ccjk 14.2.2 → 15.0.0

package/templates/skills/testing-best-practices.md

@@ -1,1315 +0,0 @@
----
-name: testing-best-practices
-description: TDD workflow, test organization, mocking strategies, and comprehensive testing approaches
-description_zh: TDD 工作流、测试组织、模拟策略和全面测试方法
-version: 1.0.0
-category: testing
-triggers: ['/testing-best-practices', '/tdd', '/testing', '/test-patterns']
-use_when:
-  - Implementing test-driven development workflows
-  - Organizing test suites and improving test coverage
-  - Setting up mocking and testing strategies
-  - Code review for testing practices
-use_when_zh:
-  - 实现测试驱动开发工作流
-  - 组织测试套件和提高测试覆盖率
-  - 设置模拟和测试策略
-  - 测试实践代码审查
-auto_activate: true
-priority: 8
-agents: [testing-expert, qa-engineer]
-tags: [testing, tdd, mocking, coverage, quality-assurance]
----
-
-# Testing Best Practices | 测试最佳实践
-
-## Context | 上下文
-
-Use this skill when implementing comprehensive testing strategies, following TDD principles, and ensuring high-quality code through effective testing practices. Essential for maintainable and reliable software development.
-
-在实现全面测试策略、遵循 TDD 原则并通过有效测试实践确保高质量代码时使用此技能。对于可维护和可靠的软件开发至关重要。
-
-## Test-Driven Development (TDD) | 测试驱动开发
-
-### 1. TDD Cycle: Red-Green-Refactor | TDD 循环：红-绿-重构
-
-```javascript
-// ✅ Good: TDD Example - Building a Calculator
-
-// Step 1: RED - Write failing test first
-describe('Calculator', () => {
-  describe('add', () => {
-    it('should add two positive numbers', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      const result = calculator.add(2, 3);
-      expect(result).toBe(5);
-    });
-
-    it('should handle negative numbers', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      const result = calculator.add(-2, 3);
-      expect(result).toBe(1);
-    });
-
-    it('should handle zero', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      const result = calculator.add(0, 5);
-      expect(result).toBe(5);
-    });
-
-    it('should handle decimal numbers', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      const result = calculator.add(0.1, 0.2);
-      expect(result).toBeCloseTo(0.3);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('divide', () => {
-    it('should divide two numbers', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      const result = calculator.divide(10, 2);
-      expect(result).toBe(5);
-    });
-
-    it('should throw error when dividing by zero', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      expect(() => calculator.divide(10, 0)).toThrow('Division by zero');
-    });
-
-    it('should handle decimal division', () => {
-      const calculator = new Calculator();
-      const result = calculator.divide(1, 3);
-      expect(result).toBeCloseTo(0.333, 3);
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// Step 2: GREEN - Write minimal code to make tests pass
-class Calculator {
-  add(a, b) {
-    return a + b;
-  }
-
-  divide(a, b) {
-    if (b === 0) {
-      throw new Error('Division by zero');
-    }
-    return a / b;
-  }
-}
-
-// Step 3: REFACTOR - Improve code while keeping tests green
-class Calculator {
-  add(a, b) {
-    this._validateNumbers(a, b);
-    return a + b;
-  }
-
-  subtract(a, b) {
-    this._validateNumbers(a, b);
-    return a - b;
-  }
-
-  multiply(a, b) {
-    this._validateNumbers(a, b);
-    return a * b;
-  }
-
-  divide(a, b) {
-    this._validateNumbers(a, b);
-    if (b === 0) {
-      throw new Error('Division by zero');
-    }
-    return a / b;
-  }
-
-  _validateNumbers(...numbers) {
-    for (const num of numbers) {
-      if (typeof num !== 'number' || isNaN(num)) {
-        throw new Error('Invalid number provided');
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// ✅ Good: TDD for User Service
-describe('UserService', () => {
-  let userService;
-  let mockRepository;
-
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    mockRepository = {
-      findById: jest.fn(),
-      save: jest.fn(),
-      findByEmail: jest.fn(),
-    };
-    userService = new UserService(mockRepository);
-  });
-
-  describe('createUser', () => {
-    it('should create a user with valid data', async () => {
-      // Arrange
-      const userData = {
-        name: 'John Doe',
-        email: 'john@example.com',
-        age: 30
-      };
-      const expectedUser = { id: 1, ...userData };
-
-      mockRepository.findByEmail.mockResolvedValue(null);
-      mockRepository.save.mockResolvedValue(expectedUser);
-
-      // Act
