couchbase 4.3.0 → 4.4.0

package/deps/couchbase-cxx-cache/fmt/d3c862243fcf1c41b4c09903f35479bd42f135b7/fmt/include/fmt/core.h

@@ -0,0 +1,2969 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - the core API for char/UTF-8
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_CORE_H_
+#define FMT_CORE_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>  // std::byte
+#include <cstdio>   // std::FILE
+#include <cstring>  // std::strlen
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>  // std::addressof
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
+#define FMT_VERSION 100201
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__ibmxl__)
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && \
+    !defined(__NVCOMPILER)
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_GCC_PRAGMA
+// Workaround _Pragma bug https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59884.
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 504
+#    define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg) _Pragma(arg)
+#  else
+#    define FMT_GCC_PRAGMA(arg)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ICL
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...) __pragma(warning(__VA_ARGS__))
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_VERSION 0
+#  define FMT_MSC_WARNING(...)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSVC_LANG
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS _MSVC_LANG
+#else
+#  define FMT_CPLUSPLUS __cplusplus
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__has_include) || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1600 || FMT_MSC_VERSION > 1900
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+// Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
+// GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
+#ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1912 || \
+       (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L)) &&             \
+      !FMT_ICC_VERSION && (!defined(__NVCC__) || FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L)
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+
+#if (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L ||                                \
+     (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L && FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1002)) &&  \
+    ((!defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) || _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 10) &&  \
+     (!defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 10000) && \
+     (!FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1928)) &&          \
+    defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated)
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20 constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR20
+#endif
+
+// Check if constexpr std::char_traits<>::{compare,length} are supported.
+#if defined(__GLIBCXX__)
+#  if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && \
+      _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 7  // GCC 7+ libstdc++ has _GLIBCXX_RELEASE.
+#    define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#  endif
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L && \
+    _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 4000
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#elif FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1914 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS constexpr
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+#endif
+
+// Check if exceptions are disabled.
+#ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
+      (FMT_MSC_VERSION && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS)
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#  else
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Disable [[noreturn]] on MSVC/NVCC because of bogus unreachable code warnings.
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VERSION && \
+    !defined(__NVCC__)
+#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NODISCARD
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(nodiscard)
+#    define FMT_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_NODISCARD
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_INLINE
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(It) \
+    using _Unchecked_type = It  // Mark iterator as checked.
+#else
+#  define FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(It) using unchecked_type = It
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
+    namespace fmt {           \
+    inline namespace v10 {
+#  define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+    }                       \
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+#  define FMT_END_EXPORT
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_VISIBILITY(value) __attribute__((visibility(value)))
+#else
+#  define FMT_VISIBILITY(value)
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
+#  if defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#  endif
+#elif defined(FMT_LIB_EXPORT) || defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#  define FMT_API FMT_VISIBILITY("default")
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_API
+#  define FMT_API
+#endif
+
+// libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
+#if FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) && \
+    (FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))
+#  include <string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
+#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("experimental/string_view") && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L
+#  include <experimental/string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_UNICODE
+#  define FMT_UNICODE !FMT_MSC_VERSION
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  if ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1000 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1101) && \
+       (!defined(__apple_build_version__) ||                     \
+        __apple_build_version__ >= 14000029L) &&                 \
+       FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L) ||                              \
+      (defined(__cpp_consteval) &&                               \
+       (!FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1929))
+// consteval is broken in MSVC before VS2019 version 16.10 and Apple clang
+// before 14.
+#    define FMT_CONSTEVAL consteval
+#    define FMT_HAS_CONSTEVAL
+#  else
+#    define FMT_CONSTEVAL
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+#  if defined(__cpp_nontype_template_args) &&                  \
+      ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 903 && FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 201709L) || \
+       __cpp_nontype_template_args >= 201911L) &&              \
+      !defined(__NVCOMPILER) && !defined(__LCC__)
+#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// GCC < 5 requires this-> in decltype
+#ifndef FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500
+#    define FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS this->
+#  else
+#    define FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Enable minimal optimizations for more compact code in debug mode.
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC push_options")
+#if !defined(__OPTIMIZE__) && !defined(__NVCOMPILER) && !defined(__LCC__) && \
+    !defined(__CUDACC__)
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC optimize(\"Og\")")
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Implementations of enable_if_t and other metafunctions for older systems.
+template <bool B, typename T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, typename T, typename F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_const_t = typename std::remove_const<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_cvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<remove_reference_t<T>>::type;
+template <typename T> struct type_identity {
+  using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T> using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using underlying_t = typename std::underlying_type<T>::type;
+
+// Checks whether T is a container with contiguous storage.
+template <typename T> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+struct monostate {
+  constexpr monostate() {}
+};
+
+// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
+// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
+// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
+#ifdef FMT_DOC
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) fmt::enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
+#endif
+
+// This is defined in core.h instead of format.h to avoid injecting in std.
+// It is a template to avoid undesirable implicit conversions to std::byte.
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_byte
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, std::byte>::value)>
+inline auto format_as(T b) -> unsigned char {
+  return static_cast<unsigned char>(b);
+}
+#endif
+
+namespace detail {
+// Suppresses "unused variable" warnings with the method described in
+// https://herbsutter.com/2009/10/18/mailbag-shutting-up-compiler-warnings/.
+// (void)var does not work on many Intel compilers.
+template <typename... T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void ignore_unused(const T&...) {}
+
+constexpr FMT_INLINE auto is_constant_evaluated(
+    bool default_value = false) noexcept -> bool {
+// Workaround for incompatibility between libstdc++ consteval-based
+// std::is_constant_evaluated() implementation and clang-14.
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/3247
+#if FMT_CPLUSPLUS >= 202002L && defined(_GLIBCXX_RELEASE) && \
+    _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 12 &&                                \
+    (FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 1400 && FMT_CLANG_VERSION < 1500)
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated)
+  ignore_unused(default_value);
+  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
+#else
+  return default_value;
+#endif
+}
+
+// Suppresses "conditional expression is constant" warnings.
+template <typename T> constexpr FMT_INLINE auto const_check(T value) -> T {
+  return value;
+}
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
+                                      const char* message);
+
+#ifndef FMT_ASSERT
+#  ifdef NDEBUG
+// FMT_ASSERT is not empty to avoid -Wempty-body.
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) \
+      fmt::detail::ignore_unused((condition), (message))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
+      ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
+           ? (void)0                                                          \
+           : fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#elif defined(FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char>
+using std_string_view = std::experimental::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#else
+template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
+// Do nothing.
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !defined(__NVCC__) && \
+    !(FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION)
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
+using int128_opt = __int128_t;  // An optional native 128-bit integer.
+using uint128_opt = __uint128_t;
+template <typename T> inline auto convert_for_visit(T value) -> T {
+  return value;
+}
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
+#endif
+#if !FMT_USE_INT128
+enum class int128_opt {};
+enum class uint128_opt {};
+// Reduce template instantiations.
+template <typename T> auto convert_for_visit(T) -> monostate { return {}; }
+#endif
+
+// Casts a nonnegative integer to unsigned.
+template <typename Int>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto to_unsigned(Int value) ->
+    typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type {
+  FMT_ASSERT(std::is_unsigned<Int>::value || value >= 0, "negative value");
+  return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto is_utf8() -> bool {
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 4566) constexpr unsigned char section[] = "\u00A7";
+
+  // Avoid buggy sign extensions in MSVC's constant evaluation mode (#2297).
+  using uchar = unsigned char;
+  return FMT_UNICODE || (sizeof(section) == 3 && uchar(section[0]) == 0xC2 &&
+                         uchar(section[1]) == 0xA7);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/**
+  An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
+  subset of the API. ``fmt::basic_string_view`` is used for format strings even
+  if ``std::string_view`` is available to prevent issues when a library is
+  compiled with a different ``-std`` option than the client code (which is not
+  recommended).
