cokit-cli 1.0.9 → 1.2.0

package/skills/{ck-backend-development → backend-development}/references/backend-api-design.md

@@ -1,495 +1,697 @@
-# Backend API Design
-
-Comprehensive guide to designing RESTful, GraphQL, and gRPC APIs with best practices (2025).
-
-## REST API Design
-
-### Resource-Based URLs
-
-**Good:**
-```
-GET    /api/v1/users              # List users
-GET    /api/v1/users/:id          # Get specific user
-POST   /api/v1/users              # Create user
-PUT    /api/v1/users/:id          # Update user (full)
-PATCH  /api/v1/users/:id          # Update user (partial)
-DELETE /api/v1/users/:id          # Delete user
-
-GET    /api/v1/users/:id/posts    # Get user's posts
-POST   /api/v1/users/:id/posts    # Create post for user
-```
-
-**Bad (Avoid):**
-```
-GET /api/v1/getUser?id=123        # RPC-style, not RESTful
-POST /api/v1/createUser           # Verb in URL
-GET /api/v1/user-posts            # Unclear relationship
-```
-
-### HTTP Status Codes (Meaningful Responses)
-
-**Success:**
-- `200 OK` - Successful GET, PUT, PATCH
-- `201 Created` - Successful POST (resource created)
-- `204 No Content` - Successful DELETE
-
-**Client Errors:**
-- `400 Bad Request` - Invalid input/validation error
-- `401 Unauthorized` - Missing or invalid authentication
-- `403 Forbidden` - Authenticated but not authorized
-- `404 Not Found` - Resource doesn't exist
-- `409 Conflict` - Resource conflict (duplicate email)
-- `422 Unprocessable Entity` - Validation error (detailed)
-- `429 Too Many Requests` - Rate limit exceeded
-
-**Server Errors:**
-- `500 Internal Server Error` - Generic server error
-- `502 Bad Gateway` - Upstream service error
-- `503 Service Unavailable` - Temporary downtime
-- `504 Gateway Timeout` - Upstream service timeout
-
-### Request/Response Format
-
-**Request:**
-```typescript
-POST /api/v1/users
-Content-Type: application/json
-
-{
-  "email": "user@example.com",
-  "name": "John Doe",
-  "age": 30
-}
-```
-
-**Success Response:**
-```typescript
-HTTP/1.1 201 Created
-Content-Type: application/json
-Location: /api/v1/users/123
-
-{
-  "id": "123",
-  "email": "user@example.com",
-  "name": "John Doe",
-  "age": 30,
-  "createdAt": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z",
-  "updatedAt": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z"
-}
-```
-
-**Error Response:**
-```typescript
-HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
-Content-Type: application/json
-
-{
-  "error": {
-    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
-    "message": "Invalid input data",
-    "details": [
-      {
-        "field": "email",
-        "message": "Invalid email format",
-        "value": "invalid-email"
-      },
-      {
-        "field": "age",
-        "message": "Age must be between 18 and 120",
-        "value": 15
-      }
-    ],
-    "timestamp": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z",
-    "path": "/api/v1/users"
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Pagination
-
-```typescript
-// Request
-GET /api/v1/users?page=2&limit=50
-
-// Response
-{
-  "data": [...],
-  "pagination": {
-    "page": 2,
-    "limit": 50,
-    "total": 1234,
-    "totalPages": 25,
-    "hasNext": true,
-    "hasPrev": true
-  },
-  "links": {
-    "first": "/api/v1/users?page=1&limit=50",
-    "prev": "/api/v1/users?page=1&limit=50",
-    "next": "/api/v1/users?page=3&limit=50",
-    "last": "/api/v1/users?page=25&limit=50"
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Filtering and Sorting
-
-```
-GET /api/v1/users?status=active&role=admin&sort=-createdAt,name&limit=20
-
-# Filters: status=active AND role=admin
-# Sort: createdAt DESC, name ASC
-# Limit: 20 results
-```
-
-### API Versioning Strategies
-
-**URL Versioning (Most Common):**
-```
-/api/v1/users
-/api/v2/users
-```
-
-**Header Versioning:**
-```
-GET /api/users
-Accept: application/vnd.myapi.v2+json
-```
-
-**Query Parameter:**
-```
-/api/users?version=2
-```
-
-**Recommendation:** URL versioning for simplicity and discoverability
-
-## GraphQL API Design
-
-### Schema Definition
-
-```graphql
-type User {
-  id: ID!
