cokit-cli 1.0.8 → 1.2.0

package/skills/backend-development/references/backend-authentication.md

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+# Backend Authentication & Authorization
+
+Modern authentication patterns including OAuth 2.1, JWT, RBAC, and MFA (2025 standards).
+
+## OAuth 2.1 (2025 Standard)
+
+### Key Changes from OAuth 2.0
+
+**Mandatory:**
+- PKCE (Proof Key for Code Exchange) for all clients
+- Exact redirect URI matching
+- State parameter for CSRF protection
+
+**Deprecated:**
+- Implicit grant flow (security risk)
+- Resource owner password credentials grant
+- Bearer token in query strings
+
+### Authorization Code Flow with PKCE
+
+```typescript
+// Step 1: Generate code verifier and challenge
+import crypto from 'crypto';
+
+const codeVerifier = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('base64url');
+const codeChallenge = crypto
+  .createHash('sha256')
+  .update(codeVerifier)
+  .digest('base64url');
+
+// Step 2: Redirect to authorization endpoint
+const authUrl = new URL('https://auth.example.com/authorize');
+authUrl.searchParams.set('client_id', 'your-client-id');
+authUrl.searchParams.set('redirect_uri', 'https://app.example.com/callback');
+authUrl.searchParams.set('response_type', 'code');
+authUrl.searchParams.set('scope', 'openid profile email');
+authUrl.searchParams.set('state', crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex'));
+authUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge', codeChallenge);
+authUrl.searchParams.set('code_challenge_method', 'S256');
+
+// Step 3: Exchange code for token (with code_verifier)
+const tokenResponse = await fetch('https://auth.example.com/token', {
+  method: 'POST',
+  headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' },
+  body: new URLSearchParams({
+    grant_type: 'authorization_code',
+    code: authCode,
+    redirect_uri: redirectUri,
+    client_id: clientId,
+    code_verifier: codeVerifier,
+  }),
+});
+```
+
+## JWT (JSON Web Tokens)
+
+### Structure
+
+```
+Header.Payload.Signature
+eyJhbGciOi...  .  eyJzdWIiOi...  .  SflKxwRJ...
+```
+
+### Best Practices (2025)
+
+1. **Short expiration** - Access tokens: 15 minutes, Refresh tokens: 7 days
+2. **Use RS256** - Asymmetric signing (not HS256 for public APIs)
+3. **Validate everything** - Signature, issuer, audience, expiration
+4. **Include minimal claims** - Don't include sensitive data
+5. **Refresh token rotation** - Issue new refresh token on each use
+
+### Implementation (ASP.NET Core)
+
+```csharp
+// Program.cs - JWT configuration with best practices
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
+using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
+
+builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
+    .AddJwtBearer(options =>
+    {
+        options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
+        {
+            ValidateIssuer = true,
+            ValidateAudience = true,
+            ValidateLifetime = true,
+            ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
+            RequireExpirationTime = true,
+            ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1), // Reduce default 5-min skew
+            ValidIssuer = builder.Configuration["Jwt:Issuer"],
+            ValidAudience = builder.Configuration["Jwt:Audience"],
+            IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(
+                Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(builder.Configuration["Jwt:Key"]!))
