chainlesschain 0.162.182 → 0.162.184

package/src/lib/process-execution-broker/linux-generic-bwrap-runtime.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@
+/**
+ * Production resource acquisition for the generic Linux bubblewrap backend.
+ *
+ * Caller-supplied callbacks never cross this boundary. Every mount, the
+ * bubblewrap executable, and the seccomp program is opened by this module and
+ * independently re-attested before the final spawn plan is returned.
+ */
+
+import crypto from "node:crypto";
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { spawnSync as nativeSpawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import {
+  LINUX_GENERIC_BWRAP_BACKEND,
+  LINUX_GENERIC_CONTRACT_KIND,
+  planLinuxGenericBubblewrap,
+} from "./linux-generic-bwrap.js";
+
+const BWRAP_PATH = "/usr/bin/bwrap";
+const MAX_ATTESTED_FILE_BYTES = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_MOUNTINFO_BYTES = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MOUNTINFO_PATH = "/proc/self/mountinfo";
+const MOUNT_TOPOLOGY_VERSION = 1;
+const O_TMPFILE = 0x410000;
+const SYSTEM_DESTINATIONS = [
+  "/usr",
+  "/bin",
+  "/sbin",
+  "/lib",
+  "/lib32",
+  "/lib64",
+];
+const SYSTEM_ROOTS = new Set(SYSTEM_DESTINATIONS);
+const SYSTEM_SYMLINKS = new Map([
+  ["/bin", "usr/bin"],
+  ["/sbin", "usr/sbin"],
+  ["/lib", "usr/lib"],
+  ["/lib32", "usr/lib32"],
+  ["/lib64", "usr/lib64"],
+]);
+const ETC_ALLOWLIST = [
+  "/etc/group",
+  "/etc/hosts",
+  "/etc/ld.so.cache",
+  "/etc/nsswitch.conf",
+  "/etc/passwd",
+];
+const FORBIDDEN_EXACT_WORKSPACE_ALIASES = [
+  "/",
+  "/home",
+  "/home/sandbox",
+  "/media",
+  "/mnt",
+  "/opt",
+  "/root",
+  "/run",
+  "/srv",
+  "/tmp",
+  "/var",
+  "/var/tmp",
+];
+const FORBIDDEN_WORKSPACE_ALIAS_SUBTREES = [
+  "/bin",
+  "/boot",
+  "/dev",
+  "/etc",
+  "/lib",
+  "/lib32",
+  "/lib64",
+  "/proc",
+  "/sbin",
+  "/sys",
+  "/usr",
+];
+const OPAQUE_NON_ROOT_FILESYSTEMS = new Set([
+  "9p",
+  "aufs",
+  "ceph",
+  "cifs",
+  "ecryptfs",
+  "glusterfs",
+  "nfs",
+  "nfs4",
+  "overlay",
+  "smb3",
+  "virtiofs",
+]);
+const REQUIRED_BWRAP_OPTIONS = [
+  "--assert-userns-disabled",
+  "--bind-fd",
+  "--disable-userns",
+  "--file",
+  "--perms",
+  "--remount-ro",
+  "--ro-bind-fd",
+  "--seccomp",
+];
+const SECCOMP_ARCHITECTURES = Object.freeze({
+  x64: Object.freeze({
+    auditArch: 0xc000003e,
+    socketSyscall: 41,
+    socketpairSyscall: 53,
+    ioUringSetupSyscall: 425,
+    x32SyscallBit: 0x40000000,
+  }),
+  arm64: Object.freeze({
+    auditArch: 0xc00000b7,
+    socketSyscall: 198,
+    socketpairSyscall: 199,
+    ioUringSetupSyscall: 425,
+  }),
+  riscv64: Object.freeze({
+    auditArch: 0xc00000f3,
+    socketSyscall: 198,
+    socketpairSyscall: 199,
+    ioUringSetupSyscall: 425,
+  }),
+});
+
+const DEFAULT_RUNTIME = Object.freeze({
+  platform: os.platform(),
+  arch: process.arch,
+  execPath: process.execPath,
+  fs,
+  homedir: () => os.homedir(),
+  tmpdir: () => os.tmpdir(),
+  randomBytes: (size) => crypto.randomBytes(size),
+  spawnSync: nativeSpawnSync,
+});
+
+function runtimeFor(overrides = {}) {
+  return { ...DEFAULT_RUNTIME, ...overrides };
+}
+
+function realpath(runtime, value) {
+  const implementation =
+    runtime.fs.realpathSync?.native || runtime.fs.realpathSync;
+  if (typeof implementation !== "function") {
+    throw new Error("realpath_unavailable");
+  }
+  return implementation.call(runtime.fs.realpathSync, value);
+}
+
+function fileId(stat) {
+  return { dev: String(stat.dev), ino: String(stat.ino) };
+}
+
+function identity(realPath, stat) {
+  return Object.freeze({
+    realPath,
+    fileId: Object.freeze(fileId(stat)),
+    mode: Number(stat.mode),
+    uid: Number(stat.uid),
+    gid: Number(stat.gid),
+  });
+}
+
+function identityMatches(left, right) {
+  return (
+    left?.realPath === right?.realPath &&
+    String(left?.fileId?.dev) === String(right?.fileId?.dev) &&
+    String(left?.fileId?.ino) === String(right?.fileId?.ino) &&
+    Number(left?.mode) === Number(right?.mode) &&
+    Number(left?.uid) === Number(right?.uid) &&
+    Number(left?.gid) === Number(right?.gid)
+  );
+}
+
+function statMatchesIdentity(stat, expected, { directory }) {
+  const expectedType = directory ? 0o040000 : 0o100000;
+  return (
+    String(stat?.dev) === String(expected?.fileId?.dev) &&
+    String(stat?.ino) === String(expected?.fileId?.ino) &&
+    Number(stat?.mode) === Number(expected?.mode) &&
+    Number(stat?.uid) === Number(expected?.uid) &&
+    Number(stat?.gid) === Number(expected?.gid) &&
+    (Number(stat?.mode) & 0o170000) === expectedType
+  );
+}
+
+function isWithin(root, target) {
