chainlesschain 0.162.188 → 0.162.189

package/src/lib/process-execution-broker/workspace-transaction.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3556 @@
+/**
+ * Durable workspace transactions for ProcessExecutionBroker.
+ *
+ * A transaction takes a content-addressed snapshot before a managed process
+ * runs, holds an exclusive cross-process workspace lock for the whole task,
+ * records the final write set, and can restore the exact pre-task file tree.
+ *
+ * This module intentionally uses only node:fs/path/crypto. In particular it
+ * does not call checkpoint-store (which calls ProcessExecutionBroker for git)
+ * and therefore cannot recurse through the broker while preparing evidence.
+ *
+ * "full" file coverage means every regular workspace-content entry was
+ * snapshotted with no writable exclusion. Partial transactions may declare
+ * explicit uncovered paths. Symlinks/reparse points, hardlinks, special files,
+ * resource-limit overflow, and snapshot races fail closed before execution.
+ */
+
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { createHash, randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { withFileLock } from "../with-file-lock.js";
+import {
+  fileStatIdentity as statIdentity,
+  sameFileStatIdentity as sameStatIdentity,
+  samePathHandleDirectoryIdentity,
+  samePathHandleFileIdentity as samePathHandleIdentity,
+  withTrustedFileParentSync,
+} from "../secure-file-identity.js";
+
+export const WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION = 1;
+
+export const WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE = Object.freeze({
+  PREPARING: "preparing",
+  PREPARED: "prepared",
+  RUNNING: "running",
+  ROLLBACK_REQUIRED: "rollback_required",
+  COMMITTED: "committed",
+  ROLLED_BACK: "rolled_back",
+  ROLLBACK_FAILED: "rollback_failed",
+  RESTORING: "restoring",
+  RESTORED: "restored",
+  RESTORE_FAILED: "restore_failed",
+  ABORTED: "aborted",
+});
+
+export const WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE = Object.freeze({
+  FULL: "full",
+  PARTIAL: "partial",
+  NONE: "none",
+});
+
+export const WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR = Object.freeze({
+  INVALID_ARGUMENT: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_INVALID_ARGUMENT",
+  INVALID_PATH: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_INVALID_PATH",
+  PATH_ESCAPE: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_PATH_ESCAPE",
+  UNSAFE_ENTRY: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_UNSAFE_ENTRY",
+  RESOURCE_LIMIT: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_RESOURCE_LIMIT",
+  SNAPSHOT_RACE: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_SNAPSHOT_RACE",
+  LOCKED: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_LOCKED",
+  RECOVERY_REQUIRED: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_RECOVERY_REQUIRED",
+  LOCK_CORRUPT: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_LOCK_CORRUPT",
+  LOCK_OWNERSHIP_LOST: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_LOCK_OWNERSHIP_LOST",
+  STATE_CORRUPT: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE_CORRUPT",
+  INVALID_TRANSITION: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_INVALID_TRANSITION",
+  ROLLBACK_FAILED: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ROLLBACK_FAILED",
+  EVIDENCE_MISMATCH: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_EVIDENCE_MISMATCH",
+  WRITERS_ACTIVE: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_WRITERS_ACTIVE",
+  DETACHED_PROCESS: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_DETACHED_PROCESS_DENIED",
+  OVERLAPPING_WORKSPACE: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_OVERLAPPING_WORKSPACE",
+  WRITER_ISOLATION_REQUIRED: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_WRITER_ISOLATION_REQUIRED",
+  RESTORE_CONFLICT: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_RESTORE_CONFLICT",
+  RESTORE_FAILED: "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_RESTORE_FAILED",
+});
+
+/**
+ * Defaults are intentionally finite. Callers may tighten or explicitly raise
+ * them for a known workspace, but cannot get an unbounded snapshot by accident.
+ */
+export const DEFAULT_WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_LIMITS = Object.freeze({
+  maxEntries: 50_000,
+  maxFiles: 40_000,
+  maxTotalBytes: 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024,
+  maxFileBytes: 256 * 1024 * 1024,
+  maxManifestBytes: 32 * 1024 * 1024,
+  maxProcesses: 4_096,
+  maxFailureEvidence: 32,
+});
+
+const SAFE_ID = /^[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9._-]{0,191}$/;
+const TERMINAL_STATES = new Set([
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED,
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLED_BACK,
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED,
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ABORTED,
+]);
+const RECOVERABLE_STATES = new Set([
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARED,
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RUNNING,
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_REQUIRED,
+  WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_FAILED,
+]);
+
+function codedError(code, message, details = {}, cause = null) {
+  const error = new Error(message, cause ? { cause } : undefined);
+  error.name = "WorkspaceTransactionError";
+  error.code = code;
+  Object.assign(error, details);
+  return error;
+}
+
+function deepClone(value) {
+  return value == null ? value : JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(value));
+}
+
+function canonicalValue(value) {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.map(canonicalValue);
+  if (value && typeof value === "object") {
+    const out = {};
+    for (const key of Object.keys(value).sort()) {
+      if (value[key] !== undefined) out[key] = canonicalValue(value[key]);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+export function canonicalWorkspaceEvidence(value) {
+  return JSON.stringify(canonicalValue(value));
+}
+
+export function digestWorkspaceEvidence(value) {
+  return `sha256:${createHash("sha256")
+    .update(canonicalWorkspaceEvidence(value))
+    .digest("hex")}`;
+}
+
+function hashBuffer(value) {
+  return createHash("sha256").update(value).digest("hex");
+}
+
+function pathKey(value) {
+  const resolved = path.resolve(value);
+  return process.platform === "win32" ? resolved.toLowerCase() : resolved;
+}
+
+function samePath(left, right) {
+  return pathKey(left) === pathKey(right);
+}
+
+export function isPathInside(root, candidate) {
+  const relative = path.relative(path.resolve(root), path.resolve(candidate));
+  return (
+    relative === "" ||
+    (!relative.startsWith(`..${path.sep}`) &&
+      relative !== ".." &&
+      !path.isAbsolute(relative))
+  );
+}
+
+function isStrictlyInside(root, candidate) {
+  return !samePath(root, candidate) && isPathInside(root, candidate);
+}
+
+function realpath(value) {
+  const implementation = fs.realpathSync.native || fs.realpathSync;
+  return implementation(value);
+}
+
+function canonicalPathThroughExistingAncestor(value, label) {
+  const requested = path.resolve(value);
+  const missingSegments = [];
+  let ancestor = requested;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    try {
+      return path.resolve(realpath(ancestor), ...missingSegments);
+    } catch (cause) {
+      if (cause?.code !== "ENOENT") {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+          `${label} cannot be resolved through a stable ancestor: ${requested}`,
+          { path: requested, ancestor },
+          cause,
+        );
+      }
+      const parent = path.dirname(ancestor);
+      if (samePath(parent, ancestor)) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+          `${label} has no resolvable filesystem ancestor: ${requested}`,
+          { path: requested },
+          cause,
+        );
+      }
+      missingSegments.unshift(path.basename(ancestor));
+      ancestor = parent;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function pathsOverlap(left, right) {
+  return (
+    samePath(left, right) ||
+    isStrictlyInside(left, right) ||
+    isStrictlyInside(right, left)
+  );
+}
+
+function canonicalProcessCwd(cwd) {
+  const requested = path.resolve(cwd || process.cwd());
+  try {
+    return { requested, canonical: realpath(requested) };
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+      `managed process cwd cannot be resolved: ${requested}`,
+      { cwd: requested },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function assertSafeDirectory(value, label, { create = false } = {}) {
+  if (
+    typeof value !== "string" ||
+    value.trim() === "" ||
+    value.includes("\0")
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+      `${label} must be a non-empty path without NUL bytes`,
+    );
+  }
+  const requested = path.resolve(value);
+  if (create) fs.mkdirSync(requested, { recursive: true, mode: 0o700 });
+  let entry;
+  try {
+    entry = fs.lstatSync(requested);
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+      `${label} is unavailable: ${requested}`,
+      { path: requested },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+  if (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isDirectory()) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+      `${label} must be a real, non-symlink directory: ${requested}`,
+      { path: requested },
+    );
+  }
+  const canonical = realpath(requested);
+  const canonicalEntry = fs.lstatSync(canonical);
+  if (canonicalEntry.isSymbolicLink() || !canonicalEntry.isDirectory()) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+      `${label} canonical path is not a safe directory: ${canonical}`,
+      { path: canonical },
+    );
+  }
+  return canonical;
+}
+
+function assertNotFilesystemRoot(root) {
+  const parsed = path.parse(root);
+  if (samePath(root, parsed.root)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+      "workspace root cannot be a filesystem root",
+      { workspaceRoot: root },
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizeBoundedText(value, label, max = 256) {
+  if (typeof value !== "string") {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      `${label} must be a string`,
+    );
+  }
+  const result = value.trim();
+  if (!result || result.length > max || result.includes("\0")) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      `${label} must contain 1-${max} characters without NUL bytes`,
+    );
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function normalizeId(value, label = "transaction id") {
+  if (typeof value !== "string" || !SAFE_ID.test(value)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      `${label} is not a safe path segment`,
+    );
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+function positiveInteger(value, fallback, label) {
+  const resolved = value === undefined ? fallback : Number(value);
+  if (!Number.isSafeInteger(resolved) || resolved <= 0) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      `${label} must be a positive safe integer`,
+    );
+  }
+  return resolved;
+}
+
+function normalizeLimits(raw = {}) {
+  if (!raw || typeof raw !== "object" || Array.isArray(raw)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      "workspace transaction limits must be an object",
+    );
+  }
+  const out = {};
+  for (const [key, fallback] of Object.entries(
+    DEFAULT_WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_LIMITS,
+  )) {
+    out[key] = positiveInteger(raw[key], fallback, `limits.${key}`);
+  }
+  if (out.maxFiles > out.maxEntries) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      "limits.maxFiles cannot exceed limits.maxEntries",
+    );
+  }
+  if (out.maxFileBytes > out.maxTotalBytes) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      "limits.maxFileBytes cannot exceed limits.maxTotalBytes",
+    );
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function normalizeExclusions(raw = []) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(raw)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+      "workspace transaction exclusions must be an array",
+    );
+  }
+  const normalized = [];
+  for (const value of raw) {
+    if (
+      typeof value !== "string" ||
+      value.trim() === "" ||
+      value.includes("\0") ||
+      path.isAbsolute(value) ||
+      /^[A-Za-z]:/.test(value)
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+        "workspace exclusion must be a repository-relative path",
+        { exclusion: value },
+      );
+    }
+    const pieces = value.replaceAll("\\", "/").split("/");
+    if (
+      pieces.some(
+        (piece) =>
+          !piece || piece === "." || piece === ".." || piece.includes(":"),
+      )
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+        "workspace exclusion contains an unsafe path segment",
+        { exclusion: value },
+      );
+    }
+    normalized.push(pieces.join("/"));
+  }
+  return [...new Set(normalized)].sort();
+}
+
+function pathIsExcluded(relative, exclusions) {
+  const canonical = manifestPath(relative);
+  return exclusions.some(
+    (excluded) =>
+      canonical === excluded || canonical.startsWith(`${excluded}/`),
+  );
+}
+
+function linkedGitMetadata(root) {
+  const dotGit = path.join(root, ".git");
+  let entry;
+  try {
+    entry = fs.lstatSync(dotGit);
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error?.code === "ENOENT") return null;
+    throw error;
+  }
+  if (entry.isSymbolicLink()) {
+    return {
+      kind: "symlink",
+      workspacePath: ".git",
+      external: true,
+    };
+  }
+  if (!entry.isFile()) return null;
+  if (Number(entry.size) > 64 * 1024) return null;
+  const text = fs.readFileSync(dotGit, "utf8");
+  const match = /^gitdir:\s*(.+)\s*$/im.exec(text);
+  if (!match) return null;
+  const target = path.resolve(root, match[1].trim());
+  return {
+    kind: "gitdir-file",
+    workspacePath: ".git",
+    external: !isPathInside(root, target),
+    // Do not persist the host path; the evidence only needs to state that the
+    // metadata authority is outside the captured workspace.
+    targetClass: isPathInside(root, target)
+      ? "workspace"
+      : "external-git-metadata",
+  };
+}
+
+function ensurePrivateDirectory(dir) {
+  fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true, mode: 0o700 });
+  const entry = fs.lstatSync(dir);
+  if (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isDirectory()) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+      `transaction path must be a real directory: ${dir}`,
+      { path: dir },
+    );
+  }
+  if (process.platform !== "win32") fs.chmodSync(dir, 0o700);
+}
+
+function assertPrivateRegularFile(filePath, { maxBytes } = {}) {
+  const entry = fs.lstatSync(filePath);
+  if (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isFile() || Number(entry.nlink) !== 1) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      `transaction state must be a regular, single-link file: ${filePath}`,
+      { path: filePath },
+    );
+  }
+  if (Number.isSafeInteger(maxBytes) && Number(entry.size) > Number(maxBytes)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+      `transaction state exceeds ${maxBytes} bytes: ${filePath}`,
+      { path: filePath, bytes: Number(entry.size), maxBytes },
+    );
+  }
+  if (process.platform !== "win32" && (Number(entry.mode) & 0o077) !== 0) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      `transaction state permissions are not private: ${filePath}`,
+      { path: filePath },
+    );
+  }
+  return entry;
+}
+
+function fsyncDirectory(dir) {
+  if (process.platform === "win32") return;
+  let descriptor = null;
+  try {
+    descriptor = fs.openSync(dir, fs.constants.O_RDONLY);
+    fs.fsyncSync(descriptor);
+  } catch {
+    // The file itself is fsync'd. Some filesystems do not permit directory
+    // fsync; lack of that additive guarantee does not make the file torn.
