chiwormjava 2.0.2 → 2.0.4

package/readme.md

@@ -42,107 +42,175 @@ javacodewatch
 
 ---
 
-## 🧠 What it does
-
-* Opens a local server
-* Launches your browser
-* Shows Java code snippets
-* Click → View code
-* Click → Copy code
-
 ---
+Step 1: Place devices
+Add in Packet Tracer:
+2 Routers (2621XM)
+2 Switches (2960)
+4 PCs
+
+Arrange as:
+PC1 PC2        PC3 PC4
+ |    |          |    |
+Switch1          Switch2
+    |                |
+  Router1 ---- WAN ---- Router2
+
+Step 2: Add Serial Ports
+Click Router -> Physical tab
+Turn Power OFF
+Insert WIC-2T module
+Turn Power ON
+Now Serial0/0/0 and Serial0/0/1 will be available
+
+Step 3: Connect cables
+LAN:
+PC to Switch using Copper Straight-Through
+Switch to Router using Copper Straight-Through
+
+WAN:
+Use Serial DCE cable
+Router1 Serial0/0/0 to Router2 Serial0/0/0
+
+Step 4: Configure Router1
+enable
+configure terminal
+
+interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
+
+interface serial 0/0/0
+ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.252
+clock rate 64000
+no shutdown
+exit
+
+Step 5: Configure Router2
+enable
+configure terminal
+
+interface gigabitEthernet 0/0
+ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.248
+no shutdown
+exit
+
+interface serial 0/0/0
+ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.252
+no shutdown
+exit
+
+Step 6: Configure PCs
+Left network:
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.2 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.3 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+
+Right network:
+PC3 IP 10.0.0.2 Mask 255.255.255.248 Gateway 10.0.0.1
+PC4 IP 10.0.0.3 Gateway 10.0.0.1
+
+Step 7: Configure Routing
+Router1:
+ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.248 172.16.1.2
+
+Router2:
+ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
+
+Step 8: Verify interfaces
+Run:
+show ip interface brief
 
-## 📸 Features
+Status should be up up
+If not, use no shutdown
 
-* 📚 Java DSA snippets (LinkedList, etc.)
-* 🖱️ One-click code view
-* 📋 Copy to clipboard
-* 🌙 Clean dark UI
+Step 9: Test connectivity
+From PC1:
+ping 10.0.0.2
 
----
+Expected reply from destination
 
-## ▶️ Usage
+Step 10: Simulation Mode
+Click Simulation
+Reset Simulation
+Edit Filters and select ARP and ICMP
 
-After running the command:
+Send packet using Add Simple PDU from PC1 to PC3
+Click Play or Capture/Forward
 
-```bash
-javacodewatch
-```
+Expected packet flow:
+PC1 -> Switch1 -> Router1 -> Router2 -> Switch2 -> PC3
 
-👉 Your browser will open automatically:
+First ARP then ICMP communication successful
 
-```
-http://localhost:3000
-```
 
----
 
-Armstrong
+Step 1: Setting Up the Topology
+Add devices:
+1 Router (2911 or similar)
+1 Switch (2960)
+3 PCs (PC0, PC1, PC2)
+1 Cloud or Server
 
-<?php
-$num = 153; 
+Step 2: Assign IP Addresses
+Private Network:
+PC0 IP 192.168.1.2 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.3 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.4 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1
 
-$temp = $num;
-$sum = 0;
+Step 3: Configure Router Interfaces
+Router> enable
+Router# configure terminal
 
-// Count number of digits
-$digits = strlen($num);
+Interface gig0/0
+Router(config)# interface gig0/0
+Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+Router(config-if)# no shutdown
 
-while ($temp > 0) {
-    $rem = $temp % 10;              
-    $sum += pow($rem, $digits);    
-    $temp = (int)($temp / 10);     
-}
+Interface gig0/1
+Router(config)# interface gig0/1
+Router(config-if)# ip address 203.0.113.1 255.255.255.0
+Router(config-if)# no shutdown
 
+Assign IP to Cloud/Server
+IP 203.0.113.2
+Mask 255.255.255.0
 
-if ($sum == $num) {
-    echo "$num is an Armstrong number";
-} else {
-    echo "$num is not an Armstrong number";
-}
-?>
+Step 4: Configure NAT
+Define inside and outside interfaces
+Router(config)# interface gig0/0
+Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
+Router(config-if)# exit
 
----
+Router(config)# interface gig0/1
+Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
+Router(config-if)# exit
 
-<?php
-$img = imagecreatetruecolor(500, 350);
+Configure PAT
+Router(config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
+Router(config)# ip nat inside source list 1 interface gig0/1 overload
 