+        };
+
+        options.Events = new JwtBearerEvents
+        {
+            OnAuthenticationFailed = context =>
+            {
+                if (context.Exception is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
+                    context.Response.Headers.Add("Token-Expired", "true");
+                return Task.CompletedTask;
+            }
+        };
+    });
+
+// Generate JWT token
+public string GenerateToken(User user)
+{
+    var claims = new[]
+    {
+        new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Sub, user.Id),
+        new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Email, user.Email),
+        new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, user.Role),
+        new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti, Guid.NewGuid().ToString())
+    };
+
+    var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_config["Jwt:Key"]!));
+    var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
+
+    var token = new JwtSecurityToken(
+        issuer: _config["Jwt:Issuer"],
+        audience: _config["Jwt:Audience"],
+        claims: claims,
+        expires: DateTime.UtcNow.AddMinutes(15), // Short-lived access token
+        signingCredentials: creds);
+
+    return new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);
+}
+```
+
+### Implementation (Node.js/TypeScript)
+
+```typescript
+import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';
+
+// Generate JWT
+const accessToken = jwt.sign(
+  {
+    sub: user.id,
+    email: user.email,
+    roles: user.roles,
+  },
+  process.env.JWT_PRIVATE_KEY,
+  {
+    algorithm: 'RS256',
+    expiresIn: '15m',
+    issuer: 'https://api.example.com',
+    audience: 'https://app.example.com',
+  }
+);
+
+// Verify JWT
+const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_PUBLIC_KEY, {
+  algorithms: ['RS256'],
+  issuer: 'https://api.example.com',
+  audience: 'https://app.example.com',
+});
+```
+
+## Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
+
+### RBAC Model
+
+```
+Users → Roles → Permissions → Resources
+```
+
+### Implementation (NestJS Example)
+
+```typescript
+// Define roles
+export enum Role {
+  ADMIN = 'admin',
+  EDITOR = 'editor',
+  VIEWER = 'viewer',
+}
+
+// Role decorator
+export const Roles = (...roles: Role[]) => SetMetadata('roles', roles);
+
+// Guard implementation
+@Injectable()
+export class RolesGuard implements CanActivate {
+  constructor(private reflector: Reflector) {}
+
+  canActivate(context: ExecutionContext): boolean {
+    const requiredRoles = this.reflector.get<Role[]>('roles', context.getHandler());
+    if (!requiredRoles) return true;
+
+    const request = context.switchToHttp().getRequest();
+    const user = request.user;
+
+    return requiredRoles.some((role) => user.roles?.includes(role));
+  }
+}
+
+// Usage
+@Post()
+@UseGuards(JwtAuthGuard, RolesGuard)
+@Roles(Role.ADMIN, Role.EDITOR)
+async createPost(@Body() createPostDto: CreatePostDto) {
+  return this.postsService.create(createPostDto);
+}
+```
+
+### Implementation (ASP.NET Core Example)
+
+```csharp
+// Define roles
+public static class Roles
+{
+    public const string Admin = "admin";
+    public const string Editor = "editor";
+    public const string Viewer = "viewer";
+}
+
+// Authorization policy
+builder.Services.AddAuthorization(options =>
+{
+    options.AddPolicy("RequireAdminOrEditor", policy =>
+        policy.RequireRole(Roles.Admin, Roles.Editor));
+});
+
+// Usage in controller
+[Authorize(Policy = "RequireAdminOrEditor")]
+[HttpPost]
+public async Task<IActionResult> CreatePost([FromBody] CreatePostDto dto)
+{
+    return Ok(await _postsService.CreateAsync(dto));
+}
+
+// Or use attribute-based authorization
+[Authorize(Roles = "admin,editor")]
+[HttpPost]
+public async Task<IActionResult> CreatePost([FromBody] CreatePostDto dto)
+{
+    return Ok(await _postsService.CreateAsync(dto));
+}
+```
+
+### RBAC Best Practices
+
+1. **Deny by default** - Explicitly grant permissions
+2. **Least privilege** - Minimum permissions needed
+3. **Role hierarchy** - Admin inherits Editor inherits Viewer
+4. **Separate roles and permissions** - Flexible permission assignment
+5. **Audit trail** - Log role changes and access
+
+## Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
+
+### TOTP (Time-Based One-Time Password)
+
+```typescript
+import speakeasy from 'speakeasy';
+import QRCode from 'qrcode';
+
+// Generate secret
+const secret = speakeasy.generateSecret({
+  name: 'MyApp',
+  issuer: 'MyCompany',
+});
+
+// Generate QR code for user
+const qrCode = await QRCode.toDataURL(secret.otpauth_url);
+
+// Verify TOTP token
+const verified = speakeasy.totp.verify({
+  secret: secret.base32,
+  encoding: 'base32',
+  token: userToken,
+  window: 2, // Allow 2 time steps drift
+});
+```
+
+### FIDO2/WebAuthn (Passwordless - 2025 Standard)
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Phishing-resistant