-  email: String!
-  name: String!
-  posts: [Post!]!
-  createdAt: DateTime!
-}
-
-type Post {
-  id: ID!
-  title: String!
-  content: String!
-  author: User!
-  published: Boolean!
-  createdAt: DateTime!
-}
-
-type Query {
-  user(id: ID!): User
-  users(limit: Int = 50, offset: Int = 0): [User!]!
-  post(id: ID!): Post
-  posts(authorId: ID, published: Boolean): [Post!]!
-}
-
-type Mutation {
-  createUser(input: CreateUserInput!): User!
-  updateUser(id: ID!, input: UpdateUserInput!): User!
-  deleteUser(id: ID!): Boolean!
-
-  createPost(input: CreatePostInput!): Post!
-  publishPost(id: ID!): Post!
-}
-
-input CreateUserInput {
-  email: String!
-  name: String!
-  password: String!
-}
-
-input UpdateUserInput {
-  email: String
-  name: String
-}
-```
-
-### Queries
-
-```graphql
-# Flexible data fetching - client specifies exactly what they need
-query {
-  user(id: "123") {
-    id
-    name
-    email
-    posts {
-      id
-      title
-      published
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-# With variables
-query GetUser($userId: ID!) {
-  user(id: $userId) {
-    id
-    name
-    posts(published: true) {
-      title
-    }
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Mutations
-
-```graphql
-mutation CreateUser($input: CreateUserInput!) {
-  createUser(input: $input) {
-    id
-    email
-    name
-    createdAt
-  }
-}
-
-# Variables
-{
-  "input": {
-    "email": "user@example.com",
-    "name": "John Doe",
-    "password": "SecurePass123!"
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### Resolvers (NestJS Example)
-
-```typescript
-@Resolver(() => User)
-export class UserResolver {
-  constructor(
-    private userService: UserService,
-    private postService: PostService,
-  ) {}
-
-  @Query(() => User, { nullable: true })
-  async user(@Args('id') id: string) {
-    return this.userService.findById(id);
-  }
-
-  @Query(() => [User])
-  async users(
-    @Args('limit', { defaultValue: 50 }) limit: number,
-    @Args('offset', { defaultValue: 0 }) offset: number,
-  ) {
-    return this.userService.findAll({ limit, offset });
-  }
-
-  @Mutation(() => User)
-  async createUser(@Args('input') input: CreateUserInput) {
-    return this.userService.create(input);
-  }
-
-  // Field resolver - lazy load posts
-  @ResolveField(() => [Post])
-  async posts(@Parent() user: User) {
-    return this.postService.findByAuthorId(user.id);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### GraphQL Best Practices
-
-1. **Avoid N+1 Problem** - Use DataLoader
-```typescript
-import DataLoader from 'dataloader';
-
-const postLoader = new DataLoader(async (authorIds: string[]) => {
-  const posts = await db.posts.findAll({ where: { authorId: authorIds } });
-  return authorIds.map(id => posts.filter(p => p.authorId === id));
-});
-
-// In resolver
-@ResolveField(() => [Post])
-async posts(@Parent() user: User) {
-  return this.postLoader.load(user.id);
-}
-```
-
-2. **Pagination** - Relay-style cursor pagination
-3. **Error Handling** - Return errors in response
-4. **Depth Limiting** - Prevent deeply nested queries
-5. **Query Complexity Analysis** - Limit expensive queries
-
-## gRPC API Design
-
-### Protocol Buffers Schema
-
-```protobuf
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-package user;
-
-service UserService {
-  rpc GetUser (GetUserRequest) returns (User);
-  rpc ListUsers (ListUsersRequest) returns (ListUsersResponse);
-  rpc CreateUser (CreateUserRequest) returns (User);
-  rpc UpdateUser (UpdateUserRequest) returns (User);
-  rpc DeleteUser (DeleteUserRequest) returns (DeleteUserResponse);
-
-  // Streaming
-  rpc StreamUsers (StreamUsersRequest) returns (stream User);
-}
-
-message User {
-  string id = 1;
-  string email = 2;
-  string name = 3;
-  int64 created_at = 4;
-}
-
-message GetUserRequest {
