ccbot-cli 2.0.0 → 2.1.0

package/skills/domains/frontend-design/state-management.md

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+---
+name: state-management
+description: 前端状态管理技术。Redux、Zustand、Jotai、Recoil、Context API、状态选择决策。当用户提到状态管理、Redux、Zustand、Jotai、Recoil、全局状态、状态同步时使用。
+---
+
+# 🎨 🗂️ 状态管理 · State Management
+
+## 状态管理对比
+
+| 框架 | 模式 | 学习曲线 | 性能 | 适用场景 |
+|------|------|----------|------|----------|
+| Redux | Flux | 陡峭 | 中 | 大型应用、复杂状态 |
+| Zustand | Flux-like | 平缓 | 高 | 中小型应用、快速开发 |
+| Jotai | Atomic | 平缓 | 高 | 细粒度更新、原子化状态 |
+| Recoil | Atomic | 中等 | 高 | React生态、派生状态 |
+| Context | Provider | 简单 | 低 | 简单共享、主题配置 |
+| MobX | Reactive | 中等 | 高 | OOP风格、自动追踪 |
+
+## 选择决策树
+
+```
+需要状态管理？
+  │
+  ├─ 简单主题/配置 → Context API
+  │
+  ├─ 中小型应用
+  │   ├─ 喜欢简洁 → Zustand
+  │   └─ 需要原子化 → Jotai
+  │
+  └─ 大型应用
+      ├─ 团队熟悉Redux → Redux Toolkit
+      ├─ 需要时间旅行 → Redux DevTools
+      ├─ 复杂派生状态 → Recoil
+      └─ OOP风格 → MobX
+```
+
+## Redux Toolkit (推荐)
+
+### 基础配置
+
+```typescript
+// store.ts
+import { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
+import counterReducer from './features/counter/counterSlice'
+import userReducer from './features/user/userSlice'
+
+export const store = configureStore({
+  reducer: {
+    counter: counterReducer,
+    user: userReducer,
+  },
+  middleware: (getDefaultMiddleware) =>
+    getDefaultMiddleware({
+      serializableCheck: {
+        ignoredActions: ['user/setTimestamp'],
+      },
+    }),
+})
+
+export type RootState = ReturnType<typeof store.getState>
+export type AppDispatch = typeof store.dispatch
+```
+
+### Slice 定义
+
+```typescript
+// counterSlice.ts
+import { createSlice, PayloadAction } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
+
+interface CounterState {
+  value: number
+  status: 'idle' | 'loading' | 'failed'
+}
+
+const initialState: CounterState = {
+  value: 0,
+  status: 'idle',
+}
+
+export const counterSlice = createSlice({
+  name: 'counter',
+  initialState,
+  reducers: {
+    increment: (state) => {
+      state.value += 1
+    },
+    decrement: (state) => {
+      state.value -= 1
+    },
+    incrementByAmount: (state, action: PayloadAction<number>) => {
+      state.value += action.payload
+    },
+  },
+})
+
+export const { increment, decrement, incrementByAmount } = counterSlice.actions
+export default counterSlice.reducer
+```
+
+### 异步 Thunk
+
+```typescript
+// userSlice.ts
+import { createSlice, createAsyncThunk } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
+
+interface User {
+  id: string
+  name: string
+  email: string
+}
+
+export const fetchUser = createAsyncThunk(
+  'user/fetchUser',
+  async (userId: string) => {
+    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`)
+    return (await response.json()) as User
+  }
+)
+
+const userSlice = createSlice({
+  name: 'user',
+  initialState: {
+    data: null as User | null,
+    loading: false,
+    error: null as string | null,
+  },
+  reducers: {},
+  extraReducers: (builder) => {
+    builder
+      .addCase(fetchUser.pending, (state) => {
+        state.loading = true
+      })
+      .addCase(fetchUser.fulfilled, (state, action) => {
+        state.loading = false
+        state.data = action.payload
+      })
+      .addCase(fetchUser.rejected, (state, action) => {
+        state.loading = false
+        state.error = action.error.message || 'Failed'
+      })
+  },
+})
+
+export default userSlice.reducer
+```
+
+### Hooks 使用
+
+```typescript
+// hooks.ts
+import { TypedUseSelectorHook, useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux'
+import type { RootState, AppDispatch } from './store'
+
+export const useAppDispatch = () => useDispatch<AppDispatch>()
+export const useAppSelector: TypedUseSelectorHook<RootState> = useSelector
+
+// Component
