chainlesschain 0.162.185 → 0.162.187

package/src/lib/observability/otlp-exporter.js

@@ -1,260 +1,1262 @@
 /**
- * OTLP Exporter — M8 Observability
- * OpenTelemetry Protocol exporter for spans and metrics
- * Sends to localhost:4318 by default, with batching and retry
+ * Dependency-free OTLP/HTTP JSON exporter.
+ *
+ * The OpenTelemetry Collector accepts the proto3 JSON mapping at
+ * `/v1/traces` and `/v1/metrics`. This exporter deliberately stays outside the
+ * execution/audit layers: telemetry failure must never change command results.
+ *
+ * Supported OpenTelemetry environment variables:
+ *   OTEL_SDK_DISABLED
+ *   OTEL_SERVICE_NAME
+ *   OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}ENDPOINT
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}PROTOCOL
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}HEADERS
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}TIMEOUT
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}COMPRESSION
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}CERTIFICATE
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}CLIENT_CERTIFICATE
+ *   OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_{,TRACES_,METRICS_}CLIENT_KEY
+ *
+ * ChainlessChain-only reliability controls:
+ *   CC_OTEL_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE, CC_OTEL_MAX_EXPORT_BATCH_SIZE,
+ *   CC_OTEL_MAX_ATTEMPTS, CC_OTEL_SPOOL_DIR.
  */
 
+import fs from "node:fs";
 import http from "node:http";
+import http2 from "node:http2";
 import https from "node:https";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { createHash, randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { gzipSync } from "node:zlib";
 import { URL } from "node:url";
+import { getHomeDir } from "../paths.js";
+import { redactSecrets } from "../secret-scan.js";
 