+  const relative = path.posix.relative(root, target);
+  return (
+    relative === "" ||
+    (relative !== ".." &&
+      !relative.startsWith("../") &&
+      !path.posix.isAbsolute(relative))
+  );
+}
+
+function rootOwned(stat, { directory, executable = false }) {
+  const expectedType = directory ? 0o040000 : 0o100000;
+  return (
+    (Number(stat?.mode) & 0o170000) === expectedType &&
+    Number(stat?.uid) === 0 &&
+    (Number(stat?.mode) & 0o022) === 0 &&
+    (!executable || (Number(stat?.mode) & 0o111) !== 0)
+  );
+}
+
+function hashOpenFile(runtime, fd, bytes) {
+  if (
+    !Number.isSafeInteger(bytes) ||
+    bytes < 1 ||
+    bytes > MAX_ATTESTED_FILE_BYTES
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("attested_file_size_invalid");
+  }
+  const digest = crypto.createHash("sha256");
+  const buffer = Buffer.allocUnsafe(Math.min(1024 * 1024, bytes));
+  let offset = 0;
+  while (offset < bytes) {
+    const requested = Math.min(buffer.length, bytes - offset);
+    const read = runtime.fs.readSync(fd, buffer, 0, requested, offset);
+    if (read <= 0) throw new Error("attested_file_read_failed");
+    digest.update(buffer.subarray(0, read));
+    offset += read;
+  }
+  return digest.digest("hex");
+}
+
+function buildNetworkSeccompFilter(arch) {
+  const selected = SECCOMP_ARCHITECTURES[arch];
+  if (!selected) {
+    throw new Error(`unsupported_seccomp_architecture:${String(arch)}`);
+  }
+  const instructions = [
+    [0x20, 0, 0, 4],
+    [0x15, 1, 0, selected.auditArch],
+    [0x06, 0, 0, 0x80000000],
+    [0x20, 0, 0, 0],
+  ];
+  if (selected.x32SyscallBit) {
+    instructions.push([0x54, 0, 0, ~selected.x32SyscallBit]);
+  }
+  instructions.push(
+    [0x15, 0, 1, selected.socketSyscall],
+    [0x06, 0, 0, 0x00050001],
+    [0x15, 0, 1, selected.socketpairSyscall],
+    [0x06, 0, 0, 0x00050001],
+    [0x15, 0, 1, selected.ioUringSetupSyscall],
+    [0x06, 0, 0, 0x00050001],
+    [0x06, 0, 0, 0x7fff0000],
+  );
+  const buffer = Buffer.alloc(instructions.length * 8);
+  instructions.forEach(([code, jumpTrue, jumpFalse, value], index) => {
+    const offset = index * 8;
+    buffer.writeUInt16LE(code, offset);
+    buffer.writeUInt8(jumpTrue, offset + 2);
+    buffer.writeUInt8(jumpFalse, offset + 3);
+    buffer.writeUInt32LE(value >>> 0, offset + 4);
+  });
+  return Object.freeze({
+    arch,
+    buffer,
+    sha256: crypto.createHash("sha256").update(buffer).digest("hex"),
+  });
+}
+
+function shellQuote(value) {
+  return `'${String(value).replaceAll("'", `'\\''`)}'`;
+}
+
+function stableJson(value) {
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return `[${value.map((entry) => stableJson(entry)).join(",")}]`;
+  }
+  if (value && typeof value === "object") {
+    return `{${Object.keys(value)
+      .sort()
+      .map((key) => `${JSON.stringify(key)}:${stableJson(value[key])}`)
+      .join(",")}}`;
+  }
+  return JSON.stringify(value);
+}
+
+function sha256(value) {
+  return crypto.createHash("sha256").update(value).digest("hex");
+}
+
+function decodeMountInfoPath(value) {
+  if (typeof value !== "string" || !value) {
+    throw new Error("mountinfo_path_invalid");
+  }
+  const decoded = [];
+  const escapes = new Map([
+    ["040", " "],
+    ["011", "\t"],
+    ["012", "\n"],
+    ["134", "\\"],
+  ]);
+  for (let index = 0; index < value.length; index += 1) {
+    if (value[index] !== "\\") {
+      decoded.push(value[index]);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const octal = value.slice(index + 1, index + 4);
+    if (!escapes.has(octal)) {
+      throw new Error("mountinfo_path_escape_invalid");
+    }
+    decoded.push(escapes.get(octal));
+    index += 3;
+  }
+  const result = decoded.join("");
+  if (
+    result.includes("\0") ||
+    !path.posix.isAbsolute(result) ||
+    path.posix.normalize(result) !== result
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("mountinfo_path_invalid");
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function encodeMountInfoPath(value) {
+  return String(value)
+    .replaceAll("\\", "\\134")
+    .replaceAll(" ", "\\040")
+    .replaceAll("\t", "\\011")
+    .replaceAll("\n", "\\012");
+}
+
+function parseMountInfo(runtime) {
+  const raw = String(runtime.fs.readFileSync(MOUNTINFO_PATH, "utf8"));
+  if (
+    Buffer.byteLength(raw, "utf8") < 1 ||
+    Buffer.byteLength(raw, "utf8") > MAX_MOUNTINFO_BYTES
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("mountinfo_size_invalid");
+  }
+  const entries = [];
+  for (const line of raw.split("\n")) {
+    if (!line) continue;
+    const fields = line.split(" ");
+    const separator = fields.indexOf("-");
+    if (
+      separator < 6 ||
+      fields.length < separator + 4 ||
