capacity-attest 0.1.1 → 0.2.0

package/dist/index.js

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ server.registerTool("record_delivery", {
         "other agents read it back.",
     inputSchema: DeliveryClaimSchema.shape,
 }, async (args) => {
-    const result = recordDelivery(args);
+    const result = await recordDelivery(args);
     if (!result.ok)
         return errorResult(result.reason);
     return textResult({ ok: true, claimId: result.claimId });
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ server.registerTool("get_delivery_history", {
         sellerAddress: ClaimContentSchema.shape.sellerAddress,
     },
 }, async ({ sellerAddress }) => {
-    return textResult(getDeliveryHistory(sellerAddress));
+    return textResult(await getDeliveryHistory(sellerAddress));
 });
 // Re-exported so callers embedding this package can reference the same enums
 // / schema the tools validate against without duplicating them.

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"version":3,"file":"index.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":";AACA,yEAAyE;AACzE,2EAA2E;AAC3E,oDAAoD;AACpD,uDAAuD;AAEvD,OAAO,EAAE,SAAS,EAAE,MAAM,yCAAyC,CAAC;AACpE,OAAO,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,MAAM,2CAA2C,CAAC;AAEjF,OAAO,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,MAAM,aAAa,CAAC;AACrG,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,YAAY,CAAC;AAEhE,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,IAAI,SAAS,CAAC;IAC3B,IAAI,EAAE,iBAAiB;IACvB,OAAO,EAAE,OAAO;CACjB,CAAC,CAAC;AAEH,SAAS,UAAU,CAAC,KAAc;IAChC,MAAM,IAAI,GAAG,OAAO,KAAK,KAAK,QAAQ,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,SAAS,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAChF,OAAO,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC;AAC/C,CAAC;AAED,SAAS,WAAW,CAAC,OAAe;IAClC,OAAO,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,UAAU,OAAO,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC;AACnF,CAAC;AAED,MAAM,CAAC,YAAY,CACjB,iBAAiB,EACjB;IACE,KAAK,EAAE,yBAAyB;IAChC,WAAW,EACT,oHAAoH;QACpH,qGAAqG;QACrG,4GAA4G;QAC5G,2GAA2G;QAC3G,4BAA4B;IAC9B,WAAW,EAAE,mBAAmB,CAAC,KAAK;CACvC,EACD,KAAK,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,EAAE;IACb,MAAM,MAAM,GAAG,MAAM,cAAc,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC;IAC1C,IAAI,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,EAAE;QAAE,OAAO,WAAW,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC;IAClD,OAAO,UAAU,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,OAAO,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;AAC3D,CAAC,CACF,CAAC;AAEF,MAAM,CAAC,YAAY,CACjB,sBAAsB,EACtB;IACE,KAAK,EAAE,iCAAiC;IACxC,WAAW,EACT,8GAA8G;QAC9G,gHAAgH;QAChH,4GAA4G;QAC5G,mBAAmB;IACrB,WAAW,EAAE;QACX,aAAa,EAAE,kBAAkB,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,aAAa;KACtD;CACF,EACD,KAAK,EAAE,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,EAAE,EAAE;IAC1B,OAAO,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,kBAAkB,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;AAC7D,CAAC,CACF,CAAC;AAEF,6EAA6E;AAC7E,gEAAgE;AAChE,OAAO,EAAE,WAAW,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,CAAC;AAEzC,KAAK,UAAU,IAAI;IACjB,MAAM,SAAS,GAAG,IAAI,oBAAoB,EAAE,CAAC;IAC7C,MAAM,MAAM,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC;AAClC,CAAC;AAED,IAAI,EAAE,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE;IACjB,OAAO,CAAC,KAAK,CAAC,6CAA6C,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;IAChE,OAAO,CAAC,IAAI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;AAClB,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC"}

package/dist/ledger.d.ts

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import { type DeliveryClaim } from "./schema.js";
  * Append one already-verified claim to the ledger. Throws if a claim with
  * the same claimId was already recorded.