+  } finally {
+    if (descriptor !== null) {
+      try {
+        fs.closeSync(descriptor);
+      } catch {
+        // Best effort after a completed atomic rename.
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function atomicWrite(filePath, contents, { maxBytes = Infinity } = {}) {
+  const body = Buffer.isBuffer(contents)
+    ? contents
+    : Buffer.from(String(contents), "utf8");
+  if (body.byteLength > maxBytes) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+      `transaction manifest exceeds ${maxBytes} bytes`,
+      { path: filePath, bytes: body.byteLength, maxBytes },
+    );
+  }
+  ensurePrivateDirectory(path.dirname(filePath));
+  const temporary = path.join(
+    path.dirname(filePath),
+    `.${path.basename(filePath)}.${process.pid}.${randomUUID()}.tmp`,
+  );
+  let descriptor = null;
+  try {
+    descriptor = fs.openSync(temporary, "wx", 0o600);
+    fs.writeFileSync(descriptor, body);
+    fs.fsyncSync(descriptor);
+    fs.closeSync(descriptor);
+    descriptor = null;
+    fs.renameSync(temporary, filePath);
+    if (process.platform !== "win32") fs.chmodSync(filePath, 0o600);
+    assertPrivateRegularFile(filePath, { maxBytes });
+    fsyncDirectory(path.dirname(filePath));
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (descriptor !== null) {
+      try {
+        fs.closeSync(descriptor);
+      } catch {
+        // Preserve the primary write failure.
+      }
+    }
+    try {
+      fs.rmSync(temporary, { force: true });
+    } catch {
+      // Preserve the primary write failure.
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+function atomicWriteJson(filePath, value, limits) {
+  atomicWrite(filePath, `${canonicalWorkspaceEvidence(value)}\n`, {
+    maxBytes: limits.maxManifestBytes,
+  });
+}
+
+function readJson(filePath, limits) {
+  assertPrivateRegularFile(filePath, {
+    maxBytes: limits.maxManifestBytes,
+  });
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8"));
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      `transaction JSON is corrupt: ${filePath}`,
+      { path: filePath },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizedMtimeMs(stat) {
+  const value = Number(stat?.mtimeMs);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      "filesystem entry has an invalid modification timestamp",
+    );
+  }
+  // Node's utimes API cannot reproduce sub-millisecond timestamps reliably on
+  // every supported filesystem. Persist and verify the portable millisecond
+  // precision that rollback can actually restore.
+  const wholeMilliseconds = Math.trunc(value);
+  const bucketMidpoint = wholeMilliseconds + 0.5;
+  if (
+    !Number.isSafeInteger(wholeMilliseconds) ||
+    wholeMilliseconds < 0 ||
+    bucketMidpoint <= wholeMilliseconds ||
+    Math.trunc(bucketMidpoint) !== wholeMilliseconds
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+      "filesystem entry has a modification timestamp that cannot be restored portably",
+      { mtimeMs: value },
+    );
+  }
+  return wholeMilliseconds;
+}
+
+function portableTimestampSeconds(value, fallback = Number.NaN) {
+  for (const candidate of [value, fallback]) {
+    const wholeMilliseconds = Math.trunc(Number(candidate));
+    const bucketMidpoint = wholeMilliseconds + 0.5;
+    if (
+      Number.isSafeInteger(wholeMilliseconds) &&
+      wholeMilliseconds >= 0 &&
+      bucketMidpoint > wholeMilliseconds &&
+      Math.trunc(bucketMidpoint) === wholeMilliseconds
+    ) {
+      return bucketMidpoint / 1000;
+    }
+  }
+  throw codedError(
+    WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+    "checkpoint has a timestamp that cannot be restored portably",
+  );
+}
+
+function workspaceRootIdentity(stat) {
+  return {
+    dev: String(stat.dev),
+    ino: String(stat.ino),
+  };
+}
+
+function sameWorkspaceRootIdentity(left, right) {
+  return (
+    left != null &&
+    right != null &&
+    String(left.dev) === String(right.dev) &&
+    String(left.ino) === String(right.ino)
+  );
+}
+
+function inspectWorkspaceRoot(root, expectedIdentity = null) {
+  let canonical;
+  try {
+    canonical = realpath(root);
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+      `workspace root cannot be resolved: ${root}`,
+      { workspaceRoot: root },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+  if (!samePath(root, canonical)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+      `workspace root resolves to a different path: ${root}`,
+      { workspaceRoot: root, resolvedPath: canonical },
+    );
+  }
+  let entry;
+  let opened;
+  try {
+    ({ entry, opened } = withTrustedFileParentSync(
+      fs,
+      path.join(root, ".__cc_workspace_root_identity_probe__"),
+      ({ parentPath, parentDescriptor, parentDevice }) => {
+        if (!samePath(root, parentPath)) {
+          throw codedError(
+            WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+            `workspace root resolves to a different path: ${root}`,
+            { workspaceRoot: root, resolvedPath: parentPath },
+          );
+        }
+        const pathEntry = fs.lstatSync(parentPath, { bigint: true });
+        const handleEntry = fs.fstatSync(parentDescriptor, { bigint: true });
+        if (
+          pathEntry.isSymbolicLink() ||
+          !pathEntry.isDirectory() ||
+          !handleEntry.isDirectory() ||
+          !samePathHandleDirectoryIdentity(pathEntry, handleEntry, parentDevice)
+        ) {
+          throw codedError(
+            WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+            "workspace root identity changed while opening it",
+            { workspaceRoot: root },
+          );
+        }
+        return { entry: pathEntry, opened: handleEntry };
+      },
+    ));
+  } catch (cause) {
+    if (cause?.code === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE) throw cause;
+    if (cause?.code === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE) throw cause;
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+      `workspace root cannot be opened safely: ${root}`,
+      { workspaceRoot: root },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+  const identity = workspaceRootIdentity(opened);
+  if (
+    expectedIdentity &&
+    !sameWorkspaceRootIdentity(identity, expectedIdentity)
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+      "workspace root identity changed after checkpoint preparation",
+      {
+        workspaceRoot: root,
+        expectedIdentity: deepClone(expectedIdentity),
+        actualIdentity: identity,
+      },
+    );
+  }
+  return {
+    entry,
+    descriptor: {
+      type: "directory",
+      mode: Number(entry.mode) & 0o7777,
+      mtimeMs: normalizedMtimeMs(entry),
+      bytes: 0,
+      sha256: null,
+      identity,
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(root, expectedIdentity) {
+  return inspectWorkspaceRoot(root, expectedIdentity).descriptor;
+}
+
+function manifestPath(relative) {
+  return relative.split(path.sep).join("/");
+}
+
+function nativePath(relative) {
+  if (typeof relative !== "string" || relative.includes("\0")) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      "manifest contains an invalid path",
+      { relative },
+    );
+  }
+  const pieces = relative.split("/");
+  if (
+    pieces.length === 0 ||
+    pieces.some(
+      (piece) =>
+        !piece ||
+        piece === "." ||
+        piece === ".." ||
+        piece.includes("\\") ||
+        piece.includes(":"),
+    )
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+      `manifest path is unsafe: ${relative}`,
+      { relative },
+    );
+  }
+  return path.join(...pieces);
+}
+
+function descriptorForUnsafe(stat, type) {
+  return {
+    type,
+    mode: Number(stat.mode) & 0o7777,
+    mtimeMs: normalizedMtimeMs(stat),
+    bytes: 0,
+    sha256: null,
+    unsafe: true,
+  };
+}
+
+function writeBlob(blobDir, hash, body, limits) {
+  const blobPath = path.join(blobDir, hash);
+  if (fs.existsSync(blobPath)) {
+    assertPrivateRegularFile(blobPath, { maxBytes: limits.maxFileBytes });
+    const existing = fs.readFileSync(blobPath);
+    if (
+      existing.byteLength !== body.byteLength ||
+      hashBuffer(existing) !== hash
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+        `checkpoint blob does not match its digest: ${hash}`,
+        { hash },
+      );
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  atomicWrite(blobPath, body, { maxBytes: limits.maxFileBytes });
+  if (hashBuffer(fs.readFileSync(blobPath)) !== hash) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+      `checkpoint blob verification failed: ${hash}`,
+      { hash },
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function readStableRegularFile(
+  abs,
+  initialStat,
+  limits,
+  expectedWorkspaceDevice,
+) {
+  const size = Number(initialStat.size);
+  if (size > limits.maxFileBytes) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+      `file exceeds ${limits.maxFileBytes} bytes: ${abs}`,
+      { path: abs, bytes: size, maxBytes: limits.maxFileBytes },
+    );
+  }
+  let descriptor = null;
+  try {
+    const noFollow = Number(fs.constants.O_NOFOLLOW || 0);
+    descriptor = fs.openSync(abs, fs.constants.O_RDONLY | noFollow);
+    const opened = fs.fstatSync(descriptor, { bigint: true });
+    if (
+      !opened.isFile() ||
+      Number(opened.nlink) !== 1 ||
+      !samePathHandleIdentity(initialStat, opened, expectedWorkspaceDevice)
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+        `file identity changed while opening checkpoint input: ${abs}`,
+        {
+          path: abs,
+          pathIdentity: statIdentity(initialStat),
+          openedIdentity: statIdentity(opened),
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    const body = fs.readFileSync(descriptor);
+    const after = fs.fstatSync(descriptor, { bigint: true });
+    if (
+      body.byteLength !== size ||
+      !sameStatIdentity(statIdentity(opened), statIdentity(after))
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+        `file changed while checkpointing: ${abs}`,
+        { path: abs },
+      );
+    }
+    return body;
+  } finally {
+    if (descriptor !== null) fs.closeSync(descriptor);
+  }
+}
+
+function assertEntryRealpath(root, abs, relative) {
+  let canonical;
+  try {
+    canonical = realpath(abs);
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+      `workspace entry disappeared while checkpointing: ${relative}`,
+      { path: relative },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+  if (!isPathInside(root, canonical)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+      `workspace entry resolves outside the workspace: ${relative}`,
+      { path: relative, resolvedPath: canonical },
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+/** Enumerate the workspace tree under an explicit coverage contract. */
+function scanWorkspace(
+  root,
+  {
+    limits,
+    blobDir = null,
+    allowUnsafe = false,
+    exclusions = [],
+    gitMetadataPolicy = "capture",
+    expectedRootIdentity = null,
+  },
+) {
+  const rootBefore = inspectWorkspaceRoot(root, expectedRootIdentity);
+  const entries = [];
+  const unsafe = [];
+  const dynamicExclusions = [...exclusions];
+  const uncoveredPaths = [...exclusions];
+  let files = 0;
+  let totalBytes = 0;
+
+  const consumeEntry = () => {
+    if (entries.length >= limits.maxEntries) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+        `workspace exceeds ${limits.maxEntries} entries`,
+        { maxEntries: limits.maxEntries },
+      );
+    }
+  };
+
+  const walk = (abs, relative) => {
+    if (path.basename(relative) === ".git") {
+      const rel = manifestPath(relative);
+      if (gitMetadataPolicy === "deny") {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITER_ISOLATION_REQUIRED,
+          `full file coverage cannot safely restore Git metadata: ${rel}`,
+          { path: rel },
+        );
+      }
+      if (gitMetadataPolicy === "exclude") {
+        if (!dynamicExclusions.includes(rel)) dynamicExclusions.push(rel);
+        if (!uncoveredPaths.includes(rel)) uncoveredPaths.push(rel);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    if (pathIsExcluded(relative, exclusions)) return;
+    let initial;
+    try {
+      initial = fs.lstatSync(abs, { bigint: true });
+    } catch (cause) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+        `workspace entry disappeared during scan: ${relative}`,
+        { path: relative },
+        cause,
+      );
+    }
+    const rel = manifestPath(relative);
+    consumeEntry();
+
+    if (initial.isSymbolicLink()) {
+      if (!allowUnsafe) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+          `symlink/reparse points are not allowed in full checkpoints: ${rel}`,
+          { path: rel, entryType: "symlink" },
+        );
+      }
+      const descriptor = descriptorForUnsafe(initial, "symlink");
+      entries.push({ path: rel, ...descriptor });
+      unsafe.push({ path: rel, type: descriptor.type });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (initial.isFile() && Number(initial.nlink) > 1) {
+      if (!allowUnsafe) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+          `hardlinks are not allowed in full checkpoints: ${rel}`,
+          { path: rel, entryType: "hardlink", nlink: Number(initial.nlink) },
+        );
+      }
+      const descriptor = descriptorForUnsafe(initial, "hardlink");
+      entries.push({ path: rel, ...descriptor });
+      unsafe.push({ path: rel, type: descriptor.type });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (initial.isDirectory()) {
+      assertEntryRealpath(root, abs, rel);