-$white = imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 255, 255);
-$black = imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 0, 0);
-$red   = imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 0, 0);
-$blue  = imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 0, 255);
-$green = imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 255, 0);
-$yellow= imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 255, 0);
+Step 5: Configure Routing
+Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 203.0.113.2
 
-imagefill($img, 0, 0, $white);
+Step 6: Test Configuration
+From PC command prompt:
+ping 203.0.113.2
 
-imagerectangle($img, 20, 20, 120, 100, $black);
+If reply is received, NAT is working
 
-imagefilledrectangle($img, 140, 20, 240, 100, $green);
+Verify NAT translations
+Router# show ip nat translations
 
-imageellipse($img, 350, 70, 80, 80, $red);
 
-imagefilledellipse($img, 450, 70, 80, 80, $yellow);
 
-imageline($img, 20, 150, 200, 250, $blue);
 
-$points = array(300,150, 350,250, 250,250);
-imagepolygon($img, $points, 3, $black);
 
-$points2 = array(400,150, 450,250, 350,250);
-imagefilledpolygon($img, $points2, 3, $red);
 
-imagearc($img, 100, 300, 100, 50, 0, 180, $blue);
 
-imagestring($img, 5, 180, 300, "Shapes Demo", $black);
 
-header("Content-Type: image/png");
-imagepng($img);
 
-imagedestroy($img);
-?>
 
----
 
 
 
@@ -154,19 +222,67 @@ imagedestroy($img);
 
 
 
+AIM:
+To analyze packet fragmentation by changing packet size and observing its effect using Wireshark.
 
+Step 1: Open Wireshark
+Launch Wireshark
+Select active interface (WiFi or Ethernet)
+Click Start Capture
 
+Step 2: Check MTU size
+Open Command Prompt and run:
+netsh interface ipv4 show subinterfaces
+Note MTU value (usually 1500 bytes)
 
+Step 3: Test without fragmentation
+ping 8.8.8.8 -f -l 1472
+1472 + 28 header = 1500, fits MTU
+Output: Reply received, no fragmentation
 
+Step 4: Force fragmentation error
+ping 8.8.8.8 -f -l 2000
+Output: Packet needs to be fragmented but DF set
+Meaning: Packet too large and fragmentation not allowed
 
+Step 5: Allow fragmentation
+ping 8.8.8.8 -l 2000
+Packet is divided into fragments
+May observe delay or packet loss
 
+Step 6: Analyze in Wireshark
+Apply filter:
+ip.flags.mf == 1 or ip.frag_offset > 0
 
+Observation:
+Multiple packets for single ping
+Fragmented packets visible
 
+Observations:
+Fragmented packets have same Identification ID
+Different Fragment Offset values
+MF flag indicates more fragments
+Last packet has MF = 0
 
+Performance Impact:
+More packets generated
+Increased delay
+Possible packet loss
 
+Final Observation:
+Small packet: No fragmentation
+Large packet with DF: Error
+Large packet without DF: Fragmentation occurs
 
+Conclusion:
+If packet size exceeds MTU, it is divided into smaller fragments, affecting performance
 
+Output:
+Ping command results showing success or error
+Wireshark showing fragmented packets using filter
 
+Result:
+Fragmentation observed and analyzed successfully
 
 
 
@@ -183,112 +299,93 @@ imagedestroy($img);
 
 
 
-<?php
-// CONNECT
-$conn = mysqli_connect("localhost","root","");
 
-if(!$conn){
-    die("Connection Failed");
-}
 
-// CREATE DB
-mysqli_query($conn, "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS testdb");
 
-// SELECT DB
-mysqli_select_db($conn, "testdb");
+AIM:
+To identify vulnerabilities and secure the network using Access Control List (ACL) and Port Security.
 
-// CREATE TABLE
-mysqli_query($conn, "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS student(
-    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
-    name VARCHAR(50),
-    email VARCHAR(50)
-)");
+Step 1: Topology Setup
+Add devices:
+1 Router (2911)
+1 Switch (2960)
+2 PCs
 
-// INSERT
-if(isset($_POST['add'])){
-    $name = $_POST['name'];
-    $email = $_POST['email'];
+Step 2: Connections
+PC1 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/1 using Copper Straight-Through
+PC2 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/2 using Copper Straight-Through
+Switch Fa0/24 to Router GigabitEthernet0/0
 
-    mysqli_query($conn,"INSERT INTO student(name,email) VALUES('$name','$email')");
-}
+Step 3: Configure PCs
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.10 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.20 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1
 
-// DELETE
-if(isset($_GET['delete'])){
-    $id = $_GET['delete'];
-    mysqli_query($conn,"DELETE FROM student WHERE id=$id");
-}
+Step 4: Configure Router
+enable
+configure terminal
+interface g0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
-// UPDATE
-if(isset($_POST['update'])){
-    $id = $_POST['id'];
-    $name = $_POST['name'];
-    $email = $_POST['email'];
+Step 5: Test Before Security
+From PC2:
+ping 192.168.1.10
+Communication should be successful
 
