ccjk 16.0.7 → 16.3.0

package/templates/common/workflow/refactoringMaster/zh-CN/refactoring-master.md

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+---
+description: 重构大师模式 - 基于 Martin Fowler 重构模式，小步快跑改善代码设计，降低技术债务
+allowed-tools: Read(**), Write(**), Exec(npm test, npm run lint, git diff)
+argument-hint: [--pattern <pattern-name>] [--scope <file|module|system>] [--safe-mode]
+# examples:
+#   - /refactoring-master                           # 启动重构流程
+#   - /refactoring-master --pattern extract-method  # 应用特定重构模式
+#   - /refactoring-master --safe-mode               # 安全模式（每步运行测试）
+---
+
+# Refactoring Master Mode
+
+基于 Martin Fowler 的《重构：改善既有代码的设计》（第 2 版），系统化地改善代码质量。
+
+---
+
+## 核心理念
+
+**重构（Refactoring）**：在不改变代码外部行为的前提下，改善代码内部结构。
+
+**关键原则**：
+1. **小步前进**：每次只做一个小改动
+2. **测试保护**：重构前后测试必须通过
+3. **持续集成**：频繁提交，避免大规模合并冲突
+4. **识别坏味道**：系统化识别需要重构的代码
+5. **应用模式**：使用经过验证的重构手法
+
+---
+
+## Refactoring Workflow
+
+### Phase 1: Code Smell Detection（识别代码坏味道）
+
+**目标**：系统化识别需要改进的代码
+
+#### 常见代码坏味道
+
+##### 1. 神秘命名（Mysterious Name）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 命名不清晰
+function calc(a: number, b: number): number {
+  return a * b * 0.9
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 清晰表达意图
+function calculateDiscountedPrice(originalPrice: number, quantity: number): number {
+  const DISCOUNT_RATE = 0.9
+  return originalPrice * quantity * DISCOUNT_RATE
+}
+```
+
+##### 2. 重复代码（Duplicated Code）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 重复的验证逻辑
+function createUser(data: UserData) {
+  if (!data.email || !data.email.includes('@')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid email')
+  }
+  if (!data.password || data.password.length < 8) {
+    throw new Error('Password too short')
+  }
+  // ...
+}
+
+function updateUser(id: string, data: UserData) {
+  if (!data.email || !data.email.includes('@')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid email')
+  }
+  if (!data.password || data.password.length < 8) {
+    throw new Error('Password too short')
+  }
+  // ...
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 提取共同验证逻辑
+function validateUserData(data: UserData) {
+  if (!data.email || !data.email.includes('@')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid email')
+  }
+  if (!data.password || data.password.length < 8) {
+    throw new Error('Password too short')
+  }
+}
+
+function createUser(data: UserData) {
+  validateUserData(data)
+  // ...
+}
+
+function updateUser(id: string, data: UserData) {
+  validateUserData(data)
+  // ...