+import { useAppDispatch, useAppSelector } from './hooks'
+import { increment, fetchUser } from './features/counter/counterSlice'
+
+function Counter() {
+  const count = useAppSelector((state) => state.counter.value)
+  const dispatch = useAppDispatch()
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <span>{count}</span>
+      <button onClick={() => dispatch(increment())}>+</button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## Zustand (轻量推荐)
+
+### 基础 Store
+
+```typescript
+// store.ts
+import { create } from 'zustand'
+
+interface BearState {
+  bears: number
+  increase: () => void
+  decrease: () => void
+  reset: () => void
+}
+
+export const useBearStore = create<BearState>((set) => ({
+  bears: 0,
+  increase: () => set((state) => ({ bears: state.bears + 1 })),
+  decrease: () => set((state) => ({ bears: state.bears - 1 })),
+  reset: () => set({ bears: 0 }),
+}))
+
+// Component
+function BearCounter() {
+  const bears = useBearStore((state) => state.bears)
+  return <h1>{bears} bears</h1>
+}
+
+function Controls() {
+  const increase = useBearStore((state) => state.increase)
+  return <button onClick={increase}>+1</button>
+}
+```
+
+### 异步 Actions
+
+```typescript
+interface UserStore {
+  user: User | null
+  loading: boolean
+  fetchUser: (id: string) => Promise<void>
+}
+
+export const useUserStore = create<UserStore>((set) => ({
+  user: null,
+  loading: false,
+  fetchUser: async (id) => {
+    set({ loading: true })
+    try {
+      const res = await fetch(`/api/users/${id}`)
+      const user = await res.json()
+      set({ user, loading: false })
+    } catch (error) {
+      set({ loading: false })
+    }
+  },
+}))
+```
+
+### 中间件
+
+```typescript
+import { create } from 'zustand'
+import { persist, devtools } from 'zustand/middleware'
+
+interface AuthState {
+  token: string | null
+  login: (token: string) => void
+  logout: () => void
+}
+
+export const useAuthStore = create<AuthState>()(
+  devtools(
+    persist(
+      (set) => ({
+        token: null,
+        login: (token) => set({ token }),
+        logout: () => set({ token: null }),
+      }),
+      {
+        name: 'auth-storage',
+      }
+    )
+  )
+)
+```
+
+### Immer 集成
+
+```typescript
+import { create } from 'zustand'
+import { immer } from 'zustand/middleware/immer'
+
+interface TodoState {
+  todos: Array<{ id: string; text: string; done: boolean }>
+  addTodo: (text: string) => void
+  toggleTodo: (id: string) => void
+}
+
+export const useTodoStore = create<TodoState>()(
+  immer((set) => ({
+    todos: [],
+    addTodo: (text) =>
+      set((state) => {
+        state.todos.push({ id: Date.now().toString(), text, done: false })
+      }),
+    toggleTodo: (id) =>
+      set((state) => {
+        const todo = state.todos.find((t) => t.id === id)
+        if (todo) todo.done = !todo.done
+      }),
+  }))
+)
+```
+
+## Jotai (原子化)
+
+### Atom 定义
+
+```typescript
+import { atom } from 'jotai'
+
+// 原始 atom
+export const countAtom = atom(0)
+
+// 派生 atom (只读)
+export const doubleCountAtom = atom((get) => get(countAtom) * 2)
+
+// 派生 atom (读写)
+export const incrementAtom = atom(
+  (get) => get(countAtom),
+  (get, set) => set(countAtom, get(countAtom) + 1)
+)
+
+// 异步 atom
+export const userAtom = atom(async (get) => {
+  const userId = get(userIdAtom)
+  const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`)
+  return response.json()
+})
+```
+
+### 使用 Atoms
+
+```typescript
+import { useAtom, useAtomValue, useSetAtom } from 'jotai'
+
+function Counter() {
+  const [count, setCount] = useAtom(countAtom)
+  const doubleCount = useAtomValue(doubleCountAtom)
+  const increment = useSetAtom(incrementAtom)
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <p>Count: {count}</p>
+      <p>Double: {doubleCount}</p>