-    mysqli_query($conn,"UPDATE student SET name='$name', email='$email' WHERE id=$id");
-}
+Step 6: Apply ACL
+access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.20
+access-list 1 permit any
 
-// FETCH FOR EDIT
-$editData = null;
-if(isset($_GET['edit'])){
-    $id = $_GET['edit'];
-    $res = mysqli_query($conn,"SELECT * FROM student WHERE id=$id");
-    $editData = mysqli_fetch_assoc($res);
-}
-?>
+Apply ACL:
+interface g0/0
+ip access-group 1 in
+exit
 
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
-<body>
+Step 7: Test After Security
+From PC2:
+ping 192.168.1.10
+Should fail
 
-<h2>Student Form</h2>
+From PC1:
+ping 192.168.1.20
+Should work
 
-<form method="post">
-    <input type="hidden" name="id" value="<?php echo $editData['id'] ?? ''; ?>">
+Step 8: Configure Port Security on Switch
+enable
+configure terminal
+interface fa0/1
+switchport mode access
+switchport port-security
+switchport port-security maximum 1
+exit
 
-    Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="<?php echo $editData['name'] ?? ''; ?>"><br><br>
-    Email: <input type="text" name="email" value="<?php echo $editData['email'] ?? ''; ?>"><br><br>
+Vulnerabilities Identified:
+No access control
+No device restriction
+No traffic filtering
 
-    <?php if($editData){ ?>
-        <input type="submit" name="update" value="Update">
-    <?php } else { ?>
-        <input type="submit" name="add" value="Add">
-    <?php } ?>
-</form>
+Security Measures Applied:
+ACL controls communication between devices
+Port Security restricts number of devices per port
 
-<hr>
+Additional Concepts:
+IDS detects suspicious activities such as unusual traffic
+IPsec encrypts data for secure transmission
 
-<h2>Student Data</h2>
+Simulation (Optional):
+Use Simulation mode
+Filter ICMP
+Observe packet drop due to ACL
 
-<table border="1">
-<tr>
-    <th>ID</th>
-    <th>Name</th>
-    <th>Email</th>
-    <th>Action</th>
-</tr>
+Final Result:
+PC2 is blocked
+PC1 is allowed
+Switch ports are secured
+Network is protected successfully
 
-<?php
-$result = mysqli_query($conn,"SELECT * FROM student");
 
-while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)){
-?>
-<tr>
-    <td><?php echo $row['id']; ?></td>
-    <td><?php echo $row['name']; ?></td>
-    <td><?php echo $row['email']; ?></td>
-    <td>
-        <a href="?edit=<?php echo $row['id']; ?>">Edit</a>
-        <a href="?delete=<?php echo $row['id']; ?>">Delete</a>
-    </td>
-</tr>
-<?php } ?>
-
-</table>
-
-</body>
-</html>
 
----
 
 
 
@@ -310,52 +407,107 @@ while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result)){
 
 
 
+AIM:
+To demonstrate IP Spoofing attack and implement security measures to prevent unauthorized access.
 
+Step 1: Topology Setup
+Devices required:
+1 Router (2911)
+1 Switch (2960)
+PC1 (Trusted user)
+PC2 (Attacker)
+1 Server
 
+Connections:
+PC1 to Switch Fa0/1
+PC2 to Switch Fa0/2
+Switch Fa0/24 to Router G0/0
+Server to Router G0/1
 
+Step 2: IP Configuration
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.10 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.20 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+Server IP 10.0.0.2 Gateway 10.0.0.1
 
+Step 3: Configure Router
+enable
+configure terminal
 
+interface g0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
+interface g0/1
+ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
+Step 4: Configure Routing
+ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
 
+Step 5: Apply Trust-Based ACL
+access-list 10 permit 192.168.1.10
+access-list 10 deny any
 
+interface g0/0
+ip access-group 10 in
 
+Step 6: Test Before Attack
+From PC1:
+ping 10.0.0.2 (should work)
 
-$img = imagecreatetruecolor(500, 350);
+From PC2:
+ping 10.0.0.2 (should fail)
 
-$white = imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 255, 255);
-$black = imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 0, 0);
-$red   = imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 0, 0);
-$blue  = imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 0, 255);
-$green = imagecolorallocate($img, 0, 255, 0);
-$yellow= imagecolorallocate($img, 255, 255, 0);
+Step 7: Simulate IP Spoofing
+Change PC2 IP to 192.168.1.10
 
-imagefill($img, 0, 0, $white);
+Test again:
+ping 10.0.0.2 (should work)
 