  */
-export declare function appendClaim(claim: DeliveryClaim): DeliveryClaim;
+export declare function appendClaim(claim: DeliveryClaim): Promise<DeliveryClaim>;
 /** All claims recorded against one seller, oldest first. */
-export declare function claimsForSeller(sellerAddress: string): DeliveryClaim[];
+export declare function claimsForSeller(sellerAddress: string): Promise<DeliveryClaim[]>;
 /** Every claim in the ledger, oldest first. Mainly useful for tests/inspection. */
-export declare function allClaims(): DeliveryClaim[];
+export declare function allClaims(): Promise<DeliveryClaim[]>;
 //# sourceMappingURL=ledger.d.ts.map

package/dist/ledger.d.ts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"ledger.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/ledger.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAYA,OAAO,EAAuB,KAAK,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,aAAa,CAAC;AAqFtE;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAgB,WAAW,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,aAAa,GAAG,aAAa,CAc/D;AAED,4DAA4D;AAC5D,wBAAgB,eAAe,CAAC,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,aAAa,EAAE,CAItE;AAED,mFAAmF;AACnF,wBAAgB,SAAS,IAAI,aAAa,EAAE,CAE3C"}
+{"version":3,"file":"ledger.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/ledger.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAYA,OAAO,EAAuB,KAAK,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,aAAa,CAAC;AAoftE;;;GAGG;AACH,wBAAsB,WAAW,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,aAAa,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC,aAAa,CAAC,CA0D9E;AAED,4DAA4D;AAC5D,wBAAsB,eAAe,CAAC,aAAa,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,OAAO,CAAC,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,CAQrF;AAED,mFAAmF;AACnF,wBAAsB,SAAS,IAAI,OAAO,CAAC,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,CAG1D"}

package/dist/ledger.js

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 // history. A second claim with the same content-addressed claimId (i.e. an
 // attempt to re-record the exact same claim) is rejected rather than
 // silently duplicated.
-import { existsSync, readFileSync, appendFileSync, openSync, closeSync, unlinkSync, statSync } from "node:fs";
+import { readFileSync, appendFileSync, openSync, closeSync, unlinkSync, statSync } from "node:fs";
 import { join } from "node:path";
 import { dataDir, ensureDataDir } from "./config.js";
 import { DeliveryClaimSchema } from "./schema.js";
@@ -24,9 +24,27 @@ function claimsFile() {
 // Fix: a lockfile-based mutex around the whole read+check+append sequence,
 // using O_EXCL ("wx") as the atomic primitive — only one process can
 // successfully create the lock file at a time, so the race window closes.
-// This module is deliberately fully synchronous throughout (see the header
-// comment above), so the wait loop is a bounded synchronous retry rather
-// than an async queue.
+//
+// SECOND FIX (2026-08-31, same day): the mutex's first version retried a
+// contended lock with a synchronous `while (Date.now() < until) {}` spin
+// loop. That busy-wait blocks the entire Node.js event loop for however
+// long it spins (up to LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000ms) — in a live server this
+// package is designed to run inside (a buyer agent recording a delivery
+// claim right after a paid x402 call), that stalls every other in-flight
+// request on the process, not just the caller. The retry now awaits a real
+// `setTimeout`-based delay instead, which yields control back to the event
+// loop between attempts. This makes acquireLock() / appendClaim() (and,
+// for a consistent async surface across the module, readClaims() /
+// claimsForSeller() / allClaims()) Promise-returning. Every call site
+// (tools.ts, index.ts's tool handlers, examples/demo.ts, the test suite,
+// the bench/ scripts) was updated to await them — a half-converted fix
+// (async internals with a caller that forgot to await) would silently
+// reorder the read-check-write sequence and could reintroduce the exact
+// duplicate-claim race the lock exists to prevent. Verified after the fix:
+// bench/ledger-concurrency.mjs still shows 0% duplicates under real
+// multi-process contention (same as right after the first fix), and a new
+// bench/event-loop-non-blocking.mjs proves a concurrent setInterval no
+// longer stalls while the lock is contended.
 const LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS = 5;
 const LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS = 5_000;
 // If a process crashes while holding the lock, the lock file would
@@ -36,7 +54,31 @@ const STALE_LOCK_MS = 30_000;
 function lockFile() {
     return claimsFile() + ".lock";
 }
-function acquireLock(path) {
+/** Resolves after `ms` real milliseconds — yields control back to the event loop, unlike a spin loop. */
+function delay(ms) {
+    return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+// Errno codes that mean "could not create the lock file right now because
+// someone else is touching it" and are therefore worth retrying, rather
+// than "something is actually wrong" and worth throwing immediately.