+ */
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+  size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  constexpr basic_string_view() noexcept : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
+  constexpr basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) noexcept
+      : data_(s), size_(count) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference object from a C string computing
+    the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS
+  FMT_INLINE
+  basic_string_view(const Char* s)
+      : data_(s),
+        size_(detail::const_check(std::is_same<Char, char>::value &&
+                                  !detail::is_constant_evaluated(true))
+                  ? std::strlen(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s))
+                  : std::char_traits<Char>::length(s)) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object. */
+  template <typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(
+      const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
+                                      S, detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) noexcept
+      : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
+  constexpr auto data() const noexcept -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  /** Returns the string size. */
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_; }
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return data_ + size_; }
+
+  constexpr auto operator[](size_t pos) const noexcept -> const Char& {
+    return data_[pos];
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) noexcept {
+    data_ += n;
+    size_ -= n;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto starts_with(
+      basic_string_view<Char> sv) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return size_ >= sv.size_ &&
+           std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, sv.data_, sv.size_) == 0;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto starts_with(Char c) const noexcept -> bool {
+    return size_ >= 1 && std::char_traits<Char>::eq(*data_, c);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto starts_with(const Char* s) const -> bool {
+    return starts_with(basic_string_view<Char>(s));
+  }
+
+  // Lexicographically compare this string reference to other.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS auto compare(basic_string_view other) const -> int {
+    size_t str_size = size_ < other.size_ ? size_ : other.size_;
+    int result = std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, other.data_, str_size);
+    if (result == 0)
+      result = size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_CHAR_TRAITS friend auto operator==(basic_string_view lhs,
+                                                   basic_string_view rhs)
+      -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator!=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator<=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
+  }
+  friend auto operator>=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) -> bool {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
+
+/** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// A base class for compile-time strings.
+struct compile_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compile_string : std::is_base_of<compile_string, S> {};
+
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<Char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto to_string_view(const Char* s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+inline auto to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s)
+    -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+inline auto to_string_view(std_string_view<Char> s) -> basic_string_view<Char> {
+  return s;
+}
+template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_string_view(const S& s)
+    -> basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> {
+  return basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>(s);
+}
+void to_string_view(...);
+
+// Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
+// It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
+// enable_if and MSVC 2015 fails to compile it as an alias template.
+// ADL is intentionally disabled as to_string_view is not an extension point.
+template <typename S>
+struct is_string
+    : std::is_class<decltype(detail::to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))> {};
+
+template <typename S, typename = void> struct char_t_impl {};
+template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
+  using result = decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()));
+  using type = typename result::value_type;
+};
+
+enum class type {
+  none_type,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  int128_type,
+  uint128_type,
+  bool_type,
+  char_type,
+  last_integer_type = char_type,
+  // followed by floating-point types.
+  float_type,
+  double_type,
+  long_double_type,
+  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
+  cstring_type,
+  string_type,
+  pointer_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
+
+#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
+  template <typename Char>                \
+  struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
+      : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
+
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int128_opt, int128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(uint128_opt, uint128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(float, float_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
+
+constexpr auto is_integral_type(type t) -> bool {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
+}
+constexpr auto is_arithmetic_type(type t) -> bool {
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
+}
+
+constexpr auto set(type rhs) -> int { return 1 << static_cast<int>(rhs); }
+constexpr auto in(type t, int set) -> bool {
+  return ((set >> static_cast<int>(t)) & 1) != 0;
+}
+
+// Bitsets of types.
+enum {
+  sint_set =
+      set(type::int_type) | set(type::long_long_type) | set(type::int128_type),
+  uint_set = set(type::uint_type) | set(type::ulong_long_type) |
+             set(type::uint128_type),
+  bool_set = set(type::bool_type),
+  char_set = set(type::char_type),
+  float_set = set(type::float_type) | set(type::double_type) |
+              set(type::long_double_type),
+  string_set = set(type::string_type),
+  cstring_set = set(type::cstring_type),
+  pointer_set = set(type::pointer_type)
+};
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void throw_format_error(const char* message);
+
+struct error_handler {
+  constexpr error_handler() = default;
+
+  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_error(const char* message) {
+    throw_format_error(message);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+/** Throws ``format_error`` with a given message. */
+using detail::throw_format_error;
+
+/** String's character type. */
+template <typename S> using char_t = typename detail::char_t_impl<S>::type;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
+  argument counter for automatic indexing.
+  You can use the ``format_parse_context`` type alias for ``char`` instead.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename Char> class basic_format_parse_context {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
+  int next_arg_id_;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void do_check_arg_id(int id);
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  explicit constexpr basic_format_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(next_arg_id) {}
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
+    parsed.
+   */
+  constexpr auto begin() const noexcept -> iterator {
+    return format_str_.begin();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
+   */
+  constexpr auto end() const noexcept -> iterator { return format_str_.end(); }
+
+  /** Advances the begin iterator to ``it``. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    format_str_.remove_prefix(detail::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the manual argument indexing; otherwise returns
+    the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    if (next_arg_id_ < 0) {
+      detail::throw_format_error(
+          "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+      return 0;
+    }
+    int id = next_arg_id_++;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the automatic argument indexing; otherwise
+    switches to the manual indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
+      detail::throw_format_error(
+          "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+      return;
+    }
+    next_arg_id_ = -1;
+    do_check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id);
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+
+namespace detail {
+// A parse context with extra data used only in compile-time checks.
+template <typename Char>
+class compile_parse_context : public basic_format_parse_context<Char> {
+ private:
+  int num_args_;
+  const type* types_;
+  using base = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR compile_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, int num_args, const type* types,
+      int next_arg_id = 0)
+      : base(format_str, next_arg_id), num_args_(num_args), types_(types) {}
+
+  constexpr auto num_args() const -> int { return num_args_; }
+  constexpr auto arg_type(int id) const -> type { return types_[id]; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto next_arg_id() -> int {
+    int id = base::next_arg_id();
+    if (id >= num_args_) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int id) {
+    base::check_arg_id(id);
+    if (id >= num_args_) throw_format_error("argument not found");
+  }
+  using base::check_arg_id;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_dynamic_spec(int arg_id) {
+    detail::ignore_unused(arg_id);
+#if !defined(__LCC__)
+    if (arg_id < num_args_ && types_ && !is_integral_type(types_[arg_id]))
+      throw_format_error("width/precision is not integer");
+#endif
+  }
+};
+
+// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
+template <typename Container>
+inline auto get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it)
+    -> Container& {
+  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<Container>;
+  struct accessor : base {
+    accessor(base b) : base(b) {}
+    using base::container;
+  };
+  return *accessor(it).container;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt out)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  while (begin != end) *out++ = static_cast<Char>(*begin++);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename U,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              std::is_same<remove_const_t<T>, U>::value&& is_char<U>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(T* begin, T* end, U* out) -> U* {
+  if (is_constant_evaluated()) return copy_str<Char, T*, U*>(begin, end, out);
+  auto size = to_unsigned(end - begin);
+  if (size > 0) memcpy(out, begin, size * sizeof(U));
+  return out + size;
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. It is an internal
+  class and shouldn't be used directly, only via `~fmt::basic_memory_buffer`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> class buffer {
+ private:
+  T* ptr_;
+  size_t size_;
+  size_t capacity_;
+
+ protected:
+  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
+  FMT_MSC_WARNING(suppress : 26495)
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR buffer(size_t sz) noexcept : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 buffer(T* p = nullptr, size_t sz = 0, size_t cap = 0) noexcept
+      : ptr_(p), size_(sz), capacity_(cap) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 ~buffer() = default;
+  buffer(buffer&&) = default;
+
+  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set(T* buf_data, size_t buf_capacity) noexcept {
+    ptr_ = buf_data;
+    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
+  }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
+  // DEPRECATED!