-  string id = 1;
-}
-
-message ListUsersRequest {
-  int32 limit = 1;
-  int32 offset = 2;
-}
-
-message ListUsersResponse {
-  repeated User users = 1;
-  int32 total = 2;
-}
-
-message CreateUserRequest {
-  string email = 1;
-  string name = 2;
-  string password = 3;
-}
-```
-
-### Implementation (Node.js)
-
-```typescript
-import * as grpc from '@grpc/grpc-js';
-import * as protoLoader from '@grpc/proto-loader';
-
-const packageDefinition = protoLoader.loadSync('user.proto');
-const userProto = grpc.loadPackageDefinition(packageDefinition).user;
-
-// Server implementation
-const server = new grpc.Server();
-
-server.addService(userProto.UserService.service, {
-  async getUser(call, callback) {
-    const user = await userService.findById(call.request.id);
-    callback(null, user);
-  },
-
-  async createUser(call, callback) {
-    const user = await userService.create(call.request);
-    callback(null, user);
-  },
-
-  async streamUsers(call) {
-    const users = await userService.findAll();
-    for (const user of users) {
-      call.write(user);
-    }
-    call.end();
-  },
-});
-
-server.bindAsync(
-  '0.0.0.0:50051',
-  grpc.ServerCredentials.createInsecure(),
-  () => server.start()
-);
-```
-
-### gRPC Benefits
-
-- **Performance:** 7-10x faster than REST (binary protocol)
-- **Streaming:** Bi-directional streaming
-- **Type Safety:** Strong typing via Protocol Buffers
-- **Code Generation:** Auto-generate client/server code
-- **Best For:** Internal microservices, high-performance systems
-
-## API Design Decision Matrix
-
-| Feature | REST | GraphQL | gRPC |
-|---------|------|---------|------|
-| **Use Case** | Public APIs, CRUD | Flexible data fetching | Microservices, performance |
-| **Performance** | Moderate | Moderate | Fastest (7-10x REST) |
-| **Caching** | HTTP caching built-in | Complex | No built-in caching |
-| **Browser Support** | Native | Native | Requires gRPC-Web |
-| **Learning Curve** | Easy | Moderate | Steep |
-| **Streaming** | Limited (SSE) | Subscriptions | Bi-directional |
-| **Tooling** | Excellent | Excellent | Good |
-| **Documentation** | OpenAPI/Swagger | Schema introspection | Protobuf definition |
-
-## API Security Checklist
-
-- [ ] HTTPS/TLS only (no HTTP)
-- [ ] Authentication (OAuth 2.1, JWT, API keys)
-- [ ] Authorization (RBAC, check permissions)
-- [ ] Rate limiting (prevent abuse)
-- [ ] Input validation (all endpoints)
-- [ ] CORS configured properly
-- [ ] Security headers (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options)
-- [ ] API versioning implemented
-- [ ] Error messages don't leak system info
-- [ ] Audit logging (who did what, when)
-
-## API Documentation
-
-### OpenAPI/Swagger (REST)
-
-```yaml
-openapi: 3.0.0
-info:
-  title: User API
-  version: 1.0.0
-paths:
-  /api/v1/users:
-    get:
-      summary: List users
-      parameters:
-        - name: limit
-          in: query
-          schema:
-            type: integer
-            default: 50
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: Successful response
-          content:
-            application/json:
-              schema:
-                type: object
-                properties:
-                  data:
-                    type: array
-                    items:
-                      $ref: '#/components/schemas/User'
-components:
-  schemas:
-    User:
-      type: object
-      properties:
-        id:
-          type: string
-        email:
-          type: string
-        name:
-          type: string
-```
-
-## Resources
-
-- **REST Best Practices:** https://restfulapi.net/
-- **GraphQL:** https://graphql.org/learn/
-- **gRPC:** https://grpc.io/docs/
-- **OpenAPI:** https://swagger.io/specification/
+# Backend API Design
+
+Comprehensive guide to designing RESTful, GraphQL, and gRPC APIs with best practices (2025).