+// EEXIST is the expected, documented case (another process holds the
+// lock). EPERM is included too: on Windows/NTFS, deleting a file (as
+// releaseLock() does) can leave it briefly in a "pending delete" state, and
+// a `wx`-mode open racing against that transition can surface as EPERM
+// rather than either a clean success or a clean EEXIST. Found empirically
+// (2026-08-31) while writing bench/event-loop-non-blocking.mjs: 25
+// concurrent in-process callers all racing to re-acquire a just-released
+// lock intermittently hit this, and — before this was added — it threw
+// past the retry loop entirely, turning ordinary contention into a hard
+// failure instead of a bounded wait. Reproduces identically on the
+// pre-async-fix synchronous code too, so this is not something the
+// busy-wait -> async change introduced; it is a pre-existing Windows-only
+// gap in what counted as "retryable" that this same fix pass closed.
+function isRetryableLockError(e) {
+    const code = e.code;
+    return code === "EEXIST" || code === "EPERM";
+}
+async function acquireLock(path) {
     const deadline = Date.now() + LOCK_TIMEOUT_MS;
     for (;;) {
         try {
@@ -44,7 +86,7 @@ function acquireLock(path) {
             return;
         }
         catch (e) {
-            if (e.code !== "EEXIST")
+            if (!isRetryableLockError(e))
                 throw e;
             try {
                 if (Date.now() - statSync(path).mtimeMs > STALE_LOCK_MS) {
@@ -60,10 +102,10 @@ function acquireLock(path) {
             if (Date.now() > deadline) {
                 throw new Error(`ledger_lock_timeout: could not acquire lock at ${path}`);
             }
-            const until = Date.now() + LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS;
-            while (Date.now() < until) {
-                /* bounded synchronous backoff */
-            }
+            // Non-blocking backoff: await a real timer instead of spinning, so the
+            // event loop stays free to process other work (timers, other
+            // requests) while this call is waiting for the lock.
+            await delay(LOCK_RETRY_DELAY_MS);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -75,38 +117,434 @@ function releaseLock(path) {
         // Already gone (e.g. reclaimed as stale by another process) — fine.
     }
 }
-function readClaims() {
-    const file = claimsFile();
-    if (!existsSync(file))
-        return [];
-    return readFileSync(file, "utf8")
-        .split("\n")
-        .filter(Boolean)
-        .flatMap((line) => {
+// THIRD FIX (2026-08-31, same day, found by an adversarial verifier): the
+// function this comment used to describe (readClaims()) re-read and
+// re-validated the ENTIRE ledger file, through zod, on every single call —
+// appendClaim() (for its duplicate-claimId check) AND claimsForSeller()/
+// allClaims(). Cost is linear in TOTAL ledger size, and since this ledger is
+// explicitly append-only, permanent history (nothing is ever deleted — see
+// this file's header comment), that cost only grows over the service's
+// lifetime, never shrinks. Measured empirically before this fix: 903ms of
+// unbroken event-loop freeze at 40,000 lines for a single call with zero
+// contention; under real lock contention against a 5,000-line ledger with 10
+// concurrent callers, a single continuous 526ms stretch where the event loop
+// processed nothing at all. In this package's real deployment shape (a
+// single long-lived Node process, no clustering — see x402-server.mjs), that
+// is every other in-flight request on the process freezing for over half a
+// second, every time anyone records a delivery, and it gets worse forever.
+//
+// Fix: an in-memory cache, per resolved ledger file path (NOT a single
+// global — CAPACITY_ATTEST_DATA_DIR differs between tests/instances, so
+// keying by path is what makes this correct for more than one ledger file
+// per process), holding the already-parsed-and-validated claims plus two
+// indexes built for the two things this module actually needs to answer
+// fast: a claimId Set (appendClaim()'s duplicate check) and a
+// sellerAddress -> claims[] Map (claimsForSeller()). Each cache entry also
+// carries the ledger file's byte size AT THE MOMENT it was built.
+//
+// On every call, a cheap `statSync` (no parsing) compares the file's CURRENT
+// byte size against the cached size. Byte size, not mtime: filesystem mtime
+// resolution can be coarse enough on some platforms that two real writes
+// within the same tick look unchanged to an mtime check — that would be a
+// silent-stale-read correctness bug, not just a missed optimization.
+// Unchanged size -> the cache is used as-is, no disk read, no re-parse, no
+// re-validation: this is the fast path this fix exists to add. Changed size
+// -> the file was written since our cache was built (by another process, or
+// by our own appendClaim() before it started updating the cache in-place —
+// see below), so the cache is stale and gets rebuilt from disk.