+  virtual FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t capacity) = 0;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
+
+  FMT_INLINE auto begin() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_INLINE auto end() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  FMT_INLINE auto begin() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_INLINE auto end() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
+  constexpr auto size() const noexcept -> size_t { return size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
+  constexpr auto capacity() const noexcept -> size_t { return capacity_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data (not null-terminated). */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() noexcept -> T* { return ptr_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto data() const noexcept -> const T* { return ptr_; }
+
+  /** Clears this buffer. */
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  // Tries resizing the buffer to contain *count* elements. If T is a POD type
+  // the new elements may not be initialized.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void try_resize(size_t count) {
+    try_reserve(count);
+    size_ = count <= capacity_ ? count : capacity_;
+  }
+
+  // Tries increasing the buffer capacity to *new_capacity*. It can increase the
+  // capacity by a smaller amount than requested but guarantees there is space
+  // for at least one additional element either by increasing the capacity or by
+  // flushing the buffer if it is full.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void try_reserve(size_t new_capacity) {
+    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void push_back(const T& value) {
+    try_reserve(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
+  template <typename U> void append(const U* begin, const U* end);
+
+  template <typename Idx> FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](Idx index) -> T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+  template <typename Idx>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](Idx index) const -> const T& {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+struct buffer_traits {
+  explicit buffer_traits(size_t) {}
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return 0; }
+  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t { return size; }
+};
+
+class fixed_buffer_traits {
+ private:
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+  size_t limit_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit fixed_buffer_traits(size_t limit) : limit_(limit) {}
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return count_; }
+  auto limit(size_t size) -> size_t {
+    size_t n = limit_ > count_ ? limit_ - count_ : 0;
+    count_ += size;
+    return size < n ? size : n;
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to an output iterator when flushed.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename T, typename Traits = buffer_traits>
+class iterator_buffer final : public Traits, public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() == buffer_size) flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    auto size = this->size();
+    this->clear();
+    out_ = copy_str<T>(data_, data_ + this->limit(size), out_);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(OutputIt out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : Traits(n), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
+      : Traits(other), buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size), out_(other.out_) {}
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> OutputIt {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t { return Traits::count() + this->size(); }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class iterator_buffer<T*, T, fixed_buffer_traits> final
+    : public fixed_buffer_traits,
+      public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T* out_;
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() == this->capacity()) flush();
+  }
+
+  void flush() {
+    size_t n = this->limit(this->size());
+    if (this->data() == out_) {
+      out_ += n;
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+    }
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t n = buffer_size)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(n), buffer<T>(out, 0, n), out_(out) {}
+  iterator_buffer(iterator_buffer&& other)
+      : fixed_buffer_traits(other),
+        buffer<T>(std::move(other)),
+        out_(other.out_) {
+    if (this->data() != out_) {
+      this->set(data_, buffer_size);
+      this->clear();
+    }
+  }
+  ~iterator_buffer() { flush(); }
+
+  auto out() -> T* {
+    flush();
+    return out_;
+  }
+  auto count() const -> size_t {
+    return fixed_buffer_traits::count() + this->size();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> class iterator_buffer<T*, T> final : public buffer<T> {
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {}
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(T* out, size_t = 0) : buffer<T>(out, 0, ~size_t()) {}
+
+  auto out() -> T* { return &*this->end(); }
+};
+
+// A buffer that writes to a container with the contiguous storage.
+template <typename Container>
+class iterator_buffer<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>,
+                      enable_if_t<is_contiguous<Container>::value,
+                                  typename Container::value_type>>
+    final : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
+ private:
+  Container& container_;
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t capacity) override {
+    container_.resize(capacity);
+    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit iterator_buffer(Container& c)
+      : buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
+  explicit iterator_buffer(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, size_t = 0)
+      : iterator_buffer(get_container(out)) {}
+
+  auto out() -> std::back_insert_iterator<Container> {
+    return std::back_inserter(container_);
+  }
+};
+
+// A buffer that counts the number of code units written discarding the output.
+template <typename T = char> class counting_buffer final : public buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  enum { buffer_size = 256 };
+  T data_[buffer_size];
+  size_t count_ = 0;
+
+ protected:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR20 void grow(size_t) override {
+    if (this->size() != buffer_size) return;
+    count_ += this->size();
+    this->clear();
+  }
+
+ public:
+  counting_buffer() : buffer<T>(data_, 0, buffer_size) {}
+
+  auto count() -> size_t { return count_ + this->size(); }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void basic_format_parse_context<Char>::do_check_arg_id(int id) {
+  // Argument id is only checked at compile-time during parsing because
+  // formatting has its own validation.
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() &&
+      (!FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1200)) {
+    using context = detail::compile_parse_context<Char>;
+    if (id >= static_cast<context*>(this)->num_args())
+      detail::throw_format_error("argument not found");
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void basic_format_parse_context<Char>::check_dynamic_spec(
+    int arg_id) {
+  if (detail::is_constant_evaluated() &&
+      (!FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 1200)) {
+    using context = detail::compile_parse_context<Char>;
+    static_cast<context*>(this)->check_dynamic_spec(arg_id);
+  }
+}
+
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+FMT_EXPORT template <typename Context> class dynamic_format_arg_store;
+
+// A formatter for objects of type T.
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatter {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
+  formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
+// formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
+
+// An output iterator that appends to a buffer.
+// It is used to reduce symbol sizes for the common case.
+class appender : public std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>> {
+  using base = std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>;
+
+ public:
+  using std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<char>>::back_insert_iterator;
+  appender(base it) noexcept : base(it) {}
+  FMT_UNCHECKED_ITERATOR(appender);
+
+  auto operator++() noexcept -> appender& { return *this; }
+  auto operator++(int) noexcept -> appender { return *this; }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter_impl(T*)
+    -> decltype(typename Context::template formatter_type<T>().format(
+                    std::declval<const T&>(), std::declval<Context&>()),
+                true) {
+  return true;
+}
+template <typename Context>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter_impl(...) -> bool {
+  return false;
+}
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+constexpr auto has_const_formatter() -> bool {
+  return has_const_formatter_impl<Context>(static_cast<T*>(nullptr));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+using buffer_appender = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, char>::value, appender,
+                                      std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<T>>>;
+
+// Maps an output iterator to a buffer.
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_buffer(OutputIt out) -> iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T> {
+  return iterator_buffer<OutputIt, T>(out);
+}
+template <typename T, typename Buf,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_base_of<buffer<char>, Buf>::value)>
+auto get_buffer(std::back_insert_iterator<Buf> out) -> buffer<char>& {
+  return get_container(out);
+}
+
+template <typename Buf, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_INLINE auto get_iterator(Buf& buf, OutputIt) -> decltype(buf.out()) {
+  return buf.out();
+}
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt>
+auto get_iterator(buffer<T>&, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return out;
+}
+
+struct view {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg : view {
+  const Char* name;
+  const T& value;
+  named_arg(const Char* n, const T& v) : name(n), value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_info {
+  const Char* name;
+  int id;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+struct arg_data {
+  // args_[0].named_args points to named_args_ to avoid bloating format_args.
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  T args_[1 + (NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1)];
+  named_arg_info<Char> named_args_[NUM_NAMED_ARGS];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{T(named_args_, NUM_NAMED_ARGS), init...} {}
+  arg_data(const arg_data& other) = delete;
+  auto args() const -> const T* { return args_ + 1; }
+  auto named_args() -> named_arg_info<Char>* { return named_args_; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS>
+struct arg_data<T, Char, NUM_ARGS, 0> {
+  // +1 to workaround a bug in gcc 7.5 that causes duplicated-branches warning.
