buninu 0.2.5 → 0.3.1

package/apps/bunmsh/src/shell.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3557 @@
+import {
+  constants as fsConstants,
+  accessSync,
+  closeSync,
+  chmodSync,
+  createReadStream,
+  createWriteStream,
+  lstatSync,
+  linkSync,
+  mkdirSync,
+  openSync,
+  readdirSync,
+  rmdirSync,
+  readFileSync,
+  realpathSync,
+  statSync,
+  symlinkSync,
+  unlinkSync,
+} from "node:fs";
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
+import {
+  arch as osArch,
+  constants as osConstants,
+  hostname as osHostname,
+  release as osRelease,
+  type as osType,
+  version as osVersion,
+} from "node:os";
+import {
+  basename as pathBasename,
+  delimiter as pathDelimiter,
+  dirname as pathDirname,
+  isAbsolute,
+  resolve as resolvePath,
+} from "node:path";
+import { Readable, Writable } from "node:stream";
+import { format as formatValue } from "node:util";
+import { EXECUTABLE_COMMAND, IS_COMPILED } from "../single-exe/compiled.js";
+import { readAssetText } from "../single-exe/assetsHelper.js";
+import { dedupeBunmshHistory, saveBunmshHistory } from "./history.js";
+import { fancyLs } from "./fancy-ls.js";
+import { canonicalEnvironment, environmentValue } from "./environment.js";
+import { findIsRegularBuiltin, runFind } from "./find.js";
+import { main as startFileServer, parseServeArguments, waitForInterrupt } from "../serve.js";
+import { main as catFancy } from "./cat-fancy.js";
+import { parseCatOperands } from "./cat-operands.js";
+
+const encoder = new TextEncoder();
+const decoder = new TextDecoder();
+const DEFAULT_ALIASES = {
+  ls: ["ls", "--color=auto"],
+  diff: ["diff", "--color=auto"],
+  grep: ["grep", "--color=auto"],
+};
+const DEFAULT_COMMAND_PATH = process.platform === "win32"
+  ? (environmentValue(process.env, "PATH") ?? "")
+  : ["/bin", "/usr/bin"].join(pathDelimiter);
+const BUN_EXECUTABLE = Bun.which("bun") || process.argv0;
+const BUN_RUNTIME_COMMAND = EXECUTABLE_COMMAND.length > 1
+  ? EXECUTABLE_COMMAND
+  : [BUN_EXECUTABLE];
+const BUNMSH_ENTRY = resolvePath(import.meta.dirname, "main.js");
+const PIPELINE_STATE_ENV = "BUNMSH_INTERNAL_PIPELINE_STATE";
+
+const HELP_ALIASES = {
+  ":": "colon",
+  "[": "test",
+  __builtin: "builtin",
+  chdir: "cd",
+};
+const HELP_EXCLUDED = new Set([".", "..", "//", "-", "~"]);
+const HELP_LONG_ONLY = new Set(["ls", "lsfancy"]);
+
+function requestsBuiltinHelp(argv) {
+  return argv.length === 2 &&
+    (argv[1] === "--help" || (argv[1] === "-h" && !HELP_LONG_ONLY.has(argv[0])));
+}
+
+function hasBuiltinHelp(name) {
+  return !HELP_EXCLUDED.has(name);
+}
+
+async function builtinHelp(name) {
+  try {
+    const source = await readAssetText(`help/${HELP_ALIASES[name] ?? name}.md`);
+    return result(0, String(Bun.markdown.ansi(source, { hyperlinks: true })));
+  } catch (error) {
+    return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${name}: cannot load help: ${error.message}\n`);
+  }
+}
+
+function shellPath(value) {
+  return process.platform === "win32" ? value.replaceAll("\\", "/") : value;
+}
+
+function nativePath(value) {
+  return process.platform === "win32" ? value.replaceAll("/", "\\") : value;
+}
+
+export class ShellSyntaxError extends Error {
+  constructor(message, offset = -1) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = "ShellSyntaxError";
+    this.offset = offset;
+  }
+}
+
+function isNameStart(ch) {
+  return /[A-Za-z_]/.test(ch ?? "");
+}
+
+function isNameChar(ch) {
+  return /[A-Za-z0-9_]/.test(ch ?? "");
+}
+
+function isSpace(ch) {
+  return ch === " " || ch === "\t" || ch === "\r";
+}
+
+function lineContinuationLength(source, offset) {
+  if (source[offset] !== "\\") return 0;
+  if (source[offset + 1] === "\n") return 2;
+  if (source[offset + 1] === "\r" && source[offset + 2] === "\n") return 3;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+function normalizeSource(source) {
+  return String(source).replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+}
+
+function wordToken(offset) {
+  return { type: "word", fragments: [], offset };
+}
+
+function pushFragment(word, text, quote) {
+  if (text === "") {
+    if (quote !== "none") word.fragments.push({ text, quote });
+    return;
+  }
+  const previous = word.fragments.at(-1);
+  if (previous?.quote === quote) previous.text += text;
+  else word.fragments.push({ text, quote });
+}
+
+function substitutionEnd(source, start) {
+  if (source[start] === "`") {
+    for (let i = start + 1; i < source.length; i++) {
+      if (source[i] === "\\") i++;
+      else if (source[i] === "`") return i + 1;
+    }
+    throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated command substitution", start);
+  }
+  if (source[start] !== "$" || source[start + 1] !== "(") return start;
+  let depth = source[start + 2] === "(" ? 2 : 1;
+  let quote = null;
+  for (let i = start + 2 + (depth === 2 ? 1 : 0); i < source.length; i++) {
+    const ch = source[i];
+    if (ch === "\\") { i++; continue; }
+    if (quote) {
+      if (ch === quote) quote = null;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (ch === "'" || ch === '"' || ch === "`") { quote = ch; continue; }
+    if (ch === "(") depth++;
+    else if (ch === ")" && --depth === 0) return i + 1;
+  }
+  throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated substitution", start);
+}
+
+function parameterEnd(source, start) {
+  let depth = 1;
+  for (let i = start + 2; i < source.length; i++) {
+    if (source[i] === "\\") { i++; continue; }
+    if (source[i] === "$" && source[i + 1] === "{") { depth++; i++; continue; }
+    if (source[i] === "}" && --depth === 0) return i + 1;
+  }
+  throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated parameter expansion", start);
+}
+
+// Real shells (dash, bash) are lenient when a script ends before a
+// here-document's terminator line ever appears: whatever was read so far
+// becomes the body instead of raising a syntax error. `strict` disables that
+// leniency so a caller (see growHeredocLine) can use the throw as a signal
+// that more input is still needed.
+function consumeHeredocBodies(source, start, pending, strict) {
+  let i = start;
+  for (const entry of pending) {
+    let body = "";
+    while (true) {
+      const newline = source.indexOf("\n", i);
+      const atEnd = newline === -1;
+      const lineEnd = atEnd ? source.length : newline;
+      const rawLine = source.slice(i, lineEnd);
+      const line = entry.strip ? rawLine.replace(/^\t+/, "") : rawLine;
+      if (line === entry.delimiterText) {
+        i = atEnd ? lineEnd : newline + 1;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (atEnd) {
+        if (strict) {
+          throw new ShellSyntaxError(
+            `unterminated here-document (wanted '${entry.delimiterText}')`,
+            entry.token.offset,
+          );
+        }
+        body += line;
+        i = lineEnd;
+        break;
+      }
+      body += `${line}\n`;
+      i = newline + 1;
+    }
+    entry.token.heredoc = { body, expand: entry.expand };
+  }
+  return i;
+}
+
+export function tokenize(source, options = {}) {
+  source = normalizeSource(source);
+  const strict = Boolean(options.strict);
+  const tokens = [];
+  let i = 0;
+  let current = null;
+  let atWordBoundary = true;
+  let pendingHeredocs = [];
+  let awaitingHeredocDelimiter = false;
+  let currentHeredocStrip = false;
+
+  const finishWord = () => {
+    if (current) {
+      if (awaitingHeredocDelimiter) {
+        pendingHeredocs.push({
+          token: current,
+          strip: currentHeredocStrip,
+          expand: current.fragments.every((fragment) =>
+            fragment.quote === "none" && !fragment.text.includes("\u0000")),
+          delimiterText: current.fragments.map((fragment) =>
+            fragment.text.replace(/\u0000(.)/g, "$1")).join(""),
+        });
+        awaitingHeredocDelimiter = false;
+      }
+      tokens.push(current);
+    }
+    current = null;
+  };
+  const ensureWord = () => {
+    current ??= wordToken(i);
+    atWordBoundary = false;
+    return current;
+  };
+
+  while (i < source.length) {
+    const ch = source[i];
+
+    // A backslash-newline pair is removed before token recognition. Besides
+    // joining ordinary words, doing this here avoids creating a phantom empty
+    // word for the indented continuation lines commonly used in exec calls.
+    const continuation = lineContinuationLength(source, i);
+    if (continuation) {
+      i += continuation;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (ch === "\n") {
+      finishWord();
+      tokens.push({ type: "op", value: ";", offset: i });
+      i++;
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      if (pendingHeredocs.length) {
+        i = consumeHeredocBodies(source, i, pendingHeredocs, strict);
+        pendingHeredocs = [];
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (isSpace(ch)) {
+      finishWord();
+      i++;
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (ch === "#" && atWordBoundary && !current) {
+      while (i < source.length && source[i] !== "\n") i++;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const two = source.slice(i, i + 2);
+    const fdDup = source.slice(i, i + 4);
+    const operatorAhead =
+      ["|", ";", "<", ">"].includes(ch) ||
+      two === "&&" ||
+      two === "||" ||
+      two === "2>" ||
+      fdDup === "1>&2" ||
+      fdDup === "2>&1";
+    if (current && operatorAhead) {
+      finishWord();
+      continue;
+    }
+    // A descriptor duplication begins with the shorter `2>` redirect token,
+    // so it must win before ordinary file redirects are considered.
+    if (!current && (fdDup === "1>&2" || fdDup === "2>&1")) {
+      tokens.push({ type: "op", value: fdDup, offset: i });
+      i += 4;
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!current && ["&&", "||", ">>", "2>", "2>>"].includes(
+      source.slice(i, i + 3) === "2>>" ? source.slice(i, i + 3) : two,
+    )) {
+      const value = source.slice(i, i + 3) === "2>>" ? "2>>" : two;
+      tokens.push({ type: "op", value, offset: i });
+      i += value.length;
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!current && two === "<<" && source[i + 2] === "<") {
+      tokens.push({ type: "op", value: "<<<", offset: i });
+      i += 3;
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!current && two === "<<") {
+      const value = source[i + 2] === "-" ? "<<-" : "<<";
+      tokens.push({ type: "op", value, offset: i });
+      currentHeredocStrip = value === "<<-";
+      awaitingHeredocDelimiter = true;
+      i += value.length;
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!current && ["|", ";", "<", ">"].includes(ch)) {
+      tokens.push({ type: "op", value: ch, offset: i++ });
+      atWordBoundary = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (ch === "'") {
+      const word = ensureWord();
+      const start = ++i;
+      while (i < source.length && source[i] !== "'") i++;
+      if (i >= source.length)
+        throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated single quote", start - 1);
+      pushFragment(word, source.slice(start, i), "single");
+      i++;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (ch === '"') {
+      const word = ensureWord();
+      i++;
+      let text = "";
+      let closed = false;
+      while (i < source.length) {
+        if (source[i] === '"') {
+          closed = true;
+          i++;
+          break;
+        }
+        const quotedContinuation = lineContinuationLength(source, i);
+        if (quotedContinuation) {
+          i += quotedContinuation;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (source[i] === "\\" && i + 1 < source.length) {
+          const next = source[i + 1];
+          if (next === "$" || next === '"' || next === "\\") {
+            text += `\u0000${next}`;
+            i += 2;
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        if ((source[i] === "$" && ["(", "{"].includes(source[i + 1])) || source[i] === "`") {
+          const end = source[i + 1] === "{" ? parameterEnd(source, i) : substitutionEnd(source, i);
+          text += source.slice(i, end);
+          i = end;
+          continue;
+        }
+        text += source[i++];
+      }
+      if (!closed)
+        throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated double quote", i);
+      pushFragment(word, text, "double");
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (ch === "\\") {
+      const word = ensureWord();
+      if (i + 1 >= source.length) {
+        // A bare trailing backslash at the very end of the source is what an
+        // interactive line looks like the instant Enter is pressed, before
+        // the next physical line -- which would complete the continuation
+        // pair the branch above handles -- has even been typed. In strict
+        // mode (needsMoreInput's interactive-continuation check) that must
+        // wait for more input like any other unterminated construct, not
+        // silently become a literal "\" word character.