-imagerectangle($img, 20, 20, 120, 100, $black);
-imagefilledrectangle($img, 140, 20, 240, 100, $green);
+Step 8: Impact
+Unauthorized access
+Security bypass
+Fake identity
 
-imageellipse($img, 350, 70, 80, 80, $red);
-imagefilledellipse($img, 450, 70, 80, 80, $yellow);
+Step 9: Countermeasure 1 Anti-Spoofing ACL
+ip access-list extended ANTI-SPOOF
+deny ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any
+permit ip any any
 
-imageline($img, 20, 150, 200, 250, $blue);
+interface g0/1
+ip access-group ANTI-SPOOF in
 
-$points = [300,150, 350,250, 250,250];
-imagepolygon($img, $points, 3, $black);
+Step 10: Countermeasure 2 uRPF
+interface g0/0
+ip verify unicast source reachable-via rx
 
-$points2 = [400,150, 450,250, 350,250];
-imagefilledpolygon($img, $points2, 3, $red);
+Step 11: Switch Port Security
+enable
+configure terminal
 
-imagearc($img, 100, 300, 100, 50, 0, 180, $blue);
+interface fa0/1
+switchport mode access
+switchport port-security
+switchport port-security maximum 1
+switchport port-security mac-address sticky
+switchport port-security violation shutdown
 
-imagestring($img, 5, 180, 300, "Shapes Demo", $black);
+Final Understanding:
+Before ACL everyone allowed
+ACL allows only trusted IP
+Spoofing bypasses security
+uRPF blocks spoofed packets
 
-header("Content-Type: image/png");
-imagepng($img);
-imagedestroy($img);
+Conclusion:
+IP-based trust is not secure and must be verified using mechanisms like uRPF and port security
 
+Result:
+Attack simulated successfully
+Vulnerability identified
+Security measures implemented
 
----
 
 
 
@@ -378,528 +530,331 @@ imagedestroy($img);
 
 
 
+AIM:
+To allow normal UDP communication and block unwanted UDP traffic using ACL.
 
+Step 1: Build the Network
+Devices required:
+1 Router (2911)
+1 Switch (2960)
+PC1 (Client)
+PC2 (Attacker)
+1 Server
 
+Connections:
+PC1 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/1
+PC2 FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/2
+Server FastEthernet0 to Switch Fa0/3
+Switch Fa0/24 to Router GigabitEthernet0/0
 
+Step 2: IP Configuration
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.10 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.30 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+Server IP 192.168.1.20
+Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
 
+Step 3: Configure Router
+enable
+configure terminal
+interface g0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
+Step 4: Enable UDP Service on Server
+Open Server -> Services -> DNS
+Turn DNS ON
+Add entry:
+Name example.com
+Address 192.168.1.20
 
+Step 5: Test UDP Communication
+From PC1:
+nslookup example.com 192.168.1.20
+UDP communication should work
 
----
+Step 6: Apply ACL to Block Attacker
+Router(config)# access-list 100 deny udp host 192.168.1.30 any
+Router(config)# access-list 100 permit ip any any
 
-## 1. Right Triangle
+Apply ACL:
+interface g0/0
+ip access-group 100 in
+exit
 
-**Pattern:**
+Step 7: Test After ACL
+From PC2:
+nslookup example.com 192.168.1.20 (should fail)
 
-```
-*
-* *
-* * *
-* * * *
-* * * * *
-```
+From PC1:
+nslookup example.com 192.168.1.20 (should work)
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo "* ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
+Step 8: Block DNS Service (Port-Based ACL)
+Router(config)# access-list 101 deny udp any any eq 53
+Router(config)# access-list 101 permit ip any any
 
----
+Apply:
+interface g0/0
+ip access-group 101 in
+exit
 
-## 2. Inverted Triangle
+Test:
+From PC1:
+nslookup example.com 192.168.1.20 (should fail)
 
-**Pattern:**
+Step 9: Important Concept
+If all devices are in same network, traffic bypasses router
+Communication becomes PC -> Switch -> Server
+ACL will not work
 
-```
-* * * * *
-* * * *
-* * *
-* *
-*
-```
+Step 10: Fix Topology
+Change Server network:
+Server IP 10.0.0.2 Gateway 10.0.0.1
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 5; $i >= 1; $i--){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo "* ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
+Configure Router:
+interface g0/1
+ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
 
----
+Now traffic flows through router:
+PC -> Router -> Server
+ACL works correctly
 
-## 3. Full Pyramid
+Concepts:
+UDP is fast and connectionless protocol
+ACL filters traffic based on rules
+Port 53 is used for DNS
+Router must be in path for ACL to work
 
-**Pattern:**
+Result:
+UDP communication tested
+Attacker blocked using ACL
+DNS service blocked using port-based ACL
+Network secured successfully
 