+  T args_[NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : +1];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{init...} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto args() const -> const T* { return args_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto named_args() -> std::nullptr_t {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>*, int, int) {}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T> struct is_statically_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct is_named_arg<named_arg<Char, T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T&, const Tail&... args) {
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T& arg, const Tail&... args) {
+  named_args[named_arg_count++] = {arg.name, arg_count};
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void init_named_args(std::nullptr_t, int, int,
+                                              const Args&...) {}
+
+template <bool B = false> constexpr auto count() -> size_t { return B ? 1 : 0; }
+template <bool B1, bool B2, bool... Tail> constexpr auto count() -> size_t {
+  return (B1 ? 1 : 0) + count<B2, Tail...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args> constexpr auto count_named_args() -> size_t {
+  return count<is_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+constexpr auto count_statically_named_args() -> size_t {
+  return count<is_statically_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
+
+struct unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_char : unformattable {};
+struct unformattable_pointer : unformattable {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct string_value {
+  const Char* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_value {
+  const named_arg_info<Char>* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
+  using parse_context = typename Context::parse_context_type;
+  void* value;
+  void (*format)(void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
+};
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+template <typename Context> class value {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  union {
+    monostate no_value;
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    long long long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
+    int128_opt int128_value;
+    uint128_opt uint128_value;
+    bool bool_value;
+    char_type char_value;
+    float float_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void* pointer;
+    string_value<char_type> string;
+    custom_value<Context> custom;
+    named_arg_value<char_type> named_args;
+  };
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value() : no_value() {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(int val) : int_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(int128_opt val) : int128_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(uint128_opt val) : uint128_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(const char_type* val) {
+    string.data = val;
+    if (is_constant_evaluated()) string.size = {};
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
+    string.data = val.data();
+    string.size = val.size();
+  }
+  FMT_INLINE value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : named_args{args, size} {}
+
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR20 FMT_INLINE value(T& val) {
+    using value_type = remove_const_t<T>;
+    custom.value = const_cast<value_type*>(std::addressof(val));
+    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
+    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
+    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
+    custom.format = format_custom_arg<
+        value_type, typename Context::template formatter_type<value_type>>;
+  }
+  value(unformattable);
+  value(unformattable_char);
+  value(unformattable_pointer);
+
+ private:
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T, typename Formatter>
+  static void format_custom_arg(void* arg,
+                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) {
+    auto f = Formatter();
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    using qualified_type =
+        conditional_t<has_const_formatter<T, Context>(), const T, T>;
+    // Calling format through a mutable reference is deprecated.
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<qualified_type*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+
+// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
+// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) };
+using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
+using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
+
+template <typename T> struct format_as_result {
+  template <typename U,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<U>::value || std::is_class<U>::value)>
+  static auto map(U*) -> remove_cvref_t<decltype(format_as(std::declval<U>()))>;
+  static auto map(...) -> void;
+
+  using type = decltype(map(static_cast<T*>(nullptr)));
+};
+template <typename T> using format_as_t = typename format_as_result<T>::type;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_format_as
+    : bool_constant<!std::is_same<format_as_t<T>, void>::value> {};
+
+// Maps formatting arguments to core types.
+// arg_mapper reports errors by returning unformattable instead of using
+// static_assert because it's used in the is_formattable trait.
+template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(signed char val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned char val) -> unsigned {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(short val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned short val) -> unsigned {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int val) -> int { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned val) -> unsigned { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long val) -> long_type { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long val) -> ulong_type {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long long val) -> long long { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(unsigned long long val)
+      -> unsigned long long {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(int128_opt val) -> int128_opt {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(uint128_opt val) -> uint128_opt {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(bool val) -> bool { return val; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<T, char>::value ||
+                                      std::is_same<T, char_type>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T val) -> char_type {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T, enable_if_t<(std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value ||
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+                                     std::is_same<T, char8_t>::value ||
+#endif
+                                     std::is_same<T, char16_t>::value ||
+                                     std::is_same<T, char32_t>::value) &&
+                                        !std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
+                                    int> = 0>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T) -> unformattable_char {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(float val) -> float { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(double val) -> double { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(long double val) -> long double {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const char_type* val) -> const char_type* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value && !std::is_pointer<T>::value &&
+                          std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> basic_string_view<char_type> {
+    return to_string_view(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value && !std::is_pointer<T>::value &&
+                          !std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T&) -> unformattable_char {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(void* val) -> const void* { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const void* val) -> const void* {
+    return val;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(std::nullptr_t val) -> const void* {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  // Use SFINAE instead of a const T* parameter to avoid a conflict with the
+  // array overload.
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+          std::is_pointer<T>::value || std::is_member_pointer<T>::value ||
+          std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value ||
+          (std::is_array<T>::value &&
+           !std::is_convertible<T, const char_type*>::value))>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto map(const T&) -> unformattable_pointer {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, std::size_t N,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T (&values)[N]) -> const T (&)[N] {
+    return values;
+  }
+
+  // Only map owning types because mapping views can be unsafe.
+  template <typename T, typename U = format_as_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_arithmetic<U>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& val)
+      -> decltype(FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS map(U())) {
+    return map(format_as(val));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename U = remove_const_t<T>>
+  struct formattable : bool_constant<has_const_formatter<U, Context>() ||
+                                     (has_formatter<U, Context>::value &&
+                                      !std::is_const<T>::value)> {};
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(formattable<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T& val) -> T& {
+    return val;
+  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!formattable<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto do_map(T&) -> unformattable {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename U = remove_const_t<T>,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF((std::is_class<U>::value || std::is_enum<U>::value ||
+                           std::is_union<U>::value) &&
+                          !is_string<U>::value && !is_char<U>::value &&
+                          !is_named_arg<U>::value &&
+                          !std::is_arithmetic<format_as_t<U>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(T& val)
+      -> decltype(FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS do_map(val)) {
+    return do_map(val);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_named_arg<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto map(const T& named_arg)
+      -> decltype(FMT_DECLTYPE_THIS map(named_arg.value)) {
+    return map(named_arg.value);
+  }
+
+  auto map(...) -> unformattable { return {}; }
+};
+
+// A type constant after applying arg_mapper<Context>.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using mapped_type_constant =
+    type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+                  typename Context::char_type>;
+
+enum { packed_arg_bits = 4 };
+// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+enum { max_packed_args = 62 / packed_arg_bits };
+enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
+enum : unsigned long long { has_named_args_bit = 1ULL << 62 };
+
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, appender out) -> appender {
+  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+template <typename Char, typename InputIt>
+auto copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end,
+              std::back_insert_iterator<std::string> out)
+    -> std::back_insert_iterator<std::string> {
+  get_container(out).append(begin, end);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename R, typename OutputIt>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto copy_str(R&& rng, OutputIt out) -> OutputIt {
+  return detail::copy_str<Char>(rng.begin(), rng.end(), out);
+}
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 500
+// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
+template <typename...> struct void_t_impl {
+  using type = void;
+};
+template <typename... T> using void_t = typename void_t_impl<T...>::type;
+#else
+template <typename...> using void_t = void;
+#endif
+
+template <typename It, typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct is_output_iterator : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename It, typename T>
+struct is_output_iterator<
+    It, T,
+    void_t<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::iterator_category,
+           decltype(*std::declval<It>() = std::declval<T>())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename It> struct is_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid a heavy <locale> include.
+class locale_ref {
+ private:
+  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
+
+ public:
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
+  template <typename Locale> explicit locale_ref(const Locale& loc);
+
+  explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return locale_ != nullptr; }
+
+  template <typename Locale> auto get() const -> Locale;
+};
+
+template <typename> constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return 0;
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename Arg, typename... Args>
+constexpr auto encode_types() -> unsigned long long {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(mapped_type_constant<Arg, Context>::value) |
+         (encode_types<Context, Args...>() << packed_arg_bits);
+}
+
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+// This type is intentionally undefined, only used for errors
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct type_is_unformattable_for;
+#endif
+
+template <bool PACKED, typename Context, typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(PACKED)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto make_arg(T& val) -> value<Context> {
+  using arg_type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(val))>;
+
+  constexpr bool formattable_char =
+      !std::is_same<arg_type, unformattable_char>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_char, "Mixing character types is disallowed.");
+
+  // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to format a
+  // pointer cast it to `void*` or `const void*`. In particular, this forbids
+  // formatting of `[const] volatile char*` printed as bool by iostreams.