+        if (strict) throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated line continuation", i);
+        pushFragment(word, "\\", "none");
+        i++;
+      } else {
+        pushFragment(word, `\u0000${source[i + 1]}`, "none");
+        i += 2;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const word = ensureWord();
+    let text = "";
+    while (i < source.length) {
+      const c = source[i];
+      if ((c === "$" && ["(", "{"].includes(source[i + 1])) || c === "`") {
+        const end = source[i + 1] === "{" ? parameterEnd(source, i) : substitutionEnd(source, i);
+        text += source.slice(i, end);
+        i = end;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const maybeOp =
+        ["|", ";", "<", ">"].includes(c) ||
+        source.slice(i, i + 2) === "&&" ||
+        source.slice(i, i + 2) === "||" ||
+        source.slice(i, i + 2) === "2>" ||
+        source.slice(i, i + 4) === "1>&2" ||
+        source.slice(i, i + 4) === "2>&1";
+      if (isSpace(c) || c === "\n" || c === "'" || c === '"' || c === "\\" || maybeOp)
+        break;
+      text += c;
+      i++;
+    }
+    pushFragment(word, text, "none");
+  }
+
+  finishWord();
+  if (pendingHeredocs.length) {
+    if (strict) {
+      const first = pendingHeredocs[0];
+      throw new ShellSyntaxError(
+        `unterminated here-document (wanted '${first.delimiterText}')`,
+        first.token.offset,
+      );
+    }
+    for (const entry of pendingHeredocs) entry.token.heredoc = { body: "", expand: entry.expand };
+  }
+  return tokens;
+}
+
+function emptyCommand() {
+  return { words: [], redirects: [] };
+}
+
+export function parse(source) {
+  const tokens = tokenize(source);
+  const jobs = [];
+  let i = 0;
+  let connector = null;
+
+  const skipSemicolons = () => {
+    while (tokens[i]?.type === "op" && tokens[i].value === ";") i++;
+  };
+
+  skipSemicolons();
+  while (i < tokens.length) {
+    const pipeline = [];
+    while (true) {
+      const command = emptyCommand();
+      while (i < tokens.length) {
+        const token = tokens[i];
+        if (token.type === "op" && ["|", ";", "&&", "||"].includes(token.value))
+          break;
+        if (token.type === "op" && ["1>&2", "2>&1"].includes(token.value)) {
+          command.redirects.push({ op: token.value, target: null });
+          i++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (token.type === "op" && ["<", ">", ">>", "2>", "2>>", "<<", "<<-", "<<<"].includes(token.value)) {
+          const target = tokens[i + 1];
+          if (!target || target.type !== "word")
+            throw new ShellSyntaxError(
+              token.value === "<<<"
+                ? `redirection ${token.value} requires a word`
+                : token.value.startsWith("<<")
+                ? `redirection ${token.value} requires a here-document delimiter`
+                : `redirection ${token.value} requires a path`,
+              token.offset,
+            );
+          command.redirects.push({ op: token.value, target, heredoc: target.heredoc ?? null });
+          i += 2;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (token.type !== "word")
+          throw new ShellSyntaxError(`unexpected operator ${token.value}`, token.offset);
+        command.words.push(token);
+        i++;
+      }
+      if (command.words.length === 0 && command.redirects.length === 0)
+        throw new ShellSyntaxError("expected a command", tokens[i]?.offset ?? source.length);
+      pipeline.push(command);
+
+      if (tokens[i]?.value === "|") {
+        i++;
+        if (!tokens[i])
+          throw new ShellSyntaxError("pipeline requires a command", source.length);
+        continue;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    let negate = false;
+    const firstWord = pipeline[0]?.words[0];
+    if (firstWord?.fragments.length === 1 && firstWord.fragments[0].quote === "none" &&
+        firstWord.fragments[0].text === "!") {
+      pipeline[0].words.shift();
+      if (pipeline[0].words.length === 0)
+        throw new ShellSyntaxError("! requires a command", firstWord.offset);
+      negate = true;
+    }
+    jobs.push({ connector, pipeline, negate });
+    const separator = tokens[i]?.value;
+    if (!separator) break;
+    if (![";", "&&", "||"].includes(separator))
+      throw new ShellSyntaxError(`unexpected operator ${separator}`, tokens[i].offset);
+    connector = separator;
+    i++;
+    skipSemicolons();
+    if (i >= tokens.length) break;
+  }
+  return jobs;
+}
+
+function parameterValue(name, state) {
+  if (name === "?") return String(state.lastStatus);
+  if (name === "$") return String(process.pid);
+  if (name === "#") return String(Math.max(0, state.args.length - 1));
+  if (name === "-") return "";
+  if (name === "0") return state.args[0] ?? "bunmsh";
+  if (name === "@" || name === "*") return state.args.slice(1).join((state.env.IFS ?? " ")[0] ?? " ");
+  if (/^[1-9][0-9]*$/.test(name)) return state.args[Number(name)] ?? "";
+  return state.env[name] ?? "";
+}
+
+function tildeDirectory(name, state) {
+  if (name === "") return state.env.HOME ?? "";
+  if (name === "+") return state.env.PWD ?? state.cwd;
+  if (name === "-") return state.env.OLDPWD ?? "~-";
+  try {
+    const entry = readFileSync("/etc/passwd", "utf8").split("\n")
+      .find((line) => line.split(":", 2)[0] === name);
+    return entry?.split(":")[5] ?? `~${name}`;
+  } catch { return `~${name}`; }
+}
+
+function expandTildes(text, state, assignment) {
+  const pattern = assignment ? /(^|[=:])~([A-Za-z0-9_.+-]*)(?=\/|:|$)/g : /^~([A-Za-z0-9_.+-]*)(?=\/|$)/;
+  if (assignment)
+    return text.replace(pattern, (_match, prefix, name) => `${prefix}${tildeDirectory(name, state)}`);
+  return text.replace(pattern, (_match, name) => tildeDirectory(name, state));
+}
+
+function arithmeticValue(source, state) {
+  const tokens = source.match(/(?:0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|\d+|[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*|\|\||&&|==|!=|<=|>=|<<|>>|[()+\-*/%<>&^|!~])/g) ?? [];
+  let i = 0;
+  const precedence = { "||": 1, "&&": 2, "|": 3, "^": 4, "&": 5, "==": 6, "!=": 6,
+    "<": 7, "<=": 7, ">": 7, ">=": 7, "<<": 8, ">>": 8, "+": 9, "-": 9,
+    "*": 10, "/": 10, "%": 10 };
+  const atom = () => {
+    const token = tokens[i++];
+    if (["+", "-", "!", "~"].includes(token)) {
+      const value = atom();
+      return token === "+" ? value : token === "-" ? -value : token === "!" ? Number(!value) : ~value;
+    }
+    if (token === "(") {
+      const value = expression(0);
+      if (tokens[i++] !== ")") throw new ShellSyntaxError("bad arithmetic expression");
+      return value;
+    }
+    if (/^[A-Za-z_]/.test(token ?? "")) return Number(state.env[token] ?? 0) || 0;
+    if (token === undefined) throw new ShellSyntaxError("bad arithmetic expression");
+    return Number(token);
+  };
+  const expression = (minimum) => {
+    let left = atom();
+    while ((precedence[tokens[i]] ?? -1) >= minimum) {
+      const op = tokens[i++], priority = precedence[op], right = expression(priority + 1);
+      left = { "||": Number(Boolean(left || right)), "&&": Number(Boolean(left && right)),
+        "|": left | right, "^": left ^ right, "&": left & right, "==": Number(left === right),
+        "!=": Number(left !== right), "<": Number(left < right), "<=": Number(left <= right),
+        ">": Number(left > right), ">=": Number(left >= right), "<<": left << right,
+        ">>": left >> right, "+": left + right, "-": left - right, "*": left * right,
+        "/": Math.trunc(left / right), "%": left % right }[op];
+    }
+    return left;
+  };
+  const value = expression(0);
+  if (i !== tokens.length || !Number.isFinite(value)) throw new ShellSyntaxError("bad arithmetic expression");
+  return String(value | 0);
+}
+
+function globPatternRegex(pattern, anchoredStart, anchoredEnd, greedy) {
+  let source = "";
+  for (const ch of pattern) {
+    if (ch === "*") source += greedy ? ".*" : ".*?";
+    else if (ch === "?") source += ".";
+    else source += ch.replace(/[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|]/g, "\\$&");
+  }
+  return new RegExp(`${anchoredStart ? "^" : ""}${source}${anchoredEnd ? "$" : ""}`);
+}
+
+async function parameterExpansion(body, state) {
+  if (/^[!%][A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(body)) {
+    const value = parameterValue(body.slice(1), state);
+    return body[0] === "!" ? parameterValue(value, state) : String([...value].length);
+  }
+  if (body.startsWith("#") && /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(body.slice(1)))
+    return String(parameterValue(body.slice(1), state).length);
+  const trim = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*|[?$#@*]|[0-9]+)(%%|%|##|#)(.*)$/s.exec(body);
+  if (trim) {
+    const value = parameterValue(trim[1], state);
+    const pattern = stripExpansionMarkers(await expandText(trim[3], state));
+    const matches = (part) => globPatternRegex(pattern, true, true, true).test(part);
+    if (trim[2] === "%") {
+      for (let i = value.length; i >= 0; i--) if (matches(value.slice(i))) return value.slice(0, i);
+    } else if (trim[2] === "%%") {
+      for (let i = 0; i <= value.length; i++) if (matches(value.slice(i))) return value.slice(0, i);
+    } else if (trim[2] === "#") {
+      for (let i = 0; i <= value.length; i++) if (matches(value.slice(0, i))) return value.slice(i);
+    } else {
+      for (let i = value.length; i >= 0; i--) if (matches(value.slice(0, i))) return value.slice(i);
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+  const replace = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*|[?$#@*-]|[0-9]+)\/(\/|#|%)?([^/]*)\/(.*)$/s.exec(body);
+  if (replace) {
+    const value = parameterValue(replace[1], state);
+    const pattern = stripExpansionMarkers(await expandText(replace[3], state));
+    const replacement = stripExpansionMarkers(await expandText(replace[4], state));
+    let source = "";
+    for (const ch of pattern) {
+      if (ch === "*") source += ".*";
+      else if (ch === "?") source += ".";
+      else source += ch.replace(/[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|]/g, "\\$&");
+    }
+    const prefix = replace[2] === "#" ? "^" : "";
+    const suffix = replace[2] === "%" ? "$" : "";
+    return value.replace(new RegExp(`${prefix}${source}${suffix}`, replace[2] === "/" ? "g" : ""), replacement);
+  }
+  const match = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*|[?$#@*-]|[0-9]+)(?:(:?[-+=?])(.*))?$/s.exec(body);
+  if (!match) throw new ShellSyntaxError(`unsupported parameter expansion: \${${body}}`);
+  const [, name, operator, operand = ""] = match;
+  const value = parameterValue(name, state);
+  const unset = !Object.hasOwn(state.env, name) && !/^[?$#@*0-9]$/.test(name);
+  const empty = value === "";
+  if (!operator) return value;
+  const useEmpty = operator.startsWith(":");
+  const op = operator.at(-1);
+  const missing = unset || (useEmpty && empty);
+  const expandedOperand = async () => stripExpansionMarkers(await expandText(operand, state));
+  if (op === "-") return missing ? expandedOperand() : value;
+  if (op === "+") return missing ? "" : expandedOperand();
+  if (op === "=") {
+    if (missing) {
+      if (!/^[A-Za-z_]/.test(name)) throw new ShellSyntaxError("cannot assign positional parameter");
+      if (state.readonly?.has(name)) throw new ShellSyntaxError(`${name}: is read only`);
+      const expanded = await expandedOperand();
+      state.env[name] = expanded;
+      return expanded;
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+  if (op === "?" && missing) throw new ShellSyntaxError(operand ? await expandedOperand() : `${name}: parameter null or not set`);
+  return value;
+}
+
+function markedExpansion(value) {
+  return `\u0001${value}\u0002`;
+}
+
+function stripExpansionMarkers(value) {
+  return value.replace(/[\u0001\u0002]/g, "");
+}
+
+async function commandSubstitution(source, state) {
+  const child = {
+    ...state,
+    env: { ...state.env },
+    aliases: { ...state.aliases },
+    readonly: new Set(state.readonly),
+    directoryHistory: [...state.directoryHistory],
+    tabs: [...state.tabs],
+    exitRequested: false,
+    exitStatus: 0,
+  };
+  const output = await execute(source, child, { capture: true });
+  state.expansionStatus = output.status;
+  return decode(output.stdout).replace(/\n+$/, "");
+}
+
+async function expandText(text, state) {
+  let output = "";
+  for (let i = 0; i < text.length; ) {
+    if (text[i] === "\u0000") {
+      output += `\u0000${text[i + 1] ?? ""}`;
+      i += 2;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (text[i] === "`") {
+      const end = substitutionEnd(text, i);
+      output += markedExpansion(await commandSubstitution(text.slice(i + 1, end - 1), state));
+      i = end;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (text[i] !== "$") {
+      output += text[i++];
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (text.startsWith("$((", i)) {
+      const end = substitutionEnd(text, i);