+//
+// LOCK-VS-STALENESS-CHECK ORDERING (the part that is easy to get backwards
+// and silently reintroduce the original duplicate-claim race): appendClaim()
+// does its staleness check/resync AFTER acquireLock(), never before. If it
+// checked staleness first and only acquired the lock afterward, there would
+// be a TOCTOU gap between "we decided the cache is fresh" and "we hold the
+// lock" during which another process could append — our now-actually-stale
+// cache would then pass the duplicate check against a claimId set that is
+// missing that concurrent write, and two processes could both believe they
+// won the race, exactly the bug the lock was built to close in the first
+// fix. Doing the freshness check (and, if needed, the resync) INSIDE the
+// locked section instead means: by the time appendClaim() looks at the
+// cache, no other process can be mid-write against this file (the lock
+// serializes that), so the cache, once confirmed fresh (or just rebuilt),
+// stays a true reflection of on-disk state for the rest of the critical
+// section — there is no gap left for a concurrent writer to hide in. The
+// cache is therefore a performance layer INSIDE the lock's critical section,
+// never a substitute for it; duplicate-claimId safety still comes 100% from
+// the lock, exactly as before this fix.
+//
+// claimsForSeller()/allClaims() do NOT take the lock (same as before this
+// fix — see the original comment this one replaces), because their
+// correctness need is different: they don't need atomicity with a
+// concurrent write, they just need to reflect a recent, self-consistent
+// on-disk state at the time they're called. The same statSync-based
+// staleness check gives them that: right after another process (or our own
+// appendClaim()) writes, the file's size changes, so the very next
+// claimsForSeller()/allClaims() call resyncs instead of trusting a now-stale
+// cache. This is exactly the "process A warm cache, process B writes
+// directly, process A must see it" scenario the new
+// cross-process-cache-invalidation test in ledger.test.ts exercises.
+//
+// The resync-from-disk path is still fundamentally O(n) — unavoidable if the
+// true on-disk state must be validated — but two things change: (1) it is
+// now the EXCEPTION (only when the file actually changed underneath us),
+// not the norm (every call, regardless); (2) it no longer holds the event
+// loop hostage for its full duration in one stretch — resyncFromDisk()
+// processes lines in RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE-sized batches and `await`s a real
+// setImmediate between batches, bounding any single blocking stretch to
+// roughly one batch's cost rather than the whole file's, the same
+// non-blocking-yield pattern the previous fix in this file applied to lock
+// contention.
+//
+// Concurrent-resync safety within one process: resyncFromDisk() builds its
+// claims array / claimId Set / sellerAddress Map into a brand-new object and
+// only publishes it (a single synchronous Map.set on cacheByPath) once
+// fully built — so a reader that hits the fast path mid-resync sees either
+// the old (stale but internally consistent) cache or the new one, never a
+// half-populated one. If two callers in the same process both observe
+// staleness at once (e.g. a concurrent appendClaim() and claimsForSeller()),
+// they share ONE in-flight resync via pendingResyncs rather than each
+// starting their own redundant O(n) pass.
+//
+// Verified after this fix: bench/ledger-scale.mjs (rewritten for this fix)
+// shows append/history calls after the first one at a given N running in
+// well under a millisecond instead of growing linearly with ledger size;
+// bench/ledger-concurrency.mjs still shows 0% duplicates and 0 lost writes
+// under real multi-process contention (unchanged from the previous fix);
+// bench/event-loop-non-blocking.mjs (the previous fix's proof) still passes
+// unmodified, confirming this fix did not reintroduce event-loop blocking on
+// the lock-wait path it already fixed.
+const RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE = 500;
+function emptyCache() {
+    return { size: 0, claims: [], claimIdSet: new Set(), bySeller: new Map() };
+}
+// Keyed by resolved ledger file path, not a single global — tests (and any
+// future multi-tenant use) point CAPACITY_ATTEST_DATA_DIR at different
+// directories within the same process, and a single shared cache variable
+// would silently serve one ledger's data for another's calls.
+const cacheByPath = new Map();
+// De-duplicates concurrent resyncs of the SAME path within one process: if
+// two callers both observe staleness before either resync finishes, the
+// second joins the first's in-flight Promise instead of redoing the O(n)
+// work itself.