+  constexpr bool formattable_pointer =
+      !std::is_same<arg_type, unformattable_pointer>::value;
+  static_assert(formattable_pointer,
+                "Formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed.");
+
+  constexpr bool formattable = !std::is_same<arg_type, unformattable>::value;
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+  if constexpr (!formattable) {
+    type_is_unformattable_for<T, typename Context::char_type> _;
+  }
+#endif
+  static_assert(
+      formattable,
+      "Cannot format an argument. To make type T formattable provide a "
+      "formatter<T> specialization: https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#udt");
+  return {arg_mapper<Context>().map(val)};
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto make_arg(T& val) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
+  auto arg = basic_format_arg<Context>();
+  arg.type_ = mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+  arg.value_ = make_arg<true, Context>(val);
+  return arg;
+}
+
+template <bool PACKED, typename Context, typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!PACKED)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto make_arg(T& val) -> basic_format_arg<Context> {
+  return make_arg<Context>(val);
+}
+}  // namespace detail
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// A formatting argument. Context is a template parameter for the compiled API
+// where output can be unbuffered.
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
+ private:
+  detail::value<Context> value_;
+  detail::type type_;
+
+  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto detail::make_arg(T& value)
+      -> basic_format_arg<ContextType>;
+
+  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                             const basic_format_arg<Ctx>& arg)
+      -> decltype(vis(0));
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+  friend class dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>;
+
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+  friend struct detail::arg_data;
+
+  basic_format_arg(const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : value_(args, size) {}
+
+ public:
+  class handle {
+   public:
+    explicit handle(detail::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+
+    void format(typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                Context& ctx) const {
+      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    detail::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr basic_format_arg() : type_(detail::type::none_type) {}
+
+  constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return type_ != detail::type::none_type;
+  }
+
+  auto type() const -> detail::type { return type_; }
+
+  auto is_integral() const -> bool { return detail::is_integral_type(type_); }
+  auto is_arithmetic() const -> bool {
+    return detail::is_arithmetic_type(type_);
+  }
+
+  FMT_INLINE auto format_custom(const char_type* parse_begin,
+                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) -> bool {
+    if (type_ != detail::type::custom_type) return false;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(parse_begin);
+    value_.custom.format(value_.custom.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
+  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+// DEPRECATED!
+template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto visit_format_arg(
+    Visitor&& vis, const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+  switch (arg.type_) {
+  case detail::type::none_type:
+    break;
+  case detail::type::int_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
+  case detail::type::uint_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
+  case detail::type::long_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
+  case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
+  case detail::type::int128_type:
+    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.int128_value));
+  case detail::type::uint128_type:
+    return vis(detail::convert_for_visit(arg.value_.uint128_value));
+  case detail::type::bool_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
+  case detail::type::char_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
+  case detail::type::float_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.float_value);
+  case detail::type::double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
+  case detail::type::long_double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
+  case detail::type::cstring_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
+  case detail::type::string_type:
+    using sv = basic_string_view<typename Context::char_type>;
+    return vis(sv(arg.value_.string.data, arg.value_.string.size));
+  case detail::type::pointer_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
+  case detail::type::custom_type:
+    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
+  }
+  return vis(monostate());
+}
+
+// Formatting context.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
+  detail::locale_ref loc_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+  using format_args = basic_format_args<basic_format_context>;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, Char>;
+
+  /** The character type for the output. */
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+  basic_format_context(basic_format_context&&) = default;
+  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  /**
+    Constructs a ``basic_format_context`` object. References to the arguments
+    are stored in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+   */
+  constexpr basic_format_context(OutputIt out, format_args ctx_args,
+                                 detail::locale_ref loc = {})
+      : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
+
+  constexpr auto arg(int id) const -> format_arg { return args_.get(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> format_arg {
+    return args_.get(name);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+    return args_.get_id(name);
+  }
+  auto args() const -> const format_args& { return args_; }
+
+  // DEPRECATED!
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto error_handler() -> detail::error_handler { return {}; }
+  void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
+
+  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto out() -> iterator { return out_; }
+
+  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    if (!detail::is_back_insert_iterator<iterator>()) out_ = it;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto locale() -> detail::locale_ref { return loc_; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using buffer_context =
+    basic_format_context<detail::buffer_appender<Char>, Char>;
+using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char>
+using is_formattable = bool_constant<!std::is_base_of<
+    detail::unformattable, decltype(detail::arg_mapper<buffer_context<Char>>()
+                                        .map(std::declval<T&>()))>::value>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted into
+  `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing into type-erased formatting functions
+  such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context, typename... Args>
+class format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+  static constexpr size_t num_named_args = detail::count_named_args<Args...>();
+  static const bool is_packed = num_args <= detail::max_packed_args;
+
+  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, detail::value<Context>,
+                                   basic_format_arg<Context>>;
+
+  detail::arg_data<value_type, typename Context::char_type, num_args,
+                   num_named_args>
+      data_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  static constexpr unsigned long long desc =
+      (is_packed ? detail::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
+                 : detail::is_unpacked_bit | num_args) |
+      (num_named_args != 0
+           ? static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit)
+           : 0);
+
+ public:
+  template <typename... T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE format_arg_store(T&... args)
+      :
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+        basic_format_args<Context>(*this),
+#endif
+        data_{detail::make_arg<is_packed, Context>(args)...} {
+    if (detail::const_check(num_named_args != 0))
+      detail::init_named_args(data_.named_args(), 0, 0, args...);
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`. `Context`
+  can be omitted in which case it defaults to `~fmt::format_context`.
+  See `~fmt::arg` for lifetime considerations.
+  \endrst
+ */
+// Arguments are taken by lvalue references to avoid some lifetime issues.
+template <typename Context = format_context, typename... T>
+constexpr auto make_format_args(T&... args)
+    -> format_arg_store<Context, remove_cvref_t<T>...> {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function.
+  It should only be used in a call to a formatting function or
+  `dynamic_format_arg_store::push_back`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+inline auto arg(const Char* name, const T& arg) -> detail::named_arg<Char, T> {
+  static_assert(!detail::is_named_arg<T>(), "nested named arguments");
+  return {name, arg};
+}
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A view of a collection of formatting arguments. To avoid lifetime issues it
+  should only be used as a parameter type in type-erased functions such as
+  ``vformat``::
+
+    void vlog(string_view format_str, format_args args);  // OK
+    format_args args = make_format_args();  // Error: dangling reference
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
+ public:
+  using size_type = int;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
+
+ private:
+  // A descriptor that contains information about formatting arguments.
+  // If the number of arguments is less or equal to max_packed_args then
+  // argument types are passed in the descriptor. This reduces binary code size
+  // per formatting function call.
+  unsigned long long desc_;
+  union {
+    // If is_packed() returns true then argument values are stored in values_;
+    // otherwise they are stored in args_. This is done to improve cache
+    // locality and reduce compiled code size since storing larger objects
+    // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
+    // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
+    const detail::value<Context>* values_;
+    const format_arg* args_;
+  };
+
+  constexpr auto is_packed() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::is_unpacked_bit) == 0;
+  }
+  auto has_named_args() const -> bool {
+    return (desc_ & detail::has_named_args_bit) != 0;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto type(int index) const -> detail::type {
+    int shift = index * detail::packed_arg_bits;
+    unsigned int mask = (1 << detail::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
+    return static_cast<detail::type>((desc_ >> shift) & mask);
+  }
+
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc,
+                                         const detail::value<Context>* values)
+      : desc_(desc), values_(values) {}
+  constexpr basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc, const format_arg* args)
+      : desc_(desc), args_(args) {}
+
+ public:
+  constexpr basic_format_args() : desc_(0), args_(nullptr) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from `~fmt::format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  template <typename... Args>
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(format_arg_store<Context, Args...>::desc,
+                          store.data_.args()) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from
+   `~fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(
+      const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(store.get_types(), store.data()) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic set of arguments.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  constexpr basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
+      : basic_format_args(detail::is_unpacked_bit | detail::to_unsigned(count),
+                          args) {}
+
+  /** Returns the argument with the specified id. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get(int id) const -> format_arg {
+    format_arg arg;
+    if (!is_packed()) {
+      if (id < max_size()) arg = args_[id];
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (id >= detail::max_packed_args) return arg;
+    arg.type_ = type(id);
+    if (arg.type_ == detail::type::none_type) return arg;
+    arg.value_ = values_[id];
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> format_arg {
+    int id = get_id(name);
+    return id >= 0 ? get(id) : format_arg();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  auto get_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const -> int {
+    if (!has_named_args()) return -1;
+    const auto& named_args =
+        (is_packed() ? values_[-1] : args_[-1].value_).named_args;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < named_args.size; ++i) {
+      if (named_args.data[i].name == name) return named_args.data[i].id;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  auto max_size() const -> int {
+    unsigned long long max_packed = detail::max_packed_args;
+    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
+                                        : desc_ & ~detail::is_unpacked_bit);
+  }
+};
+
+/** An alias to ``basic_format_args<format_context>``. */
+// A separate type would result in shorter symbols but break ABI compatibility
+// between clang and gcc on ARM (#1919).