+      <button onClick={increment}>+1</button>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### 原子家族
+
+```typescript
+import { atomFamily } from 'jotai/utils'
+
+// 为每个 ID 创建独立 atom
+export const todoAtomFamily = atomFamily((id: string) =>
+  atom({
+    id,
+    text: '',
+    done: false,
+  })
+)
+
+function TodoItem({ id }: { id: string }) {
+  const [todo, setTodo] = useAtom(todoAtomFamily(id))
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <input
+        value={todo.text}
+        onChange={(e) => setTodo({ ...todo, text: e.target.value })}
+      />
+      <input
+        type="checkbox"
+        checked={todo.done}
+        onChange={(e) => setTodo({ ...todo, done: e.target.checked })}
+      />
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### 持久化
+
+```typescript
+import { atomWithStorage } from 'jotai/utils'
+
+export const themeAtom = atomWithStorage<'light' | 'dark'>('theme', 'light')
+
+// 自定义存储
+export const customAtom = atomWithStorage(
+  'custom-key',
+  { value: 0 },
+  {
+    getItem: (key) => {
+      const value = localStorage.getItem(key)
+      return value ? JSON.parse(value) : { value: 0 }
+    },
+    setItem: (key, value) => {
+      localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(value))
+    },
+    removeItem: (key) => {
+      localStorage.removeItem(key)
+    },
+  }
+)
+```
+
+## Recoil
+
+### Atom 和 Selector
+
+```typescript
+import { atom, selector } from 'recoil'
+
+// Atom
+export const textState = atom({
+  key: 'textState',
+  default: '',
+})
+
+// Selector (派生状态)
+export const charCountState = selector({
+  key: 'charCountState',
+  get: ({ get }) => {
+    const text = get(textState)
+    return text.length
+  },
+})
+
+// 异步 Selector
+export const userState = selector({
+  key: 'userState',
+  get: async ({ get }) => {
+    const userId = get(userIdState)
+    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`)
+    return response.json()
+  },
+})
+```
+
+### 使用 Recoil
+
+```typescript
+import { useRecoilState, useRecoilValue, useSetRecoilState } from 'recoil'
+
+function TextInput() {
+  const [text, setText] = useRecoilState(textState)
+  const charCount = useRecoilValue(charCountState)
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <input value={text} onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)} />
+      <p>Character Count: {charCount}</p>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### Atom Family
+
+```typescript
+import { atomFamily } from 'recoil'
+
+export const todoItemState = atomFamily({
+  key: 'todoItem',
+  default: (id: string) => ({
+    id,
+    text: '',
+    done: false,
+  }),
+})
+
+function TodoItem({ id }: { id: string }) {
+  const [todo, setTodo] = useRecoilState(todoItemState(id))
+
+  return (
+    <input
+      value={todo.text}
+      onChange={(e) => setTodo({ ...todo, text: e.target.value })}
+    />
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## Context API
+
+### 基础 Context
+
+```typescript
+import { createContext, useContext, useState, ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+interface ThemeContextType {
+  theme: 'light' | 'dark'
+  toggleTheme: () => void
+}
+
+const ThemeContext = createContext<ThemeContextType | undefined>(undefined)
+
+export function ThemeProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const [theme, setTheme] = useState<'light' | 'dark'>('light')
+
+  const toggleTheme = () => {
+    setTheme((prev) => (prev === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'))
+  }
+
+  return (
+    <ThemeContext.Provider value={{ theme, toggleTheme }}>
+      {children}
+    </ThemeContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+
+export function useTheme() {
+  const context = useContext(ThemeContext)
+  if (!context) {
