(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            enum lm_ggml_op_pool     op,
+            int                   k0,
+            int                   k1,
+            int                   s0,
+            int                   s1,
+            float                 p0,
+            float                 p1);
+
+    // nearest interpolate
+    // multiplies ne0 and ne1 by scale factor
+    // used in stable-diffusion
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_upscale(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   scale_factor);
+
+    // nearest interpolate
+    // nearest interpolate to specified dimensions
+    // used in tortoise.cpp
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_upscale_ext(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   ne0,
+            int                   ne1,
+            int                   ne2,
+            int                   ne3);
+
+    // pad each dimension with zeros: [x, ..., x] -> [x, ..., x, 0, ..., 0]
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_pad(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                  p0,
+            int                  p1,
+            int                  p2,
+            int                  p3);
+
+    // Ref: https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion/blob/main/ldm/modules/diffusionmodules/util.py#L151
+    // timesteps: [N,]
+    // return: [N, dim]
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_timestep_embedding(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * timesteps,
+            int                   dim,
+            int                   max_period);
+
+    // sort rows
+    enum lm_ggml_sort_order {
+        LM_GGML_SORT_ORDER_ASC,
+        LM_GGML_SORT_ORDER_DESC,
+    };
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_argsort(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            enum lm_ggml_sort_order  order);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_arange(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            float                 start,
+            float                 stop,
+            float                 step);
+
+    // top k elements per row
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_top_k(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   k);
+
+#define LM_GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD 32
+
+    // q:    [n_embd, n_batch,     n_head,    1]
+    // k:    [n_embd, n_kv,        n_head_kv, 1]
+    // v:    [n_embd, n_kv,        n_head_kv, 1] !! not transposed !!
+    // mask: [n_kv,   n_batch_pad, 1,         1] !! n_batch_pad = LM_GGML_PAD(n_batch, LM_GGML_KQ_MASK_PAD) !!
+    // res:  [n_embd, n_head,      n_batch,   1] !! permuted !!
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_flash_attn_ext(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * q,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * k,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * v,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * mask,
+            float                 scale,
+            float                 max_bias);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_flash_attn_ext_set_prec(
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * a,
+            enum lm_ggml_prec       prec);
+
+    // TODO: needs to be adapted to lm_ggml_flash_attn_ext
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_flash_attn_back(
+           struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+           struct lm_ggml_tensor  * q,
+           struct lm_ggml_tensor  * k,
+           struct lm_ggml_tensor  * v,
+           struct lm_ggml_tensor  * d,
+           bool                  masked);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_ssm_conv(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * s,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * x,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * c,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * sq);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_ssm_scan(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * s,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * x,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * dt,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * A,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * B,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * C,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * sq);
+
+    // partition into non-overlapping windows with padding if needed
+    // example:
+    // a:   768   64   64    1
+    // w:    14
+    // res: 768   14   14    25
+    // used in sam
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_win_part(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   w);
+
+    // reverse of lm_ggml_win_part
+    // used in sam
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_win_unpart(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   w0,
+            int                   h0,
+            int                   w);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_unary(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+             struct lm_ggml_tensor * a,
+             enum lm_ggml_unary_op op);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_unary_inplace(
+        struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+        struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+        enum lm_ggml_unary_op op);
+
+    // used in sam
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_get_rel_pos(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            int                   qh,
+            int                   kh);
+
+    // used in sam
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add_rel_pos(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * pw,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * ph);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_add_rel_pos_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * pw,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * ph);
+
+    // custom operators
+
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_unary_op_f32_t) (const int, float *, const float *);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_binary_op_f32_t)(const int, float *, const float *, const float *);
+
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_custom1_op_f32_t)(struct lm_ggml_tensor *, const struct lm_ggml_tensor *);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_custom2_op_f32_t)(struct lm_ggml_tensor *, const struct lm_ggml_tensor *, const struct lm_ggml_tensor *);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_custom3_op_f32_t)(struct lm_ggml_tensor *, const struct lm_ggml_tensor *, const struct lm_ggml_tensor *, const struct lm_ggml_tensor *);
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_unary_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context        * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor         * a,
+                   lm_ggml_unary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom1 instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_unary_inplace_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context        * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor         * a,
+                   lm_ggml_unary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom1_inplace instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_binary_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context         * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * b,
+                   lm_ggml_binary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom2 instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_binary_inplace_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context         * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * b,