+      output += markedExpansion(arithmeticValue(text.slice(i + 3, end - 2), state));
+      i = end;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (text.startsWith("$(", i)) {
+      const end = substitutionEnd(text, i);
+      output += markedExpansion(await commandSubstitution(text.slice(i + 2, end - 1), state));
+      i = end;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (text[i + 1] === "{") {
+      const end = parameterEnd(text, i);
+      output += markedExpansion(await parameterExpansion(text.slice(i + 2, end - 1), state));
+      i = end;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const next = text[i + 1];
+    if (["?", "$", "#", "@", "*", "-"].includes(next) || /[0-9]/.test(next ?? "")) {
+      output += markedExpansion(parameterValue(next, state));
+      i += 2;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (isNameStart(next)) {
+      let end = i + 2;
+      while (isNameChar(text[end])) end++;
+      output += markedExpansion(parameterValue(text.slice(i + 1, end), state));
+      i = end;
+      continue;
+    }
+    output += "$";
+    i++;
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+function splitFields(segments, state) {
+  const ifs = state.env.IFS === undefined ? " \t\n" : state.env.IFS;
+  const fields = [];
+  let current = [];
+  let forced = false;
+  let afterWhitespaceDelimiter = false;
+  const finish = (includeEmpty = false) => {
+    if (current.length || forced || includeEmpty) fields.push(current);
+    current = [];
+    forced = false;
+  };
+  for (const segment of segments) {
+    if (segment.quoted && segment.text === "") forced = true;
+    for (const ch of segment.text) {
+      if (!segment.quoted && segment.splittable && ifs.includes(ch)) {
+        const whitespace = " \t\n".includes(ch);
+        finish(!whitespace && !afterWhitespaceDelimiter);
+        afterWhitespaceDelimiter = whitespace;
+      } else {
+        current.push({ ch, quoted: segment.quoted });
+        afterWhitespaceDelimiter = false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  finish();
+  return fields;
+}
+
+async function pathnameFields(field, state) {
+  const value = field.map(({ ch }) => ch).join("");
+  if (!field.some(({ ch, quoted }) => !quoted && "*?[".includes(ch))) return [value];
+  const pattern = field.map(({ ch, quoted }) => {
+    if (!quoted) return ch;
+    if (ch === "*") return "[*]";
+    if (ch === "?") return "[?]";
+    if (ch === "[") return "[[]";
+    return ch;
+  }).join("");
+  const glob = new Bun.Glob(pattern);
+  const matches = [...glob.scanSync({ cwd: state.cwd, dot: false, onlyFiles: false })].sort();
+  return matches.length ? matches : [value];
+}
+
+function braceFields(field) {
+  let open = -1;
+  for (let i = 0; i < field.length; i++) {
+    if (!field[i].quoted && field[i].ch === "{") { open = i; break; }
+  }
+  if (open < 0) return [field];
+  let depth = 0, close = -1;
+  const commas = [];
+  for (let i = open; i < field.length; i++) {
+    if (field[i].quoted) continue;
+    if (field[i].ch === "{") depth++;
+    else if (field[i].ch === "}" && --depth === 0) { close = i; break; }
+    else if (field[i].ch === "," && depth === 1) commas.push(i);
+  }
+  if (close < 0 || commas.length === 0) return [field];
+  const boundaries = [open, ...commas, close];
+  const output = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < boundaries.length - 1; i++) {
+    const replacement = field.slice(boundaries[i] + 1, boundaries[i + 1]);
+    output.push(...braceFields([...field.slice(0, open), ...replacement, ...field.slice(close + 1)]));
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+export async function expandWord(word, state, options = {}) {
+  if (!options.single && word.fragments.length === 1 &&
+      word.fragments[0].quote === "double" && word.fragments[0].text === "$@")
+    return state.args.slice(1);
+  const segments = [];
+  for (let index = 0; index < word.fragments.length; index++) {
+    const fragment = word.fragments[index];
+    const source = fragment.quote === "none" && !options.noTilde
+      ? expandTildes(fragment.text, state, Boolean(options.assignment))
+      : fragment.text;
+    let text = fragment.quote === "single"
+      ? source.replaceAll("\u0000", "")
+      : await expandText(source, state);
+    if (fragment.quote !== "none") {
+      segments.push({ text: stripExpansionMarkers(text.replaceAll("\u0000", "")), quoted: true, splittable: false });
+    } else {
+      let plain = "";
+      let splittable = false;
+      const flush = () => {
+        if (plain) segments.push({ text: plain, quoted: false, splittable });
+        plain = "";
+      };
+      for (let i = 0; i < text.length; i++) {
+        if (text[i] === "\u0001") { flush(); splittable = true; continue; }
+        if (text[i] === "\u0002") { flush(); splittable = false; continue; }
+        if (text[i] !== "\u0000") { plain += text[i]; continue; }
+        flush();
+        segments.push({ text: text[++i] ?? "", quoted: true, splittable: false });
+      }
+      flush();
+    }
+  }
+  if (options.single) return [segments.map(({ text }) => text).join("")];
+  const fields = splitFields(segments, state);
+  const output = [];
+  for (const field of fields)
+    for (const expanded of braceFields(field)) output.push(...await pathnameFields(expanded, state));
+  return output;
+}
+
+function splitAssignment(value) {
+  const match = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)=(.*)$/s.exec(value);
+  return match ? { name: match[1], value: match[2] } : null;
+}
+
+function bytes(value = "") {
+  return value instanceof Uint8Array ? value : encoder.encode(String(value));
+}
+
+function concatBytes(parts) {
+  const values = parts.map(bytes);
+  const length = values.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value.byteLength, 0);
+  const result = new Uint8Array(length);
+  let offset = 0;
+  for (const value of values) {
+    result.set(value, offset);
+    offset += value.byteLength;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function result(status = 0, stdout = "", stderr = "") {
+  return { status, stdout: bytes(stdout), stderr: bytes(stderr) };
+}
+
+function quoteShellWord(value) {
+  return `'${String(value).replaceAll("'", `'\\''`)}'`;
+}
+
+function findExecutable(name, state, defaultPath = false) {
+  if (!state.pathSearch) return null;
+  const path = defaultPath ? DEFAULT_COMMAND_PATH : (environmentValue(state.env, "PATH") ?? "");
+  const found = Bun.which(name, { PATH: path, cwd: nativePath(state.cwd) });
+  return found ? shellPath(found) : null;
+}
+
+function aliasWords(value) {
+  const tokens = tokenize(value);
+  if (tokens.some((token) => token.type !== "word")) return null;
+  return tokens.map((token) => token.fragments
+    .map((fragment) => fragment.text.replaceAll("\u0000", ""))
+    .join(""));
+}
+
+function readonlyError(name) {
+  return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${name}: is read only\n`);
+}
+
+function writeStream(stream, data) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    stream.write(data, (error) => error ? reject(error) : resolve());
+  });
+}
+
+function parsePrintEscapes(value) {
+  let stop = false;
+  const text = value.replace(/\\(c|n|r|t|b|a|v|\\|0[0-7]{1,3})/g, (_, code) => {
+    if (code === "c") {
+      stop = true;
+      return "";
+    }
+    const map = { n: "\n", r: "\r", t: "\t", b: "\b", a: "\x07", v: "\v", "\\": "\\" };
+    if (code[0] === "0") return String.fromCharCode(parseInt(code.slice(1), 8));
+    return map[code] ?? code;
+  });
+  return { text, stop };
+}
+
+function parentDirectory(path) {
+  if (path === "/") return "/";
+  const end = path.endsWith("/") ? path.length - 1 : path.length;
+  const separator = path.lastIndexOf("/", end - 1);
+  return separator <= 0 ? "/" : path.slice(0, separator);
+}
+
+async function changeDirectory(state, target, { print = false } = {}) {
+  const path = isAbsolute(nativePath(target))
+    ? nativePath(target)
+    : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(target));
+  try {
+    const resolved = shellPath(resolvePath(path));
+    const stat = await Bun.file(nativePath(resolved)).stat();
+    if (!stat.isDirectory())
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: cd: ${target}: not a directory\n`);
+    const previous = state.cwd;
+    state.directoryHistory.push(previous);
+    state.cwd = resolved;
+    state.tabs[state.activeTab] = resolved;
+    state.env.OLDPWD = previous;
+    state.env.PWD = resolved;
+    return result(0, print ? `${resolved}\n` : "");
+  } catch (error) {
+    return result(1, "", `bunmsh: cd: ${target}: ${error.message}\n`);
+  }
+}
+
+async function previousChildDirectory(state) {
+  for (let i = state.directoryHistory.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    const candidate = state.directoryHistory[i];
+    if (parentDirectory(candidate) !== state.cwd) continue;
+    try {
+      if ((await Bun.file(candidate).stat()).isDirectory())
+        return changeDirectory(state, candidate);
+    } catch {}
+  }
+  return result(1, "", "bunmsh: //: no previous child directory\n");
+}
+
+async function sourceFile(argv, state) {
+  if (!argv[1]) return result(2, "", `bunmsh: ${argv[0]}: missing file operand\n`);
+  let path = argv[1];
+  if (!path.includes("/")) {
+    const found = (environmentValue(state.env, "PATH") ?? "").split(pathDelimiter)
+      .map((directory) => resolvePath(directory || state.cwd, path))
+      .find((candidate) => {
+        try { return statSync(candidate).isFile(); } catch { return false; }
+      });
+    if (found) path = found;
+  } else if (!isAbsolute(path)) path = resolvePath(state.cwd, path);
+  try {
+    const source = await Bun.file(path).text();
+    const previousArgs = state.args;
+    if (argv.length > 2) state.args = [previousArgs[0], ...argv.slice(2)];
+    try {
+      return await execute(source, state, { capture: true });
+    } finally {
+      state.args = previousArgs;
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${argv[0]}: ${argv[1]}: ${error.message}\n`);
+  }
+}
+
+function testStat(path, state) {
+  try { return statSync(isAbsolute(path) ? path : resolvePath(state.cwd, path)); }
+  catch { return null; }
+}
+
+function evaluateTest(argv, state) {
+  if (argv.length === 0) return false;
+  if (argv[0] === "!") return !evaluateTest(argv.slice(1), state);
+  const or = argv.indexOf("-o");
+  if (or >= 0) return evaluateTest(argv.slice(0, or), state) || evaluateTest(argv.slice(or + 1), state);
+  const and = argv.indexOf("-a");
+  if (and >= 0) return evaluateTest(argv.slice(0, and), state) && evaluateTest(argv.slice(and + 1), state);
+  if (argv.length === 1) return argv[0].length > 0;
+  if (argv.length === 2) {
+    const [op, value] = argv;
+    if (op === "-n") return value.length > 0;
+    if (op === "-z") return value.length === 0;
+    const stat = testStat(value, state);
+    if (op === "-e") return stat !== null;
+    if (op === "-f") return Boolean(stat?.isFile());
+    if (op === "-d") return Boolean(stat?.isDirectory());
+    if (op === "-b") return Boolean(stat?.isBlockDevice());
+    if (op === "-c") return Boolean(stat?.isCharacterDevice());
+    if (op === "-p") return Boolean(stat?.isFIFO());
+    if (op === "-S") return Boolean(stat?.isSocket());
+    if (op === "-L" || op === "-h") {
+      try { return lstatSync(isAbsolute(value) ? value : resolvePath(state.cwd, value)).isSymbolicLink(); }
+      catch { return false; }
+    }
+    if (op === "-s") return Boolean(stat && stat.size > 0);
+    if (op === "-r" || op === "-w" || op === "-x") {
+      try {
+        const mode = op === "-r" ? fsConstants.R_OK : op === "-w" ? fsConstants.W_OK : fsConstants.X_OK;
+        accessSync(isAbsolute(value) ? value : resolvePath(state.cwd, value), mode);
+        return true;
+      } catch { return false; }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (argv.length === 3) {
+    const [left, op, right] = argv;
+    if (op === "=" || op === "==") return left === right;
+    if (op === "!=") return left !== right;
+    if (["-eq", "-ne", "-gt", "-ge", "-lt", "-le"].includes(op)) {
+      const a = Number(left), b = Number(right);
+      if (!Number.isInteger(a) || !Number.isInteger(b)) throw new Error("integer expression expected");
+      return { "-eq": a === b, "-ne": a !== b, "-gt": a > b, "-ge": a >= b,
+        "-lt": a < b, "-le": a <= b }[op];
+    }
+    const a = testStat(left, state), b = testStat(right, state);
+    if (op === "-nt") return Boolean(a && (!b || a.mtimeMs > b.mtimeMs));
+    if (op === "-ot") return Boolean(b && (!a || a.mtimeMs < b.mtimeMs));
+    if (op === "-ef") return Boolean(a && b && a.dev === b.dev && a.ino === b.ino);
+  }
+  throw new Error("unsupported expression");
+}
+
+const builtins = {
+  ":": async () => result(),
+  true: async () => result(),
+  false: async () => result(1),
+  // Execution is handled specially by runCommand so command can alter command
+  // lookup without creating another parsed command.