-class OtlpExporter {
-  constructor(options = {}) {
-    this.endpoint =
-      options.endpoint ||
-      process.env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT ||
-      "http://localhost:4318";
-    this.headers = options.headers || {};
-    this.serviceName =
-      options.serviceName ||
-      process.env.OTEL_SERVICE_NAME ||
-      "chainlesschain-cli";
-    this.batchSize = options.batchSize || 512;
-    this.flushIntervalMs = options.flushIntervalMs || 5000;
-    this._spanBuffer = [];
-    this._metricBuffer = [];
+const SIGNALS = new Set(["traces", "metrics"]);
+const RETRYABLE_STATUS = new Set([408, 429, 502, 503, 504]);
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
+const DEFAULT_SCHEDULE_DELAY_MS = 5_000;
+const DEFAULT_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE = 2_048;
+const DEFAULT_MAX_EXPORT_BATCH_SIZE = 128;
+const DEFAULT_MAX_ATTEMPTS = 5;
+const MAX_BACKOFF_MS = 30_000;
+const MAX_RECOVERY_FILE_AGE_MS = 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000;
+
+function positiveInt(value, fallback, { min = 1, max = 1_000_000 } = {}) {
+  const parsed = Number(value);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(parsed)) return fallback;
+  const rounded = Math.floor(parsed);
+  return rounded >= min && rounded <= max ? rounded : fallback;
+}
+
+function envValue(env, signal, suffix) {
+  const scoped = env[`OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_${signal.toUpperCase()}_${suffix}`];
+  return scoped == null || scoped === ""
+    ? env[`OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_${suffix}`]
+    : scoped;
+}
+
+function appendSignalPath(endpoint, signal) {
+  const url = new URL(endpoint);
+  const suffix = `/v1/${signal}`;
+  url.pathname = `${url.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, "")}${suffix}`;
+  return url.toString();
+}
+
+function normalizeProtocol(value) {
+  const protocol = String(value || "http/json").toLowerCase();
+  if (["http/json", "http/protobuf", "grpc"].includes(protocol)) {
+    return { protocol, error: null };
+  }
+  return {
+    protocol: null,
+    error: `unsupported OTLP protocol: ${protocol}`,
+  };
+}
+
+function resolveSignalEndpoint(options, env, signal, protocol) {
+  const explicit = options[`${signal}Endpoint`];
+  if (explicit) return new URL(explicit).toString();
+  const scoped = envValue(env, signal, "ENDPOINT");
+  const general =
+    options.endpoint ||
+    env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT ||
+    (options.enabled === true ? "http://localhost:4318" : null);
+  if (!scoped && !general) return null;
+  return scoped
+    ? new URL(scoped).toString()
+    : protocol === "grpc"
+      ? new URL(general).toString()
+      : appendSignalPath(general, signal);
+}
+
+export function parseOtlpHeaders(value) {
+  if (!value) return {};
+  if (typeof value === "object" && !Array.isArray(value)) return { ...value };
+  const headers = {};
+  for (const pair of String(value).split(",")) {
+    const separator = pair.indexOf("=");
+    if (separator <= 0) continue;
+    try {
+      const key = decodeURIComponent(pair.slice(0, separator).trim());
+      const headerValue = decodeURIComponent(pair.slice(separator + 1).trim());
+      if (key) headers[key] = headerValue;
+    } catch {
+      // A malformed percent escape invalidates only that header.
+    }
+  }
+  return headers;
+}
+
+export function parseResourceAttributes(value) {
+  return parseOtlpHeaders(value);
+}
+
+function readTlsFile(filePath, readFileSync = fs.readFileSync) {
+  if (!filePath) return undefined;
+  return readFileSync(filePath);
+}
+
+function signalTlsOptions(options, env, signal, readFileSync) {
+  const from = (suffix, optionKey) =>
+    options[`${signal}${optionKey}`] ||
+    options[optionKey[0].toLowerCase() + optionKey.slice(1)] ||
+    envValue(env, signal, suffix);
+  return {
+    ca: readTlsFile(from("CERTIFICATE", "Certificate"), readFileSync),
+    cert: readTlsFile(
+      from("CLIENT_CERTIFICATE", "ClientCertificate"),
+      readFileSync,
+    ),
+    key: readTlsFile(from("CLIENT_KEY", "ClientKey"), readFileSync),
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolve standard OTel configuration without mutating `process.env`.
+ * A Collector is opt-in: an endpoint (flag/env) or `enabled:true` is required.
+ */
+export function resolveOtlpConfig(options = {}, env = process.env, deps = {}) {
+  const disabled =
+    options.enabled === false ||
+    String(env.OTEL_SDK_DISABLED || "").toLowerCase() === "true";
+  const traceProtocol = normalizeProtocol(
+    options.tracesProtocol || envValue(env, "traces", "PROTOCOL"),
+  );
+  const metricProtocol = normalizeProtocol(
+    options.metricsProtocol || envValue(env, "metrics", "PROTOCOL"),
+  );
+  const tracesEndpoint =
+    disabled || !traceProtocol.protocol
+      ? null
+      : resolveSignalEndpoint(options, env, "traces", traceProtocol.protocol);
+  const metricsEndpoint =
+    disabled || !metricProtocol.protocol
+      ? null
+      : resolveSignalEndpoint(options, env, "metrics", metricProtocol.protocol);
+  const enabled = !disabled && Boolean(tracesEndpoint || metricsEndpoint);
+  const readFileSync = deps.readFileSync || fs.readFileSync;
+  const commonHeaders = parseOtlpHeaders(
+    options.headers || env.OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS,
+  );
+  const signal = (name, endpoint, protocolConfig) => ({
+    endpoint,
+    protocol: protocolConfig.protocol,
+    configError: protocolConfig.error,
+    headers: {
+      ...commonHeaders,
+      ...parseOtlpHeaders(
+        options[`${name}Headers`] ||
+          env[`OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_${name.toUpperCase()}_HEADERS`],
+      ),
+    },
+    timeoutMs: positiveInt(
+      options[`${name}TimeoutMs`] || envValue(env, name, "TIMEOUT"),
+      DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      { max: 300_000 },
+    ),
+    compression: String(
+      options[`${name}Compression`] ||
+        envValue(env, name, "COMPRESSION") ||
+        "none",
+    ).toLowerCase(),
+    tls: endpoint
+      ? signalTlsOptions(options, env, name, readFileSync)
+      : { ca: undefined, cert: undefined, key: undefined },
+  });
+  const serviceName =
+    options.serviceName || env.OTEL_SERVICE_NAME || "chainlesschain-cli";
+  const resourceAttributes = {
+    ...parseResourceAttributes(env.OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES),
+    ...(options.resourceAttributes || {}),
+    "service.name": serviceName,
+  };
+  return {
+    enabled,
+    serviceName,
+    resourceAttributes,
+    traces: signal("traces", tracesEndpoint, traceProtocol),
+    metrics: signal("metrics", metricsEndpoint, metricProtocol),
+    scheduleDelayMs: positiveInt(
+      options.scheduleDelayMs || env.OTEL_BSP_SCHEDULE_DELAY,
+      DEFAULT_SCHEDULE_DELAY_MS,
+      { max: 300_000 },
+    ),
+    maxQueueSize: positiveInt(
+      options.maxQueueSize || env.CC_OTEL_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE,
+      DEFAULT_MAX_QUEUE_SIZE,
+      { max: 100_000 },
+    ),
+    maxExportBatchSize: positiveInt(
+      options.maxExportBatchSize || env.CC_OTEL_MAX_EXPORT_BATCH_SIZE,
+      DEFAULT_MAX_EXPORT_BATCH_SIZE,
+      { max: 10_000 },
+    ),
+    maxAttempts: positiveInt(
+      options.maxAttempts || env.CC_OTEL_MAX_ATTEMPTS,
+      DEFAULT_MAX_ATTEMPTS,
+      { max: 20 },
+    ),
+    spoolDir:
+      options.spoolDir ||
+      env.CC_OTEL_SPOOL_DIR ||
+      path.join(getHomeDir(), "telemetry", "otlp-queue"),
+  };
+}
+
+function cloneAndRedact(value, redact = true) {
+  if (Array.isArray(value))
+    return value.map((item) => cloneAndRedact(item, redact));
+  if (!value || typeof value !== "object") return value;
+  const out = {};
+  for (const [key, child] of Object.entries(value)) {
+    if (redact && key === "stringValue" && typeof child === "string") {
+      out[key] = redactSecrets(child);
+    } else {
+      out[key] = cloneAndRedact(child, redact);
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+function otlpValue(value, redact = true) {
+  if (typeof value === "boolean") return { boolValue: value };
+  if (typeof value === "number") {
+    return Number.isInteger(value)
+      ? { intValue: String(value) }
+      : { doubleValue: value };
+  }
+  return {
+    stringValue: redact ? redactSecrets(String(value)) : String(value),
+  };
+}
+
+function resourceAttributes(attributes, redact = true) {
+  return Object.entries(attributes).map(([key, value]) => ({
+    key,
+    value: otlpValue(value, redact),
+  }));
+}
+
+function protobufVarint(value) {
+  let remaining = BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt(value || 0));
+  const bytes = [];
+  do {
+    let byte = Number(remaining & 0x7fn);
+    remaining >>= 7n;
+    if (remaining > 0n) byte |= 0x80;
+    bytes.push(byte);
+  } while (remaining > 0n);
+  return Buffer.from(bytes);
+}
+
+function protobufTag(field, wireType) {
+  return protobufVarint((field << 3) | wireType);
+}
+
+function protobufBytes(field, value) {
+  const bytes = Buffer.isBuffer(value) ? value : Buffer.from(value || []);
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufTag(field, 2),
+    protobufVarint(bytes.length),
+    bytes,
+  ]);
+}
+
+function protobufString(field, value) {
+  return value == null || value === ""
+    ? Buffer.alloc(0)
+    : protobufBytes(field, Buffer.from(String(value), "utf8"));
+}
+
+function protobufMessage(field, chunks) {
+  const body = Buffer.concat(chunks.filter((chunk) => chunk.length > 0));
+  return body.length > 0 ? protobufBytes(field, body) : Buffer.alloc(0);
+}
+
+function protobufUInt(field, value) {
+  return value == null || Number(value) === 0
+    ? Buffer.alloc(0)
+    : Buffer.concat([protobufTag(field, 0), protobufVarint(value)]);
+}
+
+function protobufFixed64(field, value) {
+  if (value == null || value === "") return Buffer.alloc(0);
+  return Buffer.concat([protobufTag(field, 1), protobufFixed64Body(value)]);
+}
+
+function protobufFixed64Body(value) {
+  const body = Buffer.alloc(8);
+  body.writeBigUInt64LE(BigInt.asUintN(64, BigInt(value)));
+  return body;
+}
+
+function protobufFixed32(field, value) {
+  if (value == null || Number(value) === 0) return Buffer.alloc(0);
+  const body = Buffer.alloc(4);
+  body.writeUInt32LE(Number(value) >>> 0);
+  return Buffer.concat([protobufTag(field, 5), body]);
+}
+
+function protobufDouble(field, value) {
+  if (value == null) return Buffer.alloc(0);
+  const body = Buffer.alloc(8);
+  body.writeDoubleLE(Number(value), 0);
+  return Buffer.concat([protobufTag(field, 1), body]);
+}
+
+function protobufHexBytes(field, value, expectedBytes) {
+  if (!value) return Buffer.alloc(0);
+  const normalized = String(value).replace(/[^a-fA-F0-9]/g, "");
+  if (normalized.length !== expectedBytes * 2) return Buffer.alloc(0);
+  return protobufBytes(field, Buffer.from(normalized, "hex"));
+}
+
+function encodeAnyValue(value = {}) {
+  if (Object.hasOwn(value, "stringValue")) {
+    return protobufBytes(1, Buffer.from(String(value.stringValue), "utf8"));
+  }
+  if (Object.hasOwn(value, "boolValue")) {
+    return Buffer.concat([
+      protobufTag(2, 0),
+      protobufVarint(value.boolValue ? 1 : 0),
+    ]);
+  }
+  if (Object.hasOwn(value, "intValue")) {
+    return Buffer.concat([protobufTag(3, 0), protobufVarint(value.intValue)]);
+  }
+  if (Object.hasOwn(value, "doubleValue")) {
+    return protobufDouble(4, value.doubleValue);
+  }
+  if (value.arrayValue?.values) {
+    return protobufMessage(
+      5,
+      value.arrayValue.values.map((item) =>
+        protobufMessage(1, [encodeAnyValue(item)]),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+  if (value.kvlistValue?.values) {
+    return protobufMessage(
+      6,
+      value.kvlistValue.values.map((item) =>
+        protobufMessage(1, [encodeKeyValue(item)]),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+  if (value.bytesValue) {
+    return protobufBytes(7, Buffer.from(value.bytesValue, "base64"));
+  }
+  return Buffer.alloc(0);
+}
+
+function encodeKeyValue(attribute = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufString(1, attribute.key),
+    protobufMessage(2, [encodeAnyValue(attribute.value)]),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeAttributes(attributes = [], field = 1) {
+  return attributes.map((attribute) =>
+    protobufMessage(field, [encodeKeyValue(attribute)]),
+  );
+}
+
+function encodeResource(resource = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    ...encodeAttributes(resource.attributes, 1),
+    protobufUInt(2, resource.droppedAttributesCount),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeScope(scope = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufString(1, scope.name),
+    protobufString(2, scope.version),
