cross-image 0.2.2 → 0.2.4

package/esm/src/formats/jpeg.js

@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ export class JPEGFormat {
             const numEntries = littleEndian
                 ? exifData[ifd0Offset] | (exifData[ifd0Offset + 1] << 8)
                 : (exifData[ifd0Offset] << 8) | exifData[ifd0Offset + 1];
+            let gpsIfdOffset = 0;
             // Parse entries
             for (let i = 0; i < numEntries; i++) {
                 const entryOffset = ifd0Offset + 2 + i * 12;
@@ -345,12 +346,306 @@ export class JPEGFormat {
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                // Make tag (0x010F)
+                if (tag === 0x010f) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset < exifData.length) {
+                        const endIndex = exifData.indexOf(0, valueOffset);
+                        if (endIndex > valueOffset) {
+                            metadata.cameraMake = new TextDecoder().decode(exifData.slice(valueOffset, endIndex));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Model tag (0x0110)
+                if (tag === 0x0110) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset < exifData.length) {
+                        const endIndex = exifData.indexOf(0, valueOffset);
+                        if (endIndex > valueOffset) {
+                            metadata.cameraModel = new TextDecoder().decode(exifData.slice(valueOffset, endIndex));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Orientation tag (0x0112)
+                if (tag === 0x0112) {
+                    const value = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 9];
+                    metadata.orientation = value;
+                }
+                // Software tag (0x0131)
+                if (tag === 0x0131) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset < exifData.length) {
+                        const endIndex = exifData.indexOf(0, valueOffset);
+                        if (endIndex > valueOffset) {
+                            metadata.software = new TextDecoder().decode(exifData.slice(valueOffset, endIndex));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // GPS IFD Pointer tag (0x8825)
+                if (tag === 0x8825) {
+                    gpsIfdOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                }
+                // ExifIFD Pointer tag (0x8769) - points to EXIF Sub-IFD
+                const type = littleEndian
+                    ? exifData[entryOffset + 2] | (exifData[entryOffset + 3] << 8)
+                    : (exifData[entryOffset + 2] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 3];
+                if (tag === 0x8769 && type === 4) {
+                    const exifIfdOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (exifIfdOffset > 0 && exifIfdOffset + 2 <= exifData.length) {
+                        this.parseExifSubIFD(exifData, exifIfdOffset, littleEndian, metadata);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Parse GPS IFD if present
+            if (gpsIfdOffset > 0 && gpsIfdOffset + 2 <= exifData.length) {
+                this.parseGPSIFD(exifData, gpsIfdOffset, littleEndian, metadata);
             }
         }
         catch (_e) {
             // Ignore EXIF parsing errors
         }
     }
+    parseExifSubIFD(exifData, exifIfdOffset, littleEndian, metadata) {
+        try {
+            const numEntries = littleEndian
+                ? exifData[exifIfdOffset] | (exifData[exifIfdOffset + 1] << 8)
+                : (exifData[exifIfdOffset] << 8) | exifData[exifIfdOffset + 1];
+            for (let i = 0; i < numEntries; i++) {
+                const entryOffset = exifIfdOffset + 2 + i * 12;
+                if (entryOffset + 12 > exifData.length)
+                    break;
+                const tag = littleEndian
+                    ? exifData[entryOffset] | (exifData[entryOffset + 1] << 8)
+                    : (exifData[entryOffset] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 1];
+                const type = littleEndian
+                    ? exifData[entryOffset + 2] | (exifData[entryOffset + 3] << 8)
+                    : (exifData[entryOffset + 2] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 3];
+                // ExposureTime tag (0x829A) - RATIONAL
+                if (tag === 0x829a && type === 5) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset + 8 <= exifData.length) {
+                        metadata.exposureTime = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset, littleEndian);
+                    }
+                }
+                // FNumber tag (0x829D) - RATIONAL
+                if (tag === 0x829d && type === 5) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset + 8 <= exifData.length) {
+                        metadata.fNumber = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset, littleEndian);