-      const result = await userService.createUser(userData);
-
-      // Assert
-      expect(result).toEqual(expectedUser);
-      expect(mockRepository.findByEmail).toHaveBeenCalledWith('john@example.com');
-      expect(mockRepository.save).toHaveBeenCalledWith(userData);
-    });
-
-    it('should throw error if email already exists', async () => {
-      // Arrange
-      const userData = {
-        name: 'John Doe',
-        email: 'john@example.com',
-        age: 30
-      };
-      const existingUser = { id: 2, ...userData };
-
-      mockRepository.findByEmail.mockResolvedValue(existingUser);
-
-      // Act & Assert
-      await expect(userService.createUser(userData))
-        .rejects
-        .toThrow('Email already exists');
-
-      expect(mockRepository.save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    });
-
-    it('should validate required fields', async () => {
-      // Arrange
-      const invalidUserData = {
-        name: '',
-        email: 'john@example.com',
-        age: 30
-      };
-
-      // Act & Assert
-      await expect(userService.createUser(invalidUserData))
-        .rejects
-        .toThrow('Name is required');
-
-      expect(mockRepository.findByEmail).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-      expect(mockRepository.save).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// Implementation following TDD
-class UserService {
-  constructor(repository) {
-    this.repository = repository;
-  }
-
-  async createUser(userData) {
-    // Validation
-    if (!userData.name || userData.name.trim() === '') {
-      throw new Error('Name is required');
-    }
-
-    if (!userData.email || !this._isValidEmail(userData.email)) {
-      throw new Error('Valid email is required');
-    }
-
-    if (!userData.age || userData.age < 0) {
-      throw new Error('Valid age is required');
-    }
-
-    // Check for existing user
-    const existingUser = await this.repository.findByEmail(userData.email);
-    if (existingUser) {
-      throw new Error('Email already exists');
-    }
-
-    // Save user
-    return await this.repository.save(userData);
-  }
-
-  _isValidEmail(email) {
-    const emailRegex = /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/;
-    return emailRegex.test(email);
-  }
-}
-```
-
-### 2. Test Organization and Structure | 测试组织和结构
-
-```javascript
-// ✅ Good: Well-organized test structure
-
-// tests/unit/services/UserService.test.js
-describe('UserService', () => {
-  // Setup and teardown
-  let userService;
-  let mockRepository;
-  let mockEmailService;
-  let mockLogger;
-
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    // Fresh mocks for each test
-    mockRepository = createMockRepository();
-    mockEmailService = createMockEmailService();
-    mockLogger = createMockLogger();
-
-    userService = new UserService(mockRepository, mockEmailService, mockLogger);
-  });
-
-  afterEach(() => {
-    // Cleanup if needed
-    jest.clearAllMocks();
-  });
-
-  // Group related tests
-  describe('User Creation', () => {
-    describe('when valid data is provided', () => {
-      it('should create user successfully', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should send welcome email', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should log user creation', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-    });
-
-    describe('when invalid data is provided', () => {
-      it('should reject empty name', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should reject invalid email format', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should reject negative age', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-    });
-
-    describe('when email already exists', () => {
-      it('should throw appropriate error', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should not send welcome email', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('User Retrieval', () => {
-    describe('when user exists', () => {
-      it('should return user data', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should not include sensitive data', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-    });
-
-    describe('when user does not exist', () => {
-      it('should return null', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-
-      it('should log access attempt', async () => {
-        // Test implementation
-      });
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// ✅ Good: Test helpers and utilities
-// tests/helpers/mockFactories.js