+}
+```
+
+##### 3. 过长函数（Long Function）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 100+ 行的函数
+function processOrder(order: Order) {
+  // 验证订单（20 行）
+  // 计算价格（30 行）
+  // 检查库存（25 行）
+  // 创建发货单（20 行）
+  // 发送通知（15 行）
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 拆分为多个小函数
+function processOrder(order: Order) {
+  validateOrder(order)
+  const totalPrice = calculateTotalPrice(order)
+  checkInventory(order.items)
+  createShipment(order)
+  sendNotifications(order)
+}
+```
+
+##### 4. 过长参数列表（Long Parameter List）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 6 个参数
+function createInvoice(
+  customerId: string,
+  customerName: string,
+  customerEmail: string,
+  items: Item[],
+  discount: number,
+  taxRate: number
+) { }
+
+// ✅ Good: 使用对象参数
+interface InvoiceParams {
+  customer: {
+    id: string
+    name: string
+    email: string
+  }
+  items: Item[]
+  pricing: {
+    discount: number
+    taxRate: number
+  }
+}
+
+function createInvoice(params: InvoiceParams) { }
+```
+
+##### 5. 发散式变化（Divergent Change）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 一个类承担多种变化原因
+class User {
+  // 用户数据管理
+  updateProfile() { }
+  changePassword() { }
+
+  // 权限管理
+  grantPermission() { }
+  revokePermission() { }
+
+  // 通知管理
+  sendEmail() { }
+  sendSMS() { }
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 按职责分离
+class User {
+  updateProfile() { }
+  changePassword() { }
+}
+
+class UserPermissions {
+  grant() { }
+  revoke() { }
+}
+
+class UserNotifications {
+  sendEmail() { }
+  sendSMS() { }
+}
+```
+
+##### 6. 霰弹式修改（Shotgun Surgery）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 修改一个功能需要改多个文件
+// file1.ts
+const TAX_RATE = 0.08
+
+// file2.ts
+const TAX_RATE = 0.08
+
+// file3.ts
+const TAX_RATE = 0.08
+
+// ✅ Good: 集中配置
+// config.ts
+export const TAX_RATE = 0.08
+
+// file1.ts, file2.ts, file3.ts
+import { TAX_RATE } from './config'
+```
+
+##### 7. 依恋情结（Feature Envy）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 函数过度使用另一个类的数据
+class Order {
+  calculateTotal(customer: Customer) {
+    let total = this.basePrice
+    if (customer.loyaltyLevel === 'gold') {
+      total *= 0.9
+    } else if (customer.loyaltyLevel === 'silver') {
+      total *= 0.95
+    }
+    return total
+  }
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 将逻辑移到数据所在的类
+class Customer {
+  getDiscountRate(): number {
+    if (this.loyaltyLevel === 'gold') return 0.9
+    if (this.loyaltyLevel === 'silver') return 0.95
+    return 1.0
+  }
+}
+
+class Order {
+  calculateTotal(customer: Customer) {
+    return this.basePrice * customer.getDiscountRate()
+  }
+}
+```
+
+##### 8. 数据泥团（Data Clumps）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 总是一起出现的数据
+function createAddress(street: string, city: string, zipCode: string) { }
+function validateAddress(street: string, city: string, zipCode: string) { }
+function formatAddress(street: string, city: string, zipCode: string) { }
+
+// ✅ Good: 封装为对象
+interface Address {
+  street: string
+  city: string
+  zipCode: string
+}
+
+function createAddress(address: Address) { }
+function validateAddress(address: Address) { }
+function formatAddress(address: Address) { }
+```
+
+##### 9. 基本类型偏执（Primitive Obsession）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 使用基本类型表示领域概念
+function sendEmail(email: string) {
+  // 每次都要验证
+  if (!email.includes('@')) {
+    throw new Error('Invalid email')
+  }
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 使用值对象
+class Email {
+  private constructor(private readonly value: string) {
+    if (!value.includes('@')) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid email')
+    }
+  }
+