+                    }
+                }
+                // ISOSpeedRatings tag (0x8827) - SHORT
+                if (tag === 0x8827 && type === 3) {
+                    metadata.iso = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 9];
+                }
+                // FocalLength tag (0x920A) - RATIONAL
+                if (tag === 0x920a && type === 5) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset + 8 <= exifData.length) {
+                        metadata.focalLength = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset, littleEndian);
+                    }
+                }
+                // UserComment tag (0x9286) - UNDEFINED
+                if (tag === 0x9286) {
+                    const count = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 4] | (exifData[entryOffset + 5] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 6] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 7] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 4] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 5] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 6] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 7];
+                    if (count > 8) {
+                        const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                            ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                                (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                                (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                            : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                                (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                                (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                        if (valueOffset + count <= exifData.length) {
+                            // Skip 8-byte character code prefix
+                            const commentData = exifData.slice(valueOffset + 8, valueOffset + count);
+                            metadata.userComment = new TextDecoder().decode(commentData)
+                                .replace(/\0+$/, "");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Flash tag (0x9209) - SHORT
+                if (tag === 0x9209 && type === 3) {
+                    metadata.flash = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 9];
+                }
+                // WhiteBalance tag (0xA403) - SHORT
+                if (tag === 0xa403 && type === 3) {
+                    metadata.whiteBalance = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 9];
+                }
+                // LensMake tag (0xA433) - ASCII
+                if (tag === 0xa433 && type === 2) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset < exifData.length) {
+                        const endIndex = exifData.indexOf(0, valueOffset);
+                        if (endIndex > valueOffset) {
+                            metadata.lensMake = new TextDecoder().decode(exifData.slice(valueOffset, endIndex));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // LensModel tag (0xA434) - ASCII
+                if (tag === 0xa434 && type === 2) {
+                    const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                        ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                        : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                            (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                    if (valueOffset < exifData.length) {
+                        const endIndex = exifData.indexOf(0, valueOffset);
+                        if (endIndex > valueOffset) {
+                            metadata.lensModel = new TextDecoder().decode(exifData.slice(valueOffset, endIndex));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (_e) {
+            // Ignore EXIF Sub-IFD parsing errors
+        }
+    }
+    parseGPSIFD(exifData, gpsIfdOffset, littleEndian, metadata) {
+        try {
+            const numEntries = littleEndian
+                ? exifData[gpsIfdOffset] | (exifData[gpsIfdOffset + 1] << 8)
+                : (exifData[gpsIfdOffset] << 8) | exifData[gpsIfdOffset + 1];
+            let latRef = "";
+            let lonRef = "";
+            let latitude;
+            let longitude;
+            for (let i = 0; i < numEntries; i++) {
+                const entryOffset = gpsIfdOffset + 2 + i * 12;
+                if (entryOffset + 12 > exifData.length)
+                    break;
+                const tag = littleEndian
+                    ? exifData[entryOffset] | (exifData[entryOffset + 1] << 8)
+                    : (exifData[entryOffset] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 1];
+                const type = littleEndian
