catniff 0.1.9 → 0.2.0

package/dist/core.js

@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+"use strict";
+Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
+exports.Tensor = void 0;
+class Tensor {
+    value;
+    shape;
+    strides;
+    grad;
+    requiresGrad;
+    gradFn;
+    children;
+    constructor(value, options = {}) {
+        this.value = Tensor.flatten(value);
+        this.shape = options.shape || Tensor.getShape(value);
+        this.strides = options.strides || Tensor.getStrides(this.shape);
+        this.grad = options.grad;
+        this.requiresGrad = options.requiresGrad ?? false;
+        this.gradFn = options.gradFn || (() => { });
+        this.children = options.children || [];
+    }
+    // Utility to flatten an nD array to be 1D
+    static flatten(tensor) {
+        if (typeof tensor === "number")
+            return tensor;
+        const result = [];
+        function traverse(arr) {
+            if (typeof arr === "number") {
+                result.push(arr);
+            }
+            else if (Array.isArray(arr)) {
+                arr.forEach(traverse);
+            }
+        }
+        traverse(tensor);
+        return result;
+    }
+    // Utility to get shape from tensor *value*
+    static getShape(tensor) {
+        const shape = [];
+        let subA = tensor;
+        while (Array.isArray(subA)) {
+            shape.push(subA.length);
+            subA = subA[0];
+        }
+        return shape;
+    }
+    // Utility to get strides from shape
+    static getStrides(shape) {
+        const strides = new Array(shape.length);
+        strides[strides.length - 1] = 1;
+        for (let i = strides.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
+            strides[i] = strides[i + 1] * shape[i + 1];
+        }
+        return strides;
+    }
+    // Left-pad dimensions for two shape to be of same length
+    static padDims(shapeA, shapeB) {
+        const newA = [...shapeA], newB = [...shapeB];
+        while (newA.length < newB.length) {
+            newA.unshift(1);
+        }
+        while (newA.length > newB.length) {
+            newB.unshift(1);
+        }
+        return [newA, newB];
+    }
+    // Broadcast shapes
+    static broadcastShapes(shapeA, shapeB) {
+        const newShape = new Array(shapeA.length);
+        for (let index = 0; index < shapeA.length; index++) {
+            if (shapeA[index] === 1) {
+                newShape[index] = shapeB[index];
+            }
+            else if (shapeB[index] === 1) {
+                newShape[index] = shapeA[index];
+            }
+            else if (shapeA[index] === shapeB[index]) {
+                newShape[index] = shapeA[index];
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new Error(`Cannot broadcast shapes: ${shapeA} and ${shapeB}`);
+            }
+        }
+        return newShape;
+    }
+    // Convert flat index to array of coordinates
+    static indexToCoords(index, shape, strides) {
+        const coords = new Array(shape.length);
+        let remaining = index;
+        // Sort dimensions by stride (largest first) for correct decomposition
+        const sortedDims = shape.map((_, i) => i).sort((a, b) => strides[b] - strides[a]);
+        for (const dim of sortedDims) {
+            coords[dim] = Math.floor(remaining / strides[dim]);
+            remaining %= strides[dim];
+        }
+        return coords;
+    }
+    // Convert array of coordinates to *unbroadcasted* flat index 
+    static coordsToIndex(coords, shape, strides) {
+        let index = 0;
+        for (let i = 0; i < coords.length; i++) {
+            const coord = coords[i];
+            // Handle broadcasting
+            const actualCoord = shape[i] === 1 ? 0 : coord;
+            index += actualCoord * strides[i];
+        }
+        return index;
+    }
+    // Utility for binary (two operators involved) element-wise ops
+    static elementWiseAB(tA, tB, op) {
+        if (typeof tA.value === "number" && typeof tB.value === "number") {
+            return new Tensor(op(tA.value, tB.value));
+        }
+        if (typeof tA.value === "number") {
+            return Tensor.elementWiseSelf(tB, (a) => op(a, tA.value));
+        }
+        if (typeof tB.value === "number") {
+            return Tensor.elementWiseSelf(tA, (a) => op(a, tB.value));
+        }
+        // Pad + broadcast shape
+        const [paddedAShape, paddedBShape] = Tensor.padDims(tA.shape, tB.shape);
+        const outputShape = Tensor.broadcastShapes(paddedAShape, paddedBShape);
+        // Get other output info
+        const outputStrides = Tensor.getStrides(outputShape);
+        const outputSize = outputShape.reduce((a, b) => a * b, 1);
+        const outputValue = new Array(outputSize);
+        for (let i = 0; i < outputSize; i++) {
+            // Get coordinates from 1D index
+            const coordsOutput = Tensor.indexToCoords(i, outputShape, outputStrides);
+            // Convert the coordinates to 1D index of flattened A with respect to A's shape
+            const indexA = Tensor.coordsToIndex(coordsOutput, paddedAShape, Tensor.getStrides(paddedAShape));
+            // Convert the coordinates to 1D index of flattened B with respect to B's shape
+            const indexB = Tensor.coordsToIndex(coordsOutput, paddedBShape, Tensor.getStrides(paddedBShape));
+            // Calculate with op
+            outputValue[i] = op(tA.value[indexA], tB.value[indexB]);
+        }
+        return new Tensor(outputValue, {
+            shape: outputShape,
+            strides: outputStrides
+        });
+    }
+    // Utility for self-inflicting element-wise ops
+    static elementWiseSelf(tA, op) {
+        if (typeof tA.value === "number")
+            return new Tensor(op(tA.value));
+        return new Tensor(tA.value.map(el => op(el)), { shape: tA.shape, strides: tA.strides });
+    }
+    // Utility to do element-wise operation and build a dag node with another tensor