+      entries.push({
+        path: rel,
+        type: "directory",
+        mode: Number(initial.mode) & 0o7777,
+        mtimeMs: normalizedMtimeMs(initial),
+        bytes: 0,
+        sha256: null,
+      });
+      let names;
+      try {
+        names = fs.readdirSync(abs).sort();
+      } catch (cause) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+          `workspace directory could not be read: ${rel}`,
+          { path: rel },
+          cause,
+        );
+      }
+      for (const name of names) {
+        walk(path.join(abs, name), path.join(relative, name));
+      }
+      const after = fs.lstatSync(abs, { bigint: true });
+      if (
+        !after.isDirectory() ||
+        after.isSymbolicLink() ||
+        !sameStatIdentity(statIdentity(initial), statIdentity(after))
+      ) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+          `workspace directory identity changed during scan: ${rel}`,
+          { path: rel },
+        );
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (initial.isFile()) {
+      assertEntryRealpath(root, abs, rel);
+      files += 1;
+      if (files > limits.maxFiles) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+          `workspace exceeds ${limits.maxFiles} files`,
+          { maxFiles: limits.maxFiles },
+        );
+      }
+      totalBytes += Number(initial.size);
+      if (totalBytes > limits.maxTotalBytes) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+          `workspace exceeds ${limits.maxTotalBytes} checkpoint bytes`,
+          {
+            bytes: totalBytes,
+            maxBytes: limits.maxTotalBytes,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      const body = readStableRegularFile(
+        abs,
+        initial,
+        limits,
+        rootBefore.descriptor.identity.dev,
+      );
+      const hash = hashBuffer(body);
+      if (blobDir) writeBlob(blobDir, hash, body, limits);
+      entries.push({
+        path: rel,
+        type: "file",
+        mode: Number(initial.mode) & 0o7777,
+        mtimeMs: normalizedMtimeMs(initial),
+        bytes: body.byteLength,
+        sha256: hash,
+      });
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!allowUnsafe) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+        `special filesystem entries are not allowed in full checkpoints: ${rel}`,
+        { path: rel, entryType: "special" },
+      );
+    }
+    const descriptor = descriptorForUnsafe(initial, "special");
+    entries.push({ path: rel, ...descriptor });
+    unsafe.push({ path: rel, type: descriptor.type });
+  };
+
+  const rootNames = fs.readdirSync(root).sort();
+  for (const name of rootNames) {
+    walk(path.join(root, name), name);
+  }
+  const rootAfter = inspectWorkspaceRoot(root, rootBefore.descriptor.identity);
+  if (
+    !sameStatIdentity(
+      statIdentity(rootBefore.entry),
+      statIdentity(rootAfter.entry),
+    )
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.SNAPSHOT_RACE,
+      "workspace root changed while checkpointing",
+      { workspaceRoot: root },
+    );
+  }
+  entries.sort((left, right) => left.path.localeCompare(right.path));
+  return {
+    version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+    workspaceRoot: root,
+    root: rootBefore.descriptor,
+    exclusions: [...dynamicExclusions].sort(),
+    uncoveredPaths: [...uncoveredPaths].sort(),
+    entries,
+    stats: {
+      entries: entries.length,
+      files,
+      bytes: totalBytes,
+    },
+    unsafe,
+  };
+}
+
+function descriptorEqual(left, right) {
+  return (
+    left?.type === right?.type &&
+    left?.mode === right?.mode &&
+    left?.mtimeMs === right?.mtimeMs &&
+    left?.bytes === right?.bytes &&
+    left?.sha256 === right?.sha256
+  );
+}
+
+function descriptorView(entry) {
+  if (!entry) return null;
+  return {
+    type: entry.type,
+    mode: entry.mode,
+    mtimeMs: entry.mtimeMs,
+    bytes: entry.bytes,
+    sha256: entry.sha256,
+    ...(entry.unsafe === true ? { unsafe: true } : {}),
+  };
+}
+
+function buildWriteManifest(baseline, current) {
+  const before = new Map(baseline.entries.map((entry) => [entry.path, entry]));
+  const after = new Map(current.entries.map((entry) => [entry.path, entry]));
+  const paths = [...new Set([...before.keys(), ...after.keys()])].sort();
+  const writes = [];
+  if (!descriptorEqual(baseline.root, current.root)) {
+    writes.push({
+      path: ".",
+      operation: "modified",
+      before: descriptorView(baseline.root),
+      after: descriptorView(current.root),
+    });
+  }
+  for (const relative of paths) {
+    const prior = before.get(relative) || null;
+    const next = after.get(relative) || null;
+    if (descriptorEqual(prior, next)) continue;
+    writes.push({
+      path: relative,
+      operation: prior ? (next ? "modified" : "deleted") : "added",
+      before: descriptorView(prior),
+      after: descriptorView(next),
+    });
+  }
+  const manifest = {
+    version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+    writes,
+    summary: {
+      added: writes.filter((entry) => entry.operation === "added").length,
+      modified: writes.filter((entry) => entry.operation === "modified").length,
+      deleted: writes.filter((entry) => entry.operation === "deleted").length,
+      unsafe: current.unsafe.length,
+    },
+    unsafe: current.unsafe,
+  };
+  return {
+    ...manifest,
+    digest: digestWorkspaceEvidence(manifest),
+  };
+}
+
+function expectedPostTaskSnapshot(baseline, writeManifest) {
+  let root = deepClone(baseline.root);
+  const entries = new Map(
+    baseline.entries.map((entry) => [entry.path, deepClone(entry)]),
+  );
+  for (const write of writeManifest.writes || []) {
+    if (write.path === ".") {
+      if (write.operation !== "modified" || !write.after) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+          "write manifest contains an invalid workspace-root operation",
+        );
+      }
+      root = {
+        ...deepClone(write.after),
+        identity: deepClone(baseline.root.identity),
+      };
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (write.operation === "deleted") {
+      entries.delete(write.path);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!write.after) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+        `write manifest is missing its after descriptor: ${write.path}`,
+      );
+    }
+    entries.set(write.path, {
+      path: write.path,
+      ...deepClone(write.after),
+    });
+  }
+  return {
+    version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+    workspaceRoot: baseline.workspaceRoot,
+    root,
+    exclusions: [...(baseline.exclusions || [])],
+    uncoveredPaths: [...(baseline.uncoveredPaths || [])],
+    entries: [...entries.values()].sort((left, right) =>
+      left.path.localeCompare(right.path),
+    ),
+    unsafe: [],
+  };
+}
+
+function assertBaselineDocument(document, transaction) {
+  if (
+    !document ||
+    typeof document !== "object" ||
+    Array.isArray(document) ||
+    document.version !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION ||
+    document.checkpointId !== transaction.checkpointId ||
+    document.workspaceRoot !== transaction.workspaceRoot ||
+    !document.root ||
+    document.root.type !== "directory" ||
+    !sameWorkspaceRootIdentity(
+      document.root.identity,
+      transaction.workspaceRootIdentity,
+    ) ||
+    !Array.isArray(document.entries) ||
+    typeof document.digest !== "string"
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      "workspace checkpoint baseline has an invalid shape",
+      { transactionId: transaction.id },
+    );
+  }
+  const unsigned = { ...document };
+  delete unsigned.digest;
+  const expected = digestWorkspaceEvidence(unsigned);
+  if (expected !== document.digest) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+      "workspace checkpoint baseline digest does not match",
+      { transactionId: transaction.id },
+    );
+  }
+  return document;
+}
+
+function checkpointDocument(id, scan, createdAt) {
+  const unsigned = {
+    version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+    checkpointId: id,
+    workspaceRoot: scan.workspaceRoot,
+    root: scan.root,
+    createdAt,
+    exclusions: scan.exclusions,
+    uncoveredPaths: scan.uncoveredPaths,
+    entries: scan.entries,
+    stats: scan.stats,
+  };
+  return {
+    ...unsigned,
+    digest: digestWorkspaceEvidence(unsigned),
+  };
+}
+
+function stateDigest(state) {
+  const unsigned = { ...state };
+  delete unsigned.stateDigest;
+  return digestWorkspaceEvidence(unsigned);
+}
+
+function assertStateDocument(state, id = null) {
+  if (
+    !state ||
+    typeof state !== "object" ||
+    Array.isArray(state) ||
+    state.version !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION ||
+    typeof state.id !== "string" ||
+    !SAFE_ID.test(state.id) ||
+    (id && state.id !== id) ||
+    typeof state.workspaceRoot !== "string" ||
+    !state.workspaceRootIdentity ||
+    typeof state.workspaceRootIdentity.dev !== "string" ||
+    typeof state.workspaceRootIdentity.ino !== "string" ||
+    (state.lockAuthority !== "canonical" &&
+      state.lockAuthority !== "test-injected") ||
+    typeof state.checkpointId !== "string" ||
+    !Object.values(WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE).includes(state.state) ||
+    typeof state.stateDigest !== "string"
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.STATE_CORRUPT,
+      "workspace transaction state has an invalid shape",
+      { transactionId: id },
+    );
+  }
+  if (stateDigest(state) !== state.stateDigest) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+      "workspace transaction state digest does not match",
+      { transactionId: state.id },
+    );
+  }
+  return state;
+}
+
+function defaultStateDir() {
+  return path.join(os.homedir(), ".chainlesschain", "workspace-transactions");
+}
+
+function defaultLockDir() {
+  const identity = `${os.homedir()}\0${
+    typeof process.getuid === "function"
+      ? process.getuid()
+      : os.userInfo().username
+  }`;
+  const suffix = hashBuffer(Buffer.from(identity, "utf8")).slice(0, 24);
+  return path.join(
+    os.tmpdir(),
+    `chainlesschain-workspace-transaction-locks-${suffix}`,
+  );
+}
+
+function assertOwnedPrivateDirectory(dir, label) {
+  const entry = fs.lstatSync(dir);
+  if (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isDirectory()) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+      `${label} must be a real directory`,
+      { path: dir },
+    );
+  }
+  if (
+    process.platform !== "win32" &&
+    typeof process.getuid === "function" &&
+    Number(entry.uid) !== process.getuid()
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+      `${label} is owned by another user`,
+      { path: dir, ownerUid: Number(entry.uid) },
+    );
+  }
+  if (process.platform !== "win32") {
+    fs.chmodSync(dir, 0o700);
+    const secured = fs.lstatSync(dir);
+    if ((Number(secured.mode) & 0o077) !== 0) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+        `${label} permissions are not private`,
+        { path: dir },
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  return dir;
+}
+
+function ownerIsValid(owner) {
+  return !!(
+    owner &&
+    typeof owner === "object" &&
+    !Array.isArray(owner) &&
+    Number.isSafeInteger(owner.pid) &&
+    owner.pid > 0 &&
+    Number.isFinite(owner.startedAt) &&
+    typeof owner.token === "string" &&
+    /^[A-Za-z0-9-]{16,128}$/.test(owner.token) &&
+    typeof owner.transactionId === "string" &&
+    SAFE_ID.test(owner.transactionId) &&
+    typeof owner.workspaceRoot === "string" &&
+    path.isAbsolute(owner.workspaceRoot) &&
+    owner.identityPolicy === "pid-only-fail-closed"
+  );
+}
+
+function readLockOwner(lockPath) {
+  const ownerPath = path.join(lockPath, "owner.json");
+  try {
+    const entry = fs.lstatSync(ownerPath);
+    if (
+      entry.isSymbolicLink() ||
+      !entry.isFile() ||
+      Number(entry.nlink) !== 1 ||
+      (process.platform !== "win32" && (Number(entry.mode) & 0o077) !== 0)
+    ) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    const owner = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(ownerPath, "utf8"));
+    return ownerIsValid(owner) ? owner : null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+function sameOwner(left, right) {
+  return (
+    ownerIsValid(left) &&
+    ownerIsValid(right) &&
+    left.pid === right.pid &&
+    left.startedAt === right.startedAt &&
+    left.token === right.token &&
+    left.transactionId === right.transactionId &&
+    samePath(left.workspaceRoot, right.workspaceRoot) &&
+    left.identityPolicy === right.identityPolicy
+  );
+}
+
+function workspaceLockName(workspaceRoot) {
+  return hashBuffer(Buffer.from(pathKey(workspaceRoot), "utf8"));
+}
+
+class WorkspaceLifetimeLock {
+  constructor(lockPath, owner, isProcessAlive) {
+    this.lockPath = lockPath;
+    this.owner = owner;
+    this._isProcessAlive = isProcessAlive;
+    this._released = false;
+  }
+
+  static acquire(
+    lockRoot,
+    workspaceRoot,
+    transactionId,
+    {
+      isProcessAlive,
+      now,
+      ownerToken,
+      reclaimDead = false,
+      expectedDeadOwner = null,
+    },
+  ) {
+    ensurePrivateDirectory(lockRoot);
+    const lockPath = path.join(lockRoot, workspaceLockName(workspaceRoot));
+    const ownerPath = path.join(lockPath, "owner.json");
+    const owner = {
+      pid: process.pid,
+      startedAt: now(),
+      token: ownerToken(),
+      transactionId,
+      workspaceRoot,
+      // A live PID with an unavailable creation-time proof is never reclaimed.