+
+## REST API Design
+
+### Resource-Based URLs
+
+**Good:**
+```
+GET    /api/v1/users              # List users
+GET    /api/v1/users/:id          # Get specific user
+POST   /api/v1/users              # Create user
+PUT    /api/v1/users/:id          # Update user (full)
+PATCH  /api/v1/users/:id          # Update user (partial)
+DELETE /api/v1/users/:id          # Delete user
+
+GET    /api/v1/users/:id/posts    # Get user's posts
+POST   /api/v1/users/:id/posts    # Create post for user
+```
+
+**Bad (Avoid):**
+```
+GET /api/v1/getUser?id=123        # RPC-style, not RESTful
+POST /api/v1/createUser           # Verb in URL
+GET /api/v1/user-posts            # Unclear relationship
+```
+
+### HTTP Status Codes (Meaningful Responses)
+
+**Success:**
+- `200 OK` - Successful GET, PUT, PATCH
+- `201 Created` - Successful POST (resource created)
+- `204 No Content` - Successful DELETE
+
+**Client Errors:**
+- `400 Bad Request` - Invalid input/validation error
+- `401 Unauthorized` - Missing or invalid authentication
+- `403 Forbidden` - Authenticated but not authorized
+- `404 Not Found` - Resource doesn't exist
+- `409 Conflict` - Resource conflict (duplicate email)
+- `422 Unprocessable Entity` - Validation error (detailed)
+- `429 Too Many Requests` - Rate limit exceeded
+
+**Server Errors:**
+- `500 Internal Server Error` - Generic server error
+- `502 Bad Gateway` - Upstream service error
+- `503 Service Unavailable` - Temporary downtime
+- `504 Gateway Timeout` - Upstream service timeout
+
+### Request/Response Format
+
+**Request:**
+```typescript
+POST /api/v1/users
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "email": "user@example.com",
+  "name": "John Doe",
+  "age": 30
+}
+```
+
+**Success Response:**
+```typescript
+HTTP/1.1 201 Created
+Content-Type: application/json
+Location: /api/v1/users/123
+
+{
+  "id": "123",
+  "email": "user@example.com",
+  "name": "John Doe",
+  "age": 30,
+  "createdAt": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z",
+  "updatedAt": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z"
+}
+```
+
+**Error Response:**
+```typescript
+HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
+Content-Type: application/json
+
+{
+  "error": {
+    "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR",
+    "message": "Invalid input data",
+    "details": [
+      {
+        "field": "email",
+        "message": "Invalid email format",
+        "value": "invalid-email"
+      },
+      {
+        "field": "age",
+        "message": "Age must be between 18 and 120",
+        "value": 15
+      }
+    ],
+    "timestamp": "2025-01-09T12:00:00Z",
+    "path": "/api/v1/users"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Pagination
+
+```typescript
+// Request
+GET /api/v1/users?page=2&limit=50
+
+// Response
+{
+  "data": [...],
+  "pagination": {
+    "page": 2,
+    "limit": 50,
+    "total": 1234,
+    "totalPages": 25,
+    "hasNext": true,
+    "hasPrev": true
+  },
+  "links": {
+    "first": "/api/v1/users?page=1&limit=50",
+    "prev": "/api/v1/users?page=1&limit=50",
+    "next": "/api/v1/users?page=3&limit=50",
+    "last": "/api/v1/users?page=25&limit=50"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Filtering and Sorting
+
+```
+GET /api/v1/users?status=active&role=admin&sort=-createdAt,name&limit=20
+
+# Filters: status=active AND role=admin
+# Sort: createdAt DESC, name ASC
+# Limit: 20 results
+```
+
+### API Versioning Strategies
+
+**URL Versioning (Most Common):**
+```
+/api/v1/users
+/api/v2/users
+```
+
+**Header Versioning:**
+```
+GET /api/users
+Accept: application/vnd.myapi.v2+json
+```
+
+**Query Parameter:**
+```
+/api/users?version=2
+```
+
+**Recommendation:** URL versioning for simplicity and discoverability
+
+### REST API Implementation (ASP.NET Core)
+
+```csharp
+// UsersController.cs - RESTful API with best practices
+[ApiController]
+[Route("api/v1/[controller]")]
+[Produces("application/json")]
+public class UsersController : ControllerBase
+{
+    private readonly IUserService _userService;
+
+    public UsersController(IUserService userService) => _userService = userService;
+
+    /// <summary>List users with pagination</summary>
+    [HttpGet]
+    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(PagedResult<UserDto>), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> GetUsers(
+        [FromQuery] int page = 1,
+        [FromQuery] int limit = 50,
+        [FromQuery] string? status = null,
+        [FromQuery] string? sort = null)
+    {
+        var result = await _userService.GetUsersAsync(page, limit, status, sort);
+        return Ok(result);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Get user by ID</summary>
+    [HttpGet("{id}")]