+    ...encodeAttributes(scope.attributes, 3),
+    protobufUInt(4, scope.droppedAttributesCount),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeSpanEvent(event = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufFixed64(1, event.timeUnixNano),
+    protobufString(2, event.name),
+    ...encodeAttributes(event.attributes, 3),
+    protobufUInt(4, event.droppedAttributesCount),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeSpanStatus(status = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufString(2, status.message),
+    protobufUInt(3, status.code),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeSpan(span = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufHexBytes(1, span.traceId, 16),
+    protobufHexBytes(2, span.spanId, 8),
+    protobufString(3, span.traceState),
+    protobufHexBytes(4, span.parentSpanId, 8),
+    protobufString(5, span.name),
+    protobufUInt(6, span.kind),
+    protobufFixed64(7, span.startTimeUnixNano),
+    protobufFixed64(8, span.endTimeUnixNano),
+    ...encodeAttributes(span.attributes, 9),
+    protobufUInt(10, span.droppedAttributesCount),
+    ...(span.events || []).map((event) =>
+      protobufMessage(11, [encodeSpanEvent(event)]),
+    ),
+    protobufUInt(12, span.droppedEventsCount),
+    protobufMessage(15, [encodeSpanStatus(span.status)]),
+    protobufFixed32(16, span.flags),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeScopeSpans(scopeSpans = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufMessage(1, [encodeScope(scopeSpans.scope)]),
+    ...(scopeSpans.spans || []).map((span) =>
+      protobufMessage(2, [encodeSpan(span)]),
+    ),
+    protobufString(3, scopeSpans.schemaUrl),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeResourceSpans(resourceSpans = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufMessage(1, [encodeResource(resourceSpans.resource)]),
+    ...(resourceSpans.scopeSpans || []).map((scope) =>
+      protobufMessage(2, [encodeScopeSpans(scope)]),
+    ),
+    protobufString(3, resourceSpans.schemaUrl),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeNumberDataPoint(point = {}) {
+  const chunks = [
+    ...encodeAttributes(point.attributes, 7),
+    protobufFixed64(2, point.startTimeUnixNano),
+    protobufFixed64(3, point.timeUnixNano),
+  ];
+  if (Object.hasOwn(point, "asDouble")) {
+    chunks.push(protobufDouble(4, point.asDouble));
+  } else if (Object.hasOwn(point, "asInt")) {
+    chunks.push(protobufFixed64(6, point.asInt));
+  }
+  chunks.push(protobufUInt(8, point.flags));
+  return Buffer.concat(chunks);
+}
+
+function encodeGauge(gauge = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat(
+    (gauge.dataPoints || []).map((point) =>
+      protobufMessage(1, [encodeNumberDataPoint(point)]),
+    ),
+  );
+}
+
+function encodeSum(sum = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    ...(sum.dataPoints || []).map((point) =>
+      protobufMessage(1, [encodeNumberDataPoint(point)]),
+    ),
+    protobufUInt(2, sum.aggregationTemporality),
+    ...(sum.isMonotonic
+      ? [Buffer.concat([protobufTag(3, 0), protobufVarint(1)])]
+      : []),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeHistogramPoint(point = {}) {
+  const bucketCounts = (point.bucketCounts || []).map((value) =>
+    protobufFixed64Body(value),
+  );
+  const bounds = (point.explicitBounds || []).map((value) => {
+    const body = Buffer.alloc(8);
+    body.writeDoubleLE(Number(value), 0);
+    return body;
+  });
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    ...encodeAttributes(point.attributes, 9),
+    protobufFixed64(2, point.startTimeUnixNano),
+    protobufFixed64(3, point.timeUnixNano),
+    protobufFixed64(4, point.count || 0),
+    ...(Object.hasOwn(point, "sum") ? [protobufDouble(5, point.sum)] : []),
+    ...(bucketCounts.length > 0
+      ? [protobufBytes(6, Buffer.concat(bucketCounts))]
+      : []),
+    ...(bounds.length > 0 ? [protobufBytes(7, Buffer.concat(bounds))] : []),
+    protobufUInt(10, point.flags),
+    ...(Object.hasOwn(point, "min") ? [protobufDouble(11, point.min)] : []),
+    ...(Object.hasOwn(point, "max") ? [protobufDouble(12, point.max)] : []),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeHistogram(histogram = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    ...(histogram.dataPoints || []).map((point) =>
+      protobufMessage(1, [encodeHistogramPoint(point)]),
+    ),
+    protobufUInt(2, histogram.aggregationTemporality),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeMetric(metric = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufString(1, metric.name),
+    protobufString(2, metric.description),
+    protobufString(3, metric.unit),
+    ...(metric.gauge ? [protobufMessage(5, [encodeGauge(metric.gauge)])] : []),
+    ...(metric.sum ? [protobufMessage(7, [encodeSum(metric.sum)])] : []),
+    ...(metric.histogram
+      ? [protobufMessage(9, [encodeHistogram(metric.histogram)])]
+      : []),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeScopeMetrics(scopeMetrics = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufMessage(1, [encodeScope(scopeMetrics.scope)]),
+    ...(scopeMetrics.metrics || []).map((metric) =>
+      protobufMessage(2, [encodeMetric(metric)]),
+    ),
+    protobufString(3, scopeMetrics.schemaUrl),
+  ]);
+}
+
+function encodeResourceMetrics(resourceMetrics = {}) {
+  return Buffer.concat([
+    protobufMessage(1, [encodeResource(resourceMetrics.resource)]),
+    ...(resourceMetrics.scopeMetrics || []).map((scope) =>
+      protobufMessage(2, [encodeScopeMetrics(scope)]),
+    ),
+    protobufString(3, resourceMetrics.schemaUrl),
+  ]);
+}
+
+/** Encode an OTLP JSON-shaped request as its canonical protobuf message. */
+export function encodeOtlpProtobuf(signal, payload) {
+  if (signal === "traces") {
+    return Buffer.concat(
+      (payload?.resourceSpans || []).map((resource) =>
+        protobufMessage(1, [encodeResourceSpans(resource)]),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+  if (signal === "metrics") {
+    return Buffer.concat(
+      (payload?.resourceMetrics || []).map((resource) =>
+        protobufMessage(1, [encodeResourceMetrics(resource)]),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+  throw new RangeError(`Unsupported OTLP signal: ${signal}`);
+}
+
+function mergePayloads(signal, payloads) {
+  const field = signal === "traces" ? "resourceSpans" : "resourceMetrics";
+  return {
+    [field]: payloads.flatMap((payload) =>
+      Array.isArray(payload?.[field]) ? payload[field] : [],
+    ),
+  };
+}
+
+function retryAfterMs(headers, now = Date.now()) {
+  const value = headers?.["retry-after"];
+  if (!value) return null;
+  const seconds = Number(value);
+  if (Number.isFinite(seconds)) return Math.max(0, seconds * 1_000);
+  const at = Date.parse(value);
+  return Number.isFinite(at) ? Math.max(0, at - now) : null;
+}
+
+function safeTransportHeaders(headers) {
+  const reserved = new Set([
+    "content-length",
+    "content-type",
+    "content-encoding",
+    "grpc-encoding",
+    "te",
+  ]);
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    Object.entries(headers || {})
+      .map(([key, value]) => [key.toLowerCase(), String(value)])
+      .filter(([key]) => !key.startsWith(":") && !reserved.has(key)),
+  );
+}
+
+function backoffMs(attempt) {
+  return Math.min(MAX_BACKOFF_MS, 250 * 2 ** Math.max(0, attempt - 1));
+}
+
+function endpointKey(config) {
+  return createHash("sha256")
+    .update(
+      `${config.traces.protocol || ""}\0${config.traces.endpoint || ""}\0${config.metrics.protocol || ""}\0${config.metrics.endpoint || ""}`,
+      "utf8",
+    )
+    .digest("hex")
+    .slice(0, 16);
+}
+
+function isPidAlive(pid) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(pid) || pid <= 0) return false;
+  try {
+    process.kill(pid, 0);
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+export class OtlpExporter {
+  constructor(options = {}, deps = {}) {
+    this._env = deps.env || process.env;
+    this.config = options.config || resolveOtlpConfig(options, this._env, deps);
+    this._http = deps.http || http;
+    this._http2 = deps.http2 || http2;
+    this._https = deps.https || https;
+    this._fs = deps.fs || fs;
+    this._now = deps.now || (() => Date.now());
+    this._setInterval = deps.setInterval || setInterval;
+    this._clearInterval = deps.clearInterval || clearInterval;
+    this._sleep =
+      deps.sleep || ((ms) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms)));
+    this._isPidAlive = deps.isPidAlive || isPidAlive;
+    this._pid = deps.pid || process.pid;
+    this._instanceId = deps.instanceId || randomUUID();
+    this._queue = [];
+    this._flushPromise = null;
     this._timer = null;
-    this._droppedSpans = 0;
-    this._droppedMetrics = 0;
-    this._failedExports = 0;
-    this._successfulExports = 0;
-    this._enabled = options.enabled !== false;
-    if (this._enabled) {
-      this._startFlushTimer();
+    this._closed = false;
+    this._stats = {
+      enqueued: 0,
+      exported: 0,
+      retried: 0,
+      dropped: 0,
+      permanentFailures: 0,
+      recovered: 0,
+      spoolErrors: 0,
+      configurationErrors: [
+        this.config.traces.configError,
+        this.config.metrics.configError,
+      ]
+        .filter(Boolean)
+        .filter((value, index, values) => values.indexOf(value) === index),
+      lastError: null,
+    };
+    this._spoolKey = endpointKey(this.config);
+    this._spoolFile = path.join(
+      this.config.spoolDir,
+      `active-${this._spoolKey}-${this._pid}-${this._instanceId}.json`,
+    );
+    if (this.config.enabled) {
+      this._recoverSpool();
+      this._startTimer();
+    }
+  }
+
+  get enabled() {
+    return this.config.enabled && !this._closed;
+  }
+
+  _startTimer() {
+    this._timer = this._setInterval(
+      () => void this.flush(),
+      this.config.scheduleDelayMs,
+    );
+    this._timer?.unref?.();
+  }
+
+  _recoverSpool() {
+    try {
+      this._fs.mkdirSync(this.config.spoolDir, {
+        recursive: true,
+        mode: 0o700,
+      });
+      const prefix = `active-${this._spoolKey}-`;
+      const files = this._fs
+        .readdirSync(this.config.spoolDir)
+        .filter((name) => name.startsWith(prefix) && name.endsWith(".json"));
+      for (const name of files) {
+        const source = path.join(this.config.spoolDir, name);
+        if (source === this._spoolFile) continue;
+        const match = name.match(/^active-[^-]+-(\d+)-/);
+        const ownerPid = match ? Number(match[1]) : 0;
+        let stat;
+        try {
+          stat = this._fs.statSync(source);
+        } catch {
+          continue;
+        }
+        const recentlyOwned =
+          this._now() - stat.mtimeMs < MAX_RECOVERY_FILE_AGE_MS;
+        if (recentlyOwned && this._isPidAlive(ownerPid)) continue;
+        const claimed = `${source}.claim-${this._instanceId}`;
+        try {
+          this._fs.renameSync(source, claimed);
+        } catch {
+          continue;
+        }
+        try {
+          const parsed = JSON.parse(this._fs.readFileSync(claimed, "utf8"));
+          const recovered = Array.isArray(parsed?.queue) ? parsed.queue : [];
+          for (const item of recovered) this._push(item, { recovered: true });
+        } catch (error) {
+          this._stats.spoolErrors++;
+          this._stats.lastError = `spool recovery: ${error.message}`;
+        } finally {
+          try {
+            this._fs.unlinkSync(claimed);
+          } catch {
+            // A leftover claimed file is ignored by later recovery scans.
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      this._persist();
+    } catch (error) {
+      this._stats.spoolErrors++;
+      this._stats.lastError = `spool init: ${error.message}`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  _persist() {
+    if (!this.config.enabled) return;
+    try {
+      this._fs.mkdirSync(this.config.spoolDir, {
+        recursive: true,
+        mode: 0o700,
+      });
+      if (this._queue.length === 0) {
+        try {
+          this._fs.unlinkSync(this._spoolFile);
+        } catch (error) {
+          if (error?.code !== "ENOENT") throw error;
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+      const temporary = `${this._spoolFile}.tmp`;
+      this._fs.writeFileSync(
+        temporary,
+        `${JSON.stringify({
+          version: 1,
+          ownerPid: this._pid,
+          endpointKey: this._spoolKey,
+          updatedAt: this._now(),
+          queue: this._queue,
+        })}\n`,
+        { encoding: "utf8", mode: 0o600 },
+      );
+      this._fs.renameSync(temporary, this._spoolFile);
+    } catch (error) {
+      this._stats.spoolErrors++;
+      this._stats.lastError = `spool persist: ${error.message}`;
     }
   }
 