-export function createMockRepository() {
-  return {
-    findById: jest.fn(),
-    findByEmail: jest.fn(),
-    save: jest.fn(),
-    update: jest.fn(),
-    delete: jest.fn(),
-  };
-}
-
-export function createMockEmailService() {
-  return {
-    sendWelcomeEmail: jest.fn(),
-    sendPasswordResetEmail: jest.fn(),
-  };
-}
-
-export function createMockLogger() {
-  return {
-    info: jest.fn(),
-    warn: jest.fn(),
-    error: jest.fn(),
-  };
-}
-
-// tests/helpers/testData.js
-export const validUserData = {
-  name: 'John Doe',
-  email: 'john@example.com',
-  age: 30,
-};
-
-export const invalidUserData = {
-  emptyName: { ...validUserData, name: '' },
-  invalidEmail: { ...validUserData, email: 'invalid-email' },
-  negativeAge: { ...validUserData, age: -5 },
-};
-
-export function createUser(overrides = {}) {
-  return {
-    id: 1,
-    ...validUserData,
-    createdAt: new Date(),
-    updatedAt: new Date(),
-    ...overrides,
-  };
-}
-
-// ✅ Good: Custom matchers for better assertions
-// tests/helpers/customMatchers.js
-expect.extend({
-  toBeValidUser(received) {
-    const pass = received &&
-      typeof received.id === 'number' &&
-      typeof received.name === 'string' &&
-      typeof received.email === 'string' &&
-      received.email.includes('@') &&
-      typeof received.age === 'number' &&
-      received.age >= 0;
-
-    if (pass) {
-      return {
-        message: () => `expected ${received} not to be a valid user`,
-        pass: true,
-      };
-    } else {
-      return {
-        message: () => `expected ${received} to be a valid user`,
-        pass: false,
-      };
-    }
-  },
-
-  toHaveBeenCalledWithValidUser(received) {
-    const calls = received.mock.calls;
-    const pass = calls.some(call => {
-      const user = call[0];
-      return user && typeof user.name === 'string' && user.name.length > 0;
-    });
-
-    return {
-      message: () => pass
-        ? `expected function not to have been called with valid user`
-        : `expected function to have been called with valid user`,
-      pass,
-    };
-  },
-});
-```
-
-## Mocking and Test Doubles | 模拟和测试替身
-
-### 1. Mocking Strategies | 模拟策略
-
-```javascript
-// ✅ Good: Different types of test doubles
-
-// Dummy - objects passed around but never used
-class DummyLogger {
-  info() {}
-  warn() {}
-  error() {}
-}
-
-// Fake - working implementation with shortcuts
-class FakeUserRepository {
-  constructor() {
-    this.users = new Map();
-    this.nextId = 1;
-  }
-
-  async save(user) {
-    const id = this.nextId++;
-    const savedUser = { ...user, id };
-    this.users.set(id, savedUser);
-    return savedUser;
-  }
-
-  async findById(id) {
-    return this.users.get(id) || null;
-  }
-
-  async findByEmail(email) {
-    for (const user of this.users.values()) {
-      if (user.email === email) {
-        return user;
-      }
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  clear() {
-    this.users.clear();
-    this.nextId = 1;
-  }
-}
-
-// Stub - provides canned answers
-class StubEmailService {
-  constructor(shouldSucceed = true) {
-    this.shouldSucceed = shouldSucceed;
-    this.sentEmails = [];
-  }
-
-  async sendWelcomeEmail(user) {
-    this.sentEmails.push({
-      to: user.email,
-      type: 'welcome',
-      timestamp: new Date(),
-    });
-
-    if (!this.shouldSucceed) {
-      throw new Error('Email service unavailable');
-    }
-
-    return { messageId: 'fake-message-id' };
-  }
-
-  getSentEmails() {
-    return [...this.sentEmails];
-  }
-}
-
-// Mock - objects with expectations
-describe('UserService with different test doubles', () => {
-  describe('using Fake repository', () => {
-    let userService;
-    let fakeRepository;
-
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      fakeRepository = new FakeUserRepository();
-      userService = new UserService(fakeRepository, new DummyLogger());
-    });
-
-    afterEach(() => {
-      fakeRepository.clear();
-    });
-
-    it('should persist user data', async () => {
-      const userData = { name: 'John', email: 'john@example.com', age: 30 };
-
-      const createdUser = await userService.createUser(userData);
-      const retrievedUser = await userService.getUserById(createdUser.id);
-
-      expect(retrievedUser).toEqual(createdUser);
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('using Stub email service', () => {
-    let userService;
-    let stubEmailService;
-
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      stubEmailService = new StubEmailService();