+const pendingResyncs = new Map();
+/** Yields control back to the event loop — used between resync batches. */
+function yieldToEventLoop() {
+    return new Promise((resolve) => setImmediate(resolve));
+}
+function timestampMs(claim) {
+    return Date.parse(claim.timestamp);
+}
+// WHY THE CACHE KEEPS claims/bySeller PRE-SORTED, INSTEAD OF SORTING AT READ
+// TIME (which is what the pre-cache readClaims()-based code did, and what an
+// earlier draft of THIS fix also did): claimsForSeller()/allClaims() are
+// exactly the calls this whole fix is about making cheap on the warm path.
+// Re-running `.sort((a, b) => Date.parse(a.timestamp) - Date.parse(b.timestamp))`
+// on every single warm call is itself O(n log n) with an expensive
+// comparator (Date.parse() is a real date-string parse, not a cheap number
+// compare) — at N=40,000 that measured at ~13-14ms PER WARM CALL in this
+// fix's own benchmark (bench/ledger-cache-scale.mjs), 450x the N=0 floor,
+// which is not "amortized O(1) or close to it" by any reasonable reading,
+// even though it correctly skipped the disk read. So: claims/bySeller are
+// sorted ONCE per resync (still inside the O(n) resync's cost, effectively
+// free to add), and appendClaim() keeps that invariant on the warm
+// incremental-update path too, via a binary-search insert (sortedInsertIndex
+// below) instead of a plain push — O(log n) to find the position, O(n) for
+// the underlying array shift (a plain memmove of object references, not
+// re-parsing/re-validating anything), which is what turns the warm-call
+// benchmark's claimsForSeller()/allClaims() numbers into a plain array copy:
+// no comparator, no Date.parse, cost proportional only to the RESULT size,
+// not the ledger's total size.
+function sortedInsertIndex(sorted, ts) {
+    let lo = 0;
+    let hi = sorted.length;
+    while (lo < hi) {
+        const mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
+        // <= keeps insertion AFTER any existing entries with an equal
+        // timestamp, so a newly appended claim with a tied timestamp lands
+        // after previously-recorded ones — the same tie-break a stable
+        // file-order sort would have produced, since this is an append-only
+        // log and the new claim is, by definition, the most recently arrived.
+        if (timestampMs(sorted[mid]) <= ts)
+            lo = mid + 1;
+        else
+            hi = mid;
+    }
+    return lo;
+}
+// SIXTH FIX (2026-08-31, same day, found by adversarial verification): the
+// parse loop above correctly yields every RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE lines, but the
+// code that used to follow it — a single `decorated.sort(...)` over the
+// WHOLE array, then a single unyielded `for` loop over the WHOLE sorted
+// array to build `bySeller` — both ran as one uninterrupted synchronous
+// stretch after the batched parse loop finished. Measured: at N=50,000 that
+// unyielded tail alone was ~75ms (26ms sort + 47ms bySeller-build); at a
+// plausible future N=200,000 it was ~438ms — approaching the magnitude of
+// the original pre-cache bug (903ms at N=40,000) this entire fix exists to
+// eliminate. A plain per-batch merge (merge each newly-parsed batch into the
+// accumulated sorted result, yield between batches) would NOT actually fix
+// this: the merge step itself is O(accumulated size), so the LAST merge in a
+// large ledger would still be one unyielded O(n) stretch — the exact same
+// shape of bug, just moved earlier. What actually bounds every unyielded
+// stretch to ~one batch's cost, all the way through an O(n log n) sort, is
+// counting WORK DONE (elements written to the merge output), not batch
+// boundaries, and yielding whenever that counter crosses RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE —
+// this is what yieldingMergeSort() below does: a standard iterative
+// bottom-up merge sort (stable, like the native Array.prototype.sort() it
+// replaces — see its own comment for why <= on ties matters), except every
+// single element written into the merge output increments a shared counter
+// that triggers a real yield once it reaches RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE, regardless
+// of which pass or which pair-merge that element happened to fall in. Total
+// work is still the same O(n log n) a native sort would do; what changes is
+// that it is never done in one unbroken stretch bigger than one batch.
+async function yieldingMergeSort(items) {
+    const n = items.length;
+    if (n < 2)
+        return;
+    let src = items;
+    let dst = new Array(n);
+    let writtenSinceYield = 0;
+    for (let width = 1; width < n; width *= 2) {
+        for (let lo = 0; lo < n; lo += width * 2) {
+            const mid = Math.min(lo + width, n);
+            const hi = Math.min(lo + width * 2, n);
+            let i = lo;
+            let j = mid;
+            let k = lo;
+            while (i < mid || j < hi) {
+                // <= (not <) is what makes this stable: on a tie, the left run
+                // (which, at every level of a bottom-up merge sort, always holds
+                // elements that were earlier in the pre-sort/file order than the
+                // right run) is drained first — identical tie-break to the native
+                // stable `.sort()` this replaces.
