cloudstructs 0.9.9 → 0.9.10

package/node_modules/minipass/README.md

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+# minipass
+
+A _very_ minimal implementation of a [PassThrough
+stream](https://nodejs.org/api/stream.html#stream_class_stream_passthrough)
+
+[It's very
+fast](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1K_HR5oh3r80b8WVMWCPPjfuWXUgfkmhlX7FGI6JJ8tY/edit?usp=sharing)
+for objects, strings, and buffers.
+
+Supports `pipe()`ing (including multi-`pipe()` and backpressure
+transmission), buffering data until either a `data` event handler
+or `pipe()` is added (so you don't lose the first chunk), and
+most other cases where PassThrough is a good idea.
+
+There is a `read()` method, but it's much more efficient to
+consume data from this stream via `'data'` events or by calling
+`pipe()` into some other stream. Calling `read()` requires the
+buffer to be flattened in some cases, which requires copying
+memory.
+
+If you set `objectMode: true` in the options, then whatever is
+written will be emitted. Otherwise, it'll do a minimal amount of
+Buffer copying to ensure proper Streams semantics when `read(n)`
+is called.
+
+`objectMode` can only be set at instantiation. Attempting to
+write something other than a String or Buffer without having set
+`objectMode` in the options will throw an error.
+
+This is not a `through` or `through2` stream. It doesn't
+transform the data, it just passes it right through. If you want
+to transform the data, extend the class, and override the
+`write()` method. Once you're done transforming the data however
+you want, call `super.write()` with the transform output.
+
+For some examples of streams that extend Minipass in various
+ways, check out:
+
+- [minizlib](http://npm.im/minizlib)
+- [fs-minipass](http://npm.im/fs-minipass)
+- [tar](http://npm.im/tar)
+- [minipass-collect](http://npm.im/minipass-collect)
+- [minipass-flush](http://npm.im/minipass-flush)
+- [minipass-pipeline](http://npm.im/minipass-pipeline)
+- [tap](http://npm.im/tap)
+- [tap-parser](http://npm.im/tap-parser)
+- [treport](http://npm.im/treport)
+- [minipass-fetch](http://npm.im/minipass-fetch)
+- [pacote](http://npm.im/pacote)
+- [make-fetch-happen](http://npm.im/make-fetch-happen)
+- [cacache](http://npm.im/cacache)
+- [ssri](http://npm.im/ssri)
+- [npm-registry-fetch](http://npm.im/npm-registry-fetch)
+- [minipass-json-stream](http://npm.im/minipass-json-stream)
+- [minipass-sized](http://npm.im/minipass-sized)
+
+## Usage in TypeScript
+
+The `Minipass` class takes three type template definitions:
+
+- `RType` the type being read, which defaults to `Buffer`. If
+  `RType` is `string`, then the constructor _must_ get an options
+  object specifying either an `encoding` or `objectMode: true`.
+  If it's anything other than `string` or `Buffer`, then it
+  _must_ get an options object specifying `objectMode: true`.
+- `WType` the type being written. If `RType` is `Buffer` or
+  `string`, then this defaults to `ContiguousData` (Buffer,
+  string, ArrayBuffer, or ArrayBufferView). Otherwise, it
+  defaults to `RType`.
+- `Events` type mapping event names to the arguments emitted
+  with that event, which extends `Minipass.Events`.
+
+To declare types for custom events in subclasses, extend the
+third parameter with your own event signatures. For example:
+
+```js
+import { Minipass } from 'minipass'
+
+// a NDJSON stream that emits 'jsonError' when it can't stringify
+export interface Events extends Minipass.Events {
+  jsonError: [e: Error]
+}
+
+export class NDJSONStream extends Minipass<string, any, Events> {
+  constructor() {
+    super({ objectMode: true })
+  }
+
+  // data is type `any` because that's WType
+  write(data, encoding, cb) {
+    try {
+      const json = JSON.stringify(data)
+      return super.write(json + '\n', encoding, cb)
+    } catch (er) {
+      if (!er instanceof Error) {
+        er = Object.assign(new Error('json stringify failed'), {
+          cause: er,
+        })
+      }
+      // trying to emit with something OTHER than an error will
+      // fail, because we declared the event arguments type.