+    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(UserDto), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> GetUser(string id)
+    {
+        var user = await _userService.GetByIdAsync(id);
+        return user is null ? NotFound() : Ok(user);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Create new user</summary>
+    [HttpPost]
+    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(UserDto), StatusCodes.Status201Created)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(ValidationProblemDetails), StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> CreateUser([FromBody] CreateUserDto dto)
+    {
+        var user = await _userService.CreateAsync(dto);
+        return CreatedAtAction(nameof(GetUser), new { id = user.Id }, user);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Update user (full)</summary>
+    [HttpPut("{id}")]
+    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(UserDto), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> UpdateUser(string id, [FromBody] UpdateUserDto dto)
+    {
+        var user = await _userService.UpdateAsync(id, dto);
+        return user is null ? NotFound() : Ok(user);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Delete user</summary>
+    [HttpDelete("{id}")]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status204NoContent)]
+    [ProducesResponseType(StatusCodes.Status404NotFound)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> DeleteUser(string id)
+    {
+        var deleted = await _userService.DeleteAsync(id);
+        return deleted ? NoContent() : NotFound();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>Get user's posts</summary>
+    [HttpGet("{id}/posts")]
+    [ProducesResponseType(typeof(IEnumerable<PostDto>), StatusCodes.Status200OK)]
+    public async Task<IActionResult> GetUserPosts(string id)
+    {
+        var posts = await _userService.GetUserPostsAsync(id);
+        return Ok(posts);
+    }
+}
+
+// DTOs with validation
+public record CreateUserDto(
+    [Required][EmailAddress] string Email,
+    [Required][StringLength(100, MinimumLength = 2)] string Name,
+    [Range(18, 120)] int? Age
+);
+
+public record UpdateUserDto(
+    [EmailAddress] string? Email,
+    [StringLength(100, MinimumLength = 2)] string? Name
+);
+
+// Pagination response
+public record PagedResult<T>(
+    IEnumerable<T> Data,
+    PaginationMeta Pagination,
+    PaginationLinks Links
+);
+
+public record PaginationMeta(int Page, int Limit, int Total, int TotalPages, bool HasNext, bool HasPrev);
+public record PaginationLinks(string First, string? Prev, string? Next, string Last);
+```
+
+### REST API Implementation (Node.js/Express)
+
+```typescript
+// Express router with TypeScript
+import { Router, Request, Response } from 'express';
+
+const router = Router();
+
+// GET /api/v1/users - List users
+router.get('/users', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  const { page = 1, limit = 50, status, sort } = req.query;
+  const result = await userService.findAll({ page, limit, status, sort });
+  res.json(result);
+});
+
+// GET /api/v1/users/:id - Get user
+router.get('/users/:id', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  const user = await userService.findById(req.params.id);
+  if (!user) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' });
+  res.json(user);
+});
+
+// POST /api/v1/users - Create user
+router.post('/users', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  const user = await userService.create(req.body);
+  res.status(201).location(`/api/v1/users/${user.id}`).json(user);
+});
+
+// PUT /api/v1/users/:id - Update user
+router.put('/users/:id', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  const user = await userService.update(req.params.id, req.body);
+  if (!user) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' });
+  res.json(user);
+});
+
+// DELETE /api/v1/users/:id - Delete user
+router.delete('/users/:id', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+  const deleted = await userService.delete(req.params.id);
+  if (!deleted) return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' });
+  res.status(204).send();
+});
+
+export default router;
+```
+
+## GraphQL API Design
+
+### Schema Definition
+
+```graphql
+type User {
+  id: ID!
+  email: String!
+  name: String!
+  posts: [Post!]!
+  createdAt: DateTime!
+}
+
+type Post {
+  id: ID!
+  title: String!
+  content: String!
+  author: User!
+  published: Boolean!
+  createdAt: DateTime!
+}
+
+type Query {
+  user(id: ID!): User
+  users(limit: Int = 50, offset: Int = 0): [User!]!
+  post(id: ID!): Post
+  posts(authorId: ID, published: Boolean): [Post!]!
+}
+
+type Mutation {
+  createUser(input: CreateUserInput!): User!
+  updateUser(id: ID!, input: UpdateUserInput!): User!
+  deleteUser(id: ID!): Boolean!
+
+  createPost(input: CreatePostInput!): Post!