+                if (j >= hi || (i < mid && src[i].ts <= src[j].ts)) {
+                    dst[k++] = src[i++];
+                }
+                else {
+                    dst[k++] = src[j++];
+                }
+                if (++writtenSinceYield >= RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE) {
+                    writtenSinceYield = 0;
+                    await yieldToEventLoop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        [src, dst] = [dst, src];
+    }
+    if (src !== items) {
+        // The last swap left the fully-sorted array in `src`, which is the
+        // scratch buffer, not the caller's `items` array — copy it back in
+        // place, itself batched/yielded for the same reason as everything else
+        // in this function: a plain unyielded `for` here over all n elements
+        // would just reintroduce the exact bug this function exists to close.
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            items[i] = src[i];
+            if ((i + 1) % RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE === 0 && i + 1 < n) {
+                await yieldToEventLoop();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+/**
+ * Re-reads and re-validates the entire ledger file from disk, in batches
+ * with a real yield between them so this never holds the event loop for the
+ * whole file's cost in one uninterrupted stretch. Builds a brand-new cache
+ * object and only publishes it once complete (see the header comment above
+ * for why that matters for in-process concurrent readers).
+ */
+async function resyncFromDisk(file) {
+    let content;
+    try {
+        content = readFileSync(file, "utf8");
+    }
+    catch (e) {
+        // FIFTH FIX (2026-08-31, same day, found by adversarial verification):
+        // this bare `catch` used to treat EVERY readFileSync error identically
+        // to "file doesn't exist yet" — including a transient EACCES, EBUSY,
+        // EMFILE, or a Windows sharing-violation, none of which mean the ledger
+        // is empty. Silently downgrading a real error to "empty cache" can wipe
+        // a warm, correct in-memory cache down to zero known claimIds, after
+        // which a genuine duplicate claimId would be wrongly accepted — the
+        // exact guarantee this whole module exists to protect. Only ENOENT
+        // (mirrors isRetryableLockError()'s explicit-code-check style above)
+        // means "does not exist yet, empty is the correct read"; every other
+        // error now propagates as a real thrown error instead of being eaten.
+        if (e.code !== "ENOENT")
+            throw e;
+        // Doesn't exist (or vanished) — a fresh, empty, but still validly-sized
+        // (0 bytes) cache. Matches the pre-fix behavior of readClaims()
+        // returning [] when the file doesn't exist yet.
+        const empty = emptyCache();
+        cacheByPath.set(file, empty);
+        return empty;
+    }
+    const lines = content.split("\n").filter(Boolean);
+    // Decorated with each claim's parsed timestamp so the sort below compares
+    // plain numbers instead of re-parsing every timestamp string on every
+    // comparison (an O(n log n)-times cost vs. this O(n)-times one).
+    const decorated = [];
+    const claimIdSet = new Set();
+    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+        const line = lines[i];
         try {
-            return [DeliveryClaimSchema.parse(JSON.parse(line))];
+            const claim = DeliveryClaimSchema.parse(JSON.parse(line));
+            decorated.push({ claim, ts: timestampMs(claim) });
+            claimIdSet.add(claim.claimId.toLowerCase());
         }
         catch {
             // A corrupt/partial line (e.g. a truncated write) must not take down
-            // reads of the rest of the ledger.
-            return [];
+            // reads of the rest of the ledger — same tolerance as before this fix.
+        }
+        if ((i + 1) % RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE === 0 && i + 1 < lines.length) {
+            await yieldToEventLoop();
         }
+    }
+    // Stable sort, same tie-break behavior (ties keep original file/append
+    // order) as the pre-fix code's native `.sort()` — but via
+    // yieldingMergeSort() instead, which bounds every unyielded stretch to
+    // ~RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE elements instead of running as one uninterrupted
+    // O(n log n) block. See yieldingMergeSort()'s own comment (SIXTH FIX) for
+    // why a naive per-batch merge would not actually have achieved this.
+    await yieldingMergeSort(decorated);
+    const claims = decorated.map((d) => d.claim);
+    // sellerAddress is already lower-cased by ClaimContentSchema's own
+    // .transform() (see schema.ts), so no extra normalization needed here.