+      this.emit('jsonError', er)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+const s = new NDJSONStream()
+s.on('jsonError', e => {
+  // here, TS knows that e is an Error
+})
+```
+
+Emitting/handling events that aren't declared in this way is
+fine, but the arguments will be typed as `unknown`.
+
+## Differences from Node.js Streams
+
+There are several things that make Minipass streams different
+from (and in some ways superior to) Node.js core streams.
+
+Please read these caveats if you are familiar with node-core
+streams and intend to use Minipass streams in your programs.
+
+You can avoid most of these differences entirely (for a very
+small performance penalty) by setting `{async: true}` in the
+constructor options.
+
+### Timing
+
+Minipass streams are designed to support synchronous use-cases.
+Thus, data is emitted as soon as it is available, always. It is
+buffered until read, but no longer. Another way to look at it is
+that Minipass streams are exactly as synchronous as the logic
+that writes into them.
+
+This can be surprising if your code relies on
+`PassThrough.write()` always providing data on the next tick
+rather than the current one, or being able to call `resume()` and
+not have the entire buffer disappear immediately.
+
+However, without this synchronicity guarantee, there would be no
+way for Minipass to achieve the speeds it does, or support the
+synchronous use cases that it does. Simply put, waiting takes
+time.
+
+This non-deferring approach makes Minipass streams much easier to
+reason about, especially in the context of Promises and other
+flow-control mechanisms.
+
+Example:
+
+```js
+// hybrid module, either works
+import { Minipass } from 'minipass'
+// or:
+const { Minipass } = require('minipass')
+
+const stream = new Minipass()
+stream.on('data', () => console.log('data event'))
+console.log('before write')
+stream.write('hello')
+console.log('after write')
+// output:
+// before write
+// data event
+// after write
+```
+
+### Exception: Async Opt-In
+
+If you wish to have a Minipass stream with behavior that more
+closely mimics Node.js core streams, you can set the stream in
+async mode either by setting `async: true` in the constructor
+options, or by setting `stream.async = true` later on.
+
+```js
+// hybrid module, either works
+import { Minipass } from 'minipass'
+// or:
+const { Minipass } = require('minipass')
+
+const asyncStream = new Minipass({ async: true })
+asyncStream.on('data', () => console.log('data event'))
+console.log('before write')
+asyncStream.write('hello')
+console.log('after write')
+// output:
+// before write
+// after write
+// data event <-- this is deferred until the next tick
+```
+
+Switching _out_ of async mode is unsafe, as it could cause data
+corruption, and so is not enabled. Example:
+
+```js
+import { Minipass } from 'minipass'
+const stream = new Minipass({ encoding: 'utf8' })
+stream.on('data', chunk => console.log(chunk))
+stream.async = true
+console.log('before writes')
+stream.write('hello')
+setStreamSyncAgainSomehow(stream) // <-- this doesn't actually exist!
+stream.write('world')
+console.log('after writes')
+// hypothetical output would be:
+// before writes
+// world
+// after writes
+// hello
+// NOT GOOD!
+```
+
+To avoid this problem, once set into async mode, any attempt to
+make the stream sync again will be ignored.
+
+```js
+const { Minipass } = require('minipass')
+const stream = new Minipass({ encoding: 'utf8' })
+stream.on('data', chunk => console.log(chunk))
+stream.async = true
+console.log('before writes')
+stream.write('hello')
+stream.async = false // <-- no-op, stream already async
+stream.write('world')
+console.log('after writes')
+// actual output:
+// before writes
+// after writes
+// hello
+// world
+```
+
+### No High/Low Water Marks
+
+Node.js core streams will optimistically fill up a buffer,
+returning `true` on all writes until the limit is hit, even if
+the data has nowhere to go. Then, they will not attempt to draw
+more data in until the buffer size dips below a minimum value.