-      userService = new UserService(
-        new FakeUserRepository(),
-        stubEmailService,
-        new DummyLogger()
-      );
-    });
-
-    it('should send welcome email on user creation', async () => {
-      const userData = { name: 'John', email: 'john@example.com', age: 30 };
-
-      await userService.createUser(userData);
-
-      const sentEmails = stubEmailService.getSentEmails();
-      expect(sentEmails).toHaveLength(1);
-      expect(sentEmails[0].to).toBe('john@example.com');
-      expect(sentEmails[0].type).toBe('welcome');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('using Mock with Jest', () => {
-    let userService;
-    let mockRepository;
-    let mockEmailService;
-
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      mockRepository = {
-        save: jest.fn(),
-        findById: jest.fn(),
-        findByEmail: jest.fn(),
-      };
-
-      mockEmailService = {
-        sendWelcomeEmail: jest.fn(),
-      };
-
-      userService = new UserService(mockRepository, mockEmailService);
-    });
-
-    it('should call repository and email service with correct parameters', async () => {
-      const userData = { name: 'John', email: 'john@example.com', age: 30 };
-      const savedUser = { id: 1, ...userData };
-
-      mockRepository.findByEmail.mockResolvedValue(null);
-      mockRepository.save.mockResolvedValue(savedUser);
-      mockEmailService.sendWelcomeEmail.mockResolvedValue({ messageId: 'test' });
-
-      await userService.createUser(userData);
-
-      expect(mockRepository.findByEmail).toHaveBeenCalledWith('john@example.com');
-      expect(mockRepository.save).toHaveBeenCalledWith(userData);
-      expect(mockEmailService.sendWelcomeEmail).toHaveBeenCalledWith(savedUser);
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// ✅ Good: Mocking external dependencies
-describe('WeatherService', () => {
-  let weatherService;
-  let mockHttpClient;
-
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    mockHttpClient = {
-      get: jest.fn(),
-    };
-    weatherService = new WeatherService(mockHttpClient);
-  });
-
-  it('should fetch weather data from API', async () => {
-    const mockWeatherData = {
-      temperature: 25,
-      humidity: 60,
-      conditions: 'sunny',
-    };
-
-    mockHttpClient.get.mockResolvedValue({
-      data: mockWeatherData,
-      status: 200,
-    });
-
-    const result = await weatherService.getCurrentWeather('New York');
-
-    expect(mockHttpClient.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      'https://api.weather.com/current',
-      { params: { city: 'New York' } }
-    );
-    expect(result).toEqual(mockWeatherData);
-  });
-
-  it('should handle API errors gracefully', async () => {
-    mockHttpClient.get.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Network error'));
-
-    await expect(weatherService.getCurrentWeather('New York'))
-      .rejects
-      .toThrow('Failed to fetch weather data');
-  });
-
-  it('should retry on temporary failures', async () => {
-    mockHttpClient.get
-      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Temporary error'))
-      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('Temporary error'))
-      .mockResolvedValue({ data: { temperature: 20 }, status: 200 });
-
-    const result = await weatherService.getCurrentWeather('London');
-
-    expect(mockHttpClient.get).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
-    expect(result.temperature).toBe(20);
-  });
-});
-```
-
-### 2. Integration Testing | 集成测试
-
-```javascript
-// ✅ Good: Integration tests with real dependencies
-
-// tests/integration/UserService.integration.test.js
-describe('UserService Integration Tests', () => {
-  let userService;
-  let database;
-  let emailService;
-
-  beforeAll(async () => {
-    // Setup test database
-    database = await setupTestDatabase();
-    emailService = new EmailService({
-      provider: 'test',
-      apiKey: 'test-key',
-    });
-
-    userService = new UserService(
-      new UserRepository(database),
-      emailService,
-      new Logger({ level: 'silent' })
-    );
-  });
-
-  afterAll(async () => {
-    await teardownTestDatabase(database);
-  });
-
-  beforeEach(async () => {
-    await clearTestData(database);
-  });
-
-  describe('User lifecycle', () => {
-    it('should handle complete user creation flow', async () => {
-      const userData = {
-        name: 'Integration Test User',
-        email: 'integration@test.com',