+    // Iterating the now-sorted `claims` means every bucket comes out sorted
+    // too, with no separate per-seller sort needed. Batched with a yield every
+    // RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE claims (same SIXTH FIX as the sort above) instead of
+    // one unyielded pass over the whole array — building this map is itself
+    // O(n) and was part of the same measured 47ms-at-N=50,000 unyielded tail.
+    const bySeller = new Map();
+    for (let i = 0; i < claims.length; i++) {
+        const claim = claims[i];
+        const bucket = bySeller.get(claim.sellerAddress);
+        if (bucket)
+            bucket.push(claim);
+        else
+            bySeller.set(claim.sellerAddress, [claim]);
+        if ((i + 1) % RESYNC_BATCH_SIZE === 0 && i + 1 < claims.length) {
+            await yieldToEventLoop();
+        }
+    }
+    // size is derived from the exact content string we just validated
+    // (Buffer.byteLength), not a separate statSync call — that would open a
+    // gap where a write between the read and the stat could make the marker
+    // disagree with what we actually parsed. This way the two can never
+    // disagree by construction.
+    const entry = { size: Buffer.byteLength(content, "utf8"), claims, claimIdSet, bySeller };
+    cacheByPath.set(file, entry);
+    return entry;
+}
+/**
+ * Returns a cache guaranteed fresh as of the moment this is called: if the
+ * on-disk file's byte size still matches what the cache was built from,
+ * returns it as-is (no disk read at all beyond the one cheap statSync).
+ * Otherwise resyncs from disk first (see resyncFromDisk()).
+ */
+async function getFreshCache(file) {
+    let diskSize;
+    try {
+        diskSize = statSync(file).size;
+    }
+    catch (e) {
+        // Same explicit-ENOENT-only reasoning as resyncFromDisk()'s catch above
+        // (FIFTH FIX) — a non-ENOENT statSync error is a real problem, not an
+        // empty ledger, and must not be swallowed into diskSize=0.
+        if (e.code !== "ENOENT")
+            throw e;
+        diskSize = 0; // file does not exist yet
+    }
+    const cached = cacheByPath.get(file);
+    if (cached && cached.size === diskSize) {
+        return cached;
+    }
+    // KNOWN LIMITATION (documented 2026-08-31, not fixed): this join does not
+    // re-check the in-flight resync's eventual `.size` against the `diskSize`
+    // measured above. If that resync was already snapshotting disk (via
+    // resyncFromDisk()'s own readFileSync) before an external, lock-bypassing
+    // writer appended a claim, and this call's own statSync happened to run
+    // after that external write, the joined resync can resolve to a cache
+    // that is already stale relative to what this caller just observed on
+    // disk. In appendClaim()'s case that means the duplicate-claimId check
+    // could pass against a claimId the external writer just added, producing
+    // a real duplicate line in the ledger. Reproduced 3/3 in adversarial
+    // testing. Low real-world severity today: this package's actual
+    // deployment (a single long-lived process holding the lockfile for every
+    // write) never has a second, lock-bypassing writer racing a resync in
+    // this exact window; the gap only opens for a future deployment shape
+    // (e.g. multiple processes/hosts sharing one CAPACITY_ATTEST_DATA_DIR,
+    // with something other than this package's own appendClaim() writing to
+    // the file directly). Fix direction if this is ever revisited: re-check
+    // `inFlight`'s resolved `.size` against `diskSize` after joining, and
+    // loop to a fresh resyncFromDisk() call if they still disagree.
+    const inFlight = pendingResyncs.get(file);
+    if (inFlight)
+        return inFlight;
+    const resync = resyncFromDisk(file).finally(() => {
+        pendingResyncs.delete(file);
     });
+    pendingResyncs.set(file, resync);
+    return resync;
 }
 /**
  * Append one already-verified claim to the ledger. Throws if a claim with
  * the same claimId was already recorded.
  */
-export function appendClaim(claim) {
+export async function appendClaim(claim) {
     ensureDataDir();
+    const file = claimsFile();
     const lock = lockFile();
-    acquireLock(lock);
+    await acquireLock(lock);
     try {
-        const existing = readClaims();
-        if (existing.some((c) => c.claimId.toLowerCase() === claim.claimId.toLowerCase())) {
+        // Freshness check happens AFTER acquiring the lock — see this file's
+        // header comment for why that ordering, not the reverse, is what keeps
+        // the duplicate-claimId guarantee intact across processes.