+      !/^\d+$/.test(fields[0] || "") ||
+      !/^\d+$/.test(fields[1] || "") ||
+      !/^\d+:\d+$/.test(fields[2] || "")
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("mountinfo_entry_invalid");
+    }
+    const root = decodeMountInfoPath(fields[3]);
+    const mountPoint = decodeMountInfoPath(fields[4]);
+    const fsType = fields[separator + 1];
+    if (
+      !fsType ||
+      fsType.includes("\0") ||
+      fields.slice(separator + 1).some((field) => !field)
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("mountinfo_entry_invalid");
+    }
+    entries.push(
+      Object.freeze({
+        mountId: fields[0],
+        parentId: fields[1],
+        majorMinor: fields[2],
+        root,
+        mountPoint,
+        fsType,
+        lineDigest: sha256(line),
+      }),
+    );
+  }
+  if (entries.length === 0) throw new Error("mountinfo_empty");
+  return entries;
+}
+
+function mountDepth(value) {
+  return value === "/" ? 0 : value.split("/").filter(Boolean).length;
+}
+
+function containingMount(entries, target) {
+  const candidates = entries.filter((entry) =>
+    isWithin(entry.mountPoint, target),
+  );
+  if (candidates.length === 0) throw new Error("mountinfo_root_unavailable");
+  const deepest = Math.max(
+    ...candidates.map((entry) => mountDepth(entry.mountPoint)),
+  );
+  const matches = candidates.filter(
+    (entry) => mountDepth(entry.mountPoint) === deepest,
+  );
+  if (matches.length !== 1) {
+    throw new Error("mountinfo_workspace_mount_ambiguous");
+  }
+  return matches[0];
+}
+
+function sameDirectoryIdentity(left, right) {
+  return (
+    String(left?.dev ?? left?.fileId?.dev) ===
+      String(right?.dev ?? right?.fileId?.dev) &&
+    String(left?.ino ?? left?.fileId?.ino) ===
+      String(right?.ino ?? right?.fileId?.ino)
+  );
+}
+
+function workspaceMountTopology(runtime, workspaceRoot, workspaceIdentity) {
+  const entries = parseMountInfo(runtime);
+  const descendants = entries.filter(
+    (entry) =>
+      entry.mountPoint !== workspaceRoot &&
+      isWithin(workspaceRoot, entry.mountPoint),
+  );
+  if (descendants.length > 0) {
+    throw new Error("workspace_descendant_mount_detected");
+  }
+
+  const mountedBy = containingMount(entries, workspaceRoot);
+  const rootMount = containingMount(entries, "/");
+  const workspaceRelative = path.posix.relative(
+    mountedBy.mountPoint,
+    workspaceRoot,
+  );
+  const filesystemPath = path.posix.join(mountedBy.root, workspaceRelative);
+  const sameFilesystem = entries.filter(
+    (entry) => entry.majorMinor === mountedBy.majorMinor,
+  );
+  const aliases = new Set();
+  for (const entry of sameFilesystem) {
+    if (!isWithin(entry.root, filesystemPath)) continue;
+    aliases.add(
+      path.posix.join(
+        entry.mountPoint,
+        path.posix.relative(entry.root, filesystemPath),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+  if (aliases.size === 0) {
+    throw new Error("workspace_mount_provenance_unavailable");
+  }
+  if (
+    mountedBy.mountPoint !== "/" &&
+    mountedBy.root !== "/" &&
+    mountedBy.mountPoint === workspaceRoot
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("workspace_root_bind_alias_forbidden");
+  }
+  if ([...aliases].some((alias) => alias !== workspaceRoot)) {
+    throw new Error("workspace_root_alias_forbidden");
+  }
+
+  let home;
+  try {
+    home = realpath(runtime, runtime.homedir());
+  } catch {
+    throw new Error("workspace_home_identity_unavailable");
+  }
+  const forbiddenExact = new Set([
+    ...FORBIDDEN_EXACT_WORKSPACE_ALIASES,
+    ...FORBIDDEN_WORKSPACE_ALIAS_SUBTREES,
+    home,
+  ]);
+  for (const alias of aliases) {
+    if (
+      forbiddenExact.has(alias) ||
+      FORBIDDEN_WORKSPACE_ALIAS_SUBTREES.some((root) => isWithin(root, alias))
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("workspace_root_alias_forbidden");
+    }
+  }
+
+  const forbiddenIdentities = [];
+  for (const candidate of forbiddenExact) {
+    try {
+      const canonical = realpath(runtime, candidate);
+      const stat = runtime.fs.statSync(canonical);
+      if (!stat.isDirectory?.()) continue;
+      const observed = {
+        path: candidate,
+        canonical,
+        dev: String(stat.dev),
+        ino: String(stat.ino),
+      };
+      forbiddenIdentities.push(observed);
+      if (sameDirectoryIdentity(stat, workspaceIdentity)) {
+        throw new Error("workspace_root_identity_alias_forbidden");
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error?.message === "workspace_root_identity_alias_forbidden") {
+        throw error;
+      }
+      // Missing optional system roots do not weaken the paths that exist.