+                   lm_ggml_binary_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom2_inplace instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom1_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context          * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * a,
+                   lm_ggml_custom1_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom1 instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom1_inplace_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context          * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * a,
+                   lm_ggml_custom1_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom1_inplace instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom2_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context          * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * b,
+                   lm_ggml_custom2_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom2 instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom2_inplace_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context          * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * b,
+                   lm_ggml_custom2_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom2_inplace instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom3_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context          * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * c,
+                   lm_ggml_custom3_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom3 instead");
+
+    LM_GGML_DEPRECATED(LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom3_inplace_f32(
+            struct lm_ggml_context          * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor           * c,
+                   lm_ggml_custom3_op_f32_t   fun),
+        "use lm_ggml_map_custom3_inplace instead");
+
+    // custom operators v2
+
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_custom1_op_t)(struct lm_ggml_tensor * dst , const struct lm_ggml_tensor * a, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_custom2_op_t)(struct lm_ggml_tensor * dst , const struct lm_ggml_tensor * a, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * b, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_custom3_op_t)(struct lm_ggml_tensor * dst , const struct lm_ggml_tensor * a, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * b, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * c, int ith, int nth, void * userdata);
+
+    #define LM_GGML_N_TASKS_MAX -1
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom1(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * a,
+            lm_ggml_custom1_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom1_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * a,
+            lm_ggml_custom1_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom2(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * b,
+            lm_ggml_custom2_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom2_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * b,
+            lm_ggml_custom2_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom3(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * c,
+            lm_ggml_custom3_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_map_custom3_inplace(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor    * c,
+            lm_ggml_custom3_op_t       fun,
+            int                     n_tasks,
+            void                  * userdata);
+
+    // loss function
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cross_entropy_loss(
+            struct lm_ggml_context         * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * b);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_cross_entropy_loss_back(
+            struct lm_ggml_context         * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * a,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * b,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor          * c);
+
+    //
+    // automatic differentiation
+    //
+
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_set_param(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * tensor);
+
+
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_build_forward_expand (struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_build_backward_expand(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gf, struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gb, bool keep);
+
+    // graph allocation in a context
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_cgraph * lm_ggml_new_graph         (struct lm_ggml_context * ctx); // size = LM_GGML_DEFAULT_GRAPH_SIZE, grads = false
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_cgraph * lm_ggml_new_graph_custom  (struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, size_t size, bool grads);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_cgraph * lm_ggml_graph_dup         (struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_cgraph   lm_ggml_graph_view        (struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int i0, int i1);
+    LM_GGML_API void                 lm_ggml_graph_cpy         (struct lm_ggml_cgraph * src, struct lm_ggml_cgraph * dst);
+    LM_GGML_API void                 lm_ggml_graph_reset       (struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph);  // zero grads
+    LM_GGML_API void                 lm_ggml_graph_clear       (struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_ggml_graph_overhead(void);
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_ggml_graph_overhead_custom(size_t size, bool grads);
+
+    // lm_ggml_graph_plan() has to be called before lm_ggml_graph_compute()
+    // when plan.work_size > 0, caller must allocate memory for plan.work_data
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_cplan lm_ggml_graph_plan            (const struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threads /*= LM_GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS*/);
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_status  lm_ggml_graph_compute         (      struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct lm_ggml_cplan * cplan);
+    // same as lm_ggml_graph_compute() but the work data is allocated as a part of the context
+    // note: the drawback of this API is that you must have ensured that the context has enough memory for the work data
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_status  lm_ggml_graph_compute_with_ctx(struct lm_ggml_context * ctx, struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, int n_threads);
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_tensor * lm_ggml_graph_get_tensor(struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, const char * name);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void                 lm_ggml_graph_export(const struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph, const char * fname);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_cgraph * lm_ggml_graph_import(const char * fname, struct lm_ggml_context ** ctx_data, struct lm_ggml_context ** ctx_eval);
+
+    // print info and performance information for the graph
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_graph_print(const struct lm_ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
+
+    // dump the graph into a file using the dot format
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_graph_dump_dot(const struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gb, const struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gf, const char * filename);
+
+    // build gradient checkpointing backward graph gb for gf using provided checkpoints
+    // gb_tmp will contain original backward graph with rewritten backward process nodes,
+    // but without the second forward pass nodes.