-        age: 25,
-      };
-
-      // Create user
-      const createdUser = await userService.createUser(userData);
-      expect(createdUser.id).toBeDefined();
-      expect(createdUser.name).toBe(userData.name);
-
-      // Verify user exists in database
-      const retrievedUser = await userService.getUserById(createdUser.id);
-      expect(retrievedUser).toEqual(createdUser);
-
-      // Verify email was sent
-      const sentEmails = await emailService.getSentEmails();
-      expect(sentEmails).toHaveLength(1);
-      expect(sentEmails[0].to).toBe(userData.email);
-    });
-
-    it('should handle user update flow', async () => {
-      // Create user first
-      const user = await userService.createUser({
-        name: 'Original Name',
-        email: 'original@test.com',
-        age: 30,
-      });
-
-      // Update user
-      const updatedData = {
-        name: 'Updated Name',
-        age: 31,
-      };
-
-      const updatedUser = await userService.updateUser(user.id, updatedData);
-
-      expect(updatedUser.name).toBe('Updated Name');
-      expect(updatedUser.age).toBe(31);
-      expect(updatedUser.email).toBe('original@test.com'); // Unchanged
-
-      // Verify in database
-      const retrievedUser = await userService.getUserById(user.id);
-      expect(retrievedUser.name).toBe('Updated Name');
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('Error scenarios', () => {
-    it('should handle database connection failures', async () => {
-      // Simulate database failure
-      await database.close();
-
-      await expect(userService.createUser({
-        name: 'Test User',
-        email: 'test@example.com',
-        age: 25,
-      })).rejects.toThrow('Database connection failed');
-
-      // Restore connection for cleanup
-      database = await setupTestDatabase();
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// ✅ Good: API integration tests
-describe('User API Integration', () => {
-  let app;
-  let server;
-  let database;
-
-  beforeAll(async () => {
-    database = await setupTestDatabase();
-    app = createApp({ database });
-    server = app.listen(0); // Random port
-  });
-
-  afterAll(async () => {
-    await server.close();
-    await teardownTestDatabase(database);
-  });
-
-  beforeEach(async () => {
-    await clearTestData(database);
-  });
-
-  describe('POST /users', () => {
-    it('should create user via API', async () => {
-      const userData = {
-        name: 'API Test User',
-        email: 'api@test.com',
-        age: 28,
-      };
-
-      const response = await request(app)
-        .post('/users')
-        .send(userData)
-        .expect(201);
-
-      expect(response.body.user.name).toBe(userData.name);
-      expect(response.body.user.id).toBeDefined();
-
-      // Verify in database
-      const user = await database.users.findById(response.body.user.id);
-      expect(user).toBeTruthy();
-    });
-
-    it('should return validation errors', async () => {
-      const invalidData = {
-        name: '',
-        email: 'invalid-email',
-        age: -5,
-      };
-
-      const response = await request(app)
-        .post('/users')
-        .send(invalidData)
-        .expect(400);
-
-      expect(response.body.errors).toHaveLength(3);
-      expect(response.body.errors).toContainEqual({
-        field: 'name',
-        message: 'Name is required',
-      });
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('GET /users/:id', () => {
-    it('should retrieve user by ID', async () => {
-      // Create user first
-      const user = await database.users.create({
-        name: 'Retrieve Test User',
-        email: 'retrieve@test.com',
-        age: 35,
-      });
-
-      const response = await request(app)
-        .get(`/users/${user.id}`)
-        .expect(200);
-
-      expect(response.body.user.name).toBe(user.name);
-      expect(response.body.user.email).toBe(user.email);
-    });
-
-    it('should return 404 for non-existent user', async () => {
-      const response = await request(app)
-        .get('/users/999999')
-        .expect(404);
-
-      expect(response.body.error).toBe('User not found');
-    });
-  });
-});
-```
-
-## Test Coverage and Quality | 测试覆盖率和质量
-
-### 1. Coverage Strategies | 覆盖率策略
-
-```javascript
-// ✅ Good: Comprehensive test coverage
-
-// jest.config.js
-module.exports = {
-  collectCoverage: true,
-  coverageDirectory: 'coverage',
-  coverageReporters: ['text', 'lcov', 'html'],
-  coverageThreshold: {