+    }
+  }
+
+  const opaqueFilesystem =
+    mountedBy.fsType.startsWith("fuse") ||
+    OPAQUE_NON_ROOT_FILESYSTEMS.has(mountedBy.fsType);
+  if (mountedBy.mountPoint !== "/" && opaqueFilesystem) {
+    throw new Error("workspace_mount_provenance_opaque");
+  }
+
+  const lineage = entries.filter((entry) =>
+    isWithin(entry.mountPoint, workspaceRoot),
+  );
+  const binding = {
+    version: MOUNT_TOPOLOGY_VERSION,
+    source: "proc-self-mountinfo",
+    workspaceRoot,
+    containingMount: mountedBy.lineDigest,
+    rootMount: rootMount.lineDigest,
+    lineageEntryDigests: lineage.map((entry) => entry.lineDigest).sort(),
+    filesystemEntryDigests: sameFilesystem
+      .map((entry) => entry.lineDigest)
+      .sort(),
+    aliasDigests: [...aliases].map(sha256).sort(),
+    forbiddenIdentityDigests: forbiddenIdentities
+      .map((entry) => sha256(stableJson(entry)))
+      .sort(),
+    strictDescendantMountsAtAttestation: 0,
+    recursiveBind: true,
+    mountTopologyAtomic: false,
+  };
+  return Object.freeze({
+    version: binding.version,
+    source: binding.source,
+    workspaceRoot: binding.workspaceRoot,
+    digest: sha256(stableJson(binding)),
+    lineageEntryCount: binding.lineageEntryDigests.length,
+    filesystemEntryCount: binding.filesystemEntryDigests.length,
+    aliasCount: binding.aliasDigests.length,
+    forbiddenIdentityCount: binding.forbiddenIdentityDigests.length,
+    strictDescendantMountsAtAttestation:
+      binding.strictDescendantMountsAtAttestation,
+    rootAliasAttested: true,
+    recursiveBind: binding.recursiveBind,
+    mountTopologyAtomic: binding.mountTopologyAtomic,
+  });
+}
+
+function normalizedStdio(stdio) {
+  if (stdio === undefined || stdio === null || stdio === "pipe") {
+    return ["pipe", "pipe", "pipe"];
+  }
+  if (stdio === "ignore") return ["ignore", "ignore", "ignore"];
+  if (!Array.isArray(stdio)) return null;
+  const result = [...stdio];
+  while (result.length < 3) result.push(undefined);
+  return result.map((entry, index) => {
+    if (entry === undefined || entry === null) {
+      return index < 3 ? "pipe" : "ignore";
+    }
+    return entry;
+  });
+}
+
+function resolveExecutable(runtime, requested, cwd, environment) {
+  if (typeof requested !== "string" || !requested || requested.includes("\0")) {
+    throw new Error("generic_target_invalid");
+  }
+  const candidates = [];
+  if (requested.includes("/")) {
+    candidates.push(
+      path.posix.isAbsolute(requested)
+        ? requested
+        : path.posix.resolve(cwd, requested),
+    );
+  } else {
+    for (const entry of String(
+      environment?.PATH || "/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin",
+    ).split(":")) {
+      if (!entry) continue;
+      const directory = path.posix.isAbsolute(entry)
+        ? entry
+        : path.posix.resolve(cwd, entry);
+      candidates.push(path.posix.join(directory, requested));
+    }
+  }
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    try {
+      runtime.fs.accessSync(
+        candidate,
+        runtime.fs.constants?.X_OK ?? fs.constants.X_OK,
+      );
+      const canonical = realpath(runtime, candidate);
+      const stat = runtime.fs.statSync(canonical);
+      if (!stat.isFile() || (Number(stat.mode) & 0o111) === 0) continue;
+      return { canonical, stat };
+    } catch {
+      // Continue PATH resolution exactly as child_process would.
+    }
+  }
+  throw new Error("generic_target_unavailable");
+}
+
+function systemTarget(canonical) {
+  return [...SYSTEM_ROOTS].some((root) => isWithin(root, canonical));
+}
+
+function createTrustedResources(
+  contract,
+  command,
+  args,
+  spawnOpts,
+  sandboxOpts,
+  runtime,
+) {
+  const ownedFds = new Set();
+  const probeFds = new Set();
+  const finalFds = new Set();
+  const closeFd = (fd) => {
+    if (!Number.isInteger(fd) || !ownedFds.delete(fd)) return;
+    probeFds.delete(fd);
+    finalFds.delete(fd);
+    try {
+      runtime.fs.closeSync(fd);
+    } catch {
+      // Cleanup must preserve the fail-closed boundary result.
+    }
+  };
+  const closeSet = (set) => {
+    for (const fd of [...set]) closeFd(fd);
+  };
+  const cleanup = () => closeSet(ownedFds);
+  const track = (fd, phase) => {
+    ownedFds.add(fd);
+    (phase === "probe" ? probeFds : finalFds).add(fd);
+    return fd;
+  };
+  const openFlags = ({ directory, readWrite = false }) => {
+    const constants = runtime.fs.constants || fs.constants;
+    return (
+      Number(readWrite ? constants.O_RDWR : constants.O_RDONLY) |
+      Number(directory ? constants.O_DIRECTORY || 0 : 0) |
+      Number(constants.O_NOFOLLOW || 0) |
+      Number(constants.O_NONBLOCK || 0)
+    );
+  };
+  const openPair = (
+    source,
+    { directory, rootRequired = false, executable = false },
+  ) => {
+    const canonical = realpath(runtime, source);
+    if (canonical !== source) throw new Error("resource_path_not_canonical");
+    const pathStat = runtime.fs.lstatSync(source);
+    if (
+      pathStat.isSymbolicLink?.() ||
+      (directory ? !pathStat.isDirectory() : !pathStat.isFile()) ||
+      (rootRequired && !rootOwned(pathStat, { directory, executable }))
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("resource_path_unattested");
+    }
+    const probeFd = track(
+      runtime.fs.openSync(source, openFlags({ directory })),
+      "probe",
+    );
+    const finalFd = track(
+      runtime.fs.openSync(source, openFlags({ directory })),
+      "final",
+    );
+    const probeStat = runtime.fs.fstatSync(probeFd);
+    const finalStat = runtime.fs.fstatSync(finalFd);
+    const observedIdentity = identity(source, pathStat);
+    if (
+      !statMatchesIdentity(probeStat, observedIdentity, { directory }) ||