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_build_backward_gradient_checkpointing(
+            struct lm_ggml_context   * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_cgraph    * gf,
+            struct lm_ggml_cgraph    * gb,
+            struct lm_ggml_cgraph    * gb_tmp,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor  * * checkpoints,
+            int                     n_checkpoints);
+    //
+    // optimization
+    //
+
+    // optimization methods
+    enum lm_ggml_opt_type {
+        LM_GGML_OPT_TYPE_ADAM,
+        LM_GGML_OPT_TYPE_LBFGS,
+    };
+
+    // linesearch methods
+    enum lm_ggml_linesearch {
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_DEFAULT = 1,
+
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_ARMIJO       = 0,
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_WOLFE        = 1,
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_STRONG_WOLFE = 2,
+    };
+
+    // optimization return values
+    enum lm_ggml_opt_result {
+        LM_GGML_OPT_RESULT_OK = 0,
+        LM_GGML_OPT_RESULT_DID_NOT_CONVERGE,
+        LM_GGML_OPT_RESULT_NO_CONTEXT,
+        LM_GGML_OPT_RESULT_INVALID_WOLFE,
+        LM_GGML_OPT_RESULT_FAIL,
+        LM_GGML_OPT_RESULT_CANCEL,
+
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_FAIL = -128,
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_MINIMUM_STEP,
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_MAXIMUM_STEP,
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_MAXIMUM_ITERATIONS,
+        LM_GGML_LINESEARCH_INVALID_PARAMETERS,
+    };
+
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_opt_callback)(void * data, int accum_step, float * sched, bool * cancel);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_log_callback)(enum lm_ggml_log_level level, const char * text, void * user_data);
+
+    // optimization parameters
+    //
+    //   see ggml.c (lm_ggml_opt_default_params) for default values
+    //
+    struct lm_ggml_opt_params {
+        enum lm_ggml_opt_type type;
+
+        size_t graph_size;
+
+        int n_threads;
+
+        // delta-based convergence test
+        //
+        //   if past == 0 - disabled
+        //   if past > 0:
+        //     stop if |f(x) - f(x_past)| < delta * max(1, |f(x)|)
+        //
+        int past;
+        float delta;
+
+        // maximum number of iterations without improvement
+        //
+        //   if 0 - disabled
+        //   if > 0:
+        //     assume convergence if no cost improvement in this number of iterations
+        //
+        int max_no_improvement;
+
+        bool print_forward_graph;
+        bool print_backward_graph;
+
+        int n_gradient_accumulation;
+
+        // ADAM parameters
+        struct {
+            int n_iter;
+
+            float sched; // schedule multiplier (fixed, decay or warmup)
+            float decay; // weight decay for AdamW, use 0.0f to disable
+            int   decay_min_ndim; // minimum number of tensor dimension to apply weight decay
+            float alpha; // learning rate
+            float beta1;
+            float beta2;
+            float eps;   // epsilon for numerical stability
+            float eps_f; // epsilon for convergence test
+            float eps_g; // epsilon for convergence test
+            float gclip; // gradient clipping
+        } adam;
+
+        // LBFGS parameters
+        struct {
+            int m; // number of corrections to approximate the inv. Hessian
+            int n_iter;
+            int max_linesearch;
+
+            float eps;      // convergence tolerance
+            float ftol;     // line search tolerance
+            float wolfe;
+            float min_step;
+            float max_step;
+
+            enum lm_ggml_linesearch linesearch;
+        } lbfgs;
+    };
+
+    struct lm_ggml_opt_context {
+        struct lm_ggml_context * ctx;
+        struct lm_ggml_opt_params params;
+
+        int iter;
+        int64_t nx; // number of parameter elements
+
+        bool just_initialized;
+
+        float loss_before;
+        float loss_after;
+
+        struct {
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * g;  // current gradient
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * m;  // first moment
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * v;  // second moment
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * pf; // past function values
+            float fx_best;
+            float fx_prev;
+            int n_no_improvement;
+        } adam;
+
+        struct {
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * x;    // current parameters
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * xp;   // previous parameters
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * g;    // current gradient
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * gp;   // previous gradient
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * d;    // search direction
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * pf;   // past function values
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * lmal; // the L-BFGS memory alpha
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * lmys; // the L-BFGS memory ys
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * lms;  // the L-BFGS memory s
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * lmy;  // the L-BFGS memory y
+            float fx_best;
+            float step;
+            int j;
+            int k;
+            int end;
+            int n_no_improvement;
+        } lbfgs;
+    };
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_ggml_opt_params lm_ggml_opt_default_params(enum lm_ggml_opt_type type);
+
+    // optimize the function defined by the tensor f
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_opt_result lm_ggml_opt(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_opt_params params,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * f);
+
+    // initialize optimizer context
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_opt_init(
+            struct lm_ggml_context     * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_opt_context * opt,
+            struct lm_ggml_opt_params    params,
+            int64_t                   nx);
+
+    // continue optimizing the function defined by the tensor f
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_opt_result lm_ggml_opt_resume(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_opt_context * opt,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * f);
+
+    // continue optimizing the function defined by the tensor f
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_opt_result lm_ggml_opt_resume_g(
+            struct lm_ggml_context * ctx,
+            struct lm_ggml_opt_context * opt,
+            struct lm_ggml_tensor * f,
+            struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gf,
+            struct lm_ggml_cgraph * gb,
+            lm_ggml_opt_callback callback,
+            void * callback_data);
+
+    //
+    // tensor flags
+    //