+  publishPost(id: ID!): Post!
+}
+
+input CreateUserInput {
+  email: String!
+  name: String!
+  password: String!
+}
+
+input UpdateUserInput {
+  email: String
+  name: String
+}
+```
+
+### Queries
+
+```graphql
+# Flexible data fetching - client specifies exactly what they need
+query {
+  user(id: "123") {
+    id
+    name
+    email
+    posts {
+      id
+      title
+      published
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+# With variables
+query GetUser($userId: ID!) {
+  user(id: $userId) {
+    id
+    name
+    posts(published: true) {
+      title
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Mutations
+
+```graphql
+mutation CreateUser($input: CreateUserInput!) {
+  createUser(input: $input) {
+    id
+    email
+    name
+    createdAt
+  }
+}
+
+# Variables
+{
+  "input": {
+    "email": "user@example.com",
+    "name": "John Doe",
+    "password": "SecurePass123!"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Resolvers (NestJS Example)
+
+```typescript
+@Resolver(() => User)
+export class UserResolver {
+  constructor(
+    private userService: UserService,
+    private postService: PostService,
+  ) {}
+
+  @Query(() => User, { nullable: true })
+  async user(@Args('id') id: string) {
+    return this.userService.findById(id);
+  }
+
+  @Query(() => [User])
+  async users(
+    @Args('limit', { defaultValue: 50 }) limit: number,
+    @Args('offset', { defaultValue: 0 }) offset: number,
+  ) {
+    return this.userService.findAll({ limit, offset });
+  }
+
+  @Mutation(() => User)
+  async createUser(@Args('input') input: CreateUserInput) {
+    return this.userService.create(input);
+  }
+
+  // Field resolver - lazy load posts
+  @ResolveField(() => [Post])
+  async posts(@Parent() user: User) {
+    return this.postService.findByAuthorId(user.id);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### GraphQL Best Practices
+
+1. **Avoid N+1 Problem** - Use DataLoader
+```typescript
+import DataLoader from 'dataloader';
+
+const postLoader = new DataLoader(async (authorIds: string[]) => {
+  const posts = await db.posts.findAll({ where: { authorId: authorIds } });
+  return authorIds.map(id => posts.filter(p => p.authorId === id));
+});
+
+// In resolver
+@ResolveField(() => [Post])
+async posts(@Parent() user: User) {
+  return this.postLoader.load(user.id);
+}
+```
+
+2. **Pagination** - Relay-style cursor pagination
+3. **Error Handling** - Return errors in response
+4. **Depth Limiting** - Prevent deeply nested queries
+5. **Query Complexity Analysis** - Limit expensive queries
+
+## gRPC API Design
+
+### Protocol Buffers Schema
+
+```protobuf
+syntax = "proto3";
+
+package user;
+
+service UserService {
+  rpc GetUser (GetUserRequest) returns (User);
+  rpc ListUsers (ListUsersRequest) returns (ListUsersResponse);
+  rpc CreateUser (CreateUserRequest) returns (User);
+  rpc UpdateUser (UpdateUserRequest) returns (User);
+  rpc DeleteUser (DeleteUserRequest) returns (DeleteUserResponse);
+
+  // Streaming
+  rpc StreamUsers (StreamUsersRequest) returns (stream User);
+}
+
+message User {
+  string id = 1;
+  string email = 2;
+  string name = 3;
+  int64 created_at = 4;
+}
+
+message GetUserRequest {
+  string id = 1;
+}
+
+message ListUsersRequest {
+  int32 limit = 1;
+  int32 offset = 2;
+}
+
+message ListUsersResponse {
+  repeated User users = 1;
+  int32 total = 2;
+}
+
+message CreateUserRequest {
+  string email = 1;
+  string name = 2;
+  string password = 3;
+}
+```
+
+### Implementation (ASP.NET Core gRPC)
+
+```csharp
+// UserService.cs - gRPC service implementation
+public class UserService : User.UserBase
+{
+    private readonly IUserRepository _userRepository;
+
+    public UserService(IUserRepository userRepository)
+    {
+        _userRepository = userRepository;
+    }
+
+    public override async Task<UserResponse> GetUser(
+        GetUserRequest request, ServerCallContext context)
+    {
+        var user = await _userRepository.FindByIdAsync(request.Id);
+        return new UserResponse
+        {
+            Id = user.Id,
+            Email = user.Email,
+            Name = user.Name
+        };
+    }
+
+    public override async Task<UserResponse> CreateUser(
+        CreateUserRequest request, ServerCallContext context)