-  _startFlushTimer() {
-    if (this._timer) clearInterval(this._timer);
-    this._timer = setInterval(() => this.flush(), this.flushIntervalMs);
-    this._timer.unref?.();
+  _push(item, { recovered = false } = {}) {
+    if (!item || !SIGNALS.has(item.signal) || !item.payload) return false;
+    while (this._queue.length >= this.config.maxQueueSize) {
+      this._queue.shift();
+      this._stats.dropped++;
+    }
+    this._queue.push({
+      id: item.id || randomUUID(),
+      signal: item.signal,
+      payload: item.payload,
+      attempts: Number(item.attempts) || 0,
+      nextAttemptAt: Number(item.nextAttemptAt) || 0,
+      enqueuedAt: Number(item.enqueuedAt) || this._now(),
+    });
+    if (recovered) this._stats.recovered++;
+    else this._stats.enqueued++;
+    return true;
   }
 
-  _getHttpModule(urlStr) {
-    return urlStr.startsWith("https:") ? https : http;
+  enqueue(signal, payload, { redact = true } = {}) {
+    if (!this.enabled || !SIGNALS.has(signal)) return false;
+    const target = this.config[signal];
+    if (!target?.endpoint) return false;
+    const accepted = this._push({
+      signal,
+      payload: cloneAndRedact(payload, redact),
+      attempts: 0,
+      nextAttemptAt: 0,
+      enqueuedAt: this._now(),
+    });
+    this._persist();
+    if (this._queue.length >= this.config.maxExportBatchSize) {
+      void this.flush();
+    }
+    return accepted;
+  }
+
+  exportTracePayload(payload, options) {
+    return this.enqueue("traces", payload, options);
+  }
+
+  exportMetricsPayload(payload, options) {
+    return this.enqueue("metrics", payload, options);
+  }
+
+  exportSpans(spans, { redact = true } = {}) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(spans) || spans.length === 0) return false;
+    const attrs = resourceAttributes(this.config.resourceAttributes, redact);
+    const payload = {
+      resourceSpans: [
+        {
+          resource: { attributes: attrs },
+          scopeSpans: [
+            {
+              scope: { name: "chainlesschain.cli" },
+              spans: spans.map((span) => this._toOtlpSpan(span, redact)),
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    return this.exportTracePayload(payload, { redact });
+  }
+
+  _toOtlpSpan(span, redact = true) {
+    const start = Number(span.startTime) || this._now();
+    const end = Number(span.endTime) || this._now();
+    const statusCode =
+      span.status?.code === "ERROR" || span.status?.code === 2 || span.error
+        ? 2
+        : 1;
+    return {
+      traceId: span.traceId || "",
+      spanId: span.spanId || span.id || "",
+      parentSpanId: span.parentSpanId || span.parentId || "",
+      name: span.name || "unknown",
+      kind: Number(span.kind) || 1,
+      startTimeUnixNano: String(Math.round(start * 1e6)),
+      endTimeUnixNano: String(Math.round(end * 1e6)),
+      attributes: resourceAttributes(
+        span.attributes || span.metadata || {},
+        redact,
+      ),
+      status: {
+        code: statusCode,
+        ...(span.status?.message
+          ? {
+              message: redact
+                ? redactSecrets(String(span.status.message))
+                : String(span.status.message),
+            }
+          : {}),
+      },
+      events: (span.events || []).map((event) => ({
+        name: event.name || "event",
+        timeUnixNano: String(
+          Math.round((Number(event.time) || this._now()) * 1e6),
+        ),
+        attributes: resourceAttributes(event.attributes || {}, redact),
+      })),
+    };
+  }
+
+  exportMetrics(metrics, { redact = true } = {}) {
+    if (!Array.isArray(metrics) || metrics.length === 0) return false;
+    const nowNano = String(Math.round(this._now() * 1e6));
+    const payload = {
+      resourceMetrics: [
+        {
+          resource: {
+            attributes: resourceAttributes(
+              this.config.resourceAttributes,
+              redact,
+            ),
+          },
+          scopeMetrics: [
+            {
+              scope: { name: "chainlesschain.cli" },
+              metrics: metrics.map((metric) =>
+                this._toOtlpMetric(metric, nowNano, redact),
+              ),
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      ],
+    };
+    return this.exportMetricsPayload(payload, { redact });
+  }
+
+  _toOtlpMetric(metric, nowNano, redact = true) {
+    const point = {
+      attributes: resourceAttributes(
+        metric.attributes || metric.labels || {},
+        redact,
+      ),
+      timeUnixNano: String(metric.timeUnixNano || nowNano),
+    };
+    if (metric.type === "histogram") {
+      return {
+        name: metric.name,
+        description: metric.description || "",
+        unit: metric.unit || "1",
+        histogram: {
+          aggregationTemporality: 2,
+          dataPoints: [
+            {
+              ...point,
+              count: String(metric.count ?? metric.value?.count ?? 0),
+              sum: Number(metric.sum ?? metric.value?.sum ?? 0),
+              bucketCounts: (metric.bucketCounts || []).map(String),
+              explicitBounds: metric.explicitBounds || [],
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+      };
+    }
+    const number =
+      typeof metric.value === "bigint"
+        ? { asInt: metric.value.toString() }
+        : Number.isInteger(metric.value)
+          ? { asInt: String(metric.value) }
+          : { asDouble: Number(metric.value) || 0 };
+    const data = { dataPoints: [{ ...point, ...number }] };
+    if (metric.type === "sum" || metric.type === "counter") {
+      data.aggregationTemporality = 2;
+      data.isMonotonic = metric.monotonic !== false;
+      return {
+        name: metric.name,
+        description: metric.description || "",
+        unit: metric.unit || "1",
+        sum: data,
+      };
+    }
+    return {
+      name: metric.name,
+      description: metric.description || "",
+      unit: metric.unit || "1",
+      gauge: data,
+    };
   }
 