+
+Minipass streams are much simpler. The `write()` method will
+return `true` if the data has somewhere to go (which is to say,
+given the timing guarantees, that the data is already there by
+the time `write()` returns).
+
+If the data has nowhere to go, then `write()` returns false, and
+the data sits in a buffer, to be drained out immediately as soon
+as anyone consumes it.
+
+Since nothing is ever buffered unnecessarily, there is much less
+copying data, and less bookkeeping about buffer capacity levels.
+
+### Hazards of Buffering (or: Why Minipass Is So Fast)
+
+Since data written to a Minipass stream is immediately written
+all the way through the pipeline, and `write()` always returns
+true/false based on whether the data was fully flushed,
+backpressure is communicated immediately to the upstream caller.
+This minimizes buffering.
+
+Consider this case:
+
+```js
+const { PassThrough } = require('stream')
+const p1 = new PassThrough({ highWaterMark: 1024 })
+const p2 = new PassThrough({ highWaterMark: 1024 })
+const p3 = new PassThrough({ highWaterMark: 1024 })
+const p4 = new PassThrough({ highWaterMark: 1024 })
+
+p1.pipe(p2).pipe(p3).pipe(p4)
+p4.on('data', () => console.log('made it through'))
+
+// this returns false and buffers, then writes to p2 on next tick (1)
+// p2 returns false and buffers, pausing p1, then writes to p3 on next tick (2)
+// p3 returns false and buffers, pausing p2, then writes to p4 on next tick (3)
+// p4 returns false and buffers, pausing p3, then emits 'data' and 'drain'
+// on next tick (4)
+// p3 sees p4's 'drain' event, and calls resume(), emitting 'resume' and
+// 'drain' on next tick (5)
+// p2 sees p3's 'drain', calls resume(), emits 'resume' and 'drain' on next tick (6)
+// p1 sees p2's 'drain', calls resume(), emits 'resume' and 'drain' on next
+// tick (7)
+
+p1.write(Buffer.alloc(2048)) // returns false
+```
+
+Along the way, the data was buffered and deferred at each stage,
+and multiple event deferrals happened, for an unblocked pipeline
+where it was perfectly safe to write all the way through!
+
+Furthermore, setting a `highWaterMark` of `1024` might lead
+someone reading the code to think an advisory maximum of 1KiB is
+being set for the pipeline. However, the actual advisory
+buffering level is the _sum_ of `highWaterMark` values, since
+each one has its own bucket.
+
+Consider the Minipass case:
+
+```js
+const m1 = new Minipass()
+const m2 = new Minipass()
+const m3 = new Minipass()
+const m4 = new Minipass()
+
+m1.pipe(m2).pipe(m3).pipe(m4)
+m4.on('data', () => console.log('made it through'))
+
+// m1 is flowing, so it writes the data to m2 immediately
+// m2 is flowing, so it writes the data to m3 immediately
+// m3 is flowing, so it writes the data to m4 immediately
+// m4 is flowing, so it fires the 'data' event immediately, returns true
+// m4's write returned true, so m3 is still flowing, returns true
+// m3's write returned true, so m2 is still flowing, returns true
+// m2's write returned true, so m1 is still flowing, returns true
+// No event deferrals or buffering along the way!
+
+m1.write(Buffer.alloc(2048)) // returns true
+```
+
+It is extremely unlikely that you _don't_ want to buffer any data
+written, or _ever_ buffer data that can be flushed all the way
+through. Neither node-core streams nor Minipass ever fail to
+buffer written data, but node-core streams do a lot of
+unnecessary buffering and pausing.
+
+As always, the faster implementation is the one that does less
+stuff and waits less time to do it.
+
+### Immediately emit `end` for empty streams (when not paused)
+
+If a stream is not paused, and `end()` is called before writing
+any data into it, then it will emit `end` immediately.