+  static create(value: string): Email {
+    return new Email(value)
+  }
+
+  toString(): string {
+    return this.value
+  }
+}
+
+function sendEmail(email: Email) {
+  // 不需要验证，类型系统保证有效性
+}
+```
+
+##### 10. 过长的条件语句（Long Conditional）
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ Bad: 复杂的条件判断
+function getShippingCost(order: Order): number {
+  if (order.total > 100 && order.customer.isPremium && order.destination === 'domestic') {
+    return 0
+  } else if (order.total > 50 && order.customer.isPremium) {
+    return 5
+  } else if (order.destination === 'international') {
+    return 20
+  } else {
+    return 10
+  }
+}
+
+// ✅ Good: 使用策略模式
+interface ShippingStrategy {
+  calculate(order: Order): number
+}
+
+class FreeShipping implements ShippingStrategy {
+  calculate(order: Order): number {
+    return 0
+  }
+}
+
+class StandardShipping implements ShippingStrategy {
+  calculate(order: Order): number {
+    return order.destination === 'international' ? 20 : 10
+  }
+}
+
+class ShippingCalculator {
+  calculate(order: Order): number {
+    const strategy = this.selectStrategy(order)
+    return strategy.calculate(order)
+  }
+
+  private selectStrategy(order: Order): ShippingStrategy {
+    if (this.qualifiesForFreeShipping(order)) {
+      return new FreeShipping()
+    }
+    return new StandardShipping()
+  }
+
+  private qualifiesForFreeShipping(order: Order): boolean {
+    return order.total > 100 &&
+           order.customer.isPremium &&
+           order.destination === 'domestic'
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+### Phase 2: Refactoring Catalog（重构手法目录）
+
+#### 提取函数（Extract Function）
+
+**时机**：函数过长，或需要注释才能理解的代码块
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+function printOwing(invoice: Invoice) {
+  let outstanding = 0
+
+  console.log('***********************')
+  console.log('**** Customer Owes ****')
+  console.log('***********************')
+
+  // calculate outstanding
+  for (const order of invoice.orders) {
+    outstanding += order.amount
+  }
+
+  // record due date
+  const today = new Date()
+  invoice.dueDate = new Date(today.getFullYear(), today.getMonth(), today.getDate() + 30)
+
+  // print details
+  console.log(`name: ${invoice.customer}`)
+  console.log(`amount: ${outstanding}`)
+  console.log(`due: ${invoice.dueDate.toLocaleDateString()}`)
+}
+
+// After
+function printOwing(invoice: Invoice) {
+  printBanner()
+  const outstanding = calculateOutstanding(invoice)
+  recordDueDate(invoice)
+  printDetails(invoice, outstanding)
+}
+
+function printBanner() {
+  console.log('***********************')
+  console.log('**** Customer Owes ****')
+  console.log('***********************')
+}
+
+function calculateOutstanding(invoice: Invoice): number {
+  return invoice.orders.reduce((sum, order) => sum + order.amount, 0)
+}
+
+function recordDueDate(invoice: Invoice) {
+  const today = new Date()
+  invoice.dueDate = new Date(today.getFullYear(), today.getMonth(), today.getDate() + 30)
+}
+
+function printDetails(invoice: Invoice, outstanding: number) {
+  console.log(`name: ${invoice.customer}`)
+  console.log(`amount: ${outstanding}`)
+  console.log(`due: ${invoice.dueDate.toLocaleDateString()}`)
+}
+```
+
+#### 内联函数（Inline Function）
+
+**时机**：函数体和函数名一样清晰，或函数过度拆分
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+function getRating(driver: Driver): number {
+  return moreThanFiveLateDeliveries(driver) ? 2 : 1
+}
+
+function moreThanFiveLateDeliveries(driver: Driver): boolean {
+  return driver.numberOfLateDeliveries > 5
+}
+
+// After
+function getRating(driver: Driver): number {
+  return driver.numberOfLateDeliveries > 5 ? 2 : 1
+}
+```
+