+      !statMatchesIdentity(finalStat, observedIdentity, { directory })
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("resource_descriptor_identity_changed");
+    }
+    return {
+      source,
+      probeFd,
+      finalFd,
+      identity: observedIdentity,
+    };
+  };
+
+  try {
+    if (
+      runtime.platform !== "linux" ||
+      contract?.kind !== LINUX_GENERIC_CONTRACT_KIND ||
+      spawnOpts?.shell === true ||
+      typeof spawnOpts?.shell === "string" ||
+      spawnOpts?.detached === true ||
+      spawnOpts?.uid !== undefined ||
+      spawnOpts?.gid !== undefined ||
+      spawnOpts?.argv0 !== undefined ||
+      spawnOpts?.serialization !== undefined
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("generic_launch_options_unsupported");
+    }
+    const hostNetworkNamespace = String(
+      runtime.fs.readlinkSync("/proc/self/ns/net"),
+    );
+    if (!/^net:\[\d+\]$/.test(hostNetworkNamespace)) {
+      throw new Error("host_network_namespace_identity_unavailable");
+    }
+
+    const workspace = openPair(contract.workspaceRoot, {
+      directory: true,
+    });
+    const cwdPins = openPair(contract.workingDirectory, {
+      directory: true,
+    });
+    const initialWorkspaceMountTopology = workspaceMountTopology(
+      runtime,
+      contract.workspaceRoot,
+      workspace.identity,
+    );
+
+    const supervisor = openPair(BWRAP_PATH, {
+      directory: false,
+      rootRequired: true,
+      executable: true,
+    });
+    const supervisorBytes = Number(
+      runtime.fs.fstatSync(supervisor.probeFd).size,
+    );
+    const supervisorProbeDigest = hashOpenFile(
+      runtime,
+      supervisor.probeFd,
+      supervisorBytes,
+    );
+    const supervisorFinalDigest = hashOpenFile(
+      runtime,
+      supervisor.finalFd,
+      supervisorBytes,
+    );
+    if (supervisorProbeDigest !== supervisorFinalDigest) {
+      throw new Error("bubblewrap_supervisor_digest_mismatch");
+    }
+    supervisor.identity = Object.freeze({
+      ...supervisor.identity,
+      sha256: supervisorFinalDigest,
+      bytes: supervisorBytes,
+    });
+
+    const capabilityFd = runtime.fs.openSync(
+      BWRAP_PATH,
+      openFlags({ directory: false }),
+    );
+    ownedFds.add(capabilityFd);
+    const capabilityStat = runtime.fs.fstatSync(capabilityFd);
+    if (
+      !statMatchesIdentity(capabilityStat, supervisor.identity, {
+        directory: false,
+      }) ||
+      hashOpenFile(runtime, capabilityFd, supervisorBytes) !==
+        supervisorFinalDigest
+    ) {
+      throw new Error("bubblewrap_capability_reader_unattested");
+    }
+    const capabilityResult = runtime.spawnSync("/proc/self/fd/3", ["--help"], {
+      shell: false,
+      encoding: "utf8",
+      stdio: ["ignore", "pipe", "pipe", capabilityFd],
+      timeout: 10_000,
+      env: { PATH: "/usr/bin:/bin", LANG: "C", LC_ALL: "C" },
+    });
+    closeFd(capabilityFd);
+    if (capabilityResult?.error || capabilityResult?.status !== 0) {
+      const error = new Error("bubblewrap_capability_probe_failed");
+      error.code = "LINUX_GENERIC_BWRAP_UNAVAILABLE";
+      throw error;
+    }
+    const supported = new Set(
+      `${String(capabilityResult.stdout || "")}\n${String(
+        capabilityResult.stderr || "",
+      )}`
+        .split(/\s+/)
+        .filter(Boolean),
+    );
+    if (REQUIRED_BWRAP_OPTIONS.some((option) => !supported.has(option))) {
+      const error = new Error("bubblewrap_required_option_missing");
+      error.code = "LINUX_GENERIC_BWRAP_UNAVAILABLE";
+      throw error;
+    }
+
+    const system = [];
+    const systemSymlinks = [];
+    for (const destination of SYSTEM_DESTINATIONS) {
+      if (!runtime.fs.existsSync(destination)) continue;
+      const entryStat = runtime.fs.lstatSync(destination);
+      if (entryStat.isSymbolicLink?.()) {
+        const expectedTarget = SYSTEM_SYMLINKS.get(destination);
+        const observedTarget = runtime.fs.readlinkSync(destination);
+        const normalizedTarget = observedTarget.startsWith("/")
+          ? observedTarget.slice(1)
+          : observedTarget;
+        if (
+          !expectedTarget ||
+          normalizedTarget !== expectedTarget ||
+          !runtime.fs.existsSync(`/${expectedTarget}`)
+        ) {
+          throw new Error("system_runtime_symlink_unattested");
+        }
+        systemSymlinks.push({
+          destination,
+          target: expectedTarget,
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      const pair = openPair(destination, {
+        directory: true,
+        rootRequired: true,
+      });
+      system.push({
+        destination,
+        probeFd: pair.probeFd,
+        finalFd: pair.finalFd,
+        identity: pair.identity,
+      });
+    }
+    if (!system.some((entry) => entry.destination === "/usr")) {
+      throw new Error("system_usr_runtime_unavailable");
+    }
+
+    const etc = [];
+    for (const destination of ETC_ALLOWLIST) {
+      if (!runtime.fs.existsSync(destination)) continue;
+      const pair = openPair(destination, {
+        directory: false,
+        rootRequired: true,
+      });
+      etc.push({
+        destination,
+        probeFd: pair.probeFd,
+        finalFd: pair.finalFd,
+        identity: pair.identity,
+      });
+    }
+
+    const filter = buildNetworkSeccompFilter(runtime.arch);
+    const openSeccomp = (phase) => {
+      const constants = runtime.fs.constants || fs.constants;
+      const flags =
+        Number(constants.O_RDWR) |
+        Number(constants.O_EXCL) |
+        Number(constants.O_TMPFILE ?? O_TMPFILE) |
+        Number(constants.O_NOFOLLOW || 0) |
+        Number(constants.O_NONBLOCK || 0);