-```
-    *
-   ***
-  *****
- *******
-*********
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= 5 - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= (2*$i - 1); $k++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## ⭐ 4. Diamond Pattern
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-    *
-   ***
-  *****
-   ***
-    *
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-// upper
-for($i = 1; $i <= 3; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= 3 - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= (2*$i - 1); $k++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-
-// lower
-for($i = 2; $i >= 1; $i--){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= 3 - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= (2*$i - 1); $k++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 5. Number Triangle
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-1
-1 2
-1 2 3
-1 2 3 4
-1 2 3 4 5
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo $j . " ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 6. Floyd’s Triangle
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-1
-2 3
-4 5 6
-7 8 9 10
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$num = 1;
-for($i = 1; $i <= 4; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo $num . " ";
-        $num++;
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 7. Alphabet Pattern
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-A
-A B
-A B C
-A B C D
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 65; $i <= 68; $i++){
-    for($j = 65; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo chr($j) . " ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
+AIM:
+Create a network, enable DNS (UDP), allow normal user, and block attacker using ACL.
 
-## 8. Hollow Square
+Step 1: Topology
+PC1 (Client) and PC2 (Attacker) connected to Switch
+Switch connected to Router G0/0
+Router G0/1 connected to Server
 
-**Pattern:**
+Step 2: Connections
+Use Copper Straight-Through cables
+PC1 to Switch Fa0/1
+PC2 to Switch Fa0/2
+Switch to Router G0/0
+Router G0/1 to Server
+All links should be active
 
-```
-* * * * *
-*       *
-*       *
-*       *
-* * * * *
-```
+Step 3: IP Configuration
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.10 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1 DNS 10.0.0.2
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.30 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1 DNS 10.0.0.2
+Server IP 10.0.0.2 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 10.0.0.1
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$n = 5;
-for($i = 1; $i <= $n; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $n; $j++){
-        if($i == 1 || $i == $n || $j == 1 || $j == $n){
-            echo "* ";
-        } else {
-            echo "&nbsp;&nbsp;";
-        }
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
+Step 4: Router Configuration
+enable
+configure terminal
 
----
----
+interface g0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
-## 9. Left-Aligned Triangle
+interface g0/1
+ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
-**Pattern:**
+Step 5: Enable DNS on Server
+Open Server -> Services -> DNS
+Turn DNS ON
+Add entry:
+Name example.com
+Address 10.0.0.2
 
-```
-        *
-      * *
-    * * *
-  * * * *
-* * * * *
-```
+Step 6: Initial Testing
+From PC1:
+ping 10.0.0.2
+This builds ARP
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= 5 - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= $i; $k++){
-        echo "* ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
+Then:
+nslookup example.com
+Should work successfully
 
----
+Step 7: Apply ACL Security
+configure terminal
 
-## 10. Hollow Pyramid
+access-list 101 deny udp host 192.168.1.30 any
+access-list 101 permit ip any any
 
-**Pattern:**
+interface g0/0
+ip access-group 101 in
+exit
 
-```
-    *
-   * *
-  *   *
- *     *
-*********
-```
+Step 8: Final Testing
+From PC1:
+nslookup example.com
+Should work
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$n = 5;
-for($i = 1; $i <= $n; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $n - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= (2*$i - 1); $k++){
-        if($k == 1 || $k == (2*$i - 1) || $i == $n){
-            echo "*";
-        } else {
-            echo "&nbsp;";
-        }
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
+From PC2:
+nslookup example.com
+Should fail
 
----
+Concepts:
+Router must be in path for ACL to work
+DNS uses UDP port 53
+First ping builds ARP and avoids timeout
+ACL filters traffic based on rules
 
-## ⭐ 11. Hollow Diamond
+Final Result:
+PC1 allowed
+PC2 blocked
+DNS working
+ACL applied successfully
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-    *
-   * *
-  *   *
-   * *
-    *
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$n = 3;
-
-// upper
-for($i = 1; $i <= $n; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $n - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= (2*$i - 1); $k++){
-        if($k == 1 || $k == (2*$i - 1)){
-            echo "*";
-        } else {
-            echo "&nbsp;";
-        }
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-
-// lower
-for($i = $n - 1; $i >= 1; $i--){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $n - $i; $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($k = 1; $k <= (2*$i - 1); $k++){
-        if($k == 1 || $k == (2*$i - 1)){
-            echo "*";
-        } else {
-            echo "&nbsp;";
-        }
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 12. Palindrome Number Pattern
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-1
-121
-12321
-1234321
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 1; $i <= 4; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo $j;
-    }
-    for($j = $i - 1; $j >= 1; $j--){
-        echo $j;
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 13. Pascal’s Triangle
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-1
-1 1
-1 2 1
-1 3 3 1
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$n = 5;
-
-for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++){
-    $num = 1;
-    for($j = 0; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo $num . " ";
-        $num = $num * ($i - $j) / ($j + 1);
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 14. Butterfly Pattern
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-*      *
-**    **
-***  ***
-********
-***  ***
-**    **
-*      *
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$n = 4;
-
-// upper
-for($i = 1; $i <= $n; $i++){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    for($j = 1; $j <= 2*($n-$i); $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-
-// lower
-for($i = $n; $i >= 1; $i--){
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    for($j = 1; $j <= 2*($n-$i); $j++){
-        echo "&nbsp;";
-    }
-    for($j = 1; $j <= $i; $j++){
-        echo "*";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-##  15. Reverse Alphabet Pattern
 