+    elementWiseABDAG(other, op, thisGrad, otherGrad) {
+        other = Tensor.forceTensor(other);
+        const out = Tensor.elementWiseAB(this, other, op);
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+        }
+        if (other.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(other);
+        }
+        if (out.requiresGrad) {
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                const outGrad = out.grad;
+                if (this.requiresGrad)
+                    thisGrad(this, other, outGrad);
+                if (other.requiresGrad)
+                    otherGrad(this, other, outGrad);
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Utility to do self-inflicting element-wise operation and build a dag node
+    elementWiseSelfDAG(op, thisGrad) {
+        const out = Tensor.elementWiseSelf(this, op);
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+        }
+        if (out.requiresGrad) {
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                const outGrad = out.grad;
+                if (this.requiresGrad)
+                    thisGrad(this, outGrad);
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Utility to force an input value to be a tensor
+    static forceTensor(value) {
+        if (value instanceof Tensor)
+            return value;
+        return new Tensor(value);
+    }
+    // Utility to add to gradient of tensor
+    static addGrad(tensor, accumGrad) {
+        const axesToSqueeze = [];
+        const axesToReduce = [];
+        const shape = tensor.shape;
+        const gradShape = accumGrad.shape;
+        const paddedDims = gradShape.length - shape.length;
+        for (let i = 0; i < paddedDims; i++) {
+            axesToReduce.push(i);
+            axesToSqueeze.push(i);
+        }
+        for (let i = 0; i < shape.length; i++) {
+            if (shape[i] === 1 && gradShape[i + paddedDims] > 1) {
+                axesToReduce.push(i + paddedDims);
+            }
+        }
+        const reducedGrad = accumGrad.sum(axesToReduce, true);
+        // console.log(accumGrad, new Tensor([[1,1,1]]));
+        const squeezedGrad = reducedGrad.squeeze(axesToSqueeze);
+        if (typeof tensor.grad === "undefined") {
+            tensor.grad = squeezedGrad;
+        }
+        else {
+            tensor.grad = tensor.grad.add(squeezedGrad);
+        }
+    }
+    // Tensor squeeze
+    squeeze(dims) {
+        if (typeof this.value === "number")
+            return new Tensor(this.value);
+        if (typeof dims === "number") {
+            dims = [dims];
+        }
+        if (typeof dims === "undefined") {
+            const shape = this.shape;
+            dims = [];
+            for (let index = 0; index < shape.length; index++) {
+                if (shape[index] === 1) {
+                    dims.push(index);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const outShape = this.shape.filter((dim, i) => {
+            const shouldSqueeze = dims.includes(i);
+            if (shouldSqueeze && dim !== 1)
+                throw new Error(`Can not squeeze dim with size ${dim}`);
+            return !shouldSqueeze;
+        });
+        const outStrides = Tensor.getStrides(outShape);
+        const outValue = outShape.length === 0 ? this.value[0] : this.value;
+        const out = new Tensor(outValue, {
+            shape: outShape,
+            strides: outStrides
+        });
+        // Set up gradient if needed
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                let restoredGrad = out.grad;
+                for (let i = dims.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                    restoredGrad = restoredGrad.unsqueeze(dims[i]);
+                }
+                Tensor.addGrad(this, restoredGrad);
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Tensor unsqueeze - adds dimension of size 1 at specified position
+    unsqueeze(dim) {
+        if (typeof this.value === "number")
+            return new Tensor([this.value]);
+        if (dim < 0 || dim > this.shape.length) {
+            throw new Error(`Invalid dimension ${dim} for unsqueeze`);
+        }
+        // Insert size-1 dimension at specified position
+        const newShape = [...this.shape];
+        newShape.splice(dim, 0, 1);
+        // Insert appropriate stride for new dimension
+        const newStrides = [...this.strides];
+        // For dimension of size 1, stride can be any value since we never step through it
+        // Use the stride of the next dimension, or 1 if it's the last dimension
+        const newStride = dim < this.strides.length ? this.strides[dim] : 1;
+        newStrides.splice(dim, 0, newStride);
+        const out = new Tensor(this.value, { shape: newShape, strides: newStrides });
+        // Set up gradient if needed
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                Tensor.addGrad(this, out.grad.squeeze(dim));
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Tensor sum reduction
+    sum(dims, keepDims = false) {
+        if (typeof this.value === "number")
+            return new Tensor(this.value);
+        if (typeof dims === "number") {
+            dims = [dims];
+        }
+        if (typeof dims === "undefined") {
+            dims = Array.from({ length: this.shape.length }, (_, index) => index);
+        }
+        const outputShape = this.shape.map((dim, i) => dims.includes(i) ? 1 : dim);
+        const outputStrides = Tensor.getStrides(outputShape);
+        const outputSize = outputShape.reduce((a, b) => a * b, 1);
+        const outputValue = new Array(outputSize).fill(0);
+        const originalSize = this.shape.reduce((a, b) => a * b, 1);
+        for (let index = 0; index < originalSize; index++) {
+            const coords = Tensor.indexToCoords(index, this.shape, this.strides);
+            // Force 0 on reduced axes to collapse into size-1 dims