+FMT_EXPORT using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
+
+// We cannot use enum classes as bit fields because of a gcc bug, so we put them
+// in namespaces instead (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61414).
+// Additionally, if an underlying type is specified, older gcc incorrectly warns
+// that the type is too small. Both bugs are fixed in gcc 9.3.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 903
+#  define FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(type)
+#else
+#  define FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(type) : type
+#endif
+namespace align {
+enum type FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(unsigned char){none, left, right, center,
+                                                  numeric};
+}
+using align_t = align::type;
+namespace sign {
+enum type FMT_ENUM_UNDERLYING_TYPE(unsigned char){none, minus, plus, space};
+}
+using sign_t = sign::type;
+
+namespace detail {
+
+// Workaround an array initialization issue in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char> struct fill_t {
+ private:
+  enum { max_size = 4 };
+  Char data_[max_size] = {Char(' '), Char(0), Char(0), Char(0)};
+  unsigned char size_ = 1;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+    auto size = s.size();
+    FMT_ASSERT(size <= max_size, "invalid fill");
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) data_[i] = s[i];
+    size_ = static_cast<unsigned char>(size);
+  }
+
+  constexpr auto size() const -> size_t { return size_; }
+  constexpr auto data() const -> const Char* { return data_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) -> Char& { return data_[index]; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator[](size_t index) const -> const Char& {
+    return data_[index];
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+enum class presentation_type : unsigned char {
+  none,
+  dec,             // 'd'
+  oct,             // 'o'
+  hex_lower,       // 'x'
+  hex_upper,       // 'X'
+  bin_lower,       // 'b'
+  bin_upper,       // 'B'
+  hexfloat_lower,  // 'a'
+  hexfloat_upper,  // 'A'
+  exp_lower,       // 'e'
+  exp_upper,       // 'E'
+  fixed_lower,     // 'f'
+  fixed_upper,     // 'F'
+  general_lower,   // 'g'
+  general_upper,   // 'G'
+  chr,             // 'c'
+  string,          // 's'
+  pointer,         // 'p'
+  debug            // '?'
+};
+
+// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+template <typename Char = char> struct format_specs {
+  int width;
+  int precision;
+  presentation_type type;
+  align_t align : 4;
+  sign_t sign : 3;
+  bool alt : 1;  // Alternate form ('#').
+  bool localized : 1;
+  detail::fill_t<Char> fill;
+
+  constexpr format_specs()
+      : width(0),
+        precision(-1),
+        type(presentation_type::none),
+        align(align::none),
+        sign(sign::none),
+        alt(false),
+        localized(false) {}
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+
+enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
+
+// An argument reference.
+template <typename Char> struct arg_ref {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(arg_id_kind::none), val() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(int index)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::index), val(index) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> name)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::name), val(name) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator=(int idx) -> arg_ref& {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+    val.index = idx;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  arg_id_kind kind;
+  union value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int idx = 0) : index(idx) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(basic_string_view<Char> n) : name(n) {}
+
+    int index;
+    basic_string_view<Char> name;
+  } val;
+};
+
+// Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
+// than parsing time to allow reusing the same parsed specifiers with
+// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
+template <typename Char = char>
+struct dynamic_format_specs : format_specs<Char> {
+  arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  arg_ref<Char> precision_ref;
+};
+
+// Converts a character to ASCII. Returns '\0' on conversion failure.
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> char {
+  return c <= 0xff ? static_cast<char>(c) : '\0';
+}
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<Char>::value)>
+constexpr auto to_ascii(Char c) -> char {
+  return c <= 0xff ? static_cast<char>(c) : '\0';
+}
+
+// Returns the number of code units in a code point or 1 on error.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto code_point_length(const Char* begin) -> int {
+  if (const_check(sizeof(Char) != 1)) return 1;
+  auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(*begin);
+  return static_cast<int>((0x3a55000000000000ull >> (2 * (c >> 3))) & 0x3) + 1;
+}
+
+// Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) -> bool {
+  for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
+    if (*out == value) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline auto find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
+                              const char*& out) -> bool {
+  out = static_cast<const char*>(
+      std::memchr(first, value, to_unsigned(last - first)));
+  return out != nullptr;
+}
+
+// Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
+// that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
+                                         int error_value) noexcept -> int {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9', "");
+  unsigned value = 0, prev = 0;
+  auto p = begin;
+  do {
+    prev = value;
+    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*p - '0');
+    ++p;
+  } while (p != end && '0' <= *p && *p <= '9');
+  auto num_digits = p - begin;
+  begin = p;
+  if (num_digits <= std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10)
+    return static_cast<int>(value);
+  // Check for overflow.
+  const unsigned max = to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)());
+  return num_digits == std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10 + 1 &&
+                 prev * 10ull + unsigned(p[-1] - '0') <= max
+             ? static_cast<int>(value)
+             : error_value;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR inline auto parse_align(char c) -> align_t {
+  switch (c) {
+  case '<':
+    return align::left;
+  case '>':
+    return align::right;
+  case '^':
+    return align::center;
+  }
+  return align::none;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> constexpr auto is_name_start(Char c) -> bool {
+  return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || c == '_';
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    int index = 0;
+    constexpr int max = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
+    if (c != '0')
+      index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, max);
+    else
+      ++begin;
+    if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
+      throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+    else
+      handler.on_index(index);
+    return begin;
+  }
+  if (!is_name_start(c)) {
+    throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  auto it = begin;
+  do {
+    ++it;
+  } while (it != end && (is_name_start(*it) || ('0' <= *it && *it <= '9')));
+  handler.on_name({begin, to_unsigned(it - begin)});
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                           Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c != '}' && c != ':') return do_parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+  handler.on_auto();
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct dynamic_spec_id_handler {
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx;
+  arg_ref<Char>& ref;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_auto() {
+    int id = ctx.next_arg_id();
+    ref = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    ctx.check_dynamic_spec(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_index(int id) {
+    ref = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+    ctx.check_dynamic_spec(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    ref = arg_ref<Char>(id);
+    ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+  }
+};
+
+// Parses [integer | "{" [arg_id] "}"].