+- No shared secrets
+- Hardware-backed security
+- Better UX (biometrics, security keys)
+
+**Implementation:**
+```typescript
+// Registration
+const publicKeyCredentialCreationOptions = {
+  challenge: crypto.randomBytes(32),
+  rp: { name: 'MyApp', id: 'example.com' },
+  user: {
+    id: Buffer.from(user.id),
+    name: user.email,
+    displayName: user.name,
+  },
+  pubKeyCredParams: [{ alg: -7, type: 'public-key' }], // ES256
+  authenticatorSelection: {
+    authenticatorAttachment: 'platform', // 'platform' or 'cross-platform'
+    userVerification: 'required',
+  },
+  timeout: 60000,
+  attestation: 'direct',
+};
+
+// Use @simplewebauthn/server library
+import { verifyRegistrationResponse, verifyAuthenticationResponse } from '@simplewebauthn/server';
+```
+
+## Session Management
+
+### Best Practices
+
+1. **Secure cookies** - HttpOnly, Secure, SameSite=Strict
+2. **Session timeout** - Idle: 15 minutes, Absolute: 8 hours
+3. **Regenerate session ID** - After login, privilege elevation
+4. **Server-side storage** - Redis for distributed systems
+5. **CSRF protection** - SameSite cookies + CSRF tokens
+
+### Implementation
+
+```typescript
+import session from 'express-session';
+import RedisStore from 'connect-redis';
+import { createClient } from 'redis';
+
+const redisClient = createClient();
+await redisClient.connect();
+
+app.use(
+  session({
+    store: new RedisStore({ client: redisClient }),
+    secret: process.env.SESSION_SECRET,
+    resave: false,
+    saveUninitialized: false,
+    cookie: {
+      secure: true, // HTTPS only
+      httpOnly: true, // No JavaScript access
+      sameSite: 'strict', // CSRF protection
+      maxAge: 1000 * 60 * 15, // 15 minutes
+    },
+  })
+);
+```
+
+## Password Security
+
+### Argon2id (2025 Standard - Replaces bcrypt)
+
+**Why Argon2id:**
+- Winner of Password Hashing Competition (2015)
+- Memory-hard (resistant to GPU/ASIC attacks)
+- Configurable CPU and memory cost
+- Combines Argon2i (data-independent) + Argon2d (data-dependent)
+
+```typescript
+import argon2 from 'argon2';
+
+// Hash password
+const hash = await argon2.hash('password123', {
+  type: argon2.argon2id,
+  memoryCost: 65536, // 64 MB
+  timeCost: 3, // 3 iterations
+  parallelism: 4, // 4 threads
+});
+
+// Verify password
+const valid = await argon2.verify(hash, 'password123');
+```
+
+### Password Policy (2025 NIST Guidelines)
+
+- **Minimum length:** 12 characters (not 8)
+- **No composition rules** - Allow passphrases
+- **Check against breach databases** - HaveIBeenPwned API
+- **No periodic rotation** - Only on compromise
+- **Allow all printable characters** - Including spaces, emojis
+
+## API Key Authentication
+
+### Best Practices
+
+1. **Prefix keys** - `sk_live_`, `pk_test_` (identify type/environment)
+2. **Hash stored keys** - Store SHA-256 hash, not plaintext
+3. **Key rotation** - Allow users to rotate keys
+4. **Scope limiting** - Separate keys for read/write operations
+5. **Rate limiting** - Per API key limits
+
+```typescript
+// Generate API key
+const apiKey = `sk_${env}_${crypto.randomBytes(24).toString('base64url')}`;
+
+// Store hashed version
+const hashedKey = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(apiKey).digest('hex');
+await db.apiKeys.create({ userId, hashedKey, scopes: ['read'] });
+
+// Validate API key
+const providedHash = crypto.createHash('sha256').update(providedKey).digest('hex');
+const keyRecord = await db.apiKeys.findOne({ hashedKey: providedHash });
+```
+
+## Authentication Decision Matrix
+
+| Use Case | Recommended Approach |
+|----------|---------------------|
+| Web application | OAuth 2.1 + JWT |
+| Mobile app | OAuth 2.1 + PKCE |
+| SPA (Single Page App) | OAuth 2.1 Authorization Code + PKCE |
+| Server-to-server | Client credentials grant + mTLS |
+| Third-party API access | API keys with scopes |
+| High-security | WebAuthn/FIDO2 + MFA |
+| Internal admin | JWT + RBAC + MFA |
+| Microservices | Service mesh (mTLS) + JWT |
+
+## Security Checklist
+
+- [ ] OAuth 2.1 with PKCE implemented
+- [ ] JWT tokens expire in 15 minutes
+- [ ] Refresh token rotation enabled
+- [ ] RBAC with deny-by-default
+- [ ] MFA required for admin accounts
+- [ ] Passwords hashed with Argon2id
+- [ ] Session cookies: HttpOnly, Secure, SameSite
+- [ ] Rate limiting on auth endpoints (10 attempts/15 min)
+- [ ] Account lockout after failed attempts
+- [ ] Password policy: 12+ chars, breach check
+- [ ] Audit logging for authentication events
+
+## Resources
+
+- **OAuth 2.1:** https://oauth.net/2.1/
+- **JWT Best Practices:** https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8725
+- **WebAuthn:** https://webauthn.guide/
+- **NIST Password Guidelines:** https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3/
+- **OWASP Auth Cheat Sheet:** https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Authentication_Cheat_Sheet.html