-**Pattern:**
 
-```
-E
-D E
-C D E
-B C D E
-A B C D E
-```
 
-**Code:**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i = 69; $i >= 65; $i--){
-    for($j = $i; $j <= 69; $j++){
-        echo chr($j) . " ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
 
 
 
 
+AIM:
+Simulate a DNS-based UDP hijacking scenario, observe its impact on the client, and apply basic protection.
 
+Step 1: Topology Setup
+Connect devices using Copper Straight-Through:
+PC1 to Switch
+PC2 to Switch
+Server to Switch
+Switch to Router
+Ensure all connections are active
 
+Step 2: IP Configuration
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.10 Mask 255.255.255.0 Gateway 192.168.1.1 DNS 192.168.1.100
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.20 Gateway 192.168.1.1
+Server IP 192.168.1.100 Gateway 192.168.1.1
 
+Step 3: Router Configuration
+enable
+configure terminal
+interface g0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
+Step 4: Enable DNS on Real Server
+Open Server -> Services -> DNS
+Turn DNS ON
+Add entry:
+example.com maps to 192.168.1.100
 
+Step 5: Test Normal Output
+From PC1:
+nslookup example.com
+Expected result:
+Name example.com
+Address 192.168.1.100
 
+Step 6: Simulate Attack
+Turn OFF real server
+On PC2 change IP to 192.168.1.100
+Enable DNS on PC2
+Add entry:
+example.com maps to 5.5.5.5
 
+Step 7: Test Attack Output
+From PC1:
+nslookup example.com
+Expected result:
+Name example.com
+Address 5.5.5.5
 
+Observation:
+Before attack DNS resolves to 192.168.1.100
+After attack DNS resolves to 5.5.5.5
+Client is misled
 
+Step 8: Apply Basic Protection using Port Security
+On Switch CLI:
+enable
+configure terminal
+interface fa0/2
+switchport mode access
+switchport port-security
+switchport port-security maximum 1
+switchport port-security mac-address sticky
+switchport port-security violation shutdown
+exit
 
+Step 9: Final Check
+Attempt attack again
+Port security blocks attacker or shuts down port
 
+Output Observation Methods:
+Command Line:
+Use nslookup example.com before and after attack
 
+Simulation Mode:
+Select Simulation
+Filter DNS or UDP
+Run nslookup
+Observe source IP, destination IP, and UDP port 53
 
+Conclusion:
+DNS over UDP can be exploited by spoofing
+Client blindly trusts DNS response
+Security measures like port security help prevent attacks
 
+Result:
+Attack successfully simulated
+Impact observed
+Basic protection applied
 
 
 
@@ -908,467 +863,164 @@ for($i = 69; $i >= 65; $i--){
 
 
 
----
 
-## 1. Current Date & Time (Using `date()`)
 
-```php
-<?php
-date_default_timezone_set("Asia/Kolkata");
 
-echo "Current Date: " . date("Y-m-d") . "<br>";
-echo "Current Time: " . date("H:i:s") . "<br>";
-echo "Full Format: " . date("d-m-Y H:i:s");
-?>
-```
 
-### Common Formats
 
-* `Y` → year (2026)
-* `m` → month
-* `d` → day
-* `H` → hour (24 format)
-* `i` → minutes
-* `s` → seconds
 
----
 
-## 2. Using `time()` (Timestamp)
 
-```php
-<?php
-date_default_timezone_set("Asia/Kolkata");
 
-$current = time();
 
-echo "Timestamp: " . $current . "<br>";
-echo "Readable Date: " . date("d-m-Y H:i:s", $current);
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 3. Using `new DateTime()` (IMPORTANT)
 
-This is the **modern and most important method**.
 