+      // This may require manual recovery after PID reuse, but cannot kill or
+      // roll back underneath an unrelated process.
+      identityPolicy: "pid-only-fail-closed",
+    };
+
+    for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 4; attempt += 1) {
+      try {
+        fs.mkdirSync(lockPath, { mode: 0o700 });
+        atomicWrite(ownerPath, `${canonicalWorkspaceEvidence(owner)}\n`, {
+          maxBytes: 16 * 1024,
+        });
+        return new WorkspaceLifetimeLock(lockPath, owner, isProcessAlive);
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (error?.code !== "EEXIST") {
+          try {
+            if (fs.existsSync(lockPath) && !fs.existsSync(ownerPath)) {
+              fs.rmSync(lockPath, { recursive: true, force: true });
+            }
+          } catch {
+            // Preserve the lock acquisition failure.
+          }
+          throw error;
+        }
+        const incumbent = readLockOwner(lockPath);
+        if (!incumbent) {
+          throw codedError(
+            WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCK_CORRUPT,
+            `workspace transaction lock is corrupt: ${workspaceRoot}`,
+            { workspaceRoot, lockPath },
+          );
+        }
+        if (isProcessAlive(incumbent.pid)) {
+          throw codedError(
+            WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCKED,
+            `workspace already has an active transaction: ${workspaceRoot}`,
+            {
+              workspaceRoot,
+              ownerPid: incumbent.pid,
+              ownerTransactionId: incumbent.transactionId,
+            },
+          );
+        }
+        if (
+          !reclaimDead ||
+          (expectedDeadOwner && !sameOwner(expectedDeadOwner, incumbent))
+        ) {
+          throw codedError(
+            WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RECOVERY_REQUIRED,
+            `workspace has a crashed transaction requiring recovery: ${workspaceRoot}`,
+            {
+              workspaceRoot,
+              ownerPid: incumbent.pid,
+              ownerTransactionId: incumbent.transactionId,
+            },
+          );
+        }
+        WorkspaceLifetimeLock._reclaim(lockPath, incumbent, isProcessAlive);
+      }
+    }
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCKED,
+      `could not acquire workspace transaction lock: ${workspaceRoot}`,
+      { workspaceRoot },
+    );
+  }
+
+  static _reclaim(lockPath, observed, isProcessAlive) {
+    const marker = path.join(lockPath, `.reclaim-${observed.token}`);
+    atomicWrite(marker, `${canonicalWorkspaceEvidence(observed)}\n`, {
+      maxBytes: 16 * 1024,
+    });
+    const current = readLockOwner(lockPath);
+    if (!sameOwner(current, observed) || isProcessAlive(observed.pid)) {
+      try {
+        fs.rmSync(marker, { force: true });
+      } catch {
+        // A failed reclaim remains a locked workspace.
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+    fs.rmSync(lockPath, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  assertOwned() {
+    if (
+      this._released ||
+      !sameOwner(readLockOwner(this.lockPath), this.owner)
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCK_OWNERSHIP_LOST,
+        "workspace transaction lock ownership is unavailable",
+        { transactionId: this.owner.transactionId },
+      );
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  release() {
+    if (this._released) return false;
+    this.assertOwned();
+    const marker = path.join(this.lockPath, `.release-${this.owner.token}`);
+    atomicWrite(marker, `${canonicalWorkspaceEvidence(this.owner)}\n`, {
+      maxBytes: 16 * 1024,
+    });
+    if (!sameOwner(readLockOwner(this.lockPath), this.owner)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCK_OWNERSHIP_LOST,
+        "workspace transaction lock ownership changed during release",
+        { transactionId: this.owner.transactionId },
+      );
+    }
+    fs.rmSync(this.lockPath, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    this._released = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+function processAlive(pid) {
+  try {
+    process.kill(pid, 0);
+    return true;
+  } catch (error) {
+    return error?.code === "EPERM";
+  }
+}
+
+function workspacesOverlap(left, right) {
+  return isPathInside(left, right) || isPathInside(right, left);
+}
+
+function assertNoOverlappingWorkspaceLock(
+  lockDir,
+  workspaceRoot,
+  isProcessAlive,
+) {
+  ensurePrivateDirectory(lockDir);
+  for (const name of fs.readdirSync(lockDir).sort()) {
+    if (name === "coordination.lock") continue;
+    const candidate = path.join(lockDir, name);
+    let entry;
+    try {
+      entry = fs.lstatSync(candidate);
+    } catch {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isDirectory()) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCK_CORRUPT,
+        `workspace lock registry contains an unsafe entry: ${candidate}`,
+        { path: candidate },
+      );
+    }
+    const owner = readLockOwner(candidate);
+    if (!owner) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCK_CORRUPT,
+        `workspace lock registry contains corrupt ownership: ${candidate}`,
+        { path: candidate },
+      );
+    }
+    if (!workspacesOverlap(owner.workspaceRoot, workspaceRoot)) continue;
+    const alive = isProcessAlive(owner.pid);
+    throw codedError(
+      alive
+        ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.OVERLAPPING_WORKSPACE
+        : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RECOVERY_REQUIRED,
+      alive
+        ? `workspace overlaps an active transaction: ${owner.workspaceRoot}`
+        : `workspace overlaps a crashed transaction requiring recovery: ${owner.workspaceRoot}`,
+      {
+        workspaceRoot,
+        ownerWorkspaceRoot: owner.workspaceRoot,
+        ownerTransactionId: owner.transactionId,
+        ownerPid: owner.pid,
+        ownerIdentityPolicy: owner.identityPolicy,
+      },
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+function safeCurrentEntry(root, relative, expectedRootIdentity) {
+  assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(root, expectedRootIdentity);
+  const native = nativePath(relative);
+  const abs = path.resolve(root, native);
+  if (!isStrictlyInside(root, abs)) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+      `rollback path escapes the workspace: ${relative}`,
+      { path: relative },
+    );
+  }
+  const segments = native.split(path.sep);
+  let parent = root;
+  for (const segment of segments.slice(0, -1)) {
+    parent = path.join(parent, segment);
+    if (!fs.existsSync(parent)) return { abs, entry: null };
+    const entry = fs.lstatSync(parent);
+    if (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isDirectory()) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+        `rollback parent is not a real directory: ${relative}`,
+        { path: relative, parent },
+      );
+    }
+    const canonical = realpath(parent);
+    if (!isPathInside(root, canonical)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+        `rollback parent resolves outside the workspace: ${relative}`,
+        { path: relative, parent: canonical },
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  let entry = null;
+  try {
+    entry = fs.lstatSync(abs, { bigint: true });
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (error?.code !== "ENOENT") throw error;
+  }
+  return { abs, entry };
+}
+
+function removeEntryForRollback(root, relative, expectedRootIdentity) {
+  const { abs, entry } = safeCurrentEntry(root, relative, expectedRootIdentity);
+  if (!entry) return;
+  if (entry.isDirectory() && !entry.isSymbolicLink()) {
+    fs.rmdirSync(abs);
+  } else {
+    fs.unlinkSync(abs);
+  }
+}
+
+function ensureRollbackDirectory(root, relative, mode, expectedRootIdentity) {
+  const { abs, entry } = safeCurrentEntry(root, relative, expectedRootIdentity);
+  if (entry && (entry.isSymbolicLink() || !entry.isDirectory())) {
+    if (entry.isDirectory()) fs.rmdirSync(abs);
+    else fs.unlinkSync(abs);
+  }
+  if (!fs.existsSync(abs)) fs.mkdirSync(abs, { mode: mode & 0o777 });
+  const after = fs.lstatSync(abs);
+  if (after.isSymbolicLink() || !after.isDirectory()) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+      `rollback directory could not be created safely: ${relative}`,
+      { path: relative },
+    );
+  }
+  if (process.platform !== "win32") fs.chmodSync(abs, mode & 0o7777);
+}
+
+function restoreEntryMetadata(abs, descriptor) {
+  const current = fs.lstatSync(abs);
+  if (current.isSymbolicLink()) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+      `rollback metadata target is a symbolic link: ${abs}`,
+      { path: abs },
+    );
+  }
+  if (process.platform !== "win32") {
+    fs.chmodSync(abs, descriptor.mode & 0o7777);
+  }
+  // Pass a value in the middle of the persisted millisecond bucket. Passing a
+  // Date at the exact boundary makes Node/libuv convert the integer
+  // millisecond through a floating-point seconds value; on some POSIX hosts
+  // that conversion lands one nanosecond below the boundary and stat() then
+  // reports the preceding millisecond. The checkpoint deliberately records
+  // portable whole-millisecond precision, so the midpoint restores that same
+  // bucket without weakening the subsequent exact descriptor verification.
+  fs.utimesSync(
+    abs,
+    portableTimestampSeconds(current.atimeMs, descriptor.mtimeMs),
+    portableTimestampSeconds(descriptor.mtimeMs),
+  );
+}
+
+function restoreFile(
+  root,
+  relative,
+  descriptor,
+  blobDir,
+  limits,
+  expectedRootIdentity,
+) {
+  const blobPath = path.join(blobDir, descriptor.sha256);
+  try {
+    assertPrivateRegularFile(blobPath, { maxBytes: limits.maxFileBytes });
+  } catch (cause) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+      `checkpoint blob is unavailable or unsafe: ${relative}`,
+      { path: relative, hash: descriptor.sha256 },
+      cause,
+    );
+  }
+  const body = fs.readFileSync(blobPath);
+  if (
+    body.byteLength !== descriptor.bytes ||
+    hashBuffer(body) !== descriptor.sha256
+  ) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+      `checkpoint blob is missing or corrupt: ${relative}`,
+      { path: relative, hash: descriptor.sha256 },
+    );
+  }
+  const { abs, entry } = safeCurrentEntry(root, relative, expectedRootIdentity);
+  if (entry) {
+    if (entry.isDirectory() && !entry.isSymbolicLink()) {
+      fs.rmdirSync(abs);
+    } else {
+      fs.unlinkSync(abs);
+    }
+  }
+  const temporary = path.join(
+    path.dirname(abs),
+    `.${path.basename(abs)}.${process.pid}.${randomUUID()}.rollback`,
+  );
+  let descriptorFd = null;
+  try {
+    descriptorFd = fs.openSync(temporary, "wx", descriptor.mode & 0o777);
+    fs.writeFileSync(descriptorFd, body);
+    fs.fsyncSync(descriptorFd);
+    fs.closeSync(descriptorFd);
+    descriptorFd = null;
+    fs.renameSync(temporary, abs);
+    assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(root, expectedRootIdentity);
+    restoreEntryMetadata(abs, descriptor);
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (descriptorFd !== null) {
+      try {
+        fs.closeSync(descriptorFd);
+      } catch {
+        // Preserve the restore failure.
+      }
+    }
+    try {
+      fs.rmSync(temporary, { force: true });
+    } catch {
+      // Preserve the restore failure.