+#### 提取变量（Extract Variable）
+
+**时机**：表达式复杂难懂
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+function price(order: Order): number {
+  return order.quantity * order.itemPrice -
+    Math.max(0, order.quantity - 500) * order.itemPrice * 0.05 +
+    Math.min(order.quantity * order.itemPrice * 0.1, 100)
+}
+
+// After
+function price(order: Order): number {
+  const basePrice = order.quantity * order.itemPrice
+  const quantityDiscount = Math.max(0, order.quantity - 500) * order.itemPrice * 0.05
+  const shipping = Math.min(basePrice * 0.1, 100)
+  return basePrice - quantityDiscount + shipping
+}
+```
+
+#### 引入参数对象（Introduce Parameter Object）
+
+**时机**：多个参数总是一起出现
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+function amountInvoiced(startDate: Date, endDate: Date) { }
+function amountReceived(startDate: Date, endDate: Date) { }
+function amountOverdue(startDate: Date, endDate: Date) { }
+
+// After
+class DateRange {
+  constructor(
+    public readonly start: Date,
+    public readonly end: Date
+  ) { }
+}
+
+function amountInvoiced(dateRange: DateRange) { }
+function amountReceived(dateRange: DateRange) { }
+function amountOverdue(dateRange: DateRange) { }
+```
+
+#### 以多态取代条件表达式（Replace Conditional with Polymorphism）
+
+**时机**：根据类型码进行条件判断
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+class Bird {
+  constructor(public type: string) { }
+
+  getSpeed(): number {
+    switch (this.type) {
+      case 'european':
+        return 35
+      case 'african':
+        return 40
+      case 'norwegian-blue':
+        return this.isNailed ? 0 : 10
+      default:
+        throw new Error('Unknown bird type')
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// After
+abstract class Bird {
+  abstract getSpeed(): number
+}
+
+class EuropeanBird extends Bird {
+  getSpeed(): number {
+    return 35
+  }
+}
+
+class AfricanBird extends Bird {
+  getSpeed(): number {
+    return 40
+  }
+}
+
+class NorwegianBlueBird extends Bird {
+  constructor(private isNailed: boolean) {
+    super()
+  }
+
+  getSpeed(): number {
+    return this.isNailed ? 0 : 10
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### 拆分循环（Split Loop）
+
+**时机**：一个循环做多件事
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+let youngest = people[0] ? people[0].age : Infinity
+let totalSalary = 0
+for (const person of people) {
+  if (person.age < youngest) youngest = person.age
+  totalSalary += person.salary
+}
+
+// After
+let youngest = people[0] ? people[0].age : Infinity
+for (const person of people) {
+  if (person.age < youngest) youngest = person.age
+}
+
+let totalSalary = 0
+for (const person of people) {
+  totalSalary += person.salary
+}
+
+// Better: 使用函数式编程
+const youngest = Math.min(...people.map(p => p.age))
+const totalSalary = people.reduce((sum, p) => sum + p.salary, 0)
+```
+
+#### 移除死代码（Remove Dead Code）
+
+**时机**：代码不再被使用
+
+```typescript
+// Before
+function oldFeature() {
+  // 这个功能已经被新版本替代
+  // 但代码还在这里
+}
+
+function newFeature() {
+  // 新实现
+}
+
+// After
+function newFeature() {
+  // 新实现
+}
+// 直接删除 oldFeature，版本控制系统会保留历史
+```
+
+---
+
+### Phase 3: Safe Refactoring Process（安全重构流程）
+
+#### 步骤 1: 确保测试覆盖
+
+```bash
+# 运行测试，确保当前代码正常工作
+npm test
+
+# 检查覆盖率
+npm run coverage
+
+# 如果覆盖率不足，先补充测试
+```
+
+#### 步骤 2: 小步重构
+
+```typescript
+// 每次只做一个小改动
+// 例如：先提取变量
+const basePrice = order.quantity * order.itemPrice
+
+// 运行测试
+npm test  // ✅ 通过
+
+// 再提取下一个变量
+const quantityDiscount = Math.max(0, order.quantity - 500) * order.itemPrice * 0.05
+
+// 再次运行测试
+npm test  // ✅ 通过
+```
+
+#### 步骤 3: 频繁提交
+
+```bash
+# 每完成一个小重构就提交
+git add .
+git commit -m "refactor: extract basePrice variable"
+
+# 继续下一个重构
+# ...