+            const outCoords = coords.map((val, i) => dims.includes(i) ? 0 : val);
+            // Convert output coordinates to flat index
+            const outFlatIndex = outCoords.reduce((acc, val, i) => acc + val * outputStrides[i], 0);
+            // Accumulate
+            const realFlatIndex = coords.reduce((acc, val, i) => acc + val * this.strides[i], 0);
+            outputValue[outFlatIndex] += this.value[realFlatIndex];
+        }
+        const out = new Tensor(outputValue, {
+            shape: outputShape,
+            strides: outputStrides
+        });
+        return keepDims ? out : out.squeeze(dims);
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise addition
+    add(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a + b, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad);
+        }, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(other, outGrad);
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise subtraction
+    sub(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a - b, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad);
+        }, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(other, outGrad.neg());
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise multiplication
+    mul(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a * b, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(other));
+        }, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(other, outGrad.mul(self));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise power
+    pow(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a ** b, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(other.mul(self.pow(other.sub(1)))));
+        }, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(other, outGrad.mul(self.pow(other).mul(self.log())));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise division
+    div(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a / b, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(other));
+        }, (self, other, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(other, outGrad.mul(self.neg().div(other.pow(2))));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise greater or equal comparison
+    ge(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a >= b ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise less or equal comparison
+    le(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a <= b ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise greater-than comparison
+    gt(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a > b ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise less-than comparison
+    lt(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a < b ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise equality comparison
+    eq(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a === b ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise logical and
+    logicalAnd(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a === 1 && b === 1 ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise logical or
+    logicalOr(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a === 1 || b === 1 ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise logical xor
+    logicalXor(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => (a === 1 || b === 1) && a !== b ? 1 : 0, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise logical not
+    logicalNot() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => a === 1 ? 0 : 1, (self, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise bitwise and
+    bitwiseAnd(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a & b, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise bitwise or
+    bitwiseOr(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a | b, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise bitwise xor
+    bitwiseXor(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a ^ b, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise bitwise not
+    bitwiseNot() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => ~a, (self, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise left shift
+    bitwiseLeftShift(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a << b, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise right shift
+    bitwiseRightShift(other) {
+        return this.elementWiseABDAG(other, (a, b) => a >> b, (self, other, outGrad) => { }, (self, other, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise negation
+    neg() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => -a, (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(-1));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise absolute
+    abs() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.abs(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.sign()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise sign function
+    sign() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.sign(a), (self, outGrad) => { });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise sin
+    sin() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.sin(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.cos()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise cos
+    cos() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.cos(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.sin().neg()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise tan
+    tan() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.tan(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.tan().pow(2).add(1)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise asin
+    asin() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.asin(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.pow(2).neg().add(1).sqrt()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise acos