+                    ? exifData[entryOffset + 2] | (exifData[entryOffset + 3] << 8)
+                    : (exifData[entryOffset + 2] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 3];
+                const valueOffset = littleEndian
+                    ? exifData[entryOffset + 8] | (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 8) |
+                        (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 16) |
+                        (exifData[entryOffset + 11] << 24)
+                    : (exifData[entryOffset + 8] << 24) |
+                        (exifData[entryOffset + 9] << 16) |
+                        (exifData[entryOffset + 10] << 8) | exifData[entryOffset + 11];
+                // GPSLatitudeRef (0x0001) - 'N' or 'S'
+                if (tag === 0x0001 && type === 2) {
+                    latRef = String.fromCharCode(exifData[entryOffset + 8]);
+                }
+                // GPSLatitude (0x0002) - three rationals: degrees, minutes, seconds
+                if (tag === 0x0002 && type === 5 && valueOffset + 24 <= exifData.length) {
+                    const degrees = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset, littleEndian);
+                    const minutes = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset + 8, littleEndian);
+                    const seconds = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset + 16, littleEndian);
+                    latitude = degrees + minutes / 60 + seconds / 3600;
+                }
+                // GPSLongitudeRef (0x0003) - 'E' or 'W'
+                if (tag === 0x0003 && type === 2) {
+                    lonRef = String.fromCharCode(exifData[entryOffset + 8]);
+                }
+                // GPSLongitude (0x0004) - three rationals: degrees, minutes, seconds
+                if (tag === 0x0004 && type === 5 && valueOffset + 24 <= exifData.length) {
+                    const degrees = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset, littleEndian);
+                    const minutes = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset + 8, littleEndian);
+                    const seconds = this.readRational(exifData, valueOffset + 16, littleEndian);
+                    longitude = degrees + minutes / 60 + seconds / 3600;
+                }
+            }
+            // Apply hemisphere references
+            if (latitude !== undefined && latRef) {
+                metadata.latitude = latRef === "S" ? -latitude : latitude;
+            }
+            if (longitude !== undefined && lonRef) {
+                metadata.longitude = lonRef === "W" ? -longitude : longitude;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (_e) {
+            // Ignore GPS parsing errors
+        }
+    }
+    readRational(data, offset, littleEndian) {
+        const numerator = littleEndian
+            ? data[offset] | (data[offset + 1] << 8) | (data[offset + 2] << 16) |
+                (data[offset + 3] << 24)
+            : (data[offset] << 24) | (data[offset + 1] << 16) |
+                (data[offset + 2] << 8) | data[offset + 3];
+        const denominator = littleEndian
+            ? data[offset + 4] | (data[offset + 5] << 8) | (data[offset + 6] << 16) |
+                (data[offset + 7] << 24)
+            : (data[offset + 4] << 24) | (data[offset + 5] << 16) |
+                (data[offset + 6] << 8) | data[offset + 7];
+        return denominator !== 0 ? numerator / denominator : 0;
+    }
     createEXIFData(metadata) {
         const entries = [];
         // Add DateTime if available
@@ -387,7 +682,55 @@ export class JPEGFormat {
                 value: new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.copyright + "\0"),
             });
         }
-        if (entries.length === 0)
+        // Add Make (camera manufacturer)
+        if (metadata.cameraMake) {
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0x010f,
+                type: 2,
+                value: new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.cameraMake + "\0"),
+            });
+        }
+        // Add Model (camera model)
+        if (metadata.cameraModel) {
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0x0110,
+                type: 2,
+                value: new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.cameraModel + "\0"),
+            });
+        }
+        // Add Orientation
+        if (metadata.orientation !== undefined) {
+            const orientationBytes = new Uint8Array(2);
+            orientationBytes[0] = metadata.orientation & 0xff;
+            orientationBytes[1] = (metadata.orientation >> 8) & 0xff;
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0x0112,
+                type: 3, // SHORT
+                value: orientationBytes,
+            });
+        }
+        // Add Software
+        if (metadata.software) {
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0x0131,