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+function restoreBaseline(root, baseline, blobDir, limits) {
+  const expectedRootIdentity = baseline.root?.identity;
+  assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(root, expectedRootIdentity);
+  const current = scanWorkspace(root, {
+    limits,
+    allowUnsafe: true,
+    exclusions: baseline.exclusions || [],
+    expectedRootIdentity,
+  });
+  const writeManifest = buildWriteManifest(baseline, current);
+  const baselinePaths = new Set(baseline.entries.map((entry) => entry.path));
+  const added = current.entries
+    .filter((entry) => !baselinePaths.has(entry.path))
+    .sort(
+      (left, right) =>
+        right.path.split("/").length - left.path.split("/").length ||
+        right.path.localeCompare(left.path),
+    );
+  for (const entry of added) {
+    removeEntryForRollback(root, entry.path, expectedRootIdentity);
+  }
+
+  const directories = baseline.entries
+    .filter((entry) => entry.type === "directory")
+    .sort(
+      (left, right) =>
+        left.path.split("/").length - right.path.split("/").length ||
+        left.path.localeCompare(right.path),
+    );
+  for (const entry of directories) {
+    ensureRollbackDirectory(root, entry.path, entry.mode, expectedRootIdentity);
+  }
+
+  const files = baseline.entries
+    .filter((entry) => entry.type === "file")
+    .sort((left, right) => left.path.localeCompare(right.path));
+  for (const entry of files) {
+    const currentEntry = safeCurrentEntry(
+      root,
+      entry.path,
+      expectedRootIdentity,
+    ).entry;
+    let alreadyRestored = false;
+    if (
+      currentEntry?.isFile() &&
+      !currentEntry.isSymbolicLink() &&
+      Number(currentEntry.nlink) === 1 &&
+      Number(currentEntry.size) === entry.bytes
+    ) {
+      const body = readStableRegularFile(
+        path.join(root, nativePath(entry.path)),
+        currentEntry,
+        limits,
+        expectedRootIdentity.dev,
+      );
+      alreadyRestored =
+        hashBuffer(body) === entry.sha256 &&
+        (process.platform === "win32" ||
+          (Number(currentEntry.mode) & 0o7777) === entry.mode);
+    }
+    if (!alreadyRestored) {
+      restoreFile(
+        root,
+        entry.path,
+        entry,
+        blobDir,
+        limits,
+        expectedRootIdentity,
+      );
+    } else {
+      restoreEntryMetadata(path.join(root, nativePath(entry.path)), entry);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const entry of [...directories].reverse()) {
+    const { abs } = safeCurrentEntry(root, entry.path, expectedRootIdentity);
+    restoreEntryMetadata(abs, entry);
+  }
+  assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(root, expectedRootIdentity);
+  restoreEntryMetadata(root, baseline.root);
+
+  const verified = scanWorkspace(root, {
+    limits,
+    allowUnsafe: false,
+    exclusions: baseline.exclusions || [],
+    expectedRootIdentity,
+  });
+  const verification = buildWriteManifest(baseline, verified);
+  if (verification.writes.length !== 0) {
+    throw codedError(
+      WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.ROLLBACK_FAILED,
+      "workspace differs from its checkpoint after rollback",
+      {
+        remainingWrites: verification.writes,
+        verificationDigest: verification.digest,
+      },
+    );
+  }
+  return { writeManifest, verificationDigest: verification.digest };
+}
+
+function errorEvidence(error, now, phase, extra = {}) {
+  return {
+    at: new Date(now).toISOString(),
+    phase,
+    code: error?.code || "WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR",
+    message: String(error?.message || error).slice(0, 2_000),
+    ...extra,
+  };
+}
+
+export class WorkspaceTransaction {
+  constructor(manager, state, baseline, lock) {
+    this.manager = manager;
+    this.id = state.id;
+    this.checkpointId = state.checkpointId;
+    this.workspaceRoot = state.workspaceRoot;
+    this.transactionDir = path.join(manager.transactionsDir, state.id);
+    this.statePath = path.join(this.transactionDir, "transaction.json");
+    this.baselinePath = path.join(this.transactionDir, "baseline.json");
+    this.writesPath = path.join(this.transactionDir, "writes.json");
+    this.blobDir = path.join(this.transactionDir, "blobs");
+    this._state = state;
+    this._baseline = baseline;
+    this._lock = lock;
+  }
+
+  get state() {
+    return this._state.state;
+  }
+
+  snapshot() {
+    return deepClone(this._state);
+  }
+
+  evidence() {
+    return deepClone(this._state.evidence || null);
+  }
+
+  _persist() {
+    if (fs.existsSync(this.statePath)) {
+      const persisted = assertStateDocument(
+        readJson(this.statePath, this._state.limits),
+        this.id,
+      );
+      if (persisted.stateDigest !== this._state.stateDigest) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+          "workspace transaction state changed concurrently or was tampered",
+          {
+            transactionId: this.id,
+            expectedStateDigest: this._state.stateDigest,
+            actualStateDigest: persisted.stateDigest,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    this._state.updatedAt = new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString();
+    this._state.stateDigest = stateDigest(this._state);
+    atomicWriteJson(this.statePath, this._state, this._state.limits);
+  }
+
+  _verifyDurableCheckpoint() {
+    const baseline = assertBaselineDocument(
+      readJson(this.baselinePath, this._state.limits),
+      this._state,
+    );
+    if (baseline.digest !== this._baseline.digest) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+        "durable checkpoint changed after transaction preparation",
+        { transactionId: this.id },
+      );
+    }
+    assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(
+      this.workspaceRoot,
+      this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+    );
+    this._lock?.assertOwned();
+    return baseline;
+  }
+
+  _assertWorkspaceRootIdentity() {
+    return assertWorkspaceRootIdentity(
+      this.workspaceRoot,
+      this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+    );
+  }
+
+  _appendFailure(error, phase, extra = {}) {
+    const failures = Array.isArray(this._state.failureEvidence)
+      ? this._state.failureEvidence
+      : [];
+    failures.push(errorEvidence(error, this.manager._now(), phase, extra));
+    this._state.failureEvidence = failures.slice(
+      -this._state.limits.maxFailureEvidence,
+    );
+  }
+
+  markRunning() {
+    this._assertWorkspaceRootIdentity();
+    if (this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RUNNING) {
+      return this.snapshot();
+    }
+    if (this._state.state !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARED) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_TRANSITION,
+        `cannot start workspace transaction from ${this._state.state}`,
+        { transactionId: this.id, state: this._state.state },
+      );
+    }
+    this._verifyDurableCheckpoint();
+    this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RUNNING;
+    this._state.startedAt = new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString();
+    this._persist();
+    return this.snapshot();
+  }
+
+  recordExecution(entry) {
+    this._assertWorkspaceRootIdentity();
+    if (TERMINAL_STATES.has(this._state.state)) return false;
+    if (this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARED) {
+      this.markRunning();
+    }
+    const executions = Array.isArray(this._state.executions)
+      ? this._state.executions
+      : [];
+    if (executions.some((item) => item.executionId === entry.executionId)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (executions.length >= this._state.limits.maxProcesses) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESOURCE_LIMIT,
+        `workspace transaction exceeds ${this._state.limits.maxProcesses} processes`,
+        { transactionId: this.id },
+      );
+    }
+    executions.push({
+      executionId: String(entry.executionId),
+      origin: String(entry.origin || "unknown").slice(0, 256),
+      scope: String(entry.scope || "default").slice(0, 256),
+      cwd: path.resolve(entry.cwd || this.workspaceRoot),
+      commandDigest: digestWorkspaceEvidence({
+        command: String(entry.command || ""),
+        args: Array.isArray(entry.args) ? entry.args.map(String) : [],
+      }),
+      status: "prepared",
+      pid: null,
+      processIdentity: null,
+      treeGuarantee:
+        Array.isArray(entry.sandboxGuarantees) &&
+        entry.sandboxGuarantees.includes("process-tree")
+          ? "process-tree"
+          : "unproven",
+      detached: entry.detached === true,
+      recordedAt: new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString(),
+    });
+    this._state.executions = executions;
+    this._persist();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  hasExecution(executionId) {
+    return (this._state.executions || []).some(
+      (entry) => entry.executionId === executionId,
+    );
+  }
+
+  bindExecution(executionId, processInfo = {}) {
+    const execution = (this._state.executions || []).find(
+      (entry) => entry.executionId === executionId,
+    );
+    if (!execution) return false;
+    if (execution.status === "settled") return false;
+    const pid = Number(processInfo.pid);
+    if (!Number.isSafeInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE,
+        "managed process did not expose a trustworthy pid",
+        { transactionId: this.id, executionId },
+      );
+    }
+    execution.status = "running";
+    execution.pid = pid;
+    execution.processIdentity = {
+      pid,
+      observedAt: new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString(),
+      policy: "pid-only-fail-closed",
+    };
+    execution.treeGuarantee =
+      processInfo.treeGuarantee === true ? "process-tree" : "unproven";
+    this._persist();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  updateExecutionGuarantees(executionId, processInfo = {}) {
+    const execution = (this._state.executions || []).find(
+      (entry) => entry.executionId === executionId,
+    );
+    if (!execution) return false;
+    if (
+      processInfo.treeGuarantee !== true ||
+      execution.treeGuarantee === "process-tree"
+    ) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    execution.treeGuarantee = "process-tree";
+    execution.treeGuaranteeVerifiedAt = new Date(
+      this.manager._now(),
+    ).toISOString();
+    this._persist();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  settleExecution(executionId, outcome = {}) {
+    const execution = (this._state.executions || []).find(
+      (entry) => entry.executionId === executionId,
+    );
+    if (!execution) return false;
+    if (execution.status === "settled") return false;
+    execution.status = "settled";
+    execution.exitCode = Number.isInteger(outcome.exitCode)
+      ? outcome.exitCode
+      : null;
+    execution.signal =
+      typeof outcome.signal === "string" ? outcome.signal : null;
+    execution.error =
+      outcome.error == null ? null : String(outcome.error).slice(0, 2_000);
+    execution.closedAt = new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString();
+    this._persist();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  _assertQuiescent(phase) {
+    const unsettled = (this._state.executions || [])
+      .filter(
+        (entry) =>
+          entry.status !== "settled" || entry.treeGuarantee !== "process-tree",
+      )
+      .map((entry) => ({
+        executionId: entry.executionId,
+        status: entry.status,
+        pid: entry.pid,
+        processIdentity: entry.processIdentity,
+        treeGuarantee: entry.treeGuarantee,
+        detached: entry.detached,
+      }));
+    if (unsettled.length > 0) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE,
+        `workspace transaction cannot ${phase} while managed writers are not closed`,
+        { transactionId: this.id, unsettled },
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  _writeEvidence(manifest, outcome, extra = {}) {
+    atomicWriteJson(this.writesPath, manifest, this._state.limits);
+    const unsigned = {
+      version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+      transactionId: this.id,
+      checkpointId: this.checkpointId,
+      checkpointDigest: this._baseline.digest,
+      writeManifestDigest: manifest.digest,
+      fileCoverage: this._state.requestedCoverage,
+      coverage:
+        this._state.requestedCoverage === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL &&
+        !this._state.externalSideEffects
+          ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL
+          : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.PARTIAL,
+      externalSideEffects: this._state.externalSideEffects,
+      outcome,
+      executions: (this._state.executions || []).map(
+        (entry) => entry.executionId,
+      ),
+      exclusions: [...this._baseline.exclusions],
+      uncoveredPaths: [...(this._baseline.uncoveredPaths || [])],
+      ...extra,
+    };
+    const evidence = {
+      ...unsigned,
+      evidenceDigest: digestWorkspaceEvidence(unsigned),
+    };
+    this._state.writeManifest = {
+      path: "writes.json",
+      digest: manifest.digest,
+      summary: manifest.summary,
+    };
+    this._state.fileCoverage = evidence.fileCoverage;
+    this._state.coverage = evidence.coverage;
+    this._state.evidence = evidence;
+    return evidence;
+  }
+
+  accept() {
+    if (this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED) {
+      return this.evidence();
+    }
+    if (
+      this._state.state !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARED &&
+      this._state.state !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RUNNING
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_TRANSITION,
+        `cannot commit workspace transaction from ${this._state.state}`,
+        { transactionId: this.id, state: this._state.state },
+      );
+    }
+    let current;
+    try {
+      this._verifyDurableCheckpoint();
+      this._assertQuiescent("commit");
+      current = scanWorkspace(this.workspaceRoot, {
+        limits: this._state.limits,
+        allowUnsafe: true,
+        exclusions: this._baseline.exclusions || [],
+        expectedRootIdentity: this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+      });
+      const manifest = buildWriteManifest(this._baseline, current);
+      if (current.unsafe.length > 0) {
+        this._writeEvidence(manifest, "rollback_required", {
+          unsafe: current.unsafe,
+        });
+        this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_REQUIRED;
+        this._appendFailure(
+          codedError(
+            WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+            "task introduced an unsafe filesystem entry",
+          ),
+          "accept",
+          { unsafe: current.unsafe },
+        );
+        this._persist();
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+          "workspace transaction cannot commit unsafe filesystem entries",
+          { transactionId: this.id, unsafe: current.unsafe },
+        );
+      }
+      const evidence = this._writeEvidence(manifest, "committed");
+      this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED;
+      this._state.committedAt = new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString();
+      this._persist();
+      this._lock.release();
+      this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+      return deepClone(evidence);
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (this._state.state !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_REQUIRED) {
+        this._appendFailure(error, "accept");
+        this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_REQUIRED;
+        if (error?.code === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE) {
+          this._state.fileCoverage = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE;
+          this._state.coverage = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE;
+        }
+        this._persist();
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  rollback({ reason = "task interrupted" } = {}) {
+    if (this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLED_BACK) {
+      return this.evidence();
+    }
+    if (this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_TRANSITION,
+        "a committed workspace transaction cannot be rolled back automatically",
+        { transactionId: this.id },
+      );
+    }
+    if (!RECOVERABLE_STATES.has(this._state.state)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_TRANSITION,
+        `cannot roll back workspace transaction from ${this._state.state}`,
+        { transactionId: this.id, state: this._state.state },
+      );
+    }
+    try {
+      this._verifyDurableCheckpoint();
+      this._assertQuiescent("roll back");
+      const result = restoreBaseline(
+        this.workspaceRoot,
+        this._baseline,
+        this.blobDir,
+        this._state.limits,
+      );
+      const evidence = this._writeEvidence(
+        result.writeManifest,
+        "rolled_back",
+        {
+          rollbackReason: String(reason).slice(0, 1_000),
+          verificationDigest: result.verificationDigest,
+        },
+      );
+      this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLED_BACK;
+      this._state.rolledBackAt = new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString();
+      this._persist();
+      this._lock.release();
+      this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+      return deepClone(evidence);
+    } catch (error) {
+      this._appendFailure(error, "rollback", {
+        rollbackReason: String(reason).slice(0, 1_000),
+        priorEvidenceDigest: this._state.evidence?.evidenceDigest || null,
+      });
+      const writersActive =
+        error?.code === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE;
+      this._state.state = writersActive
+        ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_REQUIRED
+        : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ROLLBACK_FAILED;
+      if (writersActive) {
+        this._state.fileCoverage = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE;
+        this._state.coverage = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE;
+      }
+      try {
+        this._persist();
+      } catch (persistError) {
+        error.rollbackPersistenceError = String(
+          persistError?.message || persistError,
+        );
+      }
+      const failure = codedError(
+        writersActive
+          ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE
+          : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.ROLLBACK_FAILED,
+        writersActive
+          ? `workspace checkpoint rollback requires writer shutdown: ${error.message}`
+          : `workspace checkpoint rollback failed: ${error.message}`,
+        {
+          transactionId: this.id,
+          failureEvidence: deepClone(this._state.failureEvidence),
+        },
+        error,
+      );
+      throw failure;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Explicitly rewind a sealed/committed checkpoint.