+    acos() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.acos(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.pow(2).neg().add(1).sqrt()).neg());
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise atan
+    atan() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.atan(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.pow(2).add(1)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise sinh
+    sinh() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.sinh(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.cosh()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise cosh
+    cosh() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.cosh(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.sinh()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise asinh
+    asinh() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.asinh(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.pow(2).add(1).sqrt()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise acosh
+    acosh() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.acosh(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.add(1).sqrt().mul(self.sub(1).sqrt())));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise atanh
+    atanh() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.atanh(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.pow(2).neg().add(1)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise square root
+    sqrt() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.sqrt(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.sqrt().mul(2)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise e^x
+    exp() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.exp(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.exp()));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise natural log
+    log() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.log(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise log2
+    log2() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.log2(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.mul(Math.log(2))));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise log10
+    log10() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.log10(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.mul(Math.log(10))));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise log(1+x)
+    log1p() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.log1p(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.div(self.add(1)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise relu
+    relu() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.max(a, 0), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.ge(0)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise sigmoid
+    sigmoid() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => 1 / (1 + Math.exp(-a)), (self, outGrad) => {
+            const sig = self.sigmoid();
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(sig).mul(sig.neg().add(1)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Tensor element-wise tanh
+    tanh() {
+        return this.elementWiseSelfDAG((a) => Math.tanh(a), (self, outGrad) => {
+            Tensor.addGrad(self, outGrad.mul(self.tanh().pow(2).neg().add(1)));
+        });
+    }
+    // Transpose
+    transpose(dim1, dim2) {
+        // If dimension out of bound, throw error
+        if (dim1 >= this.shape.length || dim2 >= this.shape.length || dim1 < 0 || dim2 < 0) {
+            throw new Error("Dimensions do not exist to tranpose");
+        }
+        // If same dimension, return copy
+        if (dim1 === dim2) {
+            return new Tensor(this.value, { shape: this.shape, strides: this.strides });
+        }
+        // Create new shape and strides by swapping
+        const newShape = [...this.shape];
+        const newStrides = [...this.strides];
+        [newShape[dim1], newShape[dim2]] = [newShape[dim2], newShape[dim1]];
+        [newStrides[dim1], newStrides[dim2]] = [newStrides[dim2], newStrides[dim1]];
+        // Create new tensor with same data but swapped shape/strides
+        const out = new Tensor(this.value, { shape: newShape, strides: newStrides });
+        out.requiresGrad = this.requiresGrad;
+        // Handle gradient if needed
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.children.push(this);
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                Tensor.addGrad(this, out.grad.transpose(dim1, dim2));
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Transpose 2D
+    t() {
+        // Verify matrix shape
+        if (this.shape.length !== 2) {
+            throw new Error("Input is not a matrix");
+        }
+        return this.transpose(0, 1);
+    }
+    // 1D tensor dot product
+    dot(other) {
+        other = Tensor.forceTensor(other);
+        // Verify 1D shape
+        if (this.shape.length !== 1 || other.shape.length !== 1) {
+            throw new Error("Inputs are not 1D tensors");
+        }
+        const vectLen = this.shape[0];
+        const vectA = this.value;
+        const vectB = other.value;
+        let sum = 0;
+        for (let index = 0; index < vectLen; index++) {
+            sum += vectA[index] * vectB[index];
+        }
+        const out = new Tensor(sum);
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+        }
+        if (other.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(other);
+        }
+        if (out.requiresGrad) {
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                const outGrad = out.grad;
+                if (this.requiresGrad)
+                    Tensor.addGrad(this, outGrad.mul(other));
+                if (other.requiresGrad)
+                    Tensor.addGrad(other, outGrad.mul(this));
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Matrix multiplication
+    mm(other) {
+        other = Tensor.forceTensor(other);
+        // Verify 2D shape
+        if (this.shape.length !== 2 || other.shape.length !== 2) {