+                type: 2,
+                value: new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.software + "\0"),
+            });
+        }
+        // Check if we have GPS data
+        const hasGPS = metadata.latitude !== undefined &&
+            metadata.longitude !== undefined;
+        // Check if we have Exif Sub-IFD data
+        const hasExifSubIFD = metadata.iso !== undefined ||
+            metadata.exposureTime !== undefined ||
+            metadata.fNumber !== undefined ||
+            metadata.focalLength !== undefined ||
+            metadata.flash !== undefined ||
+            metadata.whiteBalance !== undefined ||
+            metadata.lensMake !== undefined ||
+            metadata.lensModel !== undefined ||
+            metadata.userComment !== undefined;
+        if (entries.length === 0 && !hasGPS && !hasExifSubIFD)
             return [];
         // Build EXIF structure
         const exif = [];
@@ -396,10 +739,12 @@ export class JPEGFormat {
         exif.push(0x2a, 0x00); // 42
         // Offset to IFD0 (8 bytes from start)
         exif.push(0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
-        // Number of entries
-        exif.push(entries.length & 0xff, (entries.length >> 8) & 0xff);
+        // Number of entries (add GPS IFD pointer and Exif Sub-IFD pointer if needed)
+        const ifd0Entries = entries.length + (hasGPS ? 1 : 0) +
+            (hasExifSubIFD ? 1 : 0);
+        exif.push(ifd0Entries & 0xff, (ifd0Entries >> 8) & 0xff);
         // Calculate data offset
-        let dataOffset = 8 + 2 + entries.length * 12 + 4;
+        let dataOffset = 8 + 2 + ifd0Entries * 12 + 4;
         for (const entry of entries) {
             // Tag
             exif.push(entry.tag & 0xff, (entry.tag >> 8) & 0xff);
@@ -419,6 +764,26 @@ export class JPEGFormat {
                 dataOffset += entry.value.length;
             }
         }
+        // Add Exif Sub-IFD pointer if we have camera metadata
+        let exifSubIfdOffset = 0;
+        if (hasExifSubIFD) {
+            exifSubIfdOffset = dataOffset;
+            // Exif IFD Pointer tag (0x8769), type 4 (LONG), count 1
+            exif.push(0x69, 0x87); // Tag
+            exif.push(0x04, 0x00); // Type
+            exif.push(0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+            exif.push(exifSubIfdOffset & 0xff, (exifSubIfdOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (exifSubIfdOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (exifSubIfdOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+        }
+        // Add GPS IFD pointer if we have GPS data
+        let gpsIfdOffset = 0;
+        if (hasGPS) {
+            gpsIfdOffset = dataOffset;
+            // GPS IFD Pointer tag (0x8825), type 4 (LONG), count 1
+            exif.push(0x25, 0x88); // Tag
+            exif.push(0x04, 0x00); // Type
+            exif.push(0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+            exif.push(gpsIfdOffset & 0xff, (gpsIfdOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (gpsIfdOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (gpsIfdOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+        }
         // Next IFD offset (0 = no more IFDs)
         exif.push(0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
         // Append data for entries that didn't fit in value field
@@ -429,6 +794,346 @@ export class JPEGFormat {
                 }
             }
         }
+        // Add Exif Sub-IFD if we have camera metadata
+        if (hasExifSubIFD) {
+            const exifSubIfd = this.createExifSubIFD(metadata, exifSubIfdOffset);
+            for (const byte of exifSubIfd) {
+                exif.push(byte);
+            }
+            // Update GPS offset since we added the Sub-IFD
+            if (hasGPS) {
+                gpsIfdOffset = exif.length;
+            }
+        }
+        // Add GPS IFD if we have GPS data
+        if (hasGPS) {
+            const gpsIfd = this.createGPSIFD(metadata, gpsIfdOffset);
+            for (const byte of gpsIfd) {
+                exif.push(byte);
+            }
+        }
         return exif;
     }
+    createGPSIFD(metadata, gpsIfdStart) {
+        const gps = [];
+        // We'll create 4 GPS entries: LatitudeRef, Latitude, LongitudeRef, Longitude
+        const numEntries = 4;
+        gps.push(numEntries & 0xff, (numEntries >> 8) & 0xff);
+        const latitude = metadata.latitude;
+        const longitude = metadata.longitude;
+        // Convert to absolute values for DMS calculation
+        const absLat = Math.abs(latitude);
+        const absLon = Math.abs(longitude);
+        // Calculate degrees, minutes, seconds
+        const latDeg = Math.floor(absLat);
+        const latMin = Math.floor((absLat - latDeg) * 60);
+        const latSec = ((absLat - latDeg) * 60 - latMin) * 60;