+  command: null,
+  builtin: null,
+  __builtin: null,
+  time: null,
+  // This is handled specially by runCommandArgv because its output is
+  // unbounded and therefore cannot be represented by the normal buffered
+  // builtin result.
+  yes: null,
+  whence: async (argv, state) => {
+    let pathOnly = false, verbose = false, i = 1;
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      if (argv[i] === "--") { i++; break; }
+      if (argv[i] === "-p") pathOnly = true;
+      else if (argv[i] === "-v") verbose = true;
+      else if (argv[i].startsWith("-") && argv[i] !== "-")
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: whence: ${argv[i]}: unknown option\n`);
+      else break;
+    }
+    let status = 0, output = "";
+    for (const name of argv.slice(i)) {
+      let description;
+      if (pathOnly) {
+        const path = findExecutable(name, state);
+        description = path ? `${path}\n` : null;
+      } else description = describeCommand(name, state, verbose, false);
+      if (description === null || description.endsWith(" not found\n")) status = 1;
+      if (description) output += description;
+    }
+    return result(status, output);
+  },
+  which: async (argv, state) => {
+    let i = 1;
+    if (argv[i] === "--") i++;
+    if (i >= argv.length)
+      return result(1, "", "bunmsh: which: missing command name\n");
+    let status = 0, output = "";
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      // `which` is an explicit PATH query, so it remains useful even while
+      // direct command-name lookup is disabled with `tab path off`.
+      const path = findExecutable(argv[i], { ...state, pathSearch: true });
+      if (path) output += `${path}\n`;
+      else status = 1;
+    }
+    return result(status, output);
+  },
+  type: async (argv, state) => {
+    let status = 0, output = "";
+    for (const name of argv.slice(1)) {
+      const description = describeCommand(name, state, true, false);
+      if (description.endsWith(" not found\n")) status = 1;
+      output += description;
+    }
+    return result(status, output);
+  },
+  alias: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.length === 1) {
+      const output = Object.entries(state.aliases)
+        .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
+        .map(([name, words]) => `alias ${name}=${quoteShellWord(words.join(" "))}\n`)
+        .join("");
+      return result(0, output);
+    }
+    let status = 0;
+    let output = "";
+    let stderr = "";
+    for (const item of argv.slice(1)) {
+      const equal = item.indexOf("=");
+      if (equal < 0) {
+        const words = state.aliases[item];
+        if (words) output += `alias ${item}=${quoteShellWord(words.join(" "))}\n`;
+        else {
+          status = 1;
+          stderr += `bunmsh: alias: ${item}: not found\n`;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      const name = item.slice(0, equal);
+      const words = aliasWords(item.slice(equal + 1));
+      if (!name || words === null) {
+        status = 1;
+        stderr += `bunmsh: alias: ${name || item}: invalid alias\n`;
+      } else state.aliases[name] = words;
+    }
+    return result(status, output, stderr);
+  },
+  unalias: async (argv, state) => {
+    let i = 1;
+    if (argv[i] === "-a") {
+      state.aliases = {};
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (argv[i] === "--") i++;
+    if (i === argv.length)
+      return result(1, "", "bunmsh: unalias: missing alias name\n");
+    let status = 0;
+    let stderr = "";
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      if (Object.hasOwn(state.aliases, argv[i])) delete state.aliases[argv[i]];
+      else {
+        status = 1;
+        stderr += `bunmsh: unalias: ${argv[i]}: not found\n`;
+      }
+    }
+    return result(status, "", stderr);
+  },
+  test: async (argv, state) => {
+    try { return result(evaluateTest(argv.slice(1), state) ? 0 : 1); }
+    catch (error) { return result(2, "", `bunmsh: test: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  },
+  "[": async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.at(-1) !== "]") return result(2, "", "bunmsh: [: missing ]\n");
+    try { return result(evaluateTest(argv.slice(1, -1), state) ? 0 : 1); }
+    catch (error) { return result(2, "", `bunmsh: [: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  },
+  echo: async (argv) => {
+    let newline = true;
+    let start = 1;
+    if (argv[1] === "-n") {
+      newline = false;
+      start = 2;
+    }
+    return result(0, argv.slice(start).join(" ") + (newline ? "\n" : ""));
+  },
+  print: async (argv) => {
+    let raw = false;
+    let newline = true;
+    let separator = " ";
+    let terminator = "\n";
+    let fd = 1;
+    let i = 1;
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      const arg = argv[i];
+      if (arg === "--") {
+        i++;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!arg.startsWith("-") || arg === "-") break;
+      if (/^-u[0-9]+$/.test(arg)) {
+        fd = Number(arg.slice(2));
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (arg === "-r" || arg === "-R") raw = true;
+      else if (arg === "-n") newline = false;
+      else if (arg === "-l") separator = "\n";
+      else if (arg === "-N") separator = terminator = "\0";
+      else return result(1, "", `bunmsh: print: ${arg}: unsupported option\n`);
+    }
+    let output = argv.slice(i).join(separator);
+    if (!raw) {
+      const expanded = parsePrintEscapes(output);
+      output = expanded.text;
+      if (expanded.stop) newline = false;
+    }
+    if (newline) output += terminator;
+    if (fd === 2) return result(0, "", output);
+    if (fd !== 1)
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: print: file descriptor ${fd} is not supported yet\n`);
+    return result(0, output);
+  },
+  printf: async (argv) => {
+    if (argv.length < 2) return result(2, "", "bunmsh: printf: missing format\n");
+    const format = argv[1];
+    let ai = 2;
+    let output = "";
+    for (let i = 0; i < format.length; i++) {
+      if (format[i] === "\\" && i + 1 < format.length) {
+        const parsed = parsePrintEscapes(format.slice(i, i + 2));
+        output += parsed.text;
+        i++;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (format[i] !== "%") {
+        output += format[i];
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (format[i + 1] === "%") {
+        output += "%";
+        i++;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const match = /^%([0-9]*)([sdi])/.exec(format.slice(i));
+      if (!match) return result(2, "", `bunmsh: printf: unsupported format near ${format.slice(i)}\n`);
+      const width = Number(match[1] || 0);
+      const kind = match[2];
+      const value = argv[ai++] ?? (kind === "s" ? "" : "0");
+      let rendered = kind === "s" ? value : String(Number.parseInt(value, 10) || 0);
+      if (width > rendered.length)
+        rendered = (match[1]?.startsWith("0") ? "0" : " ").repeat(width - rendered.length) + rendered;
+      output += rendered;
+      i += match[0].length - 1;
+    }
+    return result(0, output);
+  },
+  read: async (argv, state, input) => {
+    let raw = false, i = 1;
+    if (argv[i] === "-r") { raw = true; i++; }
+    if (argv[i] === "--") i++;
+    const names = argv.slice(i);
+    if (!names.length) names.push("REPLY");
+    if (names.some((name) => !/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(name)))
+      return result(2, "", "bunmsh: read: invalid variable name\n");
+    let line, gotInput;
+    if (state.readLines) {
+      gotInput = state.readLines.length > 0;
+      line = state.readLines.shift() ?? "";
+    } else {
+      const reader = fallbackInput(input).getReader();
+      const chunks = [];
+      let foundNewline = false;
+      try {
+        while (!foundNewline) {
+          const { value, done } = await reader.read();
+          if (done) break;
+          const newline = value.indexOf(10);
+          chunks.push(newline < 0 ? value : value.slice(0, newline));
+          foundNewline = newline >= 0;
+        }
+        if (foundNewline) try { await reader.cancel(); } catch {}
+      } finally { try { reader.releaseLock(); } catch {} }
+      line = decoder.decode(concatBytes(chunks));
+      gotInput = foundNewline || chunks.length > 0;
+    }
+    line = line.replace(/\r$/, "");
+    if (!raw) line = line.replace(/\\(.)/gs, "$1");
+    const ifs = state.env.IFS ?? " \t\n";
+    const escaped = ifs.replace(/[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|]/g, "\\$&");
+    const fields = ifs ? line.trim().split(new RegExp(`[${escaped}]+`)) : [line];
+    for (let n = 0; n < names.length; n++) {
+      if (state.readonly.has(names[n])) return readonlyError(names[n]);
+      state.env[names[n]] = n === names.length - 1 ? fields.slice(n).join(" ") : (fields[n] ?? "");
+    }
+    return result(gotInput ? 0 : 1);
+  },
+  pwd: async (_argv, state) => result(0, `${state.cwd}\n`),
+  cd: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv[1] === "//") return previousChildDirectory(state);
+    if (argv[1] === "-") {
+      if (!state.env.OLDPWD)
+        return result(1, "", "bunmsh: cd: OLDPWD is not set\n");
+      return changeDirectory(state, state.env.OLDPWD, { print: true });
+    }
+    const target = argv[1] ?? state.env.HOME;
+    if (!target) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: cd: HOME is not set\n");
+    return changeDirectory(state, target);
+  },
+  chdir: async (argv, state) => builtins.cd(["cd", ...argv.slice(1)], state),
+  tab: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.length > 3 || (argv.length > 2 && !["mouse", "path", "s", "save"].includes(argv[1])))
+      return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tab: usage: tab [n|x|c|l|r|s|save [d|dedupe]|mouse [on|off|true|false]|path [on|off|true|false]|number]\n");
+    const action = argv[1];
+    const activate = (index) => {
+      state.activeTab = index;
+      state.cwd = state.tabs[index];
+      state.env.PWD = state.cwd;
+    };
+    if (action === "n" || (action === undefined && state.tabs.length === 1)) {
+      state.tabs.push(state.cwd);
+      activate(state.tabs.length - 1);
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (action === undefined || action === "r") {
+      activate((state.activeTab + 1) % state.tabs.length);
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (action === "l") {
+      activate((state.activeTab - 1 + state.tabs.length) % state.tabs.length);
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (action === "x" || action === "c") {
+      if (state.tabs.length === 1)
+        return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tab: cannot close the last tab\n");
+      state.tabs.splice(state.activeTab, 1);
+      activate(Math.min(state.activeTab, state.tabs.length - 1));
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (action === "s" || action === "save") {
+      const modifier = argv[2];
+      if (modifier !== undefined && !["d", "dedupe"].includes(modifier))
+        return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tab: save: expected d or dedupe\n");
+      try {
+        if (modifier === undefined) {
+          const path = await saveBunmshHistory(state, state.env);
+          return result(0, `${shellPath(path)}\n`);
+        }
+        // Rewrites the whole history file to drop duplicates, unlike the
+        // plain save above — see dedupeBunmshHistory for why that is only
+        // safe to do as an explicit, occasional choice.