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_dynamic_spec(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      int& value, arg_ref<Char>& ref,
+                                      basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+    -> const Char* {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
+    int val = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, -1);
+    if (val != -1)
+      value = val;
+    else
+      throw_format_error("number is too big");
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    auto handler = dynamic_spec_id_handler<Char>{ctx, ref};
+    if (begin != end) begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin != end && *begin == '}') return ++begin;
+    throw_format_error("invalid format string");
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                   int& value, arg_ref<Char>& ref,
+                                   basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+    -> const Char* {
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end || *begin == '}') {
+    throw_format_error("invalid precision");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  return parse_dynamic_spec(begin, end, value, ref, ctx);
+}
+
+enum class state { start, align, sign, hash, zero, width, precision, locale };
+
+// Parses standard format specifiers.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE auto parse_format_specs(
+    const Char* begin, const Char* end, dynamic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char>& ctx, type arg_type) -> const Char* {
+  auto c = '\0';
+  if (end - begin > 1) {
+    auto next = to_ascii(begin[1]);
+    c = parse_align(next) == align::none ? to_ascii(*begin) : '\0';
+  } else {
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    c = to_ascii(*begin);
+  }
+
+  struct {
+    state current_state = state::start;
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(state s, bool valid = true) {
+      if (current_state >= s || !valid)
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+      current_state = s;
+    }
+  } enter_state;
+
+  using pres = presentation_type;
+  constexpr auto integral_set = sint_set | uint_set | bool_set | char_set;
+  struct {
+    const Char*& begin;
+    dynamic_format_specs<Char>& specs;
+    type arg_type;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(pres pres_type, int set) -> const Char* {
+      if (!in(arg_type, set)) {
+        if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+      }
+      specs.type = pres_type;
+      return begin + 1;
+    }
+  } parse_presentation_type{begin, specs, arg_type};
+
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case '<':
+    case '>':
+    case '^':
+      enter_state(state::align);
+      specs.align = parse_align(c);
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+    case '-':
+    case ' ':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::sign, in(arg_type, sint_set | float_set));
+      switch (c) {
+      case '+':
+        specs.sign = sign::plus;
+        break;
+      case '-':
+        specs.sign = sign::minus;
+        break;
+      case ' ':
+        specs.sign = sign::space;
+        break;
+      }
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::hash, is_arithmetic_type(arg_type));
+      specs.alt = true;
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      enter_state(state::zero);
+      if (!is_arithmetic_type(arg_type)) {
+        if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+        throw_format_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+      }
+      if (specs.align == align::none) {
+        // Ignore 0 if align is specified for compatibility with std::format.
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
+        specs.fill[0] = Char('0');
+      }
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case '1':
+    case '2':
+    case '3':
+    case '4':
+    case '5':
+    case '6':
+    case '7':
+    case '8':
+    case '9':
+    case '{':
+      enter_state(state::width);
+      begin = parse_dynamic_spec(begin, end, specs.width, specs.width_ref, ctx);
+      break;
+    case '.':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::precision,
+                  in(arg_type, float_set | string_set | cstring_set));
+      begin = parse_precision(begin, end, specs.precision, specs.precision_ref,
+                              ctx);
+      break;
+    case 'L':
+      if (arg_type == type::none_type) return begin;
+      enter_state(state::locale, is_arithmetic_type(arg_type));
+      specs.localized = true;
+      ++begin;
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::dec, integral_set);
+    case 'o':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::oct, integral_set);
+    case 'x':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hex_lower, integral_set);
+    case 'X':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hex_upper, integral_set);
+    case 'b':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::bin_lower, integral_set);
+    case 'B':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::bin_upper, integral_set);
+    case 'a':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hexfloat_lower, float_set);
+    case 'A':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::hexfloat_upper, float_set);
+    case 'e':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::exp_lower, float_set);
+    case 'E':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::exp_upper, float_set);
+    case 'f':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::fixed_lower, float_set);
+    case 'F':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::fixed_upper, float_set);
+    case 'g':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::general_lower, float_set);
+    case 'G':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::general_upper, float_set);
+    case 'c':
+      if (arg_type == type::bool_type)
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::chr, integral_set);
+    case 's':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::string,
+                                     bool_set | string_set | cstring_set);
+    case 'p':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::pointer, pointer_set | cstring_set);
+    case '?':
+      return parse_presentation_type(pres::debug,
+                                     char_set | string_set | cstring_set);
+    case '}':
+      return begin;
+    default: {
+      if (*begin == '}') return begin;
+      // Parse fill and alignment.
+      auto fill_end = begin + code_point_length(begin);
+      if (end - fill_end <= 0) {
+        throw_format_error("invalid format specifier");
+        return begin;
+      }
+      if (*begin == '{') {
+        throw_format_error("invalid fill character '{'");
+        return begin;
+      }
+      auto align = parse_align(to_ascii(*fill_end));
+      enter_state(state::align, align != align::none);
+      specs.fill = {begin, to_unsigned(fill_end - begin)};
+      specs.align = align;
+      begin = fill_end + 1;
+    }
+    }
+    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    c = to_ascii(*begin);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_replacement_field(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                           Handler&& handler) -> const Char* {
+  struct id_adapter {
+    Handler& handler;
+    int arg_id;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_auto() { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_index(int id) { arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id); }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_name(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+      arg_id = handler.on_arg_id(id);
+    }
+  };
+
+  ++begin;
+  if (begin == end) return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), end;
+  if (*begin == '}') {
+    handler.on_replacement_field(handler.on_arg_id(), begin);
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    handler.on_text(begin, begin + 1);
+  } else {
+    auto adapter = id_adapter{handler, 0};
+    begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, adapter);
+    Char c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+    if (c == '}') {
+      handler.on_replacement_field(adapter.arg_id, begin);
+    } else if (c == ':') {
+      begin = handler.on_format_specs(adapter.arg_id, begin + 1, end);
+      if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+        return handler.on_error("unknown format specifier"), end;
+    } else {
+      return handler.on_error("missing '}' in format string"), end;
+    }
+  }
+  return begin + 1;
+}
+
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR FMT_INLINE void parse_format_string(
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str, Handler&& handler) {
+  auto begin = format_str.data();
+  auto end = begin + format_str.size();
+  if (end - begin < 32) {
+    // Use a simple loop instead of memchr for small strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    while (p != end) {
+      auto c = *p++;
+      if (c == '{') {
+        handler.on_text(begin, p - 1);
+        begin = p = parse_replacement_field(p - 1, end, handler);
+      } else if (c == '}') {
+        if (p == end || *p != '}')
+          return handler.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler.on_text(begin, p);
+        begin = ++p;
+      }
+    }
+    handler.on_text(begin, end);
+    return;
+  }
+  struct writer {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char* from, const Char* to) {
+      if (from == to) return;
+      for (;;) {
+        const Char* p = nullptr;
+        if (!find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(from, to, Char('}'), p))
+          return handler_.on_text(from, to);
+        ++p;
+        if (p == to || *p != '}')
+          return handler_.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler_.on_text(from, p);
+        from = p + 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Handler& handler_;
+  } write = {handler};
+  while (begin != end) {
+    // Doing two passes with memchr (one for '{' and another for '}') is up to
+    // 2.5x faster than the naive one-pass implementation on big format strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    if (*begin != '{' && !find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin + 1, end, Char('{'), p))
+      return write(begin, end);
+    write(begin, p);
+    begin = parse_replacement_field(p, end, handler);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, bool = is_named_arg<T>::value> struct strip_named_arg {
+  using type = T;
+};
+template <typename T> struct strip_named_arg<T, true> {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<decltype(T::value)>;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename ParseContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse_format_specs(ParseContext& ctx)
+    -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
+  using mapped_type = conditional_t<
+      mapped_type_constant<T, context>::value != type::custom_type,
+      decltype(arg_mapper<context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+      typename strip_named_arg<T>::type>;
+#if defined(__cpp_if_constexpr)
+  if constexpr (std::is_default_constructible<
+                    formatter<mapped_type, char_type>>::value) {
+    return formatter<mapped_type, char_type>().parse(ctx);
+  } else {
+    type_is_unformattable_for<T, char_type> _;
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+#else
+  return formatter<mapped_type, char_type>().parse(ctx);
+#endif
+}
+
+// Checks char specs and returns true iff the presentation type is char-like.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto check_char_specs(const format_specs<Char>& specs) -> bool {
+  if (specs.type != presentation_type::none &&
+      specs.type != presentation_type::chr &&
+      specs.type != presentation_type::debug) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric || specs.sign != sign::none || specs.alt)
+    throw_format_error("invalid format specifier for char");
+  return true;
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+template <int N, typename T, typename... Args, typename Char>
+constexpr auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+  if constexpr (is_statically_named_arg<T>()) {
+    if (name == T::name) return N;
+  }
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<N + 1, Args...>(name);
+  (void)name;  // Workaround an MSVC bug about "unused" parameter.