-```php
-<?php
-date_default_timezone_set("Asia/Kolkata");
 
-$date = new DateTime();
 
-echo $date->format("d-m-Y H:i:s");
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 4. Custom Date
 
-```php
-<?php
-$date = new DateTime("2026-04-02");
 
-echo $date->format("d-m-Y");
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## 5. Add / Modify Date
 
-```php
-<?php
-$date = new DateTime();
 
-$date->modify("+5 days");
-echo "After 5 days: " . $date->format("d-m-Y") . "<br>";
 
-$date->modify("+1 month");
-echo "After 1 month: " . $date->format("d-m-Y");
-?>
-```
+AIM:
+Simulate a DoS condition using continuous requests, observe its impact on a server, and apply prevention techniques.
 
----
-
-## 6. Date Difference (Age Calculator Logic)
-
-```php
-<?php
-date_default_timezone_set("Asia/Kolkata");
-
-$birth = new DateTime("2006-01-03");
-$current = new DateTime();
-
-$diff = $current->diff($birth);
-
-echo "Age: " . $diff->y . " Years ";
-echo $diff->m . " Months ";
-echo $diff->d . " Days";
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## 7. Compare Two Dates
-
-```php
-<?php
-$d1 = new DateTime("2026-04-01");
-$d2 = new DateTime("2026-04-10");
+Step 1: Topology
+Devices:
+PC1, PC2, PC3, Server connected to Switch
+Switch connected to Router G0/0
+Ensure all connections are active
 
-if($d1 < $d2){
-    echo "d1 is earlier";
-} else {
-    echo "d2 is earlier";
-}
-?>
-```
-
----
+Step 2: IP Configuration
+PC1 IP 192.168.1.10
+PC2 IP 192.168.1.20
+PC3 IP 192.168.1.30
+Server IP 192.168.1.100
+Mask 255.255.255.0
+Gateway 192.168.1.1
 
-## Important Exam Points
+Step 3: Router Configuration
+enable
+configure terminal
+interface g0/0
+ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
+exit
 
-* Always use:
+Step 4: Enable Server Service
+Open Server -> Services -> HTTP
+Turn HTTP ON
 
-```php
-date_default_timezone_set("Asia/Kolkata");
-```
+Step 5: Normal Test
+From PC1:
+ping 192.168.1.100
+Stable replies indicate normal operation
 
+Step 6: Simulate DoS Attack
+From PC2:
+ping 192.168.1.100 -t
 
+From PC3:
+ping 192.168.1.100 -t
 
+Continuous traffic is generated
 
+Step 7: Observe Impact
+From PC1:
+ping 192.168.1.100
 
+Expected results:
+Request timed out
+High delay
+Packet loss
 
+Indicates server overload and network congestion
 
+Step 8: Important Concept
+If all devices are in same network, traffic flows directly
+PC -> Switch -> Server
+Router is bypassed
+ACL on router will not work
 
+Step 9: Apply Switch Port Security
+enable
+configure terminal
 
+interface fa0/2
+switchport port-security
+switchport port-security maximum 1
+switchport port-security violation shutdown
+exit
 
+interface fa0/3
+switchport port-security
+switchport port-security maximum 1
+switchport port-security violation shutdown
+exit
 
+Limits attacker behavior
 
+Step 10: Improved Topology for Router Control
+Change Server network:
+Server IP 10.0.0.2 Gateway 10.0.0.1
 
+Add router interface:
+interface g0/1
+ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
+no shutdown
 
+Traffic now passes through router
 
+Step 11: Apply ACL Protection
+ip access-list extended BLOCK_ICMP
+permit icmp host 192.168.1.10 host 10.0.0.2
+deny icmp any any
 
+interface g0/0
+ip access-group BLOCK_ICMP in
 
+Step 12: Final Testing
+From PC1:
+ping 10.0.0.2 (should work)
 
+From PC2 and PC3:
+ping 10.0.0.2 (should fail)
 
+Output Observation:
+Command Line:
+Compare ping before and during attack
 
+Simulation Mode:
+Filter ICMP
+Observe multiple packets and congestion
 
+Conclusion:
+DoS attack floods server with requests causing delay and packet loss
+Switch port security and ACL help control traffic
 
+Result:
+Attack simulated
+Impact observed
+Protection applied successfully
 
 
 
 
 
 
-## **1. HTML Form + Display Name using PHP**
 
-```php
-<!-- form.php -->
-<form method="post">
-    Enter Name: <input type="text" name="username">
-    <input type="submit" value="Submit">
-</form>
 
-<?php
-if(isset($_POST['username'])){
-    echo "Hello " . $_POST['username'];
-}
-?>
-```
 
----
 
-## **2. Number Programs**
 
-### **(a) Prime Number**
 
-```php
-<?php
-$num = 7;
-$flag = 1;
 
-for($i=2; $i<$num; $i++){
-    if($num % $i == 0){
-        $flag = 0;
-        break;
-    }
-}
 