-  _post(path, data, contentType) {
-    if (!this._enabled) return Promise.resolve();
+  async _postHttp(signal, payload) {
+    const target = this.config[signal];
+    if (!target?.endpoint) {
+      return { ok: false, retryable: false, error: "endpoint not configured" };
+    }
     return new Promise((resolve) => {
+      let settled = false;
+      const finish = (value) => {
+        if (settled) return;
+        settled = true;
+        resolve(value);
+      };
       try {
-        const url = new URL(path, this.endpoint);
-        const mod = this._getHttpModule(url.protocol);
-        const payload = JSON.stringify(data);
-        const req = mod.request(
+        const url = new URL(target.endpoint);
+        const protobuf = target.protocol === "http/protobuf";
+        const raw = protobuf
+          ? encodeOtlpProtobuf(signal, payload)
+          : Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(payload), "utf8");
+        const compressed = target.compression === "gzip";
+        const body = compressed ? gzipSync(raw) : raw;
+        const mod = url.protocol === "https:" ? this._https : this._http;
+        const request = mod.request(
           {
+            protocol: url.protocol,
             hostname: url.hostname,
-            port: url.port,
-            path: url.pathname + url.search,
+            port: url.port || undefined,
+            path: `${url.pathname}${url.search}`,
             method: "POST",
             headers: {
-              "Content-Type": contentType,
-              "Content-Length": Buffer.byteLength(payload),
-              ...this.headers,
+              "Content-Type": protobuf
+                ? "application/x-protobuf"
+                : "application/json",
+              "Content-Length": String(body.length),
+              ...(compressed ? { "Content-Encoding": "gzip" } : {}),
+              ...safeTransportHeaders(target.headers),
             },
-            timeout: 10000,
+            timeout: target.timeoutMs,
+            ...(url.protocol === "https:" ? target.tls : {}),
           },
-          (res) => {
-            res.resume();
-            if (res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode < 300) {
-              this._successfulExports++;
-            } else {
-              this._failedExports++;
+          (response) => {
+            response.resume();
+            const statusCode = response.statusCode || 0;
+            if (statusCode >= 200 && statusCode < 300) {
+              finish({ ok: true, statusCode });
+              return;
             }
-            resolve();
+            finish({
+              ok: false,
+              statusCode,
+              retryable: RETRYABLE_STATUS.has(statusCode) || statusCode >= 500,
+              retryAfterMs: retryAfterMs(response.headers, this._now()),
+              error: `HTTP ${statusCode}`,
+            });
           },
         );
-        req.on("error", () => {
-          this._failedExports++;
-          resolve();
-        });
-        req.on("timeout", () => {
-          req.destroy();
-          this._failedExports++;
-          resolve();
+        request.once("error", (error) =>
+          finish({ ok: false, retryable: true, error: error.message }),
+        );
+        request.once("timeout", () => {
+          request.destroy(new Error("OTLP export timeout"));
+          finish({ ok: false, retryable: true, error: "request timeout" });
         });
-        req.write(payload);
-        req.end();
-      } catch {
-        resolve();
+        request.end(body);
+      } catch (error) {
+        finish({ ok: false, retryable: false, error: error.message });
       }
     });
   }
 