-    global: {
-      branches: 80,
-      functions: 80,
-      lines: 80,
-      statements: 80,
-    },
-    './src/services/': {
-      branches: 90,
-      functions: 90,
-      lines: 90,
-      statements: 90,
-    },
-  },
-  collectCoverageFrom: [
-    'src/**/*.{js,jsx}',
-    '!src/**/*.test.{js,jsx}',
-    '!src/index.js',
-    '!src/config/*.js',
-  ],
-};
-
-// ✅ Good: Testing edge cases and error paths
-describe('PaymentProcessor', () => {
-  let paymentProcessor;
-  let mockPaymentGateway;
-
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    mockPaymentGateway = {
-      processPayment: jest.fn(),
-      refundPayment: jest.fn(),
-    };
-    paymentProcessor = new PaymentProcessor(mockPaymentGateway);
-  });
-
-  describe('processPayment', () => {
-    // Happy path
-    it('should process valid payment successfully', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 100.00,
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      mockPaymentGateway.processPayment.mockResolvedValue({
-        transactionId: 'txn_123',
-        status: 'success',
-      });
-
-      const result = await paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData);
-
-      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
-      expect(result.transactionId).toBe('txn_123');
-    });
-
-    // Edge cases
-    it('should handle minimum payment amount', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 0.01, // Minimum amount
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      mockPaymentGateway.processPayment.mockResolvedValue({
-        transactionId: 'txn_124',
-        status: 'success',
-      });
-
-      const result = await paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData);
-      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it('should reject zero amount', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 0,
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      await expect(paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData))
-        .rejects
-        .toThrow('Amount must be greater than zero');
-    });
-
-    it('should handle expired card', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 100.00,
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 1,
-        expiryYear: 2020, // Expired
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      await expect(paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData))
-        .rejects
-        .toThrow('Card has expired');
-    });
-
-    // Error paths
-    it('should handle gateway timeout', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 100.00,
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      mockPaymentGateway.processPayment.mockRejectedValue(
-        new Error('Gateway timeout')
-      );
-
-      const result = await paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData);
-
-      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
-      expect(result.error).toBe('Payment processing failed');
-    });
-
-    it('should handle insufficient funds', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 100.00,
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4000000000000002', // Declined card
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      mockPaymentGateway.processPayment.mockResolvedValue({
-        status: 'declined',
-        reason: 'insufficient_funds',
-      });
-
-      const result = await paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData);
-
-      expect(result.success).toBe(false);
-      expect(result.reason).toBe('insufficient_funds');
-    });
-
-    // Boundary conditions
-    it('should handle maximum payment amount', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 999999.99, // Maximum amount
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      mockPaymentGateway.processPayment.mockResolvedValue({
-        transactionId: 'txn_125',
-        status: 'success',
-      });
-
-      const result = await paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData);
-      expect(result.success).toBe(true);
-    });
-
-    it('should reject amount exceeding maximum', async () => {
-      const paymentData = {
-        amount: 1000000.00, // Exceeds maximum
-        currency: 'USD',
-        cardNumber: '4111111111111111',
-        expiryMonth: 12,
-        expiryYear: 2025,
-        cvv: '123',
-      };
-
-      await expect(paymentProcessor.processPayment(paymentData))
-        .rejects
-        .toThrow('Amount exceeds maximum limit');