+
+git commit -m "refactor: extract quantityDiscount variable"
+```
+
+#### 步骤 4: 使用 IDE 自动重构
+
+```typescript
+// 使用 IDE 的重构功能（更安全）
+// - Rename Symbol (F2)
+// - Extract Method
+// - Extract Variable
+// - Inline Variable
+// - Move to File
+```
+
+---
+
+### Phase 4: Refactoring Patterns（重构模式）
+
+#### 模式 1: 分层架构重构
+
+```typescript
+// Before: 所有逻辑混在一起
+app.post('/users', async (req, res) => {
+  // 验证
+  if (!req.body.email || !req.body.email.includes('@')) {
+    return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid email' })
+  }
+
+  // 业务逻辑
+  const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(req.body.password, 10)
+  const user = {
+    email: req.body.email,
+    password: hashedPassword,
+    createdAt: new Date()
+  }
+
+  // 数据访问
+  await db.collection('users').insertOne(user)
+
+  res.json({ id: user._id })
+})
+
+// After: 分层架构
+// Controller Layer
+class UserController {
+  async create(req: Request, res: Response) {
+    const dto = CreateUserDto.from(req.body)
+    const user = await this.userService.create(dto)
+    res.json({ id: user.id })
+  }
+}
+
+// Service Layer
+class UserService {
+  async create(dto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
+    const hashedPassword = await this.passwordHasher.hash(dto.password)
+    const user = User.create(dto.email, hashedPassword)
+    return await this.userRepository.save(user)
+  }
+}
+
+// Repository Layer
+class UserRepository {
+  async save(user: User): Promise<User> {
+    await this.db.collection('users').insertOne(user)
+    return user
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### 模式 2: 依赖注入重构
+
+```typescript
+// Before: 硬编码依赖
+class OrderService {
+  processOrder(order: Order) {
+    const payment = new PaymentService()  // 硬编码
+    const shipping = new ShippingService()  // 硬编码
+    payment.charge(order.total)
+    shipping.ship(order)
+  }
+}
+
+// After: 依赖注入
+class OrderService {
+  constructor(
+    private paymentService: PaymentService,
+    private shippingService: ShippingService
+  ) { }
+
+  processOrder(order: Order) {
+    this.paymentService.charge(order.total)
+    this.shippingService.ship(order)
+  }
+}
+
+// 便于测试
+const mockPayment = new MockPaymentService()
+const mockShipping = new MockShippingService()
+const service = new OrderService(mockPayment, mockShipping)
+```
+
+#### 模式 3: 领域模型重构
+
+```typescript
+// Before: 贫血模型
+interface User {
+  id: string
+  email: string
+  password: string
+  createdAt: Date
+}
+
+function changePassword(user: User, newPassword: string) {
+  if (newPassword.length < 8) {
+    throw new Error('Password too short')
+  }
+  user.password = hashPassword(newPassword)
+}
+
+// After: 充血模型
+class User {
+  private constructor(
+    public readonly id: string,
+    public readonly email: Email,
+    private password: HashedPassword,
+    public readonly createdAt: Date
+  ) { }
+
+  changePassword(newPassword: string) {
+    const hashed = HashedPassword.create(newPassword)
+    this.password = hashed
+  }
+
+  verifyPassword(password: string): boolean {
+    return this.password.verify(password)
+  }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Refactoring Checklist
+
+### 重构前
+
+- [ ] 代码有足够的测试覆盖
+- [ ] 所有测试都通过
+- [ ] 代码已提交到版本控制
+- [ ] 理解要重构的代码
+- [ ] 确定重构目标
+
+### 重构中
+
+- [ ] 每次只做一个小改动
+- [ ] 每次改动后运行测试
+- [ ] 保持测试绿色
+- [ ] 频繁提交
+- [ ] 使用 IDE 自动重构功能
+
+### 重构后
+
+- [ ] 所有测试通过
+- [ ] 代码更易理解
+- [ ] 代码更易修改
+- [ ] 没有引入新的 bug
+- [ ] 性能没有明显下降
+
+---
+
+## Command Options
+
+- `--pattern <name>`：应用特定重构模式
+- `--scope <file|module|system>`：重构范围
+- `--safe-mode`：每步都运行测试
+- `--dry-run`：预览重构效果
+
+---
+
+## Success Metrics
+
+- ✅ 代码复杂度降低 30%
+- ✅ 代码重复率 < 5%
+- ✅ 平均函数长度 < 20 行
+- ✅ 技术债务减少 60%
+- ✅ 新功能开发速度提升 40%
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- Martin Fowler - *Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code* (2nd Edition)
+- Robert C. Martin - *Clean Code*
+- Joshua Kerievsky - *Refactoring to Patterns*
+- Michael Feathers - *Working Effectively with Legacy Code*