+        const { path, raced, count } = await dedupeBunmshHistory(state, state.env);
+        const warning = raced
+          ? " (warning: another session wrote to it during cleanup; some of its entries may have been lost — rerun if needed)"
+          : "";
+        return result(0, `${shellPath(path)}: ${count} unique entries${warning}\n`);
+      } catch (error) {
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: tab: cannot save history: ${error.message}\n`);
+      }
+    }
+    if (action === "mouse") {
+      const mode = argv[2];
+      if (mode === undefined) state.mouseTracking = !state.mouseTracking;
+      else if (mode === "on" || mode === "true") state.mouseTracking = true;
+      else if (mode === "off" || mode === "false") state.mouseTracking = false;
+      else return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tab: mouse: expected on, off, true, or false\n");
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (action === "path") {
+      const mode = argv[2];
+      if (mode === undefined) state.pathSearch = !state.pathSearch;
+      else if (mode === "on" || mode === "true") state.pathSearch = true;
+      else if (mode === "off" || mode === "false") state.pathSearch = false;
+      else return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tab: path: expected on, off, true, or false\n");
+      return result();
+    }
+    if (/^[1-9][0-9]*$/.test(action ?? "")) {
+      const index = Number(action) - 1;
+      if (index >= state.tabs.length)
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: tab: ${action}: no such tab\n`);
+      activate(index);
+      return result();
+    }
+    return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tab: usage: tab [n|x|c|l|r|s|save|mouse [on|off|true|false]|path [on|off|true|false]|number]\n");
+  },
+  "-": async (_argv, state) => builtins.cd(["cd", "-"], state),
+  "~": async (_argv, state) => builtins.cd(["cd"], state),
+  "..": async (_argv, state) => changeDirectory(state, ".."),
+  "//": async (_argv, state) => previousChildDirectory(state),
+  export: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.length === 1) {
+      const listing = Object.entries(state.env)
+        .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
+        .map(([name, value]) => `export ${name}=${JSON.stringify(value)}\n`)
+        .join("");
+      return result(0, listing);
+    }
+    for (const item of argv.slice(1)) {
+      const assignment = splitAssignment(item);
+      if (assignment) {
+        if (state.readonly.has(assignment.name)) return readonlyError(assignment.name);
+        state.env[assignment.name] = assignment.value;
+      }
+      else if (/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(item))
+        state.env[item] ??= "";
+      else return result(1, "", `bunmsh: export: ${item}: invalid name\n`);
+    }
+    return result();
+  },
+  unset: async (argv, state) => {
+    let i = 1;
+    if (argv[i] === "-v" || argv[i] === "--") i++;
+    for (const name of argv.slice(i)) {
+      if (!/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(name))
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: unset: ${name}: invalid name\n`);
+      if (state.readonly.has(name)) return readonlyError(name);
+      delete state.env[name];
+    }
+    return result();
+  },
+  readonly: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.length === 1 || (argv.length === 2 && argv[1] === "-p")) {
+      const output = [...state.readonly].sort()
+        .map((name) => `readonly ${name}=${quoteShellWord(state.env[name] ?? "")}\n`)
+        .join("");
+      return result(0, output);
+    }
+    let i = argv[1] === "--" ? 2 : 1;
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      const assignment = splitAssignment(argv[i]);
+      const name = assignment?.name ?? argv[i];
+      if (!/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(name))
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: readonly: ${name}: invalid name\n`);
+      if (assignment) {
+        if (state.readonly.has(name)) return readonlyError(name);
+        state.env[name] = assignment.value;
+      } else state.env[name] ??= "";
+      state.readonly.add(name);
+    }
+    return result();
+  },
+  env: async (argv, state, input, context = {}) => {
+    let env = { ...state.env };
+    let i = 1;
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      const item = argv[i];
+      if (item === "--") { i++; break; }
+      if (item === "-i" || item === "--ignore-environment") { env = {}; continue; }
+      if (item === "-u" || item === "--unset") {
+        const name = argv[++i];
+        if (!name) return result(2, "", "bunmsh: env: option requires a name\n");
+        delete env[name];
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (item.startsWith("--unset=")) { delete env[item.slice(8)]; continue; }
+      const assignment = splitAssignment(item);
+      if (!assignment) break;
+      env[assignment.name] = assignment.value;
+    }
+    if (i >= argv.length)
+      return result(0, Object.entries(env).map(([k, v]) => `${k}=${v}\n`).join(""));
+    const childState = {
+      ...state,
+      env,
+      directoryHistory: [...state.directoryHistory],
+      tabs: [...state.tabs],
+      readonly: new Set(state.readonly),
+    };
+    return runCommandArgv(
+      argv.slice(i),
+      childState,
+      input,
+      context.captureStdout ?? true,
+      context.captureStderr ?? true,
+      context.options ?? {},
+    );
+  },
+  exec: async (argv, state, input, context = {}) => {
+    if (argv.length === 1) return result();
+    const execution = await runCommandArgv(
+      argv.slice(1), state, input,
+      context.captureStdout ?? true,
+      context.captureStderr ?? true,
+      context.options ?? {},
+    );
+    state.exitRequested = true;
+    state.exitStatus = execution.status;
+    return execution;
+  },
+  exit: async (argv, state) => {
+    const status = argv[1] === undefined ? state.lastStatus : Number(argv[1]);
+    if (!Number.isInteger(status))
+      return result(2, "", `bunmsh: exit: ${argv[1]}: numeric argument required\n`);
+    state.exitRequested = true;
+    state.exitStatus = status & 255;
+    return result(state.exitStatus);
+  },
+  shift: async (argv, state) => {
+    const count = argv[1] === undefined ? 1 : Number(argv[1]);
+    if (!Number.isInteger(count) || count < 0)
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: shift: ${argv[1]}: bad number\n`);
+    if (count > state.args.length - 1) return result(1);
+    state.args.splice(1, count);
+    return result();
+  },
+  getopts: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.length < 3)
+      return result(2, "", "bunmsh: getopts: usage: getopts optstring name [arg ...]\n");
+    const optstring = argv[1];
+    const variable = argv[2];
+    if (!/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$/.test(variable))
+      return result(2, "", `bunmsh: getopts: ${variable}: invalid name\n`);
+    const args = argv.length > 3 ? argv.slice(3) : state.args.slice(1);
+    let index = Number(state.env.OPTIND ?? "1");
+    if (!Number.isInteger(index) || index < 1) index = 1;
+    let offset = state.getoptsOffset ?? 1;
+    const current = args[index - 1];
+    if (!current || current === "--" || !current.startsWith("-") || current === "-") {
+      if (current === "--") state.env.OPTIND = String(index + 1);
+      state.getoptsOffset = 1;
+      return result(1);
+    }
+    const option = current[offset];
+    const position = optstring.indexOf(option);
+    const requiresArgument = position >= 0 && optstring[position + 1] === ":";
+    let stderr = "";
+    delete state.env.OPTARG;
+    if (position < 0 || option === ":") {
+      state.env[variable] = "?";
+      if (optstring[0] === ":") state.env.OPTARG = option;
+      else stderr = `bunmsh: getopts: -${option}: unknown option\n`;
+    } else if (requiresArgument) {
+      if (offset + 1 < current.length) state.env.OPTARG = current.slice(offset + 1);
+      else if (index < args.length) state.env.OPTARG = args[index++];
+      else {
+        state.env[variable] = optstring[0] === ":" ? ":" : "?";
+        if (optstring[0] === ":") state.env.OPTARG = option;
+        else stderr = `bunmsh: getopts: -${option}: argument expected\n`;
+        state.env.OPTIND = String(index + 1);
+        state.getoptsOffset = 1;
+        return result(0, "", stderr);
+      }
+      state.env[variable] = option;
+      offset = current.length;
+    } else state.env[variable] = option;
+    if (offset + 1 >= current.length) {
+      index++;
+      offset = 1;
+    } else offset++;
+    state.env.OPTIND = String(index);
+    state.getoptsOffset = offset;
+    return result(0, "", stderr);
+  },
+  eval: async (argv, state) => execute(argv.slice(1).join(" "), state, { capture: true }),
+  ".": async (argv, state) => sourceFile(argv, state),
+  source: async (argv, state) => sourceFile(argv, state),
+  realpath: async (argv, state) => {
+    let output = "";
+    try {
+      for (const item of argv.slice(1))
+        output += `${realpathSync(isAbsolute(item) ? item : resolvePath(state.cwd, item))}\n`;
+      return result(0, output);
+    } catch (error) {
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: realpath: ${error.message}\n`);
+    }
+  },
+  umask: async (argv) => {
+    if (argv.length === 1) return result(0, `${process.umask().toString(8).padStart(4, "0")}\n`);
+    if (argv.length !== 2 || !/^[0-7]{1,4}$/.test(argv[1]))
+      return result(1, "", "bunmsh: umask: bad mask\n");
+    process.umask(Number.parseInt(argv[1], 8));
+    return result();
+  },
+  kill: async (argv) => {
+    let signal = "SIGTERM";
+    let i = 1;
+    if (argv[i] === "-l") {
+      const names = Object.keys(osConstants.signals).map((name) => name.replace(/^SIG/, ""));
+      return result(0, `${names.join(" ")}\n`);
+    }
+    if (argv[i]?.startsWith("-") && argv[i] !== "-") {
+      const value = argv[i++].slice(1).toUpperCase();
+      signal = /^\d+$/.test(value) ? Number(value) : `SIG${value.replace(/^SIG/, "")}`;
+    }
+    if (i >= argv.length) return result(2, "", "bunmsh: kill: missing pid\n");
+    let status = 0, stderr = "";
+    for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+      const pid = Number(argv[i]);
+      try { process.kill(pid, signal); }
+      catch (error) { status = 1; stderr += `bunmsh: kill: ${argv[i]}: ${error.message}\n`; }
+    }
+    return result(status, "", stderr);
+  },
+  set: async (argv, state) => {
+    if (argv.length === 1)
+      return result(0, Object.entries(state.env).sort().map(([k, v]) => `${k}=${JSON.stringify(v)}\n`).join(""));
+    if (argv[1] === "--") {
+      state.args = [state.args[0], ...argv.slice(2)];
+      return result();
+    }
+    return result(2, "", "bunmsh: set: option handling is not implemented yet\n");
+  },
+};
+
+const runFindBuiltin = async (argv, state) => {
+  const output = await runFind(argv, state, process.platform, (command) =>
+    runCommandArgv(command, state, null, true, true));
+  return result(output.status, output.stdout, output.stderr);
+};
+
+if (findIsRegularBuiltin()) builtins.find = runFindBuiltin;
+
+// These are used only when PATH does not provide an executable of the same
+// name. `builtin name` can still select them explicitly.