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_set_input(struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_set_output(struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+
+    //
+    // quantization
+    //
+
+    // - lm_ggml_quantize_init can be called multiple times with the same type
+    //   it will only initialize the quantization tables for the first call or after lm_ggml_quantize_free
+    //   automatically called by lm_ggml_quantize_chunk for convenience
+    //
+    // - lm_ggml_quantize_free will free any memory allocated by lm_ggml_quantize_init
+    //   call this at the end of the program to avoid memory leaks
+    //
+    // note: these are thread-safe
+    //
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_quantize_init(enum lm_ggml_type type);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_ggml_quantize_free(void);
+
+    // some quantization type cannot be used without an importance matrix
+    LM_GGML_API bool lm_ggml_quantize_requires_imatrix(enum lm_ggml_type type);
+
+    // calls lm_ggml_quantize_init internally (i.e. can allocate memory)
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_ggml_quantize_chunk(
+            enum lm_ggml_type   type,
+               const float * src,
+                      void * dst,
+                   int64_t   start,
+                   int64_t   nrows,
+                   int64_t   n_per_row,
+               const float * imatrix);
+
+    //
+    // gguf
+    //
+
+    enum lm_gguf_type {
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_UINT8   = 0,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_INT8    = 1,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_UINT16  = 2,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_INT16   = 3,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_UINT32  = 4,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_INT32   = 5,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT32 = 6,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_BOOL    = 7,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_STRING  = 8,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_ARRAY   = 9,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_UINT64  = 10,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_INT64   = 11,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_FLOAT64 = 12,
+        LM_GGUF_TYPE_COUNT,       // marks the end of the enum
+    };
+
+    struct lm_gguf_context;
+
+    struct lm_gguf_init_params {
+        bool no_alloc;
+
+        // if not NULL, create a lm_ggml_context and allocate the tensor data in it
+        struct lm_ggml_context ** ctx;
+    };
+
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_gguf_context * lm_gguf_init_empty(void);
+    LM_GGML_API struct lm_gguf_context * lm_gguf_init_from_file(const char * fname, struct lm_gguf_init_params params);
+    //LM_GGML_API struct lm_gguf_context * lm_gguf_init_from_buffer(..);
+
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_free(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+
+    LM_GGML_API const char * lm_gguf_type_name(enum lm_gguf_type type);
+
+    LM_GGML_API int    lm_gguf_get_version    (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_gguf_get_alignment  (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_gguf_get_data_offset(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API void * lm_gguf_get_data       (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+
+    LM_GGML_API int          lm_gguf_get_n_kv(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API int          lm_gguf_find_key(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key);
+    LM_GGML_API const char * lm_gguf_get_key (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_gguf_type lm_gguf_get_kv_type (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_gguf_type lm_gguf_get_arr_type(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+
+    // will abort if the wrong type is used for the key
+    LM_GGML_API uint8_t      lm_gguf_get_val_u8  (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API int8_t       lm_gguf_get_val_i8  (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API uint16_t     lm_gguf_get_val_u16 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API int16_t      lm_gguf_get_val_i16 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API uint32_t     lm_gguf_get_val_u32 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API int32_t      lm_gguf_get_val_i32 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API float        lm_gguf_get_val_f32 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API uint64_t     lm_gguf_get_val_u64 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API int64_t      lm_gguf_get_val_i64 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API double       lm_gguf_get_val_f64 (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API bool         lm_gguf_get_val_bool(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API const char * lm_gguf_get_val_str (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API const void * lm_gguf_get_val_data(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API int          lm_gguf_get_arr_n   (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API const void * lm_gguf_get_arr_data(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id);
+    LM_GGML_API const char * lm_gguf_get_arr_str (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int key_id, int i);
+
+    LM_GGML_API int            lm_gguf_get_n_tensors    (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API int            lm_gguf_find_tensor      (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * name);
+    LM_GGML_API size_t         lm_gguf_get_tensor_offset(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    LM_GGML_API char *         lm_gguf_get_tensor_name  (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+    LM_GGML_API enum lm_ggml_type lm_gguf_get_tensor_type  (const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, int i);
+
+    // removes key if it exists
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_remove_key(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key);
+
+    // overrides existing values or adds a new one
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_u8  (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint8_t  val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_i8  (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int8_t   val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_u16 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint16_t val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_i16 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int16_t  val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_u32 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint32_t val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_i32 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int32_t  val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_f32 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, float    val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_u64 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, uint64_t val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_i64 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, int64_t  val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_f64 (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, double   val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_bool(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, bool     val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_val_str (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, const char * val);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_arr_data(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, enum lm_gguf_type type, const void * data, int n);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_arr_str (struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * key, const char ** data, int n);