+
+If you have logic that occurs on the `end` event which you don't
+want to potentially happen immediately (for example, closing file
+descriptors, moving on to the next entry in an archive parse
+stream, etc.) then be sure to call `stream.pause()` on creation,
+and then `stream.resume()` once you are ready to respond to the
+`end` event.
+
+However, this is _usually_ not a problem because:
+
+### Emit `end` When Asked
+
+One hazard of immediately emitting `'end'` is that you may not
+yet have had a chance to add a listener. In order to avoid this
+hazard, Minipass streams safely re-emit the `'end'` event if a
+new listener is added after `'end'` has been emitted.
+
+Ie, if you do `stream.on('end', someFunction)`, and the stream
+has already emitted `end`, then it will call the handler right
+away. (You can think of this somewhat like attaching a new
+`.then(fn)` to a previously-resolved Promise.)
+
+To prevent calling handlers multiple times who would not expect
+multiple ends to occur, all listeners are removed from the
+`'end'` event whenever it is emitted.
+
+### Emit `error` When Asked
+
+The most recent error object passed to the `'error'` event is
+stored on the stream. If a new `'error'` event handler is added,
+and an error was previously emitted, then the event handler will
+be called immediately (or on `process.nextTick` in the case of
+async streams).
+
+This makes it much more difficult to end up trying to interact
+with a broken stream, if the error handler is added after an
+error was previously emitted.
+
+### Impact of "immediate flow" on Tee-streams
+
+A "tee stream" is a stream piping to multiple destinations:
+
+```js
+const tee = new Minipass()
+t.pipe(dest1)
+t.pipe(dest2)
+t.write('foo') // goes to both destinations
+```
+
+Since Minipass streams _immediately_ process any pending data
+through the pipeline when a new pipe destination is added, this
+can have surprising effects, especially when a stream comes in
+from some other function and may or may not have data in its
+buffer.
+
+```js
+// WARNING! WILL LOSE DATA!
+const src = new Minipass()
+src.write('foo')
+src.pipe(dest1) // 'foo' chunk flows to dest1 immediately, and is gone
+src.pipe(dest2) // gets nothing!
+```
+
+One solution is to create a dedicated tee-stream junction that
+pipes to both locations, and then pipe to _that_ instead.
+
+```js
+// Safe example: tee to both places
+const src = new Minipass()
+src.write('foo')
+const tee = new Minipass()
+tee.pipe(dest1)
+tee.pipe(dest2)
+src.pipe(tee) // tee gets 'foo', pipes to both locations
+```
+
+The same caveat applies to `on('data')` event listeners. The
+first one added will _immediately_ receive all of the data,
+leaving nothing for the second:
+
+```js
+// WARNING! WILL LOSE DATA!
+const src = new Minipass()
+src.write('foo')
+src.on('data', handler1) // receives 'foo' right away
+src.on('data', handler2) // nothing to see here!
+```
+
+Using a dedicated tee-stream can be used in this case as well:
+
+```js
+// Safe example: tee to both data handlers
+const src = new Minipass()
+src.write('foo')
+const tee = new Minipass()
+tee.on('data', handler1)
+tee.on('data', handler2)
+src.pipe(tee)
+```
+
+All of the hazards in this section are avoided by setting `{
+async: true }` in the Minipass constructor, or by setting
+`stream.async = true` afterwards. Note that this does add some
+overhead, so should only be done in cases where you are willing
+to lose a bit of performance in order to avoid having to refactor
+program logic.
+
+## USAGE
+
+It's a stream! Use it like a stream and it'll most likely do what
+you want.
+
+```js
+import { Minipass } from 'minipass'
+const mp = new Minipass(options) // options is optional
+mp.write('foo')
+mp.pipe(someOtherStream)
+mp.end('bar')
+```
+
+### OPTIONS
+
+- `encoding` How would you like the data coming _out_ of the
+  stream to be encoded? Accepts any values that can be passed to
+  `Buffer.toString()`.
+- `objectMode` Emit data exactly as it comes in. This will be
+  flipped on by default if you write() something other than a
+  string or Buffer at any point. Setting `objectMode: true` will
+  prevent setting any encoding value.