+        const lonDeg = Math.floor(absLon);
+        const lonMin = Math.floor((absLon - lonDeg) * 60);
+        const lonSec = ((absLon - lonDeg) * 60 - lonMin) * 60;
+        // Calculate offset for rational data (relative to start of EXIF data, not GPS IFD)
+        let dataOffset = gpsIfdStart + 2 + numEntries * 12 + 4;
+        // Entry 1: GPSLatitudeRef (tag 0x0001)
+        gps.push(0x01, 0x00); // Tag
+        gps.push(0x02, 0x00); // Type (ASCII)
+        gps.push(0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count (2 bytes including null)
+        // Value stored inline: 'N' or 'S' + null
+        gps.push(latitude >= 0 ? 78 : 83, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // 'N' = 78, 'S' = 83
+        // Entry 2: GPSLatitude (tag 0x0002)
+        gps.push(0x02, 0x00); // Tag
+        gps.push(0x05, 0x00); // Type (RATIONAL)
+        gps.push(0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count (3 rationals)
+        gps.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+        dataOffset += 24; // 3 rationals * 8 bytes
+        // Entry 3: GPSLongitudeRef (tag 0x0003)
+        gps.push(0x03, 0x00); // Tag
+        gps.push(0x02, 0x00); // Type (ASCII)
+        gps.push(0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+        gps.push(longitude >= 0 ? 69 : 87, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // 'E' = 69, 'W' = 87
+        // Entry 4: GPSLongitude (tag 0x0004)
+        gps.push(0x04, 0x00); // Tag
+        gps.push(0x05, 0x00); // Type (RATIONAL)
+        gps.push(0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+        gps.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+        // Next IFD offset (0 = no more IFDs)
+        gps.push(0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
+        // Write latitude rationals (degrees, minutes, seconds)
+        this.writeRational(gps, latDeg, 1);
+        this.writeRational(gps, latMin, 1);
+        this.writeRational(gps, Math.round(latSec * 1000000), 1000000);
+        // Write longitude rationals
+        this.writeRational(gps, lonDeg, 1);
+        this.writeRational(gps, lonMin, 1);
+        this.writeRational(gps, Math.round(lonSec * 1000000), 1000000);
+        return gps;
+    }
+    createExifSubIFD(metadata, exifIfdStart) {
+        const entries = [];
+        // ISO Speed Ratings (0x8827) - SHORT
+        if (metadata.iso !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0x8827,
+                type: 3,
+                data: [metadata.iso & 0xff, (metadata.iso >> 8) & 0xff],
+            });
+        }
+        // Exposure Time (0x829A) - RATIONAL
+        if (metadata.exposureTime !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({ tag: 0x829a, type: 5, data: [] }); // Will add offset later
+        }
+        // FNumber (0x829D) - RATIONAL
+        if (metadata.fNumber !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({ tag: 0x829d, type: 5, data: [] }); // Will add offset later
+        }
+        // Flash (0x9209) - SHORT
+        if (metadata.flash !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0x9209,
+                type: 3,
+                data: [metadata.flash & 0xff, (metadata.flash >> 8) & 0xff],
+            });
+        }
+        // Focal Length (0x920A) - RATIONAL
+        if (metadata.focalLength !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({ tag: 0x920a, type: 5, data: [] }); // Will add offset later
+        }
+        // User Comment (0x9286) - UNDEFINED
+        if (metadata.userComment !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({ tag: 0x9286, type: 7, data: [] }); // Will add offset later
+        }
+        // White Balance (0xA403) - SHORT
+        if (metadata.whiteBalance !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({
+                tag: 0xa403,
+                type: 3,
+                data: [
+                    metadata.whiteBalance & 0xff,
+                    (metadata.whiteBalance >> 8) & 0xff,
+                ],
+            });
+        }
+        // Lens Make (0xA433) - ASCII
+        if (metadata.lensMake !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({ tag: 0xa433, type: 2, data: [] }); // Will add offset later
+        }
+        // Lens Model (0xA434) - ASCII
+        if (metadata.lensModel !== undefined) {
+            entries.push({ tag: 0xa434, type: 2, data: [] }); // Will add offset later
+        }
+        const exifSubIfd = [];
+        const numEntries = entries.length;
+        exifSubIfd.push(numEntries & 0xff, (numEntries >> 8) & 0xff);
+        let dataOffset = exifIfdStart + 2 + numEntries * 12 + 4;
+        // Write entry headers
+        for (const entry of entries) {
+            exifSubIfd.push(entry.tag & 0xff, (entry.tag >> 8) & 0xff);
+            exifSubIfd.push(entry.type & 0xff, (entry.type >> 8) & 0xff);