+
+    // set or add KV pairs from another context
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_kv(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, struct lm_gguf_context * src);
+
+    // manage tensor info
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_add_tensor(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const struct lm_ggml_tensor * tensor);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_tensor_type(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, enum lm_ggml_type type);
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_set_tensor_data(struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * name, const void * data, size_t size);
+
+    // writing gguf files can be done in 2 ways:
+    //
+    // - write the entire lm_gguf_context to a binary file in a single pass:
+    //
+    //   lm_gguf_write_to_file(ctx, fname);
+    //
+    // - first prepare a file with a placeholder for the meta data, write the tensor data, then write the meta data:
+    //
+    //   FILE * f = fopen(fname, "wb");
+    //   fseek(f, lm_gguf_get_meta_size(ctx), SEEK_SET);
+    //   fwrite(f, ...);
+    //   void * data = lm_gguf_meta_get_meta_data(ctx);
+    //   fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    //   fwrite(f, data, lm_gguf_get_meta_size(ctx));
+    //   free(data);
+    //   fclose(f);
+    //
+
+    // write the entire context to a binary file
+    LM_GGML_API void lm_gguf_write_to_file(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, const char * fname, bool only_meta);
+
+    // get the size in bytes of the meta data (header, kv pairs, tensor info) including padding
+    LM_GGML_API size_t lm_gguf_get_meta_size(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx);
+    LM_GGML_API void   lm_gguf_get_meta_data(const struct lm_gguf_context * ctx, void * data);
+
+    //
+    // system info
+    //
+
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx        (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx_vnni   (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx2       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx512     (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vbmi(void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vnni(void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_avx512_bf16(void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_fma        (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_neon       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_sve        (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_arm_fma    (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_metal      (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_f16c       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_fp16_va    (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_wasm_simd  (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_blas       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_cuda       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_vulkan     (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_kompute    (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_gpublas    (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_sse3       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_ssse3      (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_sycl       (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_rpc        (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_vsx        (void);
+    LM_GGML_API int lm_ggml_cpu_has_matmul_int8(void);
+
+    //
+    // Internal types and functions exposed for tests and benchmarks
+    //
+
+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+// restrict not standard in C++
+#define LM_GGML_RESTRICT
+#else
+#define LM_GGML_RESTRICT restrict
+#endif
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_to_float_t)  (const void  * LM_GGML_RESTRICT x, float * LM_GGML_RESTRICT y, int64_t k);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_from_float_t)(const float * LM_GGML_RESTRICT x, void  * LM_GGML_RESTRICT y, int64_t k);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_from_float_to_mat_t)
+                                     (const float * LM_GGML_RESTRICT x, void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT y, int64_t nr, int64_t k, int64_t bs);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_vec_dot_t)  (int n, float * LM_GGML_RESTRICT s, size_t bs, const void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT x, size_t bx,
+                                       const void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT y, size_t by, int nrc);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_gemv_t)     (int n, float * LM_GGML_RESTRICT s, size_t bs, const void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT x,
+                                       const void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT y, int nr, int nc);
+    typedef void (*lm_ggml_gemm_t)     (int n, float * LM_GGML_RESTRICT s, size_t bs, const void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT x,
+                                       const void * LM_GGML_RESTRICT y, int nr, int nc);
+
+    typedef struct {
+        const char             * type_name;
+        int64_t                  blck_size;
+        int64_t                  blck_size_interleave; // interleave elements in blocks
+        size_t                   type_size;
+        bool                     is_quantized;
+        lm_ggml_to_float_t          to_float;
+        lm_ggml_from_float_t        from_float;
+        lm_ggml_from_float_t        from_float_ref;
+        lm_ggml_from_float_to_mat_t from_float_to_mat;
+        lm_ggml_vec_dot_t           vec_dot;
+        enum lm_ggml_type           vec_dot_type;
+        int64_t                  nrows; // number of rows to process simultaneously
+        int64_t                  ncols; // number of columns to process simultaneously
+        lm_ggml_gemv_t              gemv;
+        lm_ggml_gemm_t              gemm;
+    } lm_ggml_type_traits_t;
+
+    LM_GGML_API lm_ggml_type_traits_t lm_ggml_internal_get_type_traits(enum lm_ggml_type type);
+
+#ifdef  __cplusplus
+}
+#endif