-if($flag == 1)
-    echo "Prime";
-else
-    echo "Not Prime";
-?>
-```
-
-### **(b) Odd or Even**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$num = 10;
-
-if($num % 2 == 0)
-    echo "Even";
-else
-    echo "Odd";
-?>
-```
-
-### **(c) Greatest of Three Numbers**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$a = 10; $b = 25; $c = 15;
-
-if($a >= $b && $a >= $c)
-    echo "Greatest: $a";
-elseif($b >= $a && $b >= $c)
-    echo "Greatest: $b";
-else
-    echo "Greatest: $c";
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **3. Loop Programs**
-
-### **(a) Reverse 10 to 1**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i=10; $i>=1; $i--){
-    echo $i . " ";
-}
-?>
-```
-
-### **(b) 1-2-3-...-10 (no extra hyphen)**
-
-```php
-<?php
-for($i=1; $i<=10; $i++){
-    if($i < 10)
-        echo $i . "-";
-    else
-        echo $i;
-}
-?>
-```
-
-### **(c) Floyd Triangle**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$n = 5;
-$num = 1;
-
-for($i=1; $i<=$n; $i++){
-    for($j=1; $j<=$i; $j++){
-        echo $num . " ";
-        $num++;
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **4. Continue + Arithmetic Operations**
-
-### **(a) Skip User Number**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$skip = 5;
-
-for($i=1; $i<=10; $i++){
-    if($i == $skip)
-        continue;
-    echo $i . " ";
-}
-?>
-```
 
-### **(b) Arithmetic using Select Box**
-
-```php
-<form method="post">
-    Num1: <input type="number" name="a"><br>
-    Num2: <input type="number" name="b"><br>
-    <select name="op">
-        <option value="add">Add</option>
-        <option value="sub">Subtract</option>
-        <option value="mul">Multiply</option>
-        <option value="div">Divide</option>
-    </select>
-    <input type="submit">
-</form>
-
-<?php
-if(isset($_POST['op'])){
-    $a = $_POST['a'];
-    $b = $_POST['b'];
-
-    if($_POST['op']=="add") echo $a+$b;
-    elseif($_POST['op']=="sub") echo $a-$b;
-    elseif($_POST['op']=="mul") echo $a*$b;
-    elseif($_POST['op']=="div") echo $a/$b;
-}
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **5. Table + Armstrong**
-
-### **(a) Multiplication Table**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$num = 5;
-
-for($i=1; $i<=10; $i++){
-    echo "$num x $i = " . ($num*$i) . "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
-
-### **(b) Armstrong Number**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$num = 153;
-$sum = 0;
-$temp = $num;
-
-while($temp > 0){
-    $rem = $temp % 10;
-    $sum += $rem * $rem * $rem;
-    $temp = (int)($temp/10);
-}
-
-if($sum == $num)
-    echo "Armstrong";
-else
-    echo "Not Armstrong";
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **6. Array + Table**
-
-### **(a) Fruit Table**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"];
-
-echo "<table border=1>";
-foreach($fruits as $f){
-    echo "<tr><td>$f</td></tr>";
-}
-echo "</table>";
-?>
-```
-
-### **(b) Sum of Array**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$arr = [1,2,3,4,5];
-$sum = 0;
-
-foreach($arr as $v){
-    $sum += $v;
-}
-
-echo "Sum = $sum";
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **7 & 8. Matrix + Palindrome**
-
-### **(a) Multiply Number with Matrix**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$matrix = [
-    [1,2],
-    [3,4]
-];
-
-$num = 2;
-
-for($i=0; $i<2; $i++){
-    for($j=0; $j<2; $j++){
-        echo $matrix[$i][$j] * $num . " ";
-    }
-    echo "<br>";
-}
-?>
-```
-
-### **(b) Palindrome String**
-
-```php
-<?php
-$str = "malayalam";
-
-if($str == strrev($str))
-    echo "Palindrome";
-else
-    echo "Not Palindrome";
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **9. Registration Form + Display Data**
-
-```php
-<form method="post">
-    Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
-    Email: <input type="text" name="email"><br>
-    <input type="submit">
-</form>
-
-<?php
-if(isset($_POST['name'])){
-    echo "Name: " . $_POST['name'] . "<br>";
-    echo "Email: " . $_POST['email'];
-}
-?>
-```
-
----
-
-## **10. Login (Username + Password Check)**
-
-```php
-<form method="post">
-    Username: <input type="text" name="user"><br>
-    Password: <input type="password" name="pass"><br>
-    <input type="submit">
-</form>
-
-<?php
-if(isset($_POST['user'])){
-    if($_POST['user']=="admin" && $_POST['pass']=="godsgift"){
-        echo "Welcome Admin";
-    } else {
-        echo "Invalid Login";
-        header("refresh:2; url=");
-    }
-}
-?>
-```
 
----