+  return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto get_arg_index_by_name(basic_string_view<Char> name) -> int {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+  if constexpr (sizeof...(Args) > 0)
+    return get_arg_index_by_name<0, Args...>(name);
+#endif
+  (void)name;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename... Args> class format_string_checker {
+ private:
+  using parse_context_type = compile_parse_context<Char>;
+  static constexpr int num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+
+  // Format specifier parsing function.
+  // In the future basic_format_parse_context will replace compile_parse_context
+  // here and will use is_constant_evaluated and downcasting to access the data
+  // needed for compile-time checks: https://godbolt.org/z/GvWzcTjh1.
+  using parse_func = const Char* (*)(parse_context_type&);
+
+  type types_[num_args > 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(num_args) : 1];
+  parse_context_type context_;
+  parse_func parse_funcs_[num_args > 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(num_args) : 1];
+
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR format_string_checker(basic_string_view<Char> fmt)
+      : types_{mapped_type_constant<Args, buffer_context<Char>>::value...},
+        context_(fmt, num_args, types_),
+        parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...} {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id() -> int { return context_.next_arg_id(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(int id) -> int {
+    return context_.check_arg_id(id), id;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) -> int {
+#if FMT_USE_NONTYPE_TEMPLATE_ARGS
+    auto index = get_arg_index_by_name<Args...>(id);
+    if (index < 0) on_error("named argument is not found");
+    return index;
+#else
+    (void)id;
+    on_error("compile-time checks for named arguments require C++20 support");
+    return 0;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(int id, const Char* begin) {
+    on_format_specs(id, begin, begin);  // Call parse() on empty specs.
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto on_format_specs(int id, const Char* begin, const Char*)
+      -> const Char* {
+    context_.advance_to(begin);
+    // id >= 0 check is a workaround for gcc 10 bug (#2065).
+    return id >= 0 && id < num_args ? parse_funcs_[id](context_) : begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    throw_format_error(message);
+  }
+};
+
+// Reports a compile-time error if S is not a valid format string.
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE void check_format_string(const S&) {
+#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
+  static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
+                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to use "
+                "FMT_STRING.");
+#endif
+}
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+void check_format_string(S format_str) {
+  using char_t = typename S::char_type;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto s = basic_string_view<char_t>(format_str);
+  using checker = format_string_checker<char_t, remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool error = (parse_format_string<true>(s, checker(s)), true);
+  ignore_unused(error);
+}
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct vformat_args {
+  using type = basic_format_args<
+      basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<Char>>, Char>>;
+};
+template <> struct vformat_args<char> {
+  using type = format_args;
+};
+
+// Use vformat_args and avoid type_identity to keep symbols short.
+template <typename Char>
+void vformat_to(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> fmt,
+                typename vformat_args<Char>::type args, locale_ref loc = {});
+
+FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
+#ifndef _WIN32
+inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args) {}
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+// A formatter specialization for natively supported types.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                             detail::type::custom_type>> {
+ private:
+  detail::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    auto type = detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value;
+    auto end =
+        detail::parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), specs_, ctx, type);
+    if (type == detail::type::char_type) detail::check_char_specs(specs_);
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <detail::type U = detail::type_constant<T, Char>::value,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(U == detail::type::string_type ||
+                          U == detail::type::cstring_type ||
+                          U == detail::type::char_type)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_debug_format(bool set = true) {
+    specs_.type = set ? presentation_type::debug : presentation_type::none;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out());
+};
+
+template <typename Char = char> struct runtime_format_string {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
+};
+
+/** A compile-time format string. */
+template <typename Char, typename... Args> class basic_format_string {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> str_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename S,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_convertible<const S&, basic_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEVAL FMT_INLINE basic_format_string(const S& s) : str_(s) {
+    static_assert(
+        detail::count<
+            (std::is_base_of<detail::view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value &&
+             std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>() == 0,
+        "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+#ifdef FMT_HAS_CONSTEVAL
+    if constexpr (detail::count_named_args<Args...>() ==
+                  detail::count_statically_named_args<Args...>()) {
+      using checker =
+          detail::format_string_checker<Char, remove_cvref_t<Args>...>;
+      detail::parse_format_string<true>(str_, checker(s));
+    }
+#else
+    detail::check_format_string<Args...>(s);
+#endif
+  }
+  basic_format_string(runtime_format_string<Char> fmt) : str_(fmt.str) {}
+
+  FMT_INLINE operator basic_string_view<Char>() const { return str_; }
+  FMT_INLINE auto get() const -> basic_string_view<Char> { return str_; }
+};
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+// Workaround broken conversion on older gcc.
+template <typename...> using format_string = string_view;
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> string_view { return s; }
+#else
+template <typename... Args>
+using format_string = basic_format_string<char, type_identity_t<Args>...>;
+/**
+  \rst
+  Creates a runtime format string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // Check format string at runtime instead of compile-time.
+    fmt::print(fmt::runtime("{:d}"), "I am not a number");
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline auto runtime(string_view s) -> runtime_format_string<> { return {{s}}; }
+#endif
+
+FMT_API auto vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) -> std::string;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and returns the result
+  as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}.", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto format(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> std::string {
+  return vformat(fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to(OutputIt out, string_view fmt, format_args args) -> OutputIt {
+  auto&& buf = detail::get_buffer<char>(out);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return detail::get_iterator(buf, out);
+}
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes the result to
+ the output iterator ``out`` and returns the iterator past the end of the output
+ range. `format_to` does not append a terminating null character.
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   auto out = std::vector<char>();
+   fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+ \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to(OutputIt out, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args)
+    -> OutputIt {
+  return vformat_to(out, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
+  /** Iterator past the end of the output range. */
+  OutputIt out;
+  /** Total (not truncated) output size. */
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+auto vformat_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, string_view fmt, format_args args)
+    -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = detail::fixed_buffer_traits;
+  auto buf = detail::iterator_buffer<OutputIt, char, traits>(out, n);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, fmt, args, {});
+  return {buf.out(), buf.count()};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt``, writes up to ``n``
+  characters of the result to the output iterator ``out`` and returns the total
+  (not truncated) output size and the iterator past the end of the output range.
+  `format_to_n` does not append a terminating null character.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename... T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_output_iterator<OutputIt, char>::value)>
+FMT_INLINE auto format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n, format_string<T...> fmt,
+                            T&&... args) -> format_to_n_result<OutputIt> {
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
+}
+
+/** Returns the number of chars in the output of ``format(fmt, args...)``. */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_NODISCARD FMT_INLINE auto formatted_size(format_string<T...> fmt,
+                                             T&&... args) -> size_t {
+  auto buf = detail::counting_buffer<>();
+  detail::vformat_to<char>(buf, fmt, fmt::make_format_args(args...), {});
+  return buf.count();
+}
+
+FMT_API void vprint(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view fmt, format_args args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the output
+  to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(fmt, vargs)
+                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(stdout, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+  output to the file ``f``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void print(std::FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
+  return detail::is_utf8() ? vprint(f, fmt, vargs)
+                           : detail::vprint_mojibake(f, fmt, vargs);
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the
+  output to the file ``f`` followed by a newline.
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void println(std::FILE* f, format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return fmt::print(f, "{}\n", fmt::format(fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...));
+}
+
+/**
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``fmt`` and writes the output
+  to ``stdout`` followed by a newline.
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_INLINE void println(format_string<T...> fmt, T&&... args) {
+  return fmt::println(stdout, fmt, std::forward<T>(args)...);
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_GCC_PRAGMA("GCC pop_options")
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  include "format.h"
+#endif
+#endif  // FMT_CORE_H_