-  exportSpans(spans) {
-    if (!this._enabled) return;
-    for (const span of spans) {
-      if (this._spanBuffer.length >= this.batchSize) {
-        this._spanBuffer.shift();
-        this._droppedSpans++;
-      }
-      this._spanBuffer.push({
-        resourceSpans: [
-          {
-            resource: {
-              attributes: [
-                {
-                  key: "service.name",
-                  value: { stringValue: this.serviceName },
-                },
-              ],
-            },
-            scopeSpans: [
-              {
-                scope: { name: span.component || "chainlesschain" },
-                spans: [this._toOtlpSpan(span)],
-              },
-            ],
-          },
-        ],
-      });
+  async _postGrpc(signal, payload) {
+    const target = this.config[signal];
+    if (!target?.endpoint) {
+      return { ok: false, retryable: false, error: "endpoint not configured" };
     }
+    return new Promise((resolve) => {
+      let settled = false;
+      let session;
+      let request;
+      let httpStatus = 0;
+      let grpcStatus = null;
+      let grpcMessage = "";
+      const finish = (value) => {
+        if (settled) return;
+        settled = true;
+        try {
+          request?.close();
+        } catch {
+          // The stream may already be closed by the peer.
+        }
+        try {
+          session?.close();
+        } catch {
+          // The connection may have failed before opening.
+        }
+        resolve(value);
+      };
+      try {
+        const url = new URL(target.endpoint);
+        const method =
+          signal === "traces"
+            ? "/opentelemetry.proto.collector.trace.v1.TraceService/Export"
+            : "/opentelemetry.proto.collector.metrics.v1.MetricsService/Export";
+        const basePath = url.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, "");
+        const rpcPath = basePath.endsWith("/Export")
+          ? basePath
+          : `${basePath === "/" ? "" : basePath}${method}`;
+        const message = encodeOtlpProtobuf(signal, payload);
+        const compressed = target.compression === "gzip";
+        const body = compressed ? gzipSync(message) : message;
+        const frame = Buffer.alloc(5 + body.length);
+        frame[0] = compressed ? 1 : 0;
+        frame.writeUInt32BE(body.length, 1);
+        body.copy(frame, 5);
+        const customHeaders = safeTransportHeaders(target.headers);
+        session = this._http2.connect(url.origin, {
+          ...(url.protocol === "https:" ? target.tls : {}),
+        });
+        session.once("error", (error) =>
+          finish({ ok: false, retryable: true, error: error.message }),
+        );
+        request = session.request({
+          ":method": "POST",
+          ":path": rpcPath,
+          "content-type": "application/grpc",
+          te: "trailers",
+          ...(compressed ? { "grpc-encoding": "gzip" } : {}),
+          ...customHeaders,
+        });
+        request.setTimeout(target.timeoutMs, () => {
+          finish({ ok: false, retryable: true, error: "request timeout" });
+        });
+        const readStatus = (headers) => {
+          if (headers[":status"] != null) {
+            httpStatus = Number(headers[":status"]);
+          }
+          if (headers["grpc-status"] != null) {
+            grpcStatus = Number(headers["grpc-status"]);
+          }
+          if (headers["grpc-message"] != null) {
+            try {
+              grpcMessage = decodeURIComponent(String(headers["grpc-message"]));
+            } catch {
+              grpcMessage = String(headers["grpc-message"]);
+            }
+          }
+        };
+        request.on("response", readStatus);
+        request.on("trailers", readStatus);
+        request.once("error", (error) =>
+          finish({ ok: false, retryable: true, error: error.message }),
+        );
+        request.once("end", () => {
+          if (httpStatus >= 200 && httpStatus < 300 && grpcStatus === 0) {
+            finish({ ok: true, statusCode: httpStatus, grpcStatus: 0 });
+            return;
+          }
+          const retryableGrpc = new Set([4, 8, 10, 13, 14]);
+          finish({
+            ok: false,
+            statusCode: httpStatus,
+            grpcStatus,
+            retryable:
+              retryableGrpc.has(grpcStatus) ||
+              RETRYABLE_STATUS.has(httpStatus) ||
+              httpStatus >= 500,
+            error:
+              grpcMessage ||
+              (grpcStatus == null
+                ? `HTTP ${httpStatus || "connection failure"}`
+                : `gRPC ${grpcStatus}`),
+          });
+        });
+        request.resume();
+        request.end(frame);
+      } catch (error) {
+        finish({ ok: false, retryable: false, error: error.message });
+      }
+    });
   }
 