+export function bunShellFallbackArgv(argv) {
+  let commandArgv = argv;
+  if (argv[0] === "ls")
+    commandArgv = commandArgv.filter((value, index) => index === 0 || value !== "--color=auto");
+  if (argv[0] === "cp")
+    commandArgv = commandArgv.map((value, index) =>
+      index > 0 && /^-[^-]/.test(value) ? `-${value.slice(1).replaceAll("r", "R")}` : value);
+  return commandArgv;
+}
+
+async function runBunShellFallback(argv, state) {
+  const shell = Bun.$`${bunShellFallbackArgv(argv)}`
+    .cwd(nativePath(state.cwd))
+    .env(state.env)
+    .nothrow();
+  if (state.pipelineChild) {
+    const output = await shell;
+    return result(output.exitCode);
+  }
+  const output = await shell.quiet();
+  return result(output.exitCode, output.stdout, output.stderr);
+}
+
+async function runFancyLsFallback(argv, state) {
+  const output = fancyLs(argv, state);
+  return result(output.status, output.stdout, output.stderr);
+}
+
+async function runBunShellCpFallback(argv, state) {
+  const cmd = IS_COMPILED
+    ? [...EXECUTABLE_COMMAND, "--bun-shell-fallback", ...bunShellFallbackArgv(argv)]
+    : [...BUN_RUNTIME_COMMAND, BUNMSH_ENTRY, "--bun-shell-fallback", ...bunShellFallbackArgv(argv)];
+  const proc = Bun.spawn({
+    cmd,
+    cwd: nativePath(state.cwd),
+    env: {
+      ...state.env,
+      BUN_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_SHELL_BUILTINS: "1",
+    },
+    stdin: "inherit",
+    stdout: state.pipelineChild ? "inherit" : "pipe",
+    stderr: state.pipelineChild ? "inherit" : "pipe",
+  });
+  if (state.pipelineChild) return result(await proc.exited);
+  const [status, stdout, stderr] = await Promise.all([
+    proc.exited,
+    new Response(proc.stdout).arrayBuffer(),
+    new Response(proc.stderr).arrayBuffer(),
+  ]);
+  return result(status, new Uint8Array(stdout), new Uint8Array(stderr));
+}
+
+async function runReflectedProcess(cmd, state) {
+  const inherit = state.pipelineChild || Boolean(process.stdout.isTTY);
+  try {
+    const proc = Bun.spawn({
+      cmd,
+      cwd: nativePath(state.cwd),
+      env: state.env,
+      stdin: "inherit",
+      stdout: inherit ? "inherit" : "pipe",
+      stderr: inherit ? "inherit" : "pipe",
+    });
+    if (inherit) return result(await proc.exited);
+    const [status, stdout, stderr] = await Promise.all([
+      proc.exited,
+      new Response(proc.stdout).arrayBuffer(),
+      new Response(proc.stderr).arrayBuffer(),
+    ]);
+    return result(status, new Uint8Array(stdout), new Uint8Array(stderr));
+  } catch (error) {
+    return result(127, "", `bunmsh: ${cmd[0]}: ${error.message}\n`);
+  }
+}
+
+function runBunmshFallback(argv, state) {
+  const cmd = IS_COMPILED
+    ? [...EXECUTABLE_COMMAND, ...argv.slice(1)]
+    : [...BUN_RUNTIME_COMMAND, BUNMSH_ENTRY, ...argv.slice(1)];
+  return runReflectedProcess(cmd, state);
+}
+
+function runBunFallback(argv, state) {
+  if (!IS_COMPILED)
+    return runReflectedProcess([...BUN_RUNTIME_COMMAND, ...argv.slice(1)], state);
+  const executable = process.argv0.includes("/") || process.argv0.includes("\\")
+    ? process.argv0
+    : (Bun.which(process.argv0) || process.argv0);
+  return runReflectedProcess([executable, ...argv.slice(1)], state);
+}
+
+export async function executeBunShellFallback(argv) {
+  const output = await Bun.$`${argv}`.nothrow();
+  return output.exitCode;
+}
+
+async function runCatFallback(argv, state, input) {
+  const parsed = parseCatOperands(argv, "cat");
+  if (parsed.error) return result(1, "", parsed.error);
+  const operands = parsed.operands;
+
+  const chunks = [];
+  let status = 0;
+  let stderr = "";
+  const writer = state.pipelineChild ? Bun.stdout.writer() : null;
+  const emit = async (chunk) => {
+    if (writer) {
+      writer.write(chunk);
+      await writer.flush();
+    } else chunks.push(bytes(chunk));
+  };
+
+  try {
+    for (const operand of operands) {
+      try {
+        const stream = operand === "-"
+          ? (input instanceof ReadableStream ? input : Bun.stdin.stream())
+          : Bun.file(nativePath(isAbsolute(nativePath(operand))
+            ? operand
+            : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(operand)))).stream();
+        for await (const chunk of stream) await emit(chunk);
+      } catch (error) {
+        status = 1;
+        stderr += `bunmsh: cat: ${operand}: ${error.message}\n`;
+      }
+    }
+  } finally {
+    if (writer) {
+      try { writer.end(); } catch {}
+    }
+  }
+  return result(status, writer ? "" : concatBytes(chunks), stderr);
+}
+
+function fallbackInput(input) {
+  return input instanceof ReadableStream ? input : Bun.stdin.stream();
+}
+
+async function readFallbackInput(input) {
+  return new Uint8Array(await new Response(fallbackInput(input)).arrayBuffer());
+}
+
+async function readFallbackFiles(operands, state, input) {
+  if (operands.length === 0 || (operands.length === 1 && operands[0] === "-"))
+    return readFallbackInput(input);
+  const parts = [];
+  for (const operand of operands) {
+    if (operand === "-") parts.push(await readFallbackInput(input));
+    else {
+      const path = isAbsolute(nativePath(operand))
+        ? nativePath(operand)
+        : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(operand));
+      parts.push(new Uint8Array(await Bun.file(path).arrayBuffer()));
+    }
+  }
+  return concatBytes(parts);
+}
+
+async function runTacFallback(argv, state, input) {
+  let operands = argv.slice(1);
+  if (operands[0] === "--") operands = operands.slice(1);
+  if (operands.some((value) => value.startsWith("-") && value !== "-"))
+    return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tac: options are not supported\n");
+  if (operands.length === 0) operands = ["-"];
+
+  const output = [];
+  let status = 0;
+  let stderr = "";
+  for (const operand of operands) {
+    try {
+      const data = await readFallbackFiles([operand], state, input);
+      const records = [];
+      let start = 0;
+      for (let i = 0; i < data.byteLength; i++) {
+        if (data[i] !== 10) continue;
+        records.push(data.slice(start, i + 1));
+        start = i + 1;
+      }
+      if (start < data.byteLength) records.push(data.slice(start));
+      records.reverse();
+      output.push(concatBytes(records));
+    } catch (error) {
+      status = 1;
+      stderr += `bunmsh: tac: ${operand}: ${error.message}\n`;
+    }
+  }
+  return result(status, concatBytes(output), stderr);
+}
+
+async function runHeadFallback(argv, state, input) {
+  let count = 10, i = 1, bytesMode = false;
+  if (argv[i] === "-n") count = Number(argv[++i]), i++;
+  else if (argv[i] === "-c") bytesMode = true, count = Number(argv[++i]), i++;
+  else if (/^-c\d+$/.test(argv[i] ?? "")) bytesMode = true, count = Number(argv[i++].slice(2));
+  else if (/^-\d+$/.test(argv[i] ?? "")) count = Number(argv[i++].slice(1));
+  if (!Number.isInteger(count) || count < 0)
+    return result(1, "", "bunmsh: head: invalid line count\n");
+  const operands = argv.slice(i);
+  if (operands.length) {
+    try {
+      const data = await readFallbackFiles(operands, state, input);
+      if (bytesMode) return result(0, data.slice(0, count));
+      return result(0, decoder.decode(data).split(/(?<=\n)/).slice(0, count).join(""));
+    } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: head: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  }
+  const reader = fallbackInput(input).getReader();
+  const output = [];
+  let lines = 0;
+  try {
+    let totalBytes = 0;
+    while (bytesMode ? totalBytes < count : lines < count) {
+      const { value, done } = await reader.read();
+      if (done) break;
+      let end = bytesMode ? Math.min(value.byteLength, count - totalBytes) : value.byteLength;
+      if (!bytesMode) for (let j = 0; j < value.byteLength; j++) {
+        if (value[j] === 10 && ++lines >= count) { end = j + 1; break; }
+      }
+      output.push(value.slice(0, end));
+      totalBytes += end;
+      if (end < value.byteLength) break;
+    }
+  } finally {
+    try { await reader.cancel(); } catch {}
+  }
+  return result(0, concatBytes(output));
+}
+
+async function runTextFilter(argv, state, input, kind) {
+  try {
+    let args = argv.slice(1), reverse = false, numeric = false, unique = false;
+    let tailCount = 10, tailFromStart = false;
+    if (kind === "tail") {
+      if (args[0] === "-n") {
+        const count = args[1] ?? "";
+        tailFromStart = /^\+\d+$/.test(count);
+        tailCount = Number(count);
+        args = args.slice(2);
+      } else if (/^-n\+\d+$/.test(args[0] ?? "")) {
+        tailFromStart = true;
+        tailCount = Number(args.shift().slice(2));
+      }
+      else if (/^-\d+$/.test(args[0] ?? "")) tailCount = Number(args.shift().slice(1));
+      if (!Number.isInteger(tailCount) || tailCount < 0)
+        return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tail: invalid line count\n");
+    }
+    if (kind === "sort") {
+      while (args[0]?.startsWith("-") && args[0] !== "-") {
+        const option = args.shift();
+        reverse ||= option.includes("r"); numeric ||= option.includes("n"); unique ||= option.includes("u");
+      }
+    }
+    const text = decoder.decode(await readFallbackFiles(args, state, input));
+    let lines = text.split("\n");
+    const trailing = lines.at(-1) === "";
+    if (trailing) lines.pop();
+    if (kind === "tail") {
+      lines = tailFromStart
+        ? lines.slice(Math.max(0, tailCount - 1))
+        : lines.slice(-tailCount);
+    } else {
+      lines.sort((a, b) => numeric ? Number(a) - Number(b) : a.localeCompare(b));
+      if (unique) lines = lines.filter((line, index) => index === 0 || line !== lines[index - 1]);
+      if (reverse) lines.reverse();
+    }
+    return result(0, lines.length ? `${lines.join("\n")}\n` : "");
+  } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${kind}: ${error.message}\n`); }
+}
+
+async function runWcFallback(argv, state, input) {
+  let flags = "", i = 1;
+  while (/^-[lwc]+$/.test(argv[i] ?? "")) flags += argv[i++].slice(1);
+  if (!flags) flags = "lwc";
+  try {
+    const data = await readFallbackFiles(argv.slice(i), state, input);
+    const text = decoder.decode(data);
+    const values = [];
+    if (flags.includes("l")) values.push((text.match(/\n/g) ?? []).length);
+    if (flags.includes("w")) values.push(text.trim() ? text.trim().split(/\s+/).length : 0);
+    if (flags.includes("c")) values.push(data.byteLength);
+    return result(0, `${values.join(" ")}\n`);
+  } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: wc: ${error.message}\n`); }
+}
+
+function expandTrSet(value) {
+  return value.replace(/(.)-(.)/g, (_, a, b) => {
+    let output = "";
+    for (let code = a.charCodeAt(0); code <= b.charCodeAt(0); code++) output += String.fromCharCode(code);
+    return output;
+  });
+}
+
+async function runTrFallback(argv, _state, input) {
+  let del = false, i = 1;
+  if (argv[i] === "-d") del = true, i++;
+  if (!argv[i] || (!del && !argv[i + 1])) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: tr: missing operand\n");
+  const from = expandTrSet(argv[i++]);
+  const to = expandTrSet(argv[i] ?? "");
+  const text = decoder.decode(await readFallbackInput(input));
+  let output = "";
+  for (const ch of text) {
+    const index = from.indexOf(ch);
+    if (index < 0) output += ch;
+    else if (!del) output += to[Math.min(index, Math.max(0, to.length - 1))] ?? "";
+  }
+  return result(0, output);
+}
+
+async function runTeeFallback(argv, state, input) {
+  let append = false, i = 1;
+  if (argv[i] === "-a") append = true, i++;
+  const streams = argv.slice(i).map((name) => createWriteStream(
+    isAbsolute(nativePath(name)) ? nativePath(name) : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(name)),
+    { flags: append ? "a" : "w" },
+  ));
+  const output = [];
+  try {
+    for await (const chunk of fallbackInput(input)) {
+      const data = bytes(chunk);
+      if (state.pipelineChild) await writeStream(process.stdout, data); else output.push(data);
+      await Promise.all(streams.map((stream) => writeStream(stream, data)));
+    }
+  } finally { for (const stream of streams) stream.end(); }
+  return result(0, state.pipelineChild ? "" : concatBytes(output));
+}
+
+async function runHashFallback(argv, state, input, algorithm) {
+  const operands = argv.slice(1);
+  try {
+    const data = await readFallbackFiles(operands, state, input);
+    const digest = createHash(algorithm).update(data).digest("hex");
+    return result(0, `${digest}${operands.length === 1 && operands[0] !== "-" ? `  ${operands[0]}` : ""}\n`);
+  } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${algorithm}sum: ${error.message}\n`); }
+}
+
+function runMktempFallback(argv, state) {
+  const directory = argv.includes("-d");