+- `async` Defaults to `false`. Set to `true` to defer data
+  emission until next tick. This reduces performance slightly,
+  but makes Minipass streams use timing behavior closer to Node
+  core streams. See [Timing](#timing) for more details.
+- `signal` An `AbortSignal` that will cause the stream to unhook
+  itself from everything and become as inert as possible. Note
+  that providing a `signal` parameter will make `'error'` events
+  no longer throw if they are unhandled, but they will still be
+  emitted to handlers if any are attached.
+
+### API
+
+Implements the user-facing portions of Node.js's `Readable` and
+`Writable` streams.
+
+### Methods
+
+- `write(chunk, [encoding], [callback])` - Put data in. (Note
+  that, in the base Minipass class, the same data will come out.)
+  Returns `false` if the stream will buffer the next write, or
+  true if it's still in "flowing" mode.
+- `end([chunk, [encoding]], [callback])` - Signal that you have
+  no more data to write. This will queue an `end` event to be
+  fired when all the data has been consumed.
+- `pause()` - No more data for a while, please. This also
+  prevents `end` from being emitted for empty streams until the
+  stream is resumed.
+- `resume()` - Resume the stream. If there's data in the buffer,
+  it is all discarded. Any buffered events are immediately
+  emitted.
+- `pipe(dest)` - Send all output to the stream provided. When
+  data is emitted, it is immediately written to any and all pipe
+  destinations. (Or written on next tick in `async` mode.)
+- `unpipe(dest)` - Stop piping to the destination stream. This is
+  immediate, meaning that any asynchronously queued data will
+  _not_ make it to the destination when running in `async` mode.
+  - `options.end` - Boolean, end the destination stream when the
+    source stream ends. Default `true`.
+  - `options.proxyErrors` - Boolean, proxy `error` events from
+    the source stream to the destination stream. Note that errors
+    are _not_ proxied after the pipeline terminates, either due
+    to the source emitting `'end'` or manually unpiping with
+    `src.unpipe(dest)`. Default `false`.
+- `on(ev, fn)`, `emit(ev, fn)` - Minipass streams are
+  EventEmitters. Some events are given special treatment,
+  however. (See below under "events".)
+- `promise()` - Returns a Promise that resolves when the stream
+  emits `end`, or rejects if the stream emits `error`.
+- `collect()` - Return a Promise that resolves on `end` with an
+  array containing each chunk of data that was emitted, or
+  rejects if the stream emits `error`. Note that this consumes
+  the stream data.
+- `concat()` - Same as `collect()`, but concatenates the data
+  into a single Buffer object. Will reject the returned promise
+  if the stream is in objectMode, or if it goes into objectMode
+  by the end of the data.
+- `read(n)` - Consume `n` bytes of data out of the buffer. If `n`
+  is not provided, then consume all of it. If `n` bytes are not
+  available, then it returns null. **Note** consuming streams in
+  this way is less efficient, and can lead to unnecessary Buffer
+  copying.
+- `destroy([er])` - Destroy the stream. If an error is provided,
+  then an `'error'` event is emitted. If the stream has a
+  `close()` method, and has not emitted a `'close'` event yet,
+  then `stream.close()` will be called. Any Promises returned by
+  `.promise()`, `.collect()` or `.concat()` will be rejected.
+  After being destroyed, writing to the stream will emit an
+  error. No more data will be emitted if the stream is destroyed,
+  even if it was previously buffered.
+
+### Properties
+
+- `bufferLength` Read-only. Total number of bytes buffered, or in
+  the case of objectMode, the total number of objects.
+- `encoding` Read-only. The encoding that has been set.
+- `flowing` Read-only. Boolean indicating whether a chunk written
+  to the stream will be immediately emitted.
+- `emittedEnd` Read-only. Boolean indicating whether the end-ish
+  events (ie, `end`, `prefinish`, `finish`) have been emitted.