+    throw new Error('useTheme must be used within ThemeProvider')
+  }
+  return context
+}
+```
+
+### 优化 Context
+
+```typescript
+import { createContext, useContext, useMemo, ReactNode } from 'react'
+
+// 分离状态和更新函数
+const StateContext = createContext<State | undefined>(undefined)
+const DispatchContext = createContext<Dispatch | undefined>(undefined)
+
+export function Provider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
+  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState)
+
+  // 防止不必要的重渲染
+  const memoizedState = useMemo(() => state, [state])
+  const memoizedDispatch = useMemo(() => dispatch, [dispatch])
+
+  return (
+    <StateContext.Provider value={memoizedState}>
+      <DispatchContext.Provider value={memoizedDispatch}>
+        {children}
+      </DispatchContext.Provider>
+    </StateContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## 性能优化
+
+### Redux 选择器优化
+
+```typescript
+import { createSelector } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
+
+// 基础选择器
+const selectTodos = (state: RootState) => state.todos
+const selectFilter = (state: RootState) => state.filter
+
+// Memoized 选择器
+export const selectFilteredTodos = createSelector(
+  [selectTodos, selectFilter],
+  (todos, filter) => {
+    switch (filter) {
+      case 'completed':
+        return todos.filter((t) => t.done)
+      case 'active':
+        return todos.filter((t) => !t.done)
+      default:
+        return todos
+    }
+  }
+)
+```
+
+### Zustand 选择器
+
+```typescript
+// 避免不必要的重渲染
+function Component() {
+  // ❌ 整个 state 变化都会重渲染
+  const state = useStore()
+
+  // ✅ 只在 bears 变化时重渲染
+  const bears = useStore((state) => state.bears)
+
+  // ✅ 使用 shallow 比较
+  const { bears, increase } = useStore(
+    (state) => ({ bears: state.bears, increase: state.increase }),
+    shallow
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### Jotai 优化
+
+```typescript
+// 使用 selectAtom 避免不必要的重渲染
+import { selectAtom } from 'jotai/utils'
+
+const userAtom = atom({ name: 'John', age: 30 })
+const nameAtom = selectAtom(userAtom, (user) => user.name)
+
+function Component() {
+  // 只在 name 变化时重渲染
+  const name = useAtomValue(nameAtom)
+}
+```
+
+## 最佳实践
+
+### 状态分层
+
+```
+全局状态 (Redux/Zustand)
+  ├─ 用户认证
+  ├─ 主题配置
+  └─ 全局通知
+
+服务器状态 (React Query/SWR)
+  ├─ API 数据
+  ├─ 缓存管理
+  └─ 乐观更新
+
+组件状态 (useState/useReducer)
+  ├─ 表单输入
+  ├─ UI 交互
+  └─ 临时数据
+```
+
+### 命名规范
+
+```typescript
+// Redux
+const userSlice = createSlice({ name: 'user', ... })
+export const { setUser, clearUser } = userSlice.actions
+
+// Zustand
+export const useUserStore = create<UserStore>(...)
+
+// Jotai
+export const userAtom = atom<User | null>(null)
+export const userNameAtom = atom((get) => get(userAtom)?.name)
+
+// Recoil
+export const userState = atom({ key: 'userState', ... })
+export const userNameState = selector({ key: 'userNameState', ... })
+```
+
+### 错误处理
+
+```typescript
+// Redux Toolkit
+const userSlice = createSlice({
+  name: 'user',
+  initialState: {
+    data: null,
+    error: null as string | null,
+    loading: false,
+  },
+  extraReducers: (builder) => {
+    builder.addCase(fetchUser.rejected, (state, action) => {
+      state.error = action.error.message || 'Unknown error'
+      state.loading = false
+    })
+  },
+})
+
+// Zustand
+export const useStore = create<Store>((set) => ({
+  error: null,
+  fetchData: async () => {
+    try {
+      const data = await api.fetch()
+      set({ data, error: null })
+    } catch (error) {
+      set({ error: error.message })
+    }
+  },
+}))
+```
+
+## 工具清单
+
+| 工具 | 用途 |
+|------|------|
+| Redux DevTools | 时间旅行调试 |
+| Zustand DevTools | Zustand 状态调试 |
+| Jotai DevTools | Atom 依赖可视化 |
+| Recoil DevTools | Recoil 状态调试 |
+| React Query DevTools | 服务器状态调试 |
+| Immer | 不可变数据更新 |
+
+---