+      const fd = track(runtime.fs.openSync("/tmp", flags, 0o400), phase);
+      runtime.fs.fchmodSync(fd, 0o400);
+      let offset = 0;
+      while (offset < filter.buffer.length) {
+        const written = runtime.fs.writeSync(
+          fd,
+          filter.buffer,
+          offset,
+          filter.buffer.length - offset,
+          offset,
+        );
+        if (written <= 0) throw new Error("seccomp_filter_write_failed");
+        offset += written;
+      }
+      runtime.fs.fsyncSync(fd);
+      const stat = runtime.fs.fstatSync(fd);
+      if (
+        !stat.isFile() ||
+        Number(stat.size) !== filter.buffer.length ||
+        hashOpenFile(runtime, fd, filter.buffer.length) !== filter.sha256
+      ) {
+        throw new Error("seccomp_filter_unattested");
+      }
+      return fd;
+    };
+    const seccomp = {
+      probeFd: openSeccomp("probe"),
+      finalFd: openSeccomp("final"),
+      sha256: filter.sha256,
+      policy: "deny-network-creation",
+    };
+
+    const environment = spawnOpts?.env || process.env;
+    const resolvedTarget = resolveExecutable(
+      runtime,
+      command,
+      contract.workingDirectory,
+      environment,
+    );
+    let targetScope;
+    if (isWithin(contract.workspaceRoot, resolvedTarget.canonical)) {
+      targetScope = "workspace";
+    } else if (
+      systemTarget(resolvedTarget.canonical) &&
+      rootOwned(resolvedTarget.stat, {
+        directory: false,
+        executable: true,
+      })
+    ) {
+      targetScope = "system";
+    } else {
+      throw new Error("generic_target_outside_trusted_runtime");
+    }
+    const target = {
+      attestedContractDigest: contract.contractDigest,
+      requestedCommand: command,
+      resolvedCommand: resolvedTarget.canonical,
+      args: [...(args || [])],
+      scope: targetScope,
+      ...(targetScope === "system"
+        ? {
+            identity: identity(resolvedTarget.canonical, resolvedTarget.stat),
+          }
+        : {}),
+    };
+
+    const socketProbeCandidates = [
+      { command: runtime.execPath, kind: "node" },
+      { command: "/usr/local/bin/node", kind: "node" },
+      { command: "/usr/bin/node", kind: "node" },
+      { command: "/usr/bin/python3", kind: "python" },
+      { command: "/usr/bin/python", kind: "python" },
+    ];
+    let socketProbeRuntime = null;
+    for (const candidate of socketProbeCandidates) {
+      if (typeof candidate.command !== "string" || !candidate.command) continue;
+      try {
+        const resolved = resolveExecutable(
+          runtime,
+          candidate.command,
+          contract.workingDirectory,
+          environment,
+        );
+        if (
+          systemTarget(resolved.canonical) &&
+          rootOwned(resolved.stat, {
+            directory: false,
+            executable: true,
+          })
+        ) {
+          socketProbeRuntime = Object.freeze({
+            command: resolved.canonical,
+            kind: candidate.kind,
+          });
+          break;
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // Try the next root-owned Node runtime.
+      }
+    }
+    if (!socketProbeRuntime) {
+      throw new Error("socket_probe_runtime_unavailable");
+    }
+
+    const descriptorAttested = (fd, expected, directory) => {
+      if (!ownedFds.has(fd)) return false;
+      try {
+        return statMatchesIdentity(runtime.fs.fstatSync(fd), expected, {
+          directory,
+        });
+      } catch {
+        return false;
+      }
+    };
+    const pathAttested = (source, expected, directory) => {
+      try {
+        return (
+          realpath(runtime, source) === source &&
+          statMatchesIdentity(runtime.fs.lstatSync(source), expected, {
+            directory,
+          })
+        );
+      } catch {
+        return false;
+      }
+    };
+    const launchStaysBound = (issued) => {
+      const stdio = normalizedStdio(spawnOpts?.stdio);
+      return (
+        issued?.contractDigest === contract.contractDigest &&
+        issued.workspaceRoot === contract.workspaceRoot &&
+        issued.workingDirectory === contract.workingDirectory &&
+        issued.origin === (spawnOpts?.origin || "unknown") &&
+        issued.command === command &&
+        issued.sync === (sandboxOpts?.sync === true) &&
+        issued.shell === false &&
+        Array.isArray(stdio) &&
+        issued.stdio.length === stdio.length &&
+        issued.stdio.every((value, index) => value === stdio[index]) &&
+        issued.args.length === (args || []).length &&
+        issued.args.every((value, index) => value === args[index]) &&
+        identityMatches(issued.rootIdentity, workspace.identity) &&
+        identityMatches(issued.cwdIdentity, cwdPins.identity)
+      );
+    };
+    const attestFinal = (issued) => {
+      let finalWorkspaceMountTopology;
+      try {
+        finalWorkspaceMountTopology = workspaceMountTopology(
+          runtime,
+          contract.workspaceRoot,
+          workspace.identity,
+        );
+      } catch {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (
+        !launchStaysBound(issued) ||
+        finalWorkspaceMountTopology.digest !==
+          initialWorkspaceMountTopology.digest ||
+        !pathAttested(contract.workspaceRoot, workspace.identity, true) ||
+        !pathAttested(contract.workingDirectory, cwdPins.identity, true) ||
+        !descriptorAttested(workspace.finalFd, workspace.identity, true) ||
+        !descriptorAttested(cwdPins.finalFd, cwdPins.identity, true) ||
+        !descriptorAttested(supervisor.finalFd, supervisor.identity, false) ||
+        hashOpenFile(runtime, supervisor.finalFd, supervisorBytes) !==
+          supervisorFinalDigest ||