+   *
+   * This is deliberately separate from automatic task-failure rollback.
+   * Restore binds the human decision to the committed evidence digest, refuses
+   * unacknowledged post-commit conflicts, snapshots a durable safety checkpoint
+   * first, and only then rewrites the workspace.
+   */
+  restore({
+    expectedEvidenceDigest,
+    force = false,
+    reason = "explicit checkpoint restore",
+  } = {}) {
+    if (this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED) {
+      return deepClone(this._state.restoreEvidence || null);
+    }
+    if (this._state.state !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_TRANSITION,
+        `cannot explicitly restore workspace transaction from ${this._state.state}`,
+        { transactionId: this.id, state: this._state.state },
+      );
+    }
+    if (
+      typeof expectedEvidenceDigest !== "string" ||
+      expectedEvidenceDigest !== this._state.evidence?.evidenceDigest
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+        "explicit restore must bind the committed evidence digest",
+        {
+          transactionId: this.id,
+          expectedEvidenceDigest,
+          actualEvidenceDigest: this._state.evidence?.evidenceDigest || null,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+
+    const lock = this.manager._acquireWorkspaceLock(
+      this.workspaceRoot,
+      this.id,
+    );
+    this._lock = lock;
+    this.manager._active.set(this.id, this);
+    const restoreId = normalizeId(
+      `restore-${this.manager._uuid()}`,
+      "restore id",
+    );
+    this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORING;
+    this._state.owner = deepClone(lock.owner);
+    this._state.restoreContext = {
+      id: restoreId,
+      phase: "validating",
+      expectedEvidenceDigest,
+      force: force === true,
+      reason: String(reason).slice(0, 1_000),
+      startedAt: new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString(),
+    };
+    this._persist();
+
+    let workspaceMutationStarted = false;
+    try {
+      this._verifyDurableCheckpoint();
+      const writeManifest = readJson(this.writesPath, this._state.limits);
+      if (
+        writeManifest?.digest !== this._state.writeManifest?.digest ||
+        digestWorkspaceEvidence({
+          version: writeManifest.version,
+          writes: writeManifest.writes,
+          summary: writeManifest.summary,
+          unsafe: writeManifest.unsafe,
+        }) !== writeManifest.digest
+      ) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+          "committed write manifest digest does not match",
+          { transactionId: this.id },
+        );
+      }
+      const current = scanWorkspace(this.workspaceRoot, {
+        limits: this._state.limits,
+        allowUnsafe: true,
+        exclusions: this._baseline.exclusions || [],
+        expectedRootIdentity: this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+      });
+      const expected = expectedPostTaskSnapshot(this._baseline, writeManifest);
+      const conflicts = buildWriteManifest(expected, current);
+      if (
+        (conflicts.writes.length > 0 || current.unsafe.length > 0) &&
+        force !== true
+      ) {
+        const attempt = {
+          id: restoreId,
+          outcome: "conflict",
+          at: new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString(),
+          expectedEvidenceDigest,
+          conflictDigest: conflicts.digest,
+          conflicts: conflicts.writes,
+          unsafe: current.unsafe,
+        };
+        this._state.restoreAttempts = [
+          ...(this._state.restoreAttempts || []),
+          attempt,
+        ].slice(-this._state.limits.maxFailureEvidence);
+        this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED;
+        this._state.restoreContext = null;
+        this._persist();
+        lock.release();
+        this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESTORE_CONFLICT,
+          "workspace changed after checkpoint commit; explicit force is required",
+          {
+            transactionId: this.id,
+            restoreId,
+            conflictDigest: conflicts.digest,
+            conflicts: conflicts.writes,
+            unsafe: current.unsafe,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      if (current.unsafe.length > 0) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+          "explicit restore cannot create a safety checkpoint with unsafe entries",
+          {
+            transactionId: this.id,
+            restoreId,
+            unsafe: current.unsafe,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+
+      const restoreDir = path.join(this.transactionDir, "restores", restoreId);
+      const safetyBlobDir = path.join(restoreDir, "blobs");
+      ensurePrivateDirectory(safetyBlobDir);
+      const safetyScan = scanWorkspace(this.workspaceRoot, {
+        limits: this._state.limits,
+        blobDir: safetyBlobDir,
+        allowUnsafe: false,
+        exclusions: this._baseline.exclusions || [],
+        expectedRootIdentity: this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+      });
+      const safetyCheckpointId = normalizeId(
+        `safety-${this.manager._uuid()}`,
+        "safety checkpoint id",
+      );
+      const safety = checkpointDocument(
+        safetyCheckpointId,
+        safetyScan,
+        new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString(),
+      );
+      atomicWriteJson(
+        path.join(restoreDir, "baseline.json"),
+        safety,
+        this._state.limits,
+      );
+      this._state.restoreContext = {
+        ...this._state.restoreContext,
+        phase: "safety_ready",
+        safetyCheckpoint: {
+          id: safetyCheckpointId,
+          path: manifestPath(
+            path.relative(
+              this.transactionDir,
+              path.join(restoreDir, "baseline.json"),
+            ),
+          ),
+          digest: safety.digest,
+          entries: safety.stats.entries,
+          files: safety.stats.files,
+          bytes: safety.stats.bytes,
+        },
+      };
+      this._persist();
+
+      workspaceMutationStarted = true;
+      const restored = restoreBaseline(
+        this.workspaceRoot,
+        this._baseline,
+        this.blobDir,
+        this._state.limits,
+      );
+      const unsigned = {
+        version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+        transactionId: this.id,
+        restoreId,
+        outcome: "restored",
+        restoredCheckpointId: this.checkpointId,
+        restoredCheckpointDigest: this._baseline.digest,
+        sourceEvidenceDigest: expectedEvidenceDigest,
+        safetyCheckpoint: this._state.restoreContext.safetyCheckpoint,
+        conflictDigest: conflicts.digest,
+        forced: force === true,
+        reason: String(reason).slice(0, 1_000),
+        verificationDigest: restored.verificationDigest,
+        fileCoverage: this._state.requestedCoverage,
+        uncoveredPaths: [...(this._baseline.uncoveredPaths || [])],
+      };
+      const evidence = {
+        ...unsigned,
+        evidenceDigest: digestWorkspaceEvidence(unsigned),
+      };
+      this._state.restoreEvidence = evidence;
+      this._state.restores = [...(this._state.restores || []), evidence].slice(
+        -this._state.limits.maxFailureEvidence,
+      );
+      this._state.restoreContext = null;
+      this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED;
+      this._state.restoredAt = new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString();
+      this._persist();
+      lock.release();
+      this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+      return deepClone(evidence);
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (
+        error?.code === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESTORE_CONFLICT &&
+        this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED
+      ) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+      this._appendFailure(error, "restore", {
+        restoreId,
+        workspaceMutationStarted,
+        safetyCheckpoint: this._state.restoreContext?.safetyCheckpoint || null,
+      });
+      this._state.state = workspaceMutationStarted
+        ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORE_FAILED
+        : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED;
+      if (!workspaceMutationStarted) {
+        this._state.restoreContext = null;
+      }
+      try {
+        this._persist();
+      } catch (persistError) {
+        error.restorePersistenceError = String(
+          persistError?.message || persistError,
+        );
+      }
+      if (!workspaceMutationStarted) {
+        try {
+          lock.release();
+          this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+        } catch {
+          // Lost ownership is itself fail-closed and retained in state.
+        }
+      }
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESTORE_FAILED,
+        `explicit checkpoint restore failed: ${error.message}`,
+        {
+          transactionId: this.id,
+          restoreId,
+          workspaceMutationStarted,
+          safetyCheckpoint:
+            this._state.restoreContext?.safetyCheckpoint || null,
+          failureEvidence: deepClone(this._state.failureEvidence),
+        },
+        error,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Undo a completed explicit restore by restoring its durable safety
+   * checkpoint. The restore evidence digest is mandatory authority.
+   */
+  undoRestore({
+    expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest,
+    force = false,
+    reason = "undo checkpoint restore",
+  } = {}) {
+    if (
+      this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED &&
+      this._state.undoRestoreEvidence?.sourceRestoreEvidenceDigest ===
+        expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest
+    ) {
+      return deepClone(this._state.undoRestoreEvidence);
+    }
+    if (this._state.state !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_TRANSITION,
+        `cannot undo restore from ${this._state.state}`,
+        { transactionId: this.id, state: this._state.state },
+      );
+    }
+    const restoreEvidence = this._state.restoreEvidence;
+    if (
+      typeof expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest !== "string" ||
+      expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest !== restoreEvidence?.evidenceDigest
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+        "undo restore must bind the restore evidence digest",
+        {
+          transactionId: this.id,
+          expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest,
+          actualRestoreEvidenceDigest: restoreEvidence?.evidenceDigest || null,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    const safetyRelative = restoreEvidence?.safetyCheckpoint?.path;
+    const safetyNative = nativePath(safetyRelative);
+    const safetyPath = path.resolve(this.transactionDir, safetyNative);
+    if (!isStrictlyInside(this.transactionDir, safetyPath)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+        "safety checkpoint path escapes its transaction",
+        { transactionId: this.id, path: safetyRelative },
+      );
+    }
+    const safety = assertBaselineDocument(
+      readJson(safetyPath, this._state.limits),
+      {
+        id: this.id,
+        checkpointId: restoreEvidence.safetyCheckpoint.id,
+        workspaceRoot: this.workspaceRoot,
+        workspaceRootIdentity: this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+      },
+    );
+    if (safety.digest !== restoreEvidence.safetyCheckpoint.digest) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.EVIDENCE_MISMATCH,
+        "safety checkpoint digest does not match restore evidence",
+        { transactionId: this.id },
+      );
+    }
+
+    const lock = this.manager._acquireWorkspaceLock(
+      this.workspaceRoot,
+      this.id,
+    );
+    this._lock = lock;
+    this.manager._active.set(this.id, this);
+    const undoId = normalizeId(
+      `undo-${this.manager._uuid()}`,
+      "undo restore id",
+    );
+    this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORING;
+    this._state.owner = deepClone(lock.owner);
+    this._state.restoreContext = {
+      id: undoId,
+      phase: "undo_validating",
+      expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest,
+      force: force === true,
+      reason: String(reason).slice(0, 1_000),
+      startedAt: new Date(this.manager._now()).toISOString(),
+    };
+    this._persist();
+    let workspaceMutationStarted = false;
+    try {
+      this._verifyDurableCheckpoint();
+      const current = scanWorkspace(this.workspaceRoot, {
+        limits: this._state.limits,
+        allowUnsafe: true,
+        exclusions: this._baseline.exclusions || [],
+        expectedRootIdentity: this._state.workspaceRootIdentity,
+      });
+      const conflicts = buildWriteManifest(this._baseline, current);
+      if (
+        (conflicts.writes.length > 0 || current.unsafe.length > 0) &&
+        force !== true
+      ) {
+        this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED;
+        this._state.restoreContext = null;
+        this._persist();
+        lock.release();
+        this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESTORE_CONFLICT,
+          "workspace changed after restore; undo requires explicit force",
+          {
+            transactionId: this.id,
+            undoId,
+            conflicts: conflicts.writes,
+            unsafe: current.unsafe,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      if (current.unsafe.length > 0) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.UNSAFE_ENTRY,
+          "undo restore cannot proceed with unsafe filesystem entries",
+          { transactionId: this.id, unsafe: current.unsafe },
+        );
+      }
+      workspaceMutationStarted = true;
+      const restored = restoreBaseline(
+        this.workspaceRoot,
+        safety,
+        path.join(path.dirname(safetyPath), "blobs"),
+        this._state.limits,
+      );
+      const unsigned = {
+        version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+        transactionId: this.id,
+        undoId,
+        outcome: "restore_undone",
+        sourceRestoreEvidenceDigest: expectedRestoreEvidenceDigest,
+        safetyCheckpointId: safety.checkpointId,
+        safetyCheckpointDigest: safety.digest,
+        reason: String(reason).slice(0, 1_000),
+        forced: force === true,
+        verificationDigest: restored.verificationDigest,
+        fileCoverage: this._state.requestedCoverage,
+        uncoveredPaths: [...(safety.uncoveredPaths || [])],
+      };
+      const evidence = {
+        ...unsigned,
+        evidenceDigest: digestWorkspaceEvidence(unsigned),
+      };
+      this._state.undoRestoreEvidence = evidence;
+      this._state.restoreContext = null;
+      this._state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.COMMITTED;
+      this._persist();
+      lock.release();
+      this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+      return deepClone(evidence);
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (
+        error?.code === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESTORE_CONFLICT &&
+        this._state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED
+      ) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+      this._appendFailure(error, "undo_restore", {
+        undoId,
+        workspaceMutationStarted,
+        safetyCheckpointId: safety.checkpointId,
+      });
+      this._state.state = workspaceMutationStarted
+        ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORE_FAILED
+        : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORED;
+      if (!workspaceMutationStarted) this._state.restoreContext = null;
+      try {
+        this._persist();
+      } catch (persistError) {
+        error.restorePersistenceError = String(
+          persistError?.message || persistError,
+        );
+      }
+      if (!workspaceMutationStarted) {
+        try {
+          lock.release();
+          this.manager._active.delete(this.id);
+        } catch {
+          // Preserve fail-closed ownership evidence.