-  _toOtlpSpan(span) {
-    return {
-      traceId: span.traceId || "",
-      spanId: span.spanId || "",
-      parentSpanId: span.parentSpanId || "",
-      name: span.name || "unknown",
-      kind: this._toSpanKind(span.kind),
-      startTimeUnixNano: (span.startTime || Date.now()) * 1_000_000,
-      endTimeUnixNano: (span.endTime || Date.now()) * 1_000_000,
-      attributes: Object.entries(span.attributes || {}).map(([k, v]) => ({
-        key: k,
-        value: this._toAttrValue(v),
-      })),
-      status: { code: span.error ? 2 : 1, message: span.error?.message || "" },
-      events: (span.events || []).map((e) => ({
-        timeUnixNano: (e.time || Date.now()) * 1_000_000,
-        name: e.name,
-        attributes: Object.entries(e.attributes || {}).map(([k, v]) => ({
-          key: k,
-          value: this._toAttrValue(v),
-        })),
-      })),
-    };
-  }
-
-  _toSpanKind(kind) {
-    const map = { internal: 0, server: 1, client: 2, producer: 3, consumer: 4 };
-    return map[kind] ?? 0;
-  }
-
-  _toAttrValue(v) {
-    if (typeof v === "string") return { stringValue: v };
-    if (typeof v === "number")
-      return Number.isInteger(v) ? { intValue: String(v) } : { doubleValue: v };
-    if (typeof v === "boolean") return { boolValue: v };
-    return { stringValue: String(v) };
+  async _post(signal, payload) {
+    return this.config[signal]?.protocol === "grpc"
+      ? this._postGrpc(signal, payload)
+      : this._postHttp(signal, payload);
   }
 