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// ✅ Good: Property-based testing for comprehensive coverage
-const fc = require('fast-check');
-
-describe('StringUtils', () => {
-  describe('reverse', () => {
-    it('should reverse any string correctly', () => {
-      fc.assert(fc.property(fc.string(), (str) => {
-        const reversed = StringUtils.reverse(str);
-        const doubleReversed = StringUtils.reverse(reversed);
-        return doubleReversed === str;
-      }));
-    });
-
-    it('should maintain string length', () => {
-      fc.assert(fc.property(fc.string(), (str) => {
-        const reversed = StringUtils.reverse(str);
-        return reversed.length === str.length;
-      }));
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('isPalindrome', () => {
-    it('should correctly identify palindromes', () => {
-      fc.assert(fc.property(fc.string(), (str) => {
-        const palindrome = str + StringUtils.reverse(str);
-        return StringUtils.isPalindrome(palindrome);
-      }));
-    });
-  });
-});
-```
-
-### 2. Performance and Load Testing | 性能和负载测试
-
-```javascript
-// ✅ Good: Performance testing
-describe('Performance Tests', () => {
-  describe('UserService', () => {
-    let userService;
-
-    beforeEach(() => {
-      userService = new UserService(new FakeUserRepository());
-    });
-
-    it('should handle bulk user creation efficiently', async () => {
-      const startTime = Date.now();
-      const userPromises = [];
-
-      // Create 1000 users concurrently
-      for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-        userPromises.push(userService.createUser({
-          name: `User ${i}`,
-          email: `user${i}@example.com`,
-          age: 20 + (i % 50),
-        }));
-      }
-
-      await Promise.all(userPromises);
-      const endTime = Date.now();
-      const duration = endTime - startTime;
-
-      // Should complete within 5 seconds
-      expect(duration).toBeLessThan(5000);
-    });
-
-    it('should maintain performance with large datasets', async () => {
-      // Pre-populate with 10,000 users
-      const users = [];
-      for (let i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
-        users.push({
-          name: `User ${i}`,
-          email: `user${i}@example.com`,
-          age: 20 + (i % 50),
-        });
-      }
-
-      await Promise.all(users.map(user => userService.createUser(user)));
-
-      // Test search performance
-      const startTime = Date.now();
-      const results = await userService.searchUsers('User 5000');
-      const endTime = Date.now();
-
-      expect(results.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
-      expect(endTime - startTime).toBeLessThan(100); // Should be fast
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// ✅ Good: Memory leak testing
-describe('Memory Tests', () => {
-  it('should not leak memory during repeated operations', async () => {
-    const initialMemory = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;
-    const userService = new UserService(new FakeUserRepository());
-
-    // Perform many operations
-    for (let i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-      const user = await userService.createUser({
-        name: `User ${i}`,
-        email: `user${i}@example.com`,
-        age: 25,
-      });
-
-      await userService.getUserById(user.id);
-      await userService.updateUser(user.id, { age: 26 });
-      await userService.deleteUser(user.id);
-
-      // Force garbage collection periodically
-      if (i % 100 === 0 && global.gc) {
-        global.gc();
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Force final garbage collection
-    if (global.gc) {
-      global.gc();
-    }
-
-    const finalMemory = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;
-    const memoryIncrease = finalMemory - initialMemory;
-
-    // Memory increase should be reasonable (less than 10MB)
-    expect(memoryIncrease).toBeLessThan(10 * 1024 * 1024);
-  });
-});
-```
-
-## Testing Anti-Patterns | 测试反模式
-
-### 1. Common Testing Mistakes | 常见测试错误
-
-```javascript
-// ❌ Bad: Testing implementation details
-describe('UserService - Bad Examples', () => {
-  it('should call _validateEmail method', async () => {
-    const userService = new UserService();
-    const spy = jest.spyOn(userService, '_validateEmail');
-
-    await userService.createUser({
-      name: 'John',
-      email: 'john@example.com',
-      age: 30,
-    });
-
-    expect(spy).toHaveBeenCalled(); // Testing private method