+  const template = argv.find((value, index) => index > 0 && !value.startsWith("-")) ?? "tmp.XXXXXX";
+  if (!template.endsWith("XXXXXX")) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: mktemp: template must end in XXXXXX\n");
+  const prefix = template.slice(0, -6);
+  for (let attempt = 0; attempt < 100; attempt++) {
+    const suffix = Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8).padEnd(6, "0");
+    const shown = `${prefix}${suffix}`;
+    const path = isAbsolute(nativePath(shown)) ? nativePath(shown) : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(shown));
+    try {
+      if (directory) mkdirSync(path); else closeSync(openSync(path, "wx", 0o600));
+      return result(0, `${shellPath(path)}\n`);
+    } catch (error) { if (error.code !== "EEXIST") return result(1, "", `bunmsh: mktemp: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  }
+  return result(1, "", "bunmsh: mktemp: cannot create temporary file\n");
+}
+
+async function runSleepFallback(argv) {
+  if (argv.length !== 2) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: sleep: usage: sleep duration\n");
+  const match = /^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(ms|s|m|h)?$/.exec(argv[1]);
+  if (!match) return result(1, "", `bunmsh: sleep: invalid duration: ${argv[1]}\n`);
+  const scale = { ms: 1, s: 1_000, m: 60_000, h: 3_600_000 }[match[2] ?? "s"];
+  await Bun.sleep(Number(match[1]) * scale);
+  return result();
+}
+
+function runRmdirFallback(argv, state) {
+  let parents = false, operands = argv.slice(1);
+  if (operands[0] === "-p" || operands[0] === "--parents") parents = true, operands.shift();
+  if (!operands.length) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: rmdir: missing operand\n");
+  let status = 0, stderr = "";
+  for (const operand of operands) {
+    let path = isAbsolute(nativePath(operand)) ? nativePath(operand) : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(operand));
+    try {
+      rmdirSync(path);
+      if (parents) {
+        let parent = pathDirname(path);
+        while (parent !== path) {
+          try { rmdirSync(parent); } catch { break; }
+          path = parent;
+          parent = pathDirname(path);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) { status = 1; stderr += `bunmsh: rmdir: ${operand}: ${error.message}\n`; }
+  }
+  return result(status, "", stderr);
+}
+
+function runDateFallback(argv) {
+  const date = new Date();
+  if (argv.length === 1) return result(0, `${date.toString()}\n`);
+  if (argv.length !== 2 || !argv[1].startsWith("+"))
+    return result(1, "", "bunmsh: date: only +FORMAT is supported\n");
+  const pad = (value) => String(value).padStart(2, "0");
+  const values = {
+    "%Y": date.getFullYear(), "%m": pad(date.getMonth() + 1), "%d": pad(date.getDate()),
+    "%H": pad(date.getHours()), "%M": pad(date.getMinutes()), "%S": pad(date.getSeconds()),
+    "%s": Math.floor(date.getTime() / 1000), "%F": `${date.getFullYear()}-${pad(date.getMonth() + 1)}-${pad(date.getDate())}`,
+    "%T": `${pad(date.getHours())}:${pad(date.getMinutes())}:${pad(date.getSeconds())}`, "%%": "%",
+  };
+  return result(0, `${argv[1].slice(1).replace(/%[YmdHMSsFT%]/g, (key) => values[key])}\n`);
+}
+
+function grepFiles(operands, state, recursive) {
+  const output = [];
+  const visit = (shown) => {
+    const path = isAbsolute(nativePath(shown))
+      ? nativePath(shown)
+      : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(shown));
+    const stat = statSync(path);
+    if (!stat.isDirectory()) { output.push({ shown, path }); return; }
+    if (!recursive) throw new Error(`${shown}: is a directory`);
+    for (const entry of readdirSync(path, { withFileTypes: true }))
+      visit(`${shown.replace(/\/$/, "")}/${entry.name}`);
+  };
+  for (const operand of operands) visit(operand);
+  return output;
+}
+
+function grepBasicRegex(pattern) {
+  let output = "", inClass = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < pattern.length; i++) {
+    const ch = pattern[i];
+    if (ch === "[") inClass = true;
+    if (ch === "]" && inClass) inClass = false;
+    if (!inClass && ch === "\\" && i + 1 < pattern.length && "+?|(){}".includes(pattern[i + 1])) {
+      output += pattern[++i];
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!inClass && "+?|(){}".includes(ch)) output += `\\${ch}`;
+    else output += ch;
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+function grepPosixClasses(pattern) {
+  const classes = {
+    alnum: "A-Za-z0-9", alpha: "A-Za-z", blank: " \\t", digit: "0-9",
+    lower: "a-z", space: "\\s", upper: "A-Z", word: "A-Za-z0-9_",
+    xdigit: "A-Fa-f0-9",
+  };
+  return pattern.replace(/\[\[:(alnum|alpha|blank|digit|lower|space|upper|word|xdigit):\]\]/g,
+    (_match, name) => `[${classes[name]}]`);
+}
+
+async function runGrepFallback(argv, state, input, context = {}) {
+  let flags = "", colorMode = "never", i = 1;
+  while (argv[i]?.startsWith("-") && argv[i] !== "-") {
+    if (argv[i] === "--") { i++; break; }
+    const colorOption = /^--colou?r(?:=(always|auto|never))?$/.exec(argv[i]);
+    if (colorOption) {
+      colorMode = colorOption[1] ?? "always";
+      i++;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!/^-[EFiqvnorx]+$/.test(argv[i]))
+      return result(2, "", `bunmsh: grep: unsupported option: ${argv[i]}\n`);
+    flags += argv[i++].slice(1);
+  }
+  const pattern = argv[i++];
+  if (pattern === undefined) return result(2, "", "bunmsh: grep: missing pattern\n");
+  let regex;
+  const regexSource = flags.includes("F")
+    ? pattern.replace(/[\\^$.*+?()[\]{}|]/g, "\\$&")
+    : grepPosixClasses(flags.includes("E") ? pattern : grepBasicRegex(pattern));
+  try { regex = new RegExp(flags.includes("x") ? `^(?:${regexSource})$` : regexSource, `${flags.includes("i") ? "i" : ""}${flags.includes("o") ? "g" : ""}`); }
+  catch (error) { return result(2, "", `bunmsh: grep: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  const invert = flags.includes("v"), quiet = flags.includes("q"), numbers = flags.includes("n"), only = flags.includes("o");
+  const color = colorMode === "always" ||
+    (colorMode === "auto" && !context.captureStdout && Boolean(process.stdout.isTTY));
+  const red = "\x1b[01;31m", reset = "\x1b[m";
+  const colored = (value) => color && value.length ? `${red}${value}${reset}` : value;
+  const highlightRegex = color && !only
+    ? new RegExp(regex.source, regex.flags.includes("g") ? regex.flags : `${regex.flags}g`)
+    : null;
+  let matched = false;
+  const output = [];
+  const processLine = (line, lineNumber, label, showLabel) => {
+    regex.lastIndex = 0;
+    const isMatch = regex.test(line);
+    regex.lastIndex = 0;
+    if (isMatch === invert) return false;
+    matched = true;
+    if (quiet) return true;
+    const prefix = `${showLabel ? `${label}:` : ""}${numbers ? `${lineNumber}:` : ""}`;
+    if (only) {
+      if (invert) return false;
+      for (const match of line.matchAll(regex))
+        if (match[0].length) output.push(`${prefix}${colored(match[0])}\n`);
+    } else {
+      const rendered = !invert && highlightRegex
+        ? line.replace(highlightRegex, (match) => colored(match))
+        : line;
+      output.push(`${prefix}${rendered}\n`);
+    }
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  const operands = argv.slice(i);
+  if (operands.length) {
+    try {
+      const files = grepFiles(operands, state, flags.includes("r"));
+      const showLabel = files.length > 1 || flags.includes("r");
+      for (const file of files) {
+        const lines = (await Bun.file(file.path).text()).split("\n");
+        if (lines.at(-1) === "") lines.pop();
+        for (let line = 0; line < lines.length; line++)
+          if (processLine(lines[line], line + 1, file.shown, showLabel)) return result(0);
+      }
+    } catch (error) { return result(2, "", `bunmsh: grep: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  } else {
+    const reader = fallbackInput(input).getReader();
+    const decode = new TextDecoder();
+    let pending = "", lineNumber = 0;
+    try {
+      while (true) {
+        const { value, done } = await reader.read();
+        pending += decode.decode(value, { stream: !done });
+        const lines = pending.split("\n");
+        pending = done ? "" : lines.pop();
+        if (done && lines.at(-1) === "") lines.pop();
+        for (const line of lines)
+          if (processLine(line, ++lineNumber, "", false)) { await reader.cancel(); return result(0); }
+        if (done) break;
+      }
+    } finally { try { reader.releaseLock(); } catch {} }
+  }
+  return result(matched ? 0 : 1, output.join(""));
+}
+
+function splitSedCommands(script) {
+  const commands = [];
+  let start = 0, escaped = false;
+  for (let i = 0; i < script.length; i++) {
+    if (escaped) { escaped = false; continue; }
+    if (script[i] === "\\") { escaped = true; continue; }
+    if (script[i] === ";") {
+      commands.push(script.slice(start, i).trim());
+      start = i + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  commands.push(script.slice(start).trim());
+  return commands.filter(Boolean);
+}
+
+function readSedField(command, start, delimiter) {
+  let value = "";
+  for (let i = start; i < command.length; i++) {
+    if (command[i] === "\\" && i + 1 < command.length) {
+      if (command[i + 1] === delimiter) value += command[++i];
+      else value += command[i] + command[++i];
+    } else if (command[i] === delimiter) return [value, i + 1];
+    else value += command[i];
+  }
+  throw new Error("unterminated substitute command");
+}
+
+function sedReplacement(value) {
+  let output = "";
+  for (let i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+    if (value[i] === "\\" && /[1-9]/.test(value[i + 1] ?? "")) output += `$${value[++i]}`;
+    else if (value[i] === "\\" && i + 1 < value.length) output += value[++i];
+    else if (value[i] === "&") output += "$&";
+    else if (value[i] === "$") output += "$$";
+    else output += value[i];
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+function compileSedCommand(source, extended) {
+  const numberedPrint = /^(\d+)p$/.exec(source);
+  if (numberedPrint) return { type: "print", line: Number(numberedPrint[1]) };
+  if (!source.startsWith("s") || source.length < 2)
+    throw new Error(`unsupported command: ${source}`);
+  const delimiter = source[1];
+  const [pattern, replacementStart] = readSedField(source, 2, delimiter);
+  const [replacement, flagsStart] = readSedField(source, replacementStart, delimiter);
+  const flags = source.slice(flagsStart);
+  if (!/^[gp]*$/.test(flags)) throw new Error(`unsupported substitute flags: ${flags}`);
+  const regexSource = grepPosixClasses(extended ? pattern : grepBasicRegex(pattern));
+  return {
+    type: "substitute",
+    regex: new RegExp(regexSource, flags.includes("g") ? "g" : ""),
+    replacement: sedReplacement(replacement),
+    print: flags.includes("p"),
+  };
+}
+
+function applySed(text, commands, quiet) {
+  const trailingNewline = text.endsWith("\n");
+  const lines = text.split("\n");
+  if (trailingNewline) lines.pop();
+  const output = [];
+  for (let index = 0; index < lines.length; index++) {
+    let line = lines[index];
+    for (const command of commands) {
+      if (command.type === "print") {
+        if (command.line === index + 1) output.push(line);
+        continue;
+      }
+      command.regex.lastIndex = 0;
+      const matched = command.regex.test(line);
+      command.regex.lastIndex = 0;
+      if (matched) {
+        line = line.replace(command.regex, command.replacement);
+        if (command.print) output.push(line);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!quiet) output.push(line);
+  }
+  if (!output.length) return "";
+  return output.join("\n") + (trailingNewline ? "\n" : "");
+}
+
+async function runSedFallback(argv, state, input) {
+  let quiet = false, extended = false, inPlace = false, i = 1;
+  const scripts = [];
+  while (i < argv.length && argv[i].startsWith("-") && argv[i] !== "-") {
+    const option = argv[i++];
+    if (option === "--") break;
+    if (option === "-e") {
+      if (i >= argv.length) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: sed: option requires an argument: -e\n");
+      scripts.push(argv[i++]);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (option.startsWith("-e")) { scripts.push(option.slice(2)); continue; }
+    if (!/^-[nEri]+$/.test(option))
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: sed: unsupported option: ${option}\n`);
+    quiet ||= option.includes("n");
+    extended ||= option.includes("E") || option.includes("r");
+    inPlace ||= option.includes("i");
+  }
+  if (!scripts.length && i < argv.length) scripts.push(argv[i++]);