+        }
+      }
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RESTORE_FAILED,
+        `undo checkpoint restore failed: ${error.message}`,
+        {
+          transactionId: this.id,
+          undoId,
+          workspaceMutationStarted,
+          failureEvidence: deepClone(this._state.failureEvidence),
+        },
+        error,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export class WorkspaceTransactionManager {
+  constructor(options = {}) {
+    this.stateDir = path.resolve(options.stateDir || defaultStateDir());
+    this.transactionsDir = path.join(this.stateDir, "transactions");
+    const canonicalLockDir = path.resolve(defaultLockDir());
+    const requestedLockDir = path.resolve(options.lockDir || canonicalLockDir);
+    const testLockInjection =
+      options.allowNonCanonicalLockDirForTests === true &&
+      process.env.NODE_ENV === "test";
+    if (!samePath(requestedLockDir, canonicalLockDir) && !testLockInjection) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+        "workspace transaction lock authority is canonical and cannot be caller-selected",
+        {
+          requestedLockDir,
+          canonicalLockDir,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    this.lockDir = requestedLockDir;
+    this.lockAuthority = testLockInjection ? "test-injected" : "canonical";
+    this._now = options.now || (() => Date.now());
+    this._uuid = options.uuid || (() => randomUUID());
+    this._ownerToken = options.ownerToken || (() => randomUUID());
+    this._isProcessAlive = options.isProcessAlive || processAlive;
+    this._active = new Map();
+  }
+
+  _preflightLockRoot(workspaceRoot = null) {
+    const requestedLockDir = path.resolve(this.lockDir);
+    const projectedLockDir = canonicalPathThroughExistingAncestor(
+      requestedLockDir,
+      "lock directory",
+    );
+    if (workspaceRoot && pathsOverlap(projectedLockDir, workspaceRoot)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+        "workspace transaction lock directory must be disjoint from the workspace",
+        {
+          workspaceRoot,
+          lockDir: requestedLockDir,
+          resolvedLockDir: projectedLockDir,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    return { requestedLockDir, projectedLockDir };
+  }
+
+  _ensureLockRoot(workspaceRoot = null) {
+    this._preflightLockRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    this.lockDir = assertSafeDirectory(this.lockDir, "lock directory", {
+      create: true,
+    });
+    if (workspaceRoot && pathsOverlap(this.lockDir, workspaceRoot)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+        "workspace transaction lock directory must be disjoint from the workspace",
+        { workspaceRoot, lockDir: this.lockDir },
+      );
+    }
+    assertOwnedPrivateDirectory(this.lockDir, "lock directory");
+    return this.lockDir;
+  }
+
+  _acquireWorkspaceLock(workspaceRoot, transactionId) {
+    this._ensureLockRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    let lock = null;
+    withFileLock(
+      path.join(this.lockDir, "coordination"),
+      () => {
+        assertNoOverlappingWorkspaceLock(
+          this.lockDir,
+          workspaceRoot,
+          this._isProcessAlive,
+        );
+        lock = WorkspaceLifetimeLock.acquire(
+          this.lockDir,
+          workspaceRoot,
+          transactionId,
+          {
+            isProcessAlive: this._isProcessAlive,
+            now: this._now,
+            ownerToken: this._ownerToken,
+          },
+        );
+      },
+      {
+        failIfUnavailable: true,
+        timeoutMs: 5_000,
+      },
+    );
+    return lock;
+  }
+
+  _preflightStateRoot(workspaceRoot = null) {
+    const requestedStateDir = path.resolve(this.stateDir);
+    const projectedStateDir = canonicalPathThroughExistingAncestor(
+      requestedStateDir,
+      "state directory",
+    );
+    if (
+      workspaceRoot &&
+      (samePath(projectedStateDir, workspaceRoot) ||
+        isStrictlyInside(workspaceRoot, projectedStateDir))
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+        "workspace transaction state directory must be outside the workspace",
+        {
+          workspaceRoot,
+          stateDir: requestedStateDir,
+          resolvedStateDir: projectedStateDir,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    return { requestedStateDir, projectedStateDir };
+  }
+
+  _ensureStateRoot(workspaceRoot = null) {
+    this._preflightStateRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    const stateDir = assertSafeDirectory(this.stateDir, "state directory", {
+      create: true,
+    });
+    if (
+      workspaceRoot &&
+      (samePath(stateDir, workspaceRoot) ||
+        isStrictlyInside(workspaceRoot, stateDir))
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_PATH,
+        "workspace transaction state directory must be outside the workspace",
+        { workspaceRoot, stateDir },
+      );
+    }
+    this.stateDir = stateDir;
+    this.transactionsDir = path.join(stateDir, "transactions");
+    ensurePrivateDirectory(this.transactionsDir);
+    return stateDir;
+  }
+
+  begin(options = {}) {
+    const workspaceRoot = assertSafeDirectory(
+      options.workspaceRoot,
+      "workspace root",
+    );
+    assertNotFilesystemRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    // Reject canonical aliases (macOS /var -> /private/var, Windows 8.3, and
+    // symlink/junction paths) before state or lock setup creates anything.
+    this._preflightLockRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    this._preflightStateRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    this._ensureStateRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    this._ensureLockRoot(workspaceRoot);
+    const runId = normalizeBoundedText(options.runId, "runId");
+    const taskKey = normalizeBoundedText(options.taskKey, "taskKey");
+    const limits = normalizeLimits(options.limits);
+    const externalSideEffects = options.externalSideEffects !== false;
+    const coverageTarget =
+      options.coverageTarget || WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.PARTIAL;
+    if (
+      coverageTarget !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL &&
+      coverageTarget !== WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.PARTIAL
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+        "coverageTarget must be full or partial",
+      );
+    }
+    let exclusions = normalizeExclusions(options.exclusions || []);
+    const gitMetadata = linkedGitMetadata(workspaceRoot);
+    const writerIsolation =
+      options.writerIsolation === "exclusive-workspace"
+        ? "exclusive-workspace"
+        : "unknown";
+    if (
+      coverageTarget === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL &&
+      writerIsolation !== "exclusive-workspace"
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITER_ISOLATION_REQUIRED,
+        "full file coverage requires an exclusive-workspace writer contract",
+        { workspaceRoot },
+      );
+    }
+    if (
+      coverageTarget === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL &&
+      exclusions.length > 0
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITER_ISOLATION_REQUIRED,
+        "full file coverage cannot exclude writable workspace paths",
+        { workspaceRoot, exclusions },
+      );
+    }
+    if (
+      coverageTarget === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL &&
+      gitMetadata?.external
+    ) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITER_ISOLATION_REQUIRED,
+        "full file coverage cannot capture linked worktree Git metadata",
+        {
+          workspaceRoot,
+          gitMetadata: gitMetadata.targetClass,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    const uncoveredPaths = [...exclusions];
+    if (
+      coverageTarget === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.PARTIAL &&
+      gitMetadata?.external
+    ) {
+      if (!exclusions.includes(".git")) {
+        exclusions = [...exclusions, ".git"].sort();
+      }
+      if (!uncoveredPaths.includes(".git")) uncoveredPaths.push(".git");
+      uncoveredPaths.push("@external-git-metadata");
+    }
+    const id = normalizeId(
+      options.id || `wcp-${this._uuid()}`,
+      "transaction id",
+    );
+    const checkpointId = normalizeId(`checkpoint-${id}`, "checkpoint id");
+    const transactionDir = path.join(this.transactionsDir, id);
+    if (fs.existsSync(transactionDir)) {
+      throw codedError(
+        WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+        `workspace transaction already exists: ${id}`,
+        { transactionId: id },
+      );
+    }
+    const lock = this._acquireWorkspaceLock(workspaceRoot, id);
+    let state = null;
+    try {
+      const pinnedRoot = inspectWorkspaceRoot(workspaceRoot);
+      ensurePrivateDirectory(transactionDir);
+      const blobDir = path.join(transactionDir, "blobs");
+      ensurePrivateDirectory(blobDir);
+      const createdAt = new Date(this._now()).toISOString();
+      state = {
+        version: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_VERSION,
+        id,
+        checkpointId,
+        state: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARING,
+        runId,
+        taskKey,
+        workspaceRoot,
+        workspaceRootIdentity: deepClone(pinnedRoot.descriptor.identity),
+        stateDir: this.stateDir,
+        lockAuthority: this.lockAuthority,
+        createdAt,
+        updatedAt: createdAt,
+        owner: deepClone(lock.owner),
+        limits,
+        externalSideEffects,
+        writerIsolation,
+        exclusions,
+        uncoveredPaths: [...uncoveredPaths],
+        gitMetadata: gitMetadata
+          ? {
+              kind: gitMetadata.kind,
+              external: gitMetadata.external,
+              targetClass: gitMetadata.targetClass || null,
+            }
+          : null,
+        requestedCoverage: coverageTarget,
+        fileCoverage: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE,
+        coverage: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE,
+        executions: [],
+        failureEvidence: [],
+        checkpoint: null,
+        writeManifest: null,
+        evidence: null,
+      };
+      state.stateDigest = stateDigest(state);
+      atomicWriteJson(
+        path.join(transactionDir, "transaction.json"),
+        state,
+        limits,
+      );
+      const scan = scanWorkspace(workspaceRoot, {
+        limits,
+        blobDir,
+        allowUnsafe: false,
+        exclusions,
+        expectedRootIdentity: pinnedRoot.descriptor.identity,
+        gitMetadataPolicy:
+          coverageTarget === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL
+            ? "deny"
+            : "exclude",
+      });
+      scan.uncoveredPaths = [
+        ...new Set([...scan.uncoveredPaths, ...uncoveredPaths]),
+      ].sort();
+      state.exclusions = [...scan.exclusions];
+      state.uncoveredPaths = [...scan.uncoveredPaths];
+      const baseline = checkpointDocument(checkpointId, scan, createdAt);
+      atomicWriteJson(
+        path.join(transactionDir, "baseline.json"),
+        baseline,
+        limits,
+      );
+      state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARED;
+      state.fileCoverage = coverageTarget;
+      state.coverage =
+        coverageTarget === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL &&
+        !externalSideEffects
+          ? WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.FULL
+          : WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.PARTIAL;
+      state.checkpoint = {
+        id: checkpointId,
+        path: "baseline.json",
+        digest: baseline.digest,
+        entries: baseline.stats.entries,
+        files: baseline.stats.files,
+        bytes: baseline.stats.bytes,
+      };
+      state.updatedAt = new Date(this._now()).toISOString();
+      state.stateDigest = stateDigest(state);
+      atomicWriteJson(
+        path.join(transactionDir, "transaction.json"),
+        state,
+        limits,
+      );
+      const transaction = new WorkspaceTransaction(this, state, baseline, lock);
+      this._active.set(id, transaction);
+      return transaction;
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (state) {
+        try {
+          state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ABORTED;
+          state.fileCoverage = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE;
+          state.coverage = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE;
+          state.failureEvidence = [
+            errorEvidence(error, this._now(), "prepare"),
+          ];
+          state.updatedAt = new Date(this._now()).toISOString();
+          state.stateDigest = stateDigest(state);
+          atomicWriteJson(
+            path.join(transactionDir, "transaction.json"),
+            state,
+            limits,
+          );
+        } catch {
+          // The original fail-closed preparation error remains authoritative.
+        }
+      }
+      try {
+        lock.release();
+      } catch {
+        // A lost lock only tightens the failure: no task transaction is returned.
+      }
+      throw error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  get(id) {
+    normalizeId(id);
+    return this._active.get(id) || null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a detached, fully validated durable state document. Baseline
+   * entries and content blobs remain private to the transaction store.