+            if (entry.tag === 0x829a && metadata.exposureTime !== undefined) {
+                // Exposure Time - 1 RATIONAL
+                exifSubIfd.push(0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+                exifSubIfd.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+                dataOffset += 8;
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0x829d && metadata.fNumber !== undefined) {
+                // FNumber - 1 RATIONAL
+                exifSubIfd.push(0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+                exifSubIfd.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+                dataOffset += 8;
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0x920a && metadata.focalLength !== undefined) {
+                // Focal Length - 1 RATIONAL
+                exifSubIfd.push(0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+                exifSubIfd.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+                dataOffset += 8;
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0x9286 && metadata.userComment !== undefined) {
+                // User Comment - UNDEFINED with character code
+                const commentBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.userComment);
+                const totalLength = 8 + commentBytes.length; // 8 bytes for character code
+                exifSubIfd.push(totalLength & 0xff, (totalLength >> 8) & 0xff, (totalLength >> 16) & 0xff, (totalLength >> 24) & 0xff);
+                exifSubIfd.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+                dataOffset += totalLength;
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0xa433 && metadata.lensMake !== undefined) {
+                // Lens Make - ASCII
+                const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.lensMake + "\0");
+                exifSubIfd.push(bytes.length & 0xff, (bytes.length >> 8) & 0xff, (bytes.length >> 16) & 0xff, (bytes.length >> 24) & 0xff);
+                exifSubIfd.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+                dataOffset += bytes.length;
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0xa434 && metadata.lensModel !== undefined) {
+                // Lens Model - ASCII
+                const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.lensModel + "\0");
+                exifSubIfd.push(bytes.length & 0xff, (bytes.length >> 8) & 0xff, (bytes.length >> 16) & 0xff, (bytes.length >> 24) & 0xff);
+                exifSubIfd.push(dataOffset & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 8) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 16) & 0xff, (dataOffset >> 24) & 0xff);
+                dataOffset += bytes.length;
+            }
+            else {
+                // SHORT types stored inline
+                exifSubIfd.push(0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00); // Count
+                exifSubIfd.push(...entry.data, 0x00, 0x00); // Value (4 bytes)
+            }
+        }
+        // Next IFD offset
+        exifSubIfd.push(0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
+        // Write data for RATIONAL and ASCII types
+        for (const entry of entries) {
+            if (entry.tag === 0x829a && metadata.exposureTime !== undefined) {
+                // Convert exposure time to rational (numerator/denominator)
+                const [num, den] = this.toRational(metadata.exposureTime);
+                this.writeRational(exifSubIfd, num, den);
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0x829d && metadata.fNumber !== undefined) {
+                const [num, den] = this.toRational(metadata.fNumber);
+                this.writeRational(exifSubIfd, num, den);
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0x920a && metadata.focalLength !== undefined) {
+                const [num, den] = this.toRational(metadata.focalLength);
+                this.writeRational(exifSubIfd, num, den);
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0x9286 && metadata.userComment !== undefined) {
+                // Character code: ASCII (8 bytes)
+                exifSubIfd.push(0x41, 0x53, 0x43, 0x49, 0x49, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
+                const commentBytes = new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.userComment);
+                for (const byte of commentBytes) {
+                    exifSubIfd.push(byte);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0xa433 && metadata.lensMake !== undefined) {
+                const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.lensMake + "\0");
+                for (const byte of bytes) {
+                    exifSubIfd.push(byte);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (entry.tag === 0xa434 && metadata.lensModel !== undefined) {