-  });
-
-  // ✅ Good: Test behavior, not implementation
-  it('should reject invalid email addresses', async () => {
-    const userService = new UserService();
-
-    await expect(userService.createUser({
-      name: 'John',
-      email: 'invalid-email',
-      age: 30,
-    })).rejects.toThrow('Invalid email address');
-  });
-});
-
-// ❌ Bad: Fragile tests that break with minor changes
-describe('UserComponent - Bad Examples', () => {
-  it('should have specific DOM structure', () => {
-    const wrapper = mount(<UserComponent user={mockUser} />);
-
-    expect(wrapper.find('div').at(0).hasClass('user-container')).toBe(true);
-    expect(wrapper.find('span').at(2).text()).toBe(mockUser.name);
-    expect(wrapper.find('button').at(1).prop('onClick')).toBeDefined();
-  });
-
-  // ✅ Good: Test user-visible behavior
-  it('should display user information and allow editing', () => {
-    const mockUser = { name: 'John Doe', email: 'john@example.com' };
-    const onEdit = jest.fn();
-
-    const wrapper = mount(<UserComponent user={mockUser} onEdit={onEdit} />);
-
-    expect(wrapper.text()).toContain('John Doe');
-    expect(wrapper.text()).toContain('john@example.com');
-
-    wrapper.find('[data-testid="edit-button"]').simulate('click');
-    expect(onEdit).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockUser);
-  });
-});
-
-// ❌ Bad: Tests that depend on each other
-describe('UserService - Bad Test Dependencies', () => {
-  let createdUserId;
-
-  it('should create a user', async () => {
-    const user = await userService.createUser({
-      name: 'John',
-      email: 'john@example.com',
-      age: 30,
-    });
-    createdUserId = user.id; // Storing state between tests
-  });
-
-  it('should retrieve the created user', async () => {
-    const user = await userService.getUserById(createdUserId); // Depends on previous test
-    expect(user.name).toBe('John');
-  });
-
-  // ✅ Good: Independent tests
-  describe('UserService - Good Independent Tests', () => {
-    it('should create a user', async () => {
-      const user = await userService.createUser({
-        name: 'John',
-        email: 'john@example.com',
-        age: 30,
-      });
-      expect(user.id).toBeDefined();
-      expect(user.name).toBe('John');
-    });
-
-    it('should retrieve a user by ID', async () => {
-      // Setup for this specific test
-      const createdUser = await userService.createUser({
-        name: 'Jane',
-        email: 'jane@example.com',
-        age: 25,
-      });
-
-      const retrievedUser = await userService.getUserById(createdUser.id);
-      expect(retrievedUser.name).toBe('Jane');
-    });
-  });
-});
-
-// ❌ Bad: Over-mocking
-describe('OrderService - Over-mocked', () => {
-  it('should calculate total price', () => {
-    const mockItem1 = { getPrice: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(10) };
-    const mockItem2 = { getPrice: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(20) };
-    const mockItems = [mockItem1, mockItem2];
-
-    const total = OrderService.calculateTotal(mockItems);
-
-    expect(total).toBe(30);
-    expect(mockItem1.getPrice).toHaveBeenCalled();
-    expect(mockItem2.getPrice).toHaveBeenCalled();
-  });
-
-  // ✅ Good: Use real objects when possible
-  it('should calculate total price with real items', () => {
-    const items = [
-      new Item('Product 1', 10),
-      new Item('Product 2', 20),
-    ];
-
-    const total = OrderService.calculateTotal(items);
-    expect(total).toBe(30);
-  });
-});
-```
-
-## Testing Checklist | 测试检查清单
-
-- [ ] Tests follow the AAA pattern (Arrange, Act, Assert)
-- [ ] Each test has a clear, descriptive name
-- [ ] Tests are independent and can run in any order
-- [ ] Happy path, edge cases, and error scenarios are covered
-- [ ] Mocks are used appropriately (not over-mocked)
-- [ ] Test data is realistic and representative
-- [ ] Tests focus on behavior, not implementation details
-- [ ] Code coverage meets established thresholds
-- [ ] Integration tests cover critical user journeys
-- [ ] Performance tests validate non-functional requirements
-- [ ] Tests are maintainable and easy to understand
-- [ ] Flaky tests are identified and fixed
-
-## 测试检查清单
-
-- [ ] 测试遵循 AAA 模式（准备、执行、断言）
-- [ ] 每个测试都有清晰、描述性的名称
-- [ ] 测试独立且可以任意顺序运行
-- [ ] 覆盖正常路径、边界情况和错误场景
-- [ ] 适当使用模拟（不过度模拟）
-- [ ] 测试数据真实且具有代表性
-- [ ] 测试关注行为，而非实现细节
-- [ ] 代码覆盖率达到既定阈值
-- [ ] 集成测试覆盖关键用户旅程
-- [ ] 性能测试验证非功能性需求
-- [ ] 测试可维护且易于理解
-- [ ] 识别并修复不稳定的测试