+   */
+  inspect(id) {
+    return deepClone(this._loadTransaction(id).state);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * List validated transaction summaries. Corrupt transaction state is not
+   * skipped: _loadTransaction throws so callers cannot mistake an incomplete
+   * listing for authoritative recovery state.
+   */
+  list(options = {}) {
+    this._ensureStateRoot();
+    const requestedRoot = options.workspaceRoot
+      ? assertSafeDirectory(options.workspaceRoot, "workspace root")
+      : null;
+    const summaries = [];
+    for (const name of fs.readdirSync(this.transactionsDir).sort()) {
+      if (!SAFE_ID.test(name)) continue;
+      const { state } = this._loadTransaction(name);
+      if (requestedRoot && !samePath(requestedRoot, state.workspaceRoot)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      summaries.push({
+        id: state.id,
+        checkpointId: state.checkpointId,
+        state: state.state,
+        workspaceRoot: state.workspaceRoot,
+        runId: state.runId,
+        taskKey: state.taskKey,
+        createdAt: state.createdAt,
+        updatedAt: state.updatedAt,
+        coverage: state.coverage,
+        fileCoverage: state.fileCoverage,
+        requestedCoverage: state.requestedCoverage,
+        externalSideEffects: state.externalSideEffects,
+        writerIsolation: state.writerIsolation,
+        uncoveredPaths: deepClone(state.uncoveredPaths || []),
+        evidence: deepClone(state.evidence || null),
+        restoreEvidence: deepClone(state.restoreEvidence || null),
+        undoRestoreEvidence: deepClone(state.undoRestoreEvidence || null),
+        executionCount: (state.executions || []).length,
+        failureCount: (state.failureEvidence || []).length,
+      });
+    }
+    return summaries.sort(
+      (left, right) =>
+        String(right.updatedAt).localeCompare(String(left.updatedAt)) ||
+        left.id.localeCompare(right.id),
+    );
+  }
+
+  restore(id, options = {}) {
+    const loaded = this._loadTransaction(id);
+    const transaction = new WorkspaceTransaction(
+      this,
+      loaded.state,
+      loaded.baseline,
+      null,
+    );
+    return transaction.restore(options);
+  }
+
+  undoRestore(id, options = {}) {
+    const loaded = this._loadTransaction(id);
+    const transaction = new WorkspaceTransaction(
+      this,
+      loaded.state,
+      loaded.baseline,
+      null,
+    );
+    return transaction.undoRestore(options);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called by ProcessExecutionBroker before a child is spawned. Every active
+   * transaction whose canonical workspace contains the child's cwd records the
+   * process before execution, so evidence persistence failure denies the spawn.
+   */
+  activeWorkspaceMembershipForCwd(cwd) {
+    const active = [...this._active.values()].filter(
+      (transaction) => !TERMINAL_STATES.has(transaction.state),
+    );
+    if (active.length === 0) return null;
+    const { requested, canonical } = canonicalProcessCwd(cwd);
+    for (const transaction of active) {
+      const requestedInside = isPathInside(
+        transaction.workspaceRoot,
+        requested,
+      );
+      const canonicalInside = isPathInside(
+        transaction.workspaceRoot,
+        canonical,
+      );
+      if (requestedInside && !canonicalInside) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+          "managed process cwd resolves outside its workspace transaction",
+          {
+            cwd: requested,
+            resolvedCwd: canonical,
+            transactionId: transaction.id,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      if (canonicalInside) {
+        return {
+          workspaceRoot: transaction.workspaceRoot,
+          cwd: canonical,
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  hasActiveTransactionForCwd(cwd) {
+    return this.activeWorkspaceMembershipForCwd(cwd) !== null;
+  }
+
+  activeWorkspaceRootForCwd(cwd) {
+    return this.activeWorkspaceMembershipForCwd(cwd)?.workspaceRoot || null;
+  }
+
+  _matchingSpawnEntries(entry) {
+    const matches = [];
+    const active = [...this._active.values()].filter(
+      (transaction) => !TERMINAL_STATES.has(transaction.state),
+    );
+    if (active.length === 0) return matches;
+    const { requested, canonical } = canonicalProcessCwd(entry.cwd);
+    for (const transaction of active) {
+      const requestedInside = isPathInside(
+        transaction.workspaceRoot,
+        requested,
+      );
+      const canonicalInside = isPathInside(
+        transaction.workspaceRoot,
+        canonical,
+      );
+      if (requestedInside && !canonicalInside) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.PATH_ESCAPE,
+          "managed process cwd resolves outside its workspace transaction",
+          {
+            cwd: requested,
+            resolvedCwd: canonical,
+            transactionId: transaction.id,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      if (!canonicalInside) continue;
+      transaction._assertWorkspaceRootIdentity();
+      if (entry.detached === true) {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.DETACHED_PROCESS,
+          "detached/background processes are denied inside a workspace transaction",
+          {
+            transactionId: transaction.id,
+            executionId: entry.executionId,
+            cwd: canonical,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      matches.push({ transaction, canonicalCwd: canonical });
+    }
+    return matches;
+  }
+
+  preflightSpawn(entry) {
+    return this._matchingSpawnEntries(entry).map(
+      ({ transaction }) => transaction.id,
+    );
+  }
+
+  prepareSpawn(entry) {
+    const matches = this._matchingSpawnEntries(entry);
+    for (const { transaction, canonicalCwd } of matches) {
+      transaction.recordExecution({ ...entry, cwd: canonicalCwd });
+    }
+    return matches.map(({ transaction }) => transaction.id);
+  }
+
+  bindProcess(entry, proc) {
+    const bound = [];
+    for (const transaction of this._active.values()) {
+      if (!transaction.hasExecution(entry.executionId)) continue;
+      transaction.bindExecution(entry.executionId, {
+        pid: proc?.pid,
+        treeGuarantee: Array.isArray(entry.sandboxGuarantees)
+          ? entry.sandboxGuarantees.includes("process-tree")
+          : false,
+      });
+      let settled = false;
+      const settle = (outcome = {}) => {
+        if (settled) return;
+        settled = true;
+        try {
+          transaction.settleExecution(entry.executionId, outcome);
+        } catch {
+          // Persistence failure deliberately leaves the execution unsettled;
+          // accept/rollback will then fail closed.
+        }
+      };
+      if (typeof proc?.once === "function") {
+        proc.once("close", (exitCode, signal) => settle({ exitCode, signal }));
+      } else if (typeof proc?.onExit === "function") {
+        proc.onExit((event = {}) =>
+          settle({
+            exitCode: event.exitCode,
+            signal: event.signal,
+          }),
+        );
+      } else {
+        throw codedError(
+          WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE,
+          "managed process does not expose a close/exit observation API",
+          {
+            transactionId: transaction.id,
+            executionId: entry.executionId,
+          },
+        );
+      }
+      bound.push(transaction.id);
+    }
+    return bound;
+  }
+
+  updateProcessGuarantees(entry) {
+    for (const transaction of this._active.values()) {
+      if (!transaction.hasExecution(entry.executionId)) continue;
+      transaction.updateExecutionGuarantees(entry.executionId, {
+        treeGuarantee: Array.isArray(entry.sandboxGuarantees)
+          ? entry.sandboxGuarantees.includes("process-tree")
+          : false,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  settleSpawn(entry, outcome = {}) {
+    for (const transaction of this._active.values()) {
+      if (!transaction.hasExecution(entry.executionId)) continue;
+      transaction.settleExecution(entry.executionId, outcome);
+    }
+  }
+
+  _loadTransaction(id) {
+    normalizeId(id);
+    this._ensureStateRoot();
+    const transactionDir = path.join(this.transactionsDir, id);
+    const statePath = path.join(transactionDir, "transaction.json");
+    assertPrivateRegularFile(statePath, {
+      // A corrupt state file must not cause an unbounded read before its
+      // persisted configurable limit can itself be validated.
+      maxBytes: 256 * 1024 * 1024,
+    });
+    const provisional = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(statePath, "utf8"));
+    const limits = normalizeLimits(provisional?.limits);
+    const state = assertStateDocument(readJson(statePath, limits), id);
+    const baseline = assertBaselineDocument(
+      readJson(path.join(transactionDir, "baseline.json"), limits),
+      state,
+    );
+    return { state, baseline, transactionDir };
+  }
+
+  recoverPending(options = {}) {
+    this._ensureStateRoot();
+    this._ensureLockRoot();
+    const requestedRoot = options.workspaceRoot
+      ? assertSafeDirectory(options.workspaceRoot, "workspace root")
+      : null;
+    const results = [];
+    const names = fs.readdirSync(this.transactionsDir).sort();
+    for (const name of names) {
+      if (!SAFE_ID.test(name)) continue;
+      let loaded;
+      try {
+        loaded = this._loadTransaction(name);
+      } catch (error) {
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "corrupt",
+          error: error.message,
+          code: error.code,
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      const { state, baseline } = loaded;
+      if (requestedRoot && !samePath(requestedRoot, state.workspaceRoot)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (TERMINAL_STATES.has(state.state)) {
+        const terminalLock = readLockOwner(
+          path.join(this.lockDir, workspaceLockName(state.workspaceRoot)),
+        );
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: terminalLock
+            ? "terminal_lock_recovery_required"
+            : state.state,
+          ...(terminalLock
+            ? {
+                code: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RECOVERY_REQUIRED,
+                ownerPid: terminalLock.pid,
+                manualRecoveryRequired: true,
+              }
+            : {}),
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (this._isProcessAlive(state.owner?.pid)) {
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "active_unverified",
+          ownerPid: state.owner.pid,
+          ownerIdentityPolicy:
+            state.owner.identityPolicy || "pid-only-fail-closed",
+          manualRecoveryRequired: true,
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (
+        state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORING ||
+        state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.RESTORE_FAILED
+      ) {
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "restore_recovery_required",
+          code: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.RECOVERY_REQUIRED,
+          fileCoverage: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE,
+          manualRecoveryRequired: true,
+          restoreContext: deepClone(state.restoreContext || null),
+          failureEvidence: deepClone(state.failureEvidence || []),
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      const unclosedExecutions = (state.executions || []).filter(
+        (entry) =>
+          entry.status !== "settled" || entry.treeGuarantee !== "process-tree",
+      );
+      if (unclosedExecutions.length > 0) {
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "recovery_required",
+          code: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.WRITERS_ACTIVE,
+          fileCoverage: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_COVERAGE.NONE,
+          manualRecoveryRequired: true,
+          executions: unclosedExecutions.map((entry) => ({
+            executionId: entry.executionId,
+            status: entry.status,
+            pid: entry.pid,
+            processIdentity: entry.processIdentity,
+            treeGuarantee: entry.treeGuarantee,
+          })),
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      const lockPath = path.join(
+        this.lockDir,
+        workspaceLockName(state.workspaceRoot),
+      );
+      const deadOwner = readLockOwner(lockPath);
+      if (!sameOwner(deadOwner, state.owner)) {
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "lock_mismatch",
+          code: WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_ERROR.LOCK_CORRUPT,
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      let lock;
+      try {
+        lock = WorkspaceLifetimeLock.acquire(
+          this.lockDir,
+          state.workspaceRoot,
+          state.id,
+          {
+            isProcessAlive: this._isProcessAlive,
+            now: this._now,
+            ownerToken: this._ownerToken,
+            reclaimDead: true,
+            expectedDeadOwner: deadOwner,
+          },
+        );
+        state.owner = deepClone(lock.owner);
+        state.updatedAt = new Date(this._now()).toISOString();
+        state.stateDigest = stateDigest(state);
+        atomicWriteJson(
+          path.join(loaded.transactionDir, "transaction.json"),
+          state,
+          state.limits,
+        );
+        if (state.state === WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.PREPARING) {
+          state.state = WORKSPACE_TRANSACTION_STATE.ABORTED;
+          state.failureEvidence = [
+            ...(state.failureEvidence || []),
+            {
+              at: new Date(this._now()).toISOString(),
+              phase: "recover",
+              code: "PREPARATION_CRASHED",
+              message:
+                "transaction crashed before task execution was authorized",
+            },
+          ].slice(-state.limits.maxFailureEvidence);
+          state.updatedAt = new Date(this._now()).toISOString();
+          state.stateDigest = stateDigest(state);
+          atomicWriteJson(
+            path.join(loaded.transactionDir, "transaction.json"),
+            state,
+            state.limits,
+          );
+          lock.release();
+          results.push({ id: name, status: "aborted" });
+          continue;
+        }
+        const transaction = new WorkspaceTransaction(
+          this,
+          state,
+          baseline,
+          lock,
+        );
+        this._active.set(name, transaction);
+        const evidence = transaction.rollback({
+          reason: options.reason || "crash recovery",
+        });
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "rolled_back",
+          evidenceDigest: evidence.evidenceDigest,
+        });
+      } catch (error) {
+        results.push({
+          id: name,
+          status: "rollback_failed",
+          code: error.code,
+          error: error.message,
+        });
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  }
+}