+            throw new Error("Inputs are not matrices");
+        }
+        const matA = this.value;
+        const matB = other.value;
+        const matAStrides = this.strides;
+        const matBStrides = other.strides;
+        const matARows = this.shape[0];
+        const matACols = this.shape[1];
+        const matBRows = other.shape[0];
+        const matBCols = other.shape[1];
+        if (matACols !== matBRows)
+            throw new Error("Invalid matrices shape for multiplication");
+        const matCShape = [matARows, matBCols];
+        const matCStrides = Tensor.getStrides(matCShape);
+        const matCSize = matCShape.reduce((a, b) => a * b, 1);
+        const matC = new Array(matCSize).fill(0);
+        for (let i = 0; i < matARows; i++) {
+            for (let j = 0; j < matBCols; j++) {
+                for (let k = 0; k < matACols; k++) {
+                    matC[i * matCStrides[0] + j * matCStrides[1]] +=
+                        matA[i * matAStrides[0] + k * matAStrides[1]] *
+                            matB[k * matBStrides[0] + j * matBStrides[1]];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const out = new Tensor(matC, { shape: matCShape, strides: matCStrides });
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+        }
+        if (other.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(other);
+        }
+        if (out.requiresGrad) {
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                const outGrad = out.grad;
+                if (this.requiresGrad)
+                    Tensor.addGrad(this, outGrad.mm(other.t()));
+                if (other.requiresGrad)
+                    Tensor.addGrad(other, this.t().mm(outGrad));
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    mv(other) {
+        other = Tensor.forceTensor(other);
+        // Verify 2D shape
+        if (this.shape.length !== 2 || other.shape.length !== 1) {
+            throw new Error("Input is not a 2D and 1D tensor pair");
+        }
+        // MM with no grad
+        const thisMat = new Tensor(this.value, { shape: this.shape, strides: this.strides });
+        const otherMat = new Tensor(other.value, { shape: [other.shape[0], 1], strides: [1, 1] });
+        const out = thisMat.mm(otherMat).squeeze(1);
+        // Handle grad with original tensors
+        if (this.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(this);
+        }
+        if (other.requiresGrad) {
+            out.requiresGrad = true;
+            out.children.push(other);
+        }
+        if (out.requiresGrad) {
+            out.gradFn = () => {
+                const outGrad = out.grad;
+                if (this.requiresGrad)
+                    Tensor.addGrad(this, outGrad.unsqueeze(1).mm(other.unsqueeze(0)));
+                if (other.requiresGrad)
+                    Tensor.addGrad(other, this.t().mv(outGrad));
+            };
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    matmul(other) {
+        other = Tensor.forceTensor(other);
+        if (this.shape.length === 1 && other.shape.length === 1) {
+            return this.dot(other);
+        }
+        else if (this.shape.length === 1 && other.shape.length === 2) {
+            return this.unsqueeze(0).mm(other).squeeze(0);
+        }
+        else if (this.shape.length === 2 && other.shape.length === 1) {
+            return this.mv(other);
+        }
+        else if (this.shape.length === 2 && other.shape.length === 2) {
+            return this.mm(other);
+        }
+        // Too lazy for batched matmul
+        throw new Error(`Shapes [${this.shape}] and [${other.shape}] are not supported`);
+    }
+    // Utility to create a new tensor with shape of another tensor, filled with a number
+    static fullLike(tensor, num, options = {}) {
+        if (typeof tensor.value === "number")
+            return new Tensor(num, options);
+        return new Tensor(tensor.value.map(el => num), { shape: tensor.shape, strides: tensor.strides, ...options });
+    }
+    // Reverse-mode autodiff call
+    backward() {
+        // Build topological order
+        const topo = [];
+        const visited = new Set();
+        function build(node) {
+            if (!visited.has(node) && node.requiresGrad) {
+                visited.add(node);
+                node.grad = Tensor.fullLike(node, 0);
+                for (let child of node.children)
+                    build(child);
+                topo.push(node);
+            }
+        }
+        build(this);
+        // Feed backward to calculate gradient
+        this.grad = Tensor.fullLike(this, 1);
+        for (let index = topo.length - 1; index > -1; index--) {
+            topo[index].gradFn();
+        }
+    }
+    // Returns the number/nD array form of tensor
+    val() {
+        if (typeof this.value === "number")
+            return this.value;
+        function buildNested(data, shape, strides, baseIndex = 0, dim = 0) {
+            if (dim === shape.length - 1) {
+                // Last dimension: extract elements using actual stride
+                const result = [];
+                for (let i = 0; i < shape[dim]; i++) {
+                    result.push(data[baseIndex + i * strides[dim]]);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+            // Recursive case: build nested structure
+            const result = [];
+            for (let i = 0; i < shape[dim]; i++) {
+                result.push(buildNested(data, shape, strides, baseIndex + i * strides[dim], dim + 1));
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        return buildNested(this.value, this.shape, this.strides);
+    }
+    // Returns a copy of the tensor with gradient turned on/off
+    withGrad(requiresGrad) {
+        return new Tensor(this.value, {
+            shape: this.shape,
+            strides: this.strides,
+            requiresGrad
+        });
+    }
+}
+exports.Tensor = Tensor;