+        hashOpenFile(runtime, seccomp.finalFd, filter.buffer.length) !==
+          filter.sha256
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      for (const entry of [...system, ...etc]) {
+        if (
+          !descriptorAttested(
+            entry.finalFd,
+            entry.identity,
+            system.includes(entry),
+          )
+        ) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      try {
+        const currentTarget = resolveExecutable(
+          runtime,
+          command,
+          contract.workingDirectory,
+          environment,
+        );
+        return (
+          currentTarget.canonical === target.resolvedCommand &&
+          (target.scope === "workspace"
+            ? isWithin(contract.workspaceRoot, currentTarget.canonical)
+            : rootOwned(currentTarget.stat, {
+                directory: false,
+                executable: true,
+              }) &&
+              statMatchesIdentity(currentTarget.stat, target.identity, {
+                directory: false,
+              }))
+        );
+      } catch {
+        return false;
+      }
+    };
+
+    const probe = (call) => {
+      const nonce = runtime.randomBytes(12).toString("hex");
+      const workspaceMarker = path.posix.join(
+        contract.workspaceRoot,
+        `.chainless-bwrap-probe-${nonce}`,
+      );
+      const outsideMarker = path.posix.join(
+        runtime.tmpdir(),
+        `.chainless-bwrap-outside-${nonce}`,
+      );
+      const homeMarker = path.posix.join(
+        runtime.homedir(),
+        `.chainless-bwrap-home-${nonce}`,
+      );
+      const workspaceHomeAliasMarker = path.posix.join(
+        contract.workspaceRoot,
+        path.posix.basename(homeMarker),
+      );
+      const devShmMarker = path.posix.join(
+        "/dev/shm",
+        `.chainless-bwrap-dev-shm-${nonce}`,
+      );
+      const outsideContents = `host-only-${nonce}`;
+      const homeContents = `home-only-${nonce}`;
+      let outsideCreated = false;
+      let homeCreated = false;
+      let devShmCreated = false;
+      try {
+        runtime.fs.writeFileSync(outsideMarker, outsideContents, {
+          encoding: "utf8",
+          flag: "wx",
+          mode: 0o600,
+        });
+        outsideCreated = true;
+        runtime.fs.writeFileSync(homeMarker, homeContents, {
+          encoding: "utf8",
+          flag: "wx",
+          mode: 0o600,
+        });
+        homeCreated = true;
+        runtime.fs.writeFileSync(devShmMarker, `host-dev-shm-${nonce}`, {
+          encoding: "utf8",
+          flag: "wx",
+          mode: 0o600,
+        });
+        devShmCreated = true;
+        const socketProbe =
+          socketProbeRuntime.kind === "node"
+            ? {
+                args: [
+                  "-e",
+                  [
+                    'const net = require("node:net");',
+                    'const socket = net.connect({host:"127.0.0.1",port:9});',
+                    "const timer = setTimeout(() => process.exit(4), 1000);",
+                    'socket.once("connect", () => { clearTimeout(timer); process.exit(5); });',
+                    'socket.once("error", (error) => {',
+                    "  clearTimeout(timer);",
+                    '  process.exit(error?.code === "EPERM" ? 0 : 6);',
+                    "});",
+                  ].join(""),
+                ],
+              }
+            : {
+                args: [
+                  "-I",
+                  "-S",
+                  "-c",
+                  [
+                    "import errno,socket,sys",
+                    "try:",
+                    " s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)",
+                    "except OSError as e:",
+                    " sys.exit(0 if e.errno==errno.EPERM else 6)",
+                    "else:",
+                    " s.close()",
+                    " sys.exit(5)",
+                  ].join("\n"),
+                ],
+              };
+        const socketProbeCommand = [
+          shellQuote(socketProbeRuntime.command),
+          ...socketProbe.args.map(shellQuote),
+        ].join(" ");
+        const script = [
+          "set -eu",
+          "mount_is_read_only() {",
+          '  want="$1"',
+          "  seen=0",
+          "  while IFS=' ' read -r _ _ _ _ mountpoint mountopts _; do",
+          '    [ "$mountpoint" = "$want" ] || continue',
+          "    seen=1",
+          '    case ",$mountopts," in',
+          "      *,ro,*) ;;",
+          "      *) return 1 ;;",
+          "    esac",
+          "  done < /proc/self/mountinfo",
+          '  [ "$seen" = 1 ]',
+          "}",
+          "workspace_mount_topology_is_attested() {",
+          `  want=${shellQuote(encodeMountInfoPath(contract.workspaceRoot))}`,
+          '  prefix="${want}/"',
+          "  seen=0",
+          "  while IFS=' ' read -r _ _ _ _ mountpoint _; do",
+          '    [ "$mountpoint" = "$want" ] && seen=1',
+          '    case "$mountpoint" in',
+          '      "$prefix"*) return 1 ;;',
+          "    esac",
+          `  done < ${MOUNTINFO_PATH}`,
+          '  [ "$seen" = 1 ]',
+          "}",
+          "mount_is_read_only /",
+          "mount_is_read_only /usr",
+          "workspace_mount_topology_is_attested",
+          `test ! -e ${shellQuote("/etc/shadow")}`,
+          `test ! -e ${shellQuote(homeMarker)}`,
+          `test ! -e ${shellQuote(workspaceHomeAliasMarker)}`,
+          `test ! -e ${shellQuote(outsideMarker)}`,
+          `test ! -e ${shellQuote(devShmMarker)}`,
+          `printf %s ${shellQuote(nonce)} > ${shellQuote(devShmMarker)}`,
+          `test "$(cat ${shellQuote(devShmMarker)})" = ${shellQuote(nonce)}`,
+          `rm -f ${shellQuote(devShmMarker)}`,