+  Note that listening on any end-ish event will immediateyl
+  re-emit it if it has already been emitted.
+- `writable` Whether the stream is writable. Default `true`. Set
+  to `false` when `end()`
+- `readable` Whether the stream is readable. Default `true`.
+- `pipes` An array of Pipe objects referencing streams that this
+  stream is piping into.
+- `destroyed` A getter that indicates whether the stream was
+  destroyed.
+- `paused` True if the stream has been explicitly paused,
+  otherwise false.
+- `objectMode` Indicates whether the stream is in `objectMode`.
+- `aborted` Readonly property set when the `AbortSignal`
+  dispatches an `abort` event.
+
+### Events
+
+- `data` Emitted when there's data to read. Argument is the data
+  to read. This is never emitted while not flowing. If a listener
+  is attached, that will resume the stream.
+- `end` Emitted when there's no more data to read. This will be
+  emitted immediately for empty streams when `end()` is called.
+  If a listener is attached, and `end` was already emitted, then
+  it will be emitted again. All listeners are removed when `end`
+  is emitted.
+- `prefinish` An end-ish event that follows the same logic as
+  `end` and is emitted in the same conditions where `end` is
+  emitted. Emitted after `'end'`.
+- `finish` An end-ish event that follows the same logic as `end`
+  and is emitted in the same conditions where `end` is emitted.
+  Emitted after `'prefinish'`.
+- `close` An indication that an underlying resource has been
+  released. Minipass does not emit this event, but will defer it
+  until after `end` has been emitted, since it throws off some
+  stream libraries otherwise.
+- `drain` Emitted when the internal buffer empties, and it is
+  again suitable to `write()` into the stream.
+- `readable` Emitted when data is buffered and ready to be read
+  by a consumer.
+- `resume` Emitted when stream changes state from buffering to
+  flowing mode. (Ie, when `resume` is called, `pipe` is called,
+  or a `data` event listener is added.)
+
+### Static Methods
+
+- `Minipass.isStream(stream)` Returns `true` if the argument is a
+  stream, and false otherwise. To be considered a stream, the
+  object must be either an instance of Minipass, or an
+  EventEmitter that has either a `pipe()` method, or both
+  `write()` and `end()` methods. (Pretty much any stream in
+  node-land will return `true` for this.)
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+Here are some examples of things you can do with Minipass
+streams.
+
+### simple "are you done yet" promise
+
+```js
+mp.promise().then(
+  () => {
+    // stream is finished
+  },
+  er => {
+    // stream emitted an error
+  }
+)
+```
+
+### collecting
+
+```js
+mp.collect().then(all => {
+  // all is an array of all the data emitted
+  // encoding is supported in this case, so
+  // so the result will be a collection of strings if
+  // an encoding is specified, or buffers/objects if not.
+  //
+  // In an async function, you may do
+  // const data = await stream.collect()
+})
+```
+
+### collecting into a single blob
+
+This is a bit slower because it concatenates the data into one
+chunk for you, but if you're going to do it yourself anyway, it's
+convenient this way:
+
+```js
+mp.concat().then(onebigchunk => {
+  // onebigchunk is a string if the stream
+  // had an encoding set, or a buffer otherwise.
+})
+```
+
+### iteration
+
+You can iterate over streams synchronously or asynchronously in
+platforms that support it.
+
+Synchronous iteration will end when the currently available data
+is consumed, even if the `end` event has not been reached. In
+string and buffer mode, the data is concatenated, so unless
+multiple writes are occurring in the same tick as the `read()`,
+sync iteration loops will generally only have a single iteration.
+
+To consume chunks in this way exactly as they have been written,
+with no flattening, create the stream with the `{ objectMode:
+true }` option.
+
+```js
+const mp = new Minipass({ objectMode: true })
+mp.write('a')
+mp.write('b')
+for (let letter of mp) {
+  console.log(letter) // a, b
+}
+mp.write('c')
+mp.write('d')
+for (let letter of mp) {
+  console.log(letter) // c, d
+}
+mp.write('e')
+mp.end()
+for (let letter of mp) {
+  console.log(letter) // e
+}
+for (let letter of mp) {
+  console.log(letter) // nothing
+}
+```
+
+Asynchronous iteration will continue until the end event is reached,
+consuming all of the data.