-  exportMetrics(metrics) {
-    if (!this._enabled) return;
-    for (const metric of metrics) {
-      if (this._metricBuffer.length >= this.batchSize) {
-        this._metricBuffer.shift();
-        this._droppedMetrics++;
+  async _flush({ force = false } = {}) {
+    const now = this._now();
+    const due = this._queue
+      .filter((item) => force || item.nextAttemptAt <= now)
+      .slice(0, this.config.maxExportBatchSize);
+    if (due.length === 0) return this.getStats();
+    let batchFailed = false;
+    for (const signal of SIGNALS) {
+      const batch = due.filter((item) => item.signal === signal);
+      if (batch.length === 0) continue;
+      const result = await this._post(
+        signal,
+        mergePayloads(
+          signal,
+          batch.map((item) => item.payload),
+        ),
+      );
+      if (result.ok) {
+        const ids = new Set(batch.map((item) => item.id));
+        this._queue = this._queue.filter((item) => !ids.has(item.id));
+        this._stats.exported += batch.length;
+        continue;
+      }
+      batchFailed = true;
+      this._stats.lastError = result.error || "OTLP export failed";
+      const idsToDrop = new Set();
+      for (const item of batch) {
+        item.attempts += 1;
+        if (!result.retryable || item.attempts >= this.config.maxAttempts) {
+          idsToDrop.add(item.id);
+          this._stats.permanentFailures++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        item.nextAttemptAt =
+          this._now() +
+          (result.retryAfterMs == null
+            ? backoffMs(item.attempts)
+            : result.retryAfterMs);
+        this._stats.retried++;
+      }
+      if (idsToDrop.size > 0) {
+        this._queue = this._queue.filter((item) => !idsToDrop.has(item.id));
       }
-      this._metricBuffer.push({
-        resourceMetrics: [
-          {
-            resource: {
-              attributes: [
-                {
-                  key: "service.name",
-                  value: { stringValue: this.serviceName },
-                },
-              ],
-            },
-            scopeMetrics: [
-              {
-                scope: { name: metric.component || "chainlesschain" },
-                metrics: [this._toOtlpMetric(metric)],
-              },
-            ],
-          },
-        ],
-      });
     }
+    if (!batchFailed) this._stats.lastError = null;
+    this._persist();
+    return this.getStats();
   }
 
-  _toOtlpMetric(metric) {
-    return {
-      name: metric.name,
-      description: metric.description || "",
-      unit: metric.unit || "1",
-      [metric.type === "histogram"
-        ? "histogram"
-        : metric.type === "sum"
-          ? "sum"
-          : "gauge"]: {
-        dataPoints: [
-          {
-            attributes: Object.entries(metric.attributes || {}).map(
-              ([k, v]) => ({ key: k, value: this._toAttrValue(v) }),
-            ),
-            timeUnixNano: Date.now() * 1_000_000,
-            ...(metric.type === "histogram"
-              ? {
-                  count: metric.value?.count || 0,
-                  sum: metric.value?.sum || 0,
-                  bucketCounts: metric.value?.bucketCounts || [],
-                  explicitBounds: metric.value?.explicitBounds || [],
-                }
-              : { asDouble: metric.value || 0 }),
-          },
-        ],
-        aggregationTemporality: 1,
-        isMonotonic: metric.type === "sum",
-      },
-    };
+  flush(options = {}) {
+    if (!this.enabled) return Promise.resolve(this.getStats());
+    if (!this._flushPromise) {
+      this._flushPromise = this._flush(options).finally(() => {
+        this._flushPromise = null;
+      });
+    }
+    return this._flushPromise;
   }
 
-  async flush() {
-    if (!this._enabled) return;
-    const spans = this._spanBuffer.splice(0);
-    const metrics = this._metricBuffer.splice(0);
-    const promises = [];
-    for (const span of spans)
-      promises.push(this._post("/v1/traces", span, "application/json"));
-    for (const metric of metrics)
-      promises.push(this._post("/v1/metrics", metric, "application/json"));
-    await Promise.allSettled(promises);
+  async forceFlush({ timeoutMs = 2_000 } = {}) {
+    if (!this.enabled) return this.getStats();
+    const deadline = this._now() + Math.max(0, timeoutMs);
+    while (this._queue.length > 0 && this._now() <= deadline) {
+      const before = this._queue.length;
+      await this.flush({ force: true });
+      if (this._queue.length === 0) break;
+      if (this._queue.length >= before) {
+        const wait = Math.min(100, Math.max(0, deadline - this._now()));
+        if (wait === 0) break;
+        await this._sleep(wait);
+      }
+    }
+    this._persist();
+    return this.getStats();
   }
 
-  shutdown() {
-    if (this._timer) clearInterval(this._timer);
-    return this.flush();
+  async shutdown(options = {}) {
+    if (this._closed) return this.getStats();
+    if (this._timer) this._clearInterval(this._timer);
+    await this.forceFlush(options);
+    this._closed = true;
+    this._persist();
+    return this.getStats();
   }
 
   getStats() {
+    const queued = this._queue.length;
+    const max = this.config.maxQueueSize;
     return {
-      enabled: this._enabled,
-      bufferedSpans: this._spanBuffer.length,
-      bufferedMetrics: this._metricBuffer.length,
-      droppedSpans: this._droppedSpans,
-      droppedMetrics: this._droppedMetrics,
-      failedExports: this._failedExports,
-      successfulExports: this._successfulExports,
+      enabled: this.enabled,
+      protocol:
+        this.config.traces.protocol === this.config.metrics.protocol
+          ? this.config.traces.protocol
+          : "mixed",
+      tracesProtocol: this.config.traces.protocol,
+      metricsProtocol: this.config.metrics.protocol,
+      tracesEndpoint: this.config.traces.endpoint,
+      metricsEndpoint: this.config.metrics.endpoint,
+      queued,
+      queueCapacity: max,
+      queuePressure:
+        queued >= max
+          ? "full"
+          : queued >= Math.ceil(max * 0.8)
+            ? "high"
+            : "normal",
+      ...this._stats,
     };
   }
 }
 
-let _defaultExporter = null;
-export function getDefaultOtlpExporter() {
-  if (!_defaultExporter) _defaultExporter = new OtlpExporter();
-  return _defaultExporter;
-}
-export { OtlpExporter };
 export default OtlpExporter;