+          "if printf x > /chainless-undeclared-root 2>/dev/null; then exit 12; fi",
+          "test ! -e /chainless-undeclared-root",
+          "if printf x > /usr/.chainless-system-write 2>/dev/null; then exit 13; fi",
+          "test ! -e /usr/.chainless-system-write",
+          `test "$(readlink /proc/self/ns/net)" != ${shellQuote(
+            hostNetworkNamespace,
+          )}`,
+          `printf %s ${shellQuote(nonce)} > ${shellQuote(workspaceMarker)}`,
+          `test "$(cat ${shellQuote(workspaceMarker)})" = ${shellQuote(nonce)}`,
+          `rm -f ${shellQuote(workspaceMarker)}`,
+          socketProbeCommand,
+          `printf '%s\\n%s\\n' ${shellQuote(call.policyDigest)} ${shellQuote(
+            call.contractDigest,
+          )}`,
+        ].join("\n");
+        const result = runtime.spawnSync(
+          call.command,
+          [...call.args, "--", "/bin/sh", "-c", script],
+          call.options,
+        );
+        const outsideUnchanged =
+          outsideCreated &&
+          String(runtime.fs.readFileSync(outsideMarker, "utf8")) ===
+            outsideContents;
+        const homeUnchanged =
+          homeCreated &&
+          String(runtime.fs.readFileSync(homeMarker, "utf8")) === homeContents;
+        const devShmUnchanged =
+          devShmCreated &&
+          String(runtime.fs.readFileSync(devShmMarker, "utf8")) ===
+            `host-dev-shm-${nonce}`;
+        const expectedOutput = `${call.policyDigest}\n${call.contractDigest}\n`;
+        const runnable =
+          !result?.error &&
+          result?.status === 0 &&
+          String(result.stdout) === expectedOutput &&
+          outsideUnchanged &&
+          homeUnchanged &&
+          devShmUnchanged;
+        return {
+          runnable,
+          policyDigest: runnable ? call.policyDigest : null,
+          contractDigest: runnable ? call.contractDigest : null,
+          emptyRoot: runnable,
+          undeclaredRootReadOnly: runnable,
+          workspaceReadWrite: runnable,
+          workspaceMountTopologyAttested: runnable,
+          anonymousDevWritable: runnable,
+          systemReadOnly: runnable,
+          hostHomeHidden: runnable,
+          outsideMarkerHidden: runnable,
+          networkNamespace: runnable,
+          networkNamespaceChanged: runnable,
+          socketCreationDenied: runnable,
+        };
+      } catch {
+        return { runnable: false };
+      } finally {
+        for (const marker of [
+          workspaceMarker,
+          outsideMarker,
+          homeMarker,
+          devShmMarker,
+        ]) {
+          try {
+            runtime.fs.unlinkSync(marker);
+          } catch {
+            // Probe cleanup is best effort; a failed probe stays fail-closed.
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    return {
+      attestedContractDigest: contract.contractDigest,
+      attestContract: launchStaysBound,
+      attestFinal,
+      closeProbe: () => closeSet(probeFds),
+      cleanup,
+      supervisor: {
+        probeFd: supervisor.probeFd,
+        finalFd: supervisor.finalFd,
+        identity: supervisor.identity,
+        sha256: supervisorFinalDigest,
+        bytes: supervisorBytes,
+      },
+      workspace: {
+        probeFd: workspace.probeFd,
+        finalFd: workspace.finalFd,
+        identity: workspace.identity,
+        mountTopology: initialWorkspaceMountTopology,
+      },
+      system,
+      systemSymlinks,
+      etc,
+      seccomp,
+      target,
+      probe,
+    };
+  } catch (error) {
+    cleanup();
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Apply the generic strong backend. This function is called only by the Linux
+ * branch in platform-sandbox; all runtime overrides are internal test seams.
+ */
+export function applyLinuxGenericWorkspaceSandbox(
+  command,
+  args,
+  spawnOpts,
+  sandboxOpts,
+  runtimeOverrides = {},
+) {
+  const runtime = runtimeFor(runtimeOverrides);
+  const contract = sandboxOpts?.executionContract;
+  const requiredBoundaries = Array.isArray(sandboxOpts?.requiredBoundaries)
+    ? sandboxOpts.requiredBoundaries
+    : [];
+  const provenance = {
+    origin: spawnOpts?.origin || "unknown",
+    command,
+    args: [...(args || [])],
+    cwd: spawnOpts?.cwd || process.cwd(),
+    shell: spawnOpts?.shell,
+    sync: sandboxOpts?.sync === true,
+    stdio: spawnOpts?.stdio,
+    requiredBoundaries,
+  };
+  let resources;
+  try {
+    resources = createTrustedResources(
+      contract,
+      command,
+      args || [],
+      spawnOpts || {},
+      sandboxOpts || {},
+      runtime,
+    );
+  } catch (error) {
+    const preflightFailure =
+      error?.code === "LINUX_GENERIC_BWRAP_UNAVAILABLE"
+        ? "linux_generic_bwrap_unavailable"
+        : "linux_generic_resources_unattested";
+    return planLinuxGenericBubblewrap(
+      {
+        contract,
+        provenance,
+        resources: null,
+        environment: spawnOpts?.env || process.env,
+        spawnOptions: spawnOpts,
+        preflightFailure,
+      },
+      { platform: runtime.platform },
+    );
+  }
+  return planLinuxGenericBubblewrap(
+    {
+      contract,
+      provenance,
+      resources,
+      environment: spawnOpts?.env || process.env,
+      spawnOptions: spawnOpts,
+      probe: resources.probe,
+    },
+    { platform: runtime.platform },
+  );
+}
+
+export function isLinuxGenericWorkspaceContract(contract) {
+  return (
+    contract?.contractVersion === 1 &&
+    contract?.kind === LINUX_GENERIC_CONTRACT_KIND &&
+    typeof contract?.contractDigest === "string" &&
+    contract?.workspaceRoot?.startsWith("/") &&
+    contract?.workingDirectory?.startsWith("/")
+  );
+}
+
+export { LINUX_GENERIC_BWRAP_BACKEND };