+
+```js
+const mp = new Minipass({ encoding: 'utf8' })
+
+// some source of some data
+let i = 5
+const inter = setInterval(() => {
+  if (i-- > 0) mp.write(Buffer.from('foo\n', 'utf8'))
+  else {
+    mp.end()
+    clearInterval(inter)
+  }
+}, 100)
+
+// consume the data with asynchronous iteration
+async function consume() {
+  for await (let chunk of mp) {
+    console.log(chunk)
+  }
+  return 'ok'
+}
+
+consume().then(res => console.log(res))
+// logs `foo\n` 5 times, and then `ok`
+```
+
+### subclass that `console.log()`s everything written into it
+
+```js
+class Logger extends Minipass {
+  write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    console.log('WRITE', chunk, encoding)
+    return super.write(chunk, encoding, callback)
+  }
+  end(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+    console.log('END', chunk, encoding)
+    return super.end(chunk, encoding, callback)
+  }
+}
+
+someSource.pipe(new Logger()).pipe(someDest)
+```
+
+### same thing, but using an inline anonymous class
+
+```js
+// js classes are fun
+someSource
+  .pipe(
+    new (class extends Minipass {
+      emit(ev, ...data) {
+        // let's also log events, because debugging some weird thing
+        console.log('EMIT', ev)
+        return super.emit(ev, ...data)
+      }
+      write(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+        console.log('WRITE', chunk, encoding)
+        return super.write(chunk, encoding, callback)
+      }
+      end(chunk, encoding, callback) {
+        console.log('END', chunk, encoding)
+        return super.end(chunk, encoding, callback)
+      }
+    })()
+  )
+  .pipe(someDest)
+```
+
+### subclass that defers 'end' for some reason
+
+```js
+class SlowEnd extends Minipass {
+  emit(ev, ...args) {
+    if (ev === 'end') {
+      console.log('going to end, hold on a sec')
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        console.log('ok, ready to end now')
+        super.emit('end', ...args)
+      }, 100)
+      return true
+    } else {
+      return super.emit(ev, ...args)
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### transform that creates newline-delimited JSON
+
+```js
+class NDJSONEncode extends Minipass {
+  write(obj, cb) {
+    try {
+      // JSON.stringify can throw, emit an error on that
+      return super.write(JSON.stringify(obj) + '\n', 'utf8', cb)
+    } catch (er) {
+      this.emit('error', er)
+    }
+  }
+  end(obj, cb) {
+    if (typeof obj === 'function') {
+      cb = obj
+      obj = undefined
+    }
+    if (obj !== undefined) {
+      this.write(obj)
+    }
+    return super.end(cb)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### transform that parses newline-delimited JSON
+
+```js
+class NDJSONDecode extends Minipass {
+  constructor(options) {
+    // always be in object mode, as far as Minipass is concerned
+    super({ objectMode: true })
+    this._jsonBuffer = ''
+  }
+  write(chunk, encoding, cb) {
+    if (
+      typeof chunk === 'string' &&
+      typeof encoding === 'string' &&
+      encoding !== 'utf8'
+    ) {
+      chunk = Buffer.from(chunk, encoding).toString()
+    } else if (Buffer.isBuffer(chunk)) {
+      chunk = chunk.toString()
+    }
+    if (typeof encoding === 'function') {
+      cb = encoding
+    }
+    const jsonData = (this._jsonBuffer + chunk).split('\n')
+    this._jsonBuffer = jsonData.pop()
+    for (let i = 0; i < jsonData.length; i++) {
+      try {
+        // JSON.parse can throw, emit an error on that
+        super.write(JSON.parse(jsonData[i]))
+      } catch (er) {
+        this.emit('error', er)
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    if (cb) cb()
+  }
+}
+```