+                const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode(metadata.lensModel + "\0");
+                for (const byte of bytes) {
+                    exifSubIfd.push(byte);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return exifSubIfd;
+    }
+    toRational(value) {
+        // Convert decimal to rational representation
+        // Try to find a reasonable denominator
+        const denominators = [1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000];
+        for (const den of denominators) {
+            const num = Math.round(value * den);
+            if (Math.abs(num / den - value) < 0.000001) {
+                return [num, den];
+            }
+        }
+        // Fallback
+        return [Math.round(value * 1000000), 1000000];
+    }
+    writeRational(output, numerator, denominator) {
+        // Write as little endian
+        output.push(numerator & 0xff, (numerator >> 8) & 0xff, (numerator >> 16) & 0xff, (numerator >> 24) & 0xff);
+        output.push(denominator & 0xff, (denominator >> 8) & 0xff, (denominator >> 16) & 0xff, (denominator >> 24) & 0xff);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Get the list of metadata fields supported by JPEG format
+     */
+    getSupportedMetadata() {
+        return [
+            "creationDate",
+            "description",
+            "author",
+            "copyright",
+            "cameraMake",
+            "cameraModel",
+            "orientation",
+            "software",
+            "latitude",
+            "longitude",
+            "iso",
+            "exposureTime",
+            "fNumber",
+            "focalLength",
+            "flash",
+            "whiteBalance",
+            "lensMake",
+            "lensModel",
+            "userComment",
+            "dpiX",
+            "dpiY",
+        ];
+    }
+    /**
+     * Extract metadata from JPEG data without fully decoding the pixel data
+     * This quickly parses JFIF and EXIF markers to extract metadata
+     * @param data Raw JPEG data
+     * @returns Extracted metadata or undefined
+     */
+    extractMetadata(data) {
+        if (!this.canDecode(data)) {
+            return Promise.resolve(undefined);
+        }
+        // Parse JPEG structure to extract metadata
+        let pos = 2; // Skip initial FF D8
+        const metadata = {
+            format: "jpeg",
+            compression: "dct",
+            frameCount: 1,
+            bitDepth: 8,
+            colorType: "rgb",
+        };
+        let width = 0;
+        let height = 0;
+        while (pos < data.length - 1) {
+            if (data[pos] !== 0xff) {
+                pos++;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const marker = data[pos + 1];
+            pos += 2;
+            // SOF markers (Start of Frame) - get dimensions for DPI calculation
+            if (marker >= 0xc0 && marker <= 0xcf &&
+                marker !== 0xc4 && marker !== 0xc8 && marker !== 0xcc) {
+                const length = (data[pos] << 8) | data[pos + 1];
+                // precision at pos+2
+                const precision = data[pos + 2];
+                if (precision && precision !== 8) {
+                    metadata.bitDepth = precision;
+                }
+                height = (data[pos + 3] << 8) | data[pos + 4];
+                width = (data[pos + 5] << 8) | data[pos + 6];
+                // Check number of components
+                const numComponents = data[pos + 7];
+                if (numComponents === 1) {
+                    metadata.colorType = "grayscale";
+                }
+                // Don't break - continue parsing for metadata
+                pos += length;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // APP0 marker (JFIF)
+            if (marker === 0xe0) {
+                const length = (data[pos] << 8) | data[pos + 1];
+                const appData = data.slice(pos + 2, pos + length);
+                this.parseJFIF(appData, metadata, width, height);
+                pos += length;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // APP1 marker (EXIF)
+            if (marker === 0xe1) {
+                const length = (data[pos] << 8) | data[pos + 1];
+                const appData = data.slice(pos + 2, pos + length);
+                this.parseEXIF(appData, metadata);
+                pos += length;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Skip other markers
+            if (marker === 0xd9 || marker === 0xda)
+                break; // EOI or SOS
+            if (marker >= 0xd0 && marker <= 0xd8)
+                continue; // RST markers have no length
+            if (marker === 0x01)
+                continue; // TEM has no length
+            const length = (data[pos] << 8) | data[pos + 1];
+            pos += length;
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve(Object.keys(metadata).length > 0 ? metadata : undefined);
+    }
 }