+    {
+        var user = await _userRepository.CreateAsync(new User
+        {
+            Email = request.Email,
+            Name = request.Name
+        });
+        return new UserResponse { Id = user.Id, Email = user.Email };
+    }
+
+    public override async Task StreamUsers(
+        StreamUsersRequest request,
+        IServerStreamWriter<UserResponse> responseStream,
+        ServerCallContext context)
+    {
+        var users = await _userRepository.GetAllAsync();
+        foreach (var user in users)
+        {
+            await responseStream.WriteAsync(new UserResponse
+            {
+                Id = user.Id,
+                Email = user.Email
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Program.cs - Register gRPC service
+builder.Services.AddGrpc();
+app.MapGrpcService<UserService>();
+```
+
+### Implementation (Node.js)
+
+```typescript
+import * as grpc from '@grpc/grpc-js';
+import * as protoLoader from '@grpc/proto-loader';
+
+const packageDefinition = protoLoader.loadSync('user.proto');
+const userProto = grpc.loadPackageDefinition(packageDefinition).user;
+
+// Server implementation
+const server = new grpc.Server();
+
+server.addService(userProto.UserService.service, {
+  async getUser(call, callback) {
+    const user = await userService.findById(call.request.id);
+    callback(null, user);
+  },
+
+  async createUser(call, callback) {
+    const user = await userService.create(call.request);
+    callback(null, user);
+  },
+
+  async streamUsers(call) {
+    const users = await userService.findAll();
+    for (const user of users) {
+      call.write(user);
+    }
+    call.end();
+  },
+});
+
+server.bindAsync(
+  '0.0.0.0:50051',
+  grpc.ServerCredentials.createInsecure(),
+  () => server.start()
+);
+```
+
+### gRPC Benefits
+
+- **Performance:** 7-10x faster than REST (binary protocol)
+- **Streaming:** Bi-directional streaming
+- **Type Safety:** Strong typing via Protocol Buffers
+- **Code Generation:** Auto-generate client/server code
+- **Best For:** Internal microservices, high-performance systems
+
+## API Design Decision Matrix
+
+| Feature | REST | GraphQL | gRPC |
+|---------|------|---------|------|
+| **Use Case** | Public APIs, CRUD | Flexible data fetching | Microservices, performance |
+| **Performance** | Moderate | Moderate | Fastest (7-10x REST) |
+| **Caching** | HTTP caching built-in | Complex | No built-in caching |
+| **Browser Support** | Native | Native | Requires gRPC-Web |
+| **Learning Curve** | Easy | Moderate | Steep |
+| **Streaming** | Limited (SSE) | Subscriptions | Bi-directional |
+| **Tooling** | Excellent | Excellent | Good |
+| **Documentation** | OpenAPI/Swagger | Schema introspection | Protobuf definition |
+
+## API Security Checklist
+
+- [ ] HTTPS/TLS only (no HTTP)
+- [ ] Authentication (OAuth 2.1, JWT, API keys)
+- [ ] Authorization (RBAC, check permissions)
+- [ ] Rate limiting (prevent abuse)
+- [ ] Input validation (all endpoints)
+- [ ] CORS configured properly
+- [ ] Security headers (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options)
+- [ ] API versioning implemented
+- [ ] Error messages don't leak system info
+- [ ] Audit logging (who did what, when)
+
+## API Documentation
+
+### OpenAPI/Swagger (REST)
+
+```yaml
+openapi: 3.0.0
+info:
+  title: User API
+  version: 1.0.0
+paths:
+  /api/v1/users:
+    get:
+      summary: List users
+      parameters:
+        - name: limit
+          in: query
+          schema:
+            type: integer
+            default: 50
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Successful response
+          content:
+            application/json:
+              schema:
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  data:
+                    type: array
+                    items:
+                      $ref: '#/components/schemas/User'
+components:
+  schemas:
+    User:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        id:
+          type: string
+        email:
+          type: string
+        name:
+          type: string
+```
+
+## Resources
+
+- **REST Best Practices:** https://restfulapi.net/
+- **GraphQL:** https://graphql.org/learn/
+- **gRPC:** https://grpc.io/docs/
+- **OpenAPI:** https://swagger.io/specification/