+        const cache = await getFreshCache(file);
+        const claimIdLower = claim.claimId.toLowerCase();
+        if (cache.claimIdSet.has(claimIdLower)) {
             throw new Error(`claim_already_recorded: ${claim.claimId}`);
         }
-        appendFileSync(claimsFile(), JSON.stringify(claim) + "\n");
+        // FOURTH FIX (2026-08-31, same day, found by adversarial verification of
+        // the THIRD FIX above): this used to re-`statSync(file).size` right
+        // after the write below, on the theory that "exact by construction" was
+        // safer than hand-computing a delta. That reasoning was backwards: a
+        // statSync reads the file's CURRENT combined size, so if any OTHER
+        // writer — even one that doesn't respect this module's own lockfile,
+        // e.g. a second independent process doing a raw fs.appendFileSync, which
+        // this whole lock exists to defend against for the on-disk data but was
+        // never guarding OUR in-memory size marker — wrote to the same file in
+        // the narrow window between our appendFileSync and that statSync, the
+        // cache's `size` would end up matching the file's new COMBINED size
+        // while cache.claims/claimIdSet only reflect OUR write. The next
+        // getFreshCache() would then see size-matches-disk and trust a cache
+        // that is silently missing the other writer's claim — permanently,
+        // until some unrelated write happens to invalidate it again. Reproduced
+        // 4/4 runs: a duplicate claimId got accepted (should have been
+        // rejected), and claimsForSeller()/allClaims() silently omitted the
+        // externally-written claim. Fixed by computing the new size as a DELTA —
+        // old cached size + exactly the bytes of the line we ourselves just
+        // wrote — which by construction cannot be perturbed by anyone else's
+        // write landing in that window, matching resyncFromDisk()'s own
+        // Buffer.byteLength(content, "utf8") convention for what "size" means.
+        const serializedLine = JSON.stringify(claim) + "\n";
+        appendFileSync(file, serializedLine);
+        // Update the cache in place to reflect our own write, synchronously and
+        // with no `await` anywhere in this block — that's what guarantees no
+        // other same-process caller can observe a half-updated cache (JS never
+        // preempts a synchronous stretch of code). This keeps OUR process's
+        // cache warm for the next call without forcing an immediate resync, and
+        // is why repeated appendClaim()/claimsForSeller() calls from the same
+        // long-lived process stay cheap even as the ledger grows. Insertion
+        // (not push) keeps claims/bySeller sorted by timestamp at all times —
+        // see sortedInsertIndex()'s comment for why that matters.
+        const ts = timestampMs(claim);
+        cache.claims.splice(sortedInsertIndex(cache.claims, ts), 0, claim);
+        cache.claimIdSet.add(claimIdLower);
+        const bucket = cache.bySeller.get(claim.sellerAddress);
+        if (bucket)
+            bucket.splice(sortedInsertIndex(bucket, ts), 0, claim);
+        else
+            cache.bySeller.set(claim.sellerAddress, [claim]);
+        cache.size = cache.size + Buffer.byteLength(serializedLine, "utf8");
         return claim;
     }
     finally {
@@ -114,13 +552,18 @@ export function appendClaim(claim) {
     }
 }
 /** All claims recorded against one seller, oldest first. */
-export function claimsForSeller(sellerAddress) {
-    return readClaims()
-        .filter((c) => c.sellerAddress.toLowerCase() === sellerAddress.toLowerCase())
-        .sort((a, b) => Date.parse(a.timestamp) - Date.parse(b.timestamp));
+export async function claimsForSeller(sellerAddress) {
+    const cache = await getFreshCache(claimsFile());
+    const bucket = cache.bySeller.get(sellerAddress.toLowerCase()) ?? [];
+    // bucket is already sorted (see LedgerCache's invariant) — just copy it,
+    // so a caller mutating the returned array can't corrupt the shared cache.
+    // No sort, no Date.parse, at call time: this is the whole point of the
+    // fix — cost proportional to the RESULT size, not the ledger's total size.
+    return [...bucket];
 }
 /** Every claim in the ledger, oldest first. Mainly useful for tests/inspection. */
-export function allClaims() {
-    return readClaims().sort((a, b) => Date.parse(a.timestamp) - Date.parse(b.timestamp));
+export async function allClaims() {
+    const cache = await getFreshCache(claimsFile());
+    return [...cache.claims];
 }
 //# sourceMappingURL=ledger.js.map