+  if (!scripts.length) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: sed: missing script\n");
+  let commands;
+  try { commands = scripts.flatMap(splitSedCommands).map((script) => compileSedCommand(script, extended)); }
+  catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: sed: ${error.message}\n`); }
+  const operands = argv.slice(i);
+  if (inPlace && !operands.length) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: sed: -i requires a file operand\n");
+  try {
+    if (!operands.length) {
+      const text = decoder.decode(await readFallbackInput(input));
+      return result(0, applySed(text, commands, quiet));
+    }
+    let stdout = "";
+    for (const operand of operands) {
+      const file = isAbsolute(nativePath(operand)) ? nativePath(operand) : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(operand));
+      const changed = applySed(await Bun.file(file).text(), commands, quiet);
+      if (inPlace) await Bun.write(file, changed);
+      else stdout += changed;
+    }
+    return result(0, stdout);
+  } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: sed: ${error.message}\n`); }
+}
+
+function cutCharacterRanges(spec) {
+  const ranges = [];
+  for (const part of spec.split(",")) {
+    const match = /^(\d+)?(?:-(\d+)?)?$/.exec(part);
+    if (!match || (!match[1] && !match[2])) throw new Error(`invalid range: ${part}`);
+    const start = Number(match[1] ?? 1);
+    const end = match[0].includes("-") ? Number(match[2] ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) : start;
+    ranges.push([start, end]);
+  }
+  return ranges;
+}
+
+async function runCutFallback(argv, _state, input) {
+  let spec, i = 1;
+  if (argv[i] === "-c") spec = argv[++i], i++;
+  else if (argv[i]?.startsWith("-c")) spec = argv[i++].slice(2);
+  if (!spec || i !== argv.length) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: cut: usage: cut -c LIST\n");
+  try {
+    const ranges = cutCharacterRanges(spec);
+    const text = decoder.decode(await readFallbackInput(input));
+    const trailing = text.endsWith("\n");
+    const lines = text.split("\n");
+    if (trailing) lines.pop();
+    const output = lines.map((line) => [...line].filter((_ch, index) =>
+      ranges.some(([start, end]) => index + 1 >= start && index + 1 <= end)).join("")).join("\n");
+    return result(0, output + (trailing ? "\n" : ""));
+  } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: cut: ${error.message}\n`); }
+}
+
+function runLnFallback(argv, state) {
+  let symbolic = false, force = false, noTargetDirectory = false, i = 1;
+  while (/^-[sfT]+$/.test(argv[i] ?? "")) {
+    symbolic ||= argv[i].includes("s");
+    force ||= argv[i].includes("f");
+    noTargetDirectory ||= argv[i].includes("T");
+    i++;
+  }
+  if (argv.length - i !== 2) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: ln: usage: ln [-sf] target link_name\n");
+  const target = nativePath(argv[i]);
+  let link = isAbsolute(nativePath(argv[i + 1]))
+    ? nativePath(argv[i + 1])
+    : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(argv[i + 1]));
+  try {
+    if (!noTargetDirectory) {
+      try {
+        if (statSync(link).isDirectory()) link = resolvePath(link, pathBasename(target));
+      } catch {}
+    }
+    if (force) try { unlinkSync(link); } catch {}
+    if (symbolic) symlinkSync(target, link); else {
+      const source = isAbsolute(target) ? target : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), target);
+      linkSync(source, link);
+    }
+    return result();
+  } catch (error) { return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ln: ${error.message}\n`); }
+}
+
+function runChmodFallback(argv, state) {
+  if (argv.length < 3) return result(1, "", "bunmsh: chmod: usage: chmod MODE FILE...\n");
+  const mode = argv[1];
+  let status = 0, stderr = "";
+  for (const operand of argv.slice(2)) {
+    const path = isAbsolute(nativePath(operand)) ? nativePath(operand) : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(operand));
+    try {
+      if (/^[0-7]{3,4}$/.test(mode)) chmodSync(path, Number.parseInt(mode, 8));
+      else if (mode === "+x" || mode === "a+x") chmodSync(path, statSync(path).mode | 0o111);
+      else throw new Error(`unsupported mode: ${mode}`);
+    } catch (error) { status = 1; stderr += `bunmsh: chmod: ${operand}: ${error.message}\n`; }
+  }
+  return result(status, "", stderr);
+}
+
+export function runUnameFallback(argv, system = {}) {
+  const arch = system.arch ?? osArch();
+  const machine = ({ arm64: "aarch64", x64: "x86_64" })[arch] ?? arch;
+  const values = {
+    s: system.type ?? osType(),
+    n: system.hostname ?? osHostname(),
+    r: system.release ?? osRelease(),
+    v: system.version ?? osVersion(),
+    m: machine,
+    p: machine,
+  };
+  if (argv.length === 1) return result(0, `${values.s}\n`);
+  const flags = new Set();
+  for (const arg of argv.slice(1)) {
+    if (arg === "-a") for (const flag of "snrvmp") flags.add(flag);
+    else if (/^-[snrvmp]+$/.test(arg)) for (const flag of arg.slice(1)) flags.add(flag);
+    else return result(1, "", `bunmsh: uname: unsupported option: ${arg}\n`);
+  }
+  return result(0, `${[..."snrvmp"].filter((flag) => flags.has(flag)).map((flag) => values[flag]).join(" ")}\n`);
+}
+
+const fallbackBuiltins = {
+  basename: async (argv) => {
+    const i = argv[1] === "--" ? 2 : 1;
+    if (i >= argv.length || argv.length - i > 2)
+      return result(1, "", "bunmsh: basename: usage: basename string [suffix]\n");
+    let name = pathBasename(argv[i]);
+    const suffix = argv[i + 1];
+    if (suffix && suffix !== name && name.endsWith(suffix)) name = name.slice(0, -suffix.length);
+    return result(0, `${name}\n`);
+  },
+  dirname: async (argv) => {
+    const i = argv[1] === "--" ? 2 : 1;
+    if (argv.length - i !== 1)
+      return result(1, "", "bunmsh: dirname: usage: dirname string\n");
+    return result(0, `${pathDirname(argv[i])}\n`);
+  },
+  ls: runFancyLsFallback,
+  // Bun Shell's own `ls`, kept reachable under a different name now that
+  // plain `ls` falls back to lsfancy instead. Bun.$ dispatches on the
+  // literal command name, so argv[0] is rewritten back to "ls" for it —
+  // `lsbun` itself is not something Bun Shell knows how to run.
+  lsbun: (argv, state) => runBunShellFallback(["ls", ...argv.slice(1)], state),
+  lsfancy: runFancyLsFallback,
+  mv: runBunShellFallback,
+  rm: runBunShellFallback,
+  mkdir: runBunShellFallback,
+  seq: runBunShellFallback,
+  touch: runBunShellFallback,
+  cat: runCatFallback,
+  tac: runTacFallback,
+  catfancy: async (argv, state, input) => {
+    const output = await catFancy(argv, state.cwd, fallbackInput(input));
+    return result(output.status, output.stdout, output.stderr);
+  },
+  cp: runBunShellCpFallback,
+  head: runHeadFallback,
+  tail: (argv, state, input) => runTextFilter(argv, state, input, "tail"),
+  wc: runWcFallback,
+  tr: runTrFallback,
+  sleep: runSleepFallback,
+  tee: runTeeFallback,
+  clear: async () => result(0, "\x1b[2J\x1b[H"),
+  rmdir: async (argv, state) => runRmdirFallback(argv, state),
+  mktemp: async (argv, state) => runMktempFallback(argv, state),
+  sort: (argv, state, input) => runTextFilter(argv, state, input, "sort"),
+  date: async (argv) => runDateFallback(argv),
+  md5sum: (argv, state, input) => runHashFallback(argv, state, input, "md5"),
+  sha256sum: (argv, state, input) => runHashFallback(argv, state, input, "sha256"),
+  grep: runGrepFallback,
+  sed: runSedFallback,
+  cut: runCutFallback,
+  ln: async (argv, state) => runLnFallback(argv, state),
+  chmod: async (argv, state) => runChmodFallback(argv, state),
+  uname: async (argv) => runUnameFallback(argv),
+  bunmsh: runBunmshFallback,
+  bun: runBunFallback,
+  serve: async (argv, state) => {
+    const options = parseServeArguments(argv.slice(1), state.env, state.cwd);
+    if (options.error) return result(2, "", `bunmsh: serve: ${options.error}\n`);
+    try {
+      const server = startFileServer(options.directory, options);
+      const signal = await waitForInterrupt(server, options);
+      return result(signal === "SIGINT" ? 130 : signal === "SIGTERM" ? 143 : 0);
+    } catch (error) {
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: serve: ${error.message}\n`);
+    }
+  },
+};
+
+if (!findIsRegularBuiltin()) fallbackBuiltins.find = runFindBuiltin;
+
+export function builtinNames() {
+  return [...new Set([...Object.keys(builtins), ...Object.keys(fallbackBuiltins)])].sort();
+}
+
+function formatMilliseconds(milliseconds, color = Boolean(process.stderr.isTTY)) {
+  const rendered = milliseconds.toFixed(6);
+  if (!color) return rendered;
+  const decimal = rendered.indexOf(".");
+  const palette = [46, 82, 118, 154, 190, 226, 220, 214, 208, 202, 196, 198, 201, 165, 129, 93, 57, 21, 27, 33, 39, 45];
+  let output = "";
+  for (let i = 0; i < rendered.length; i++) {
+    if (rendered[i] === ".") {
+      output += "\x1b[2m.\x1b[0m";
+      continue;
+    }
+    const magnitude = i < decimal ? decimal - i - 1 : decimal - i;
+    // Keep each three-digit magnitude region the same colour: units
+    // (000), thousands (000), millions (000), then fractional groups.
+    const group = Math.floor(magnitude / 3);
+    const index = ((group % palette.length) + palette.length) % palette.length;
+    output += `\x1b[38;5;${palette[index]}m${rendered[i]}\x1b[0m`;
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+export function createState(options = {}) {
+  const env = canonicalEnvironment({ ...process.env, ...(options.env ?? {}) });
+  const cwd = shellPath(options.cwd ?? process.cwd());
+  env.PWD = cwd;
+  return {
+    env,
+    cwd,
+    directoryHistory: [...(options.directoryHistory ?? [])],
+    tabs: [...(options.tabs ?? [cwd])],
+    activeTab: options.activeTab ?? 0,
+    aliases: { ...DEFAULT_ALIASES, ...(options.aliases ?? {}) },
+    functions: { ...(options.functions ?? {}) },
+    history: [...(options.history ?? [])],
+    mouseTracking: options.mouseTracking ?? /^(?:1|true|on|yes)$/i.test(env.BUNMSH_MOUSE ?? ""),
+    pathSearch: options.pathSearch ?? true,
+    readonly: new Set(options.readonly ?? []),
+    getoptsOffset: 1,
+    args: options.args ?? ["bunmsh"],
+    lastStatus: 0,
+    exitRequested: false,
+    exitStatus: 0,
+    pipelineChild: options.pipelineChild ?? false,
+  };
+}
+
+function hasCompoundSyntax(source) {
+  if (/(^|\n)\s*(?:\(|[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*\s*\(\s*\)\s*\{)/.test(source)) return true;
+  let commandStart = true;
+  for (const token of tokenize(source)) {
+    if (token.type === "op") {
+      if ([";", "&&", "||", "|"].includes(token.value)) commandStart = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const word = token.fragments.length === 1 && token.fragments[0].quote === "none"
+      ? token.fragments[0].text : null;
+    if (commandStart && ["if", "while", "until", "for", "case"].includes(word)) return true;
+    if (!(commandStart && /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=/.test(word ?? ""))) commandStart = false;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function compoundLogicalSource(source) {
+  const tokens = tokenize(source);
+  const breaks = new Set();
+  let commandStart = true;
+  const literal = (token) => token.type === "word" && token.fragments.length === 1 &&
+    token.fragments[0].quote === "none" ? token.fragments[0].text : null;
+  for (let index = 0; index < tokens.length; index++) {
+    const token = tokens[index];
+    if (token.type === "op") {
+      if ([";", "&&", "||", "|"].includes(token.value)) commandStart = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const word = literal(token);
+    if (!commandStart) continue;
+    if (/^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=/.test(word ?? "")) continue;
+    // Like mksh's KEYWORD lexer mode, these words are special only where a
+    // command may begin. Physical newlines are not required around them.
+    if (["if", "while", "until", "for", "case"].includes(word) && token.offset > 0)
+      breaks.add(token.offset);
+    if (["elif", "else", "fi", "done", "esac"].includes(word))
+      breaks.add(token.offset);
+    if (["then", "do", "else"].includes(word) && tokens[index + 1])
+      breaks.add(tokens[index + 1].offset);
+    commandStart = ["if", "while", "until", "elif", "then", "do", "else"].includes(word);
+  }
+  let logical = source;
+  for (const offset of [...breaks].sort((a, b) => b - a))
+    if (offset > 0 && source[offset - 1] !== "\n")
+      logical = `${logical.slice(0, offset)}\n${logical.slice(offset)}`;
+  return logical;
+}
+
+// A leaf command line inside a compound body (if/while/for/case) is scanned
+// one physical line at a time, but a here-document's body lives on the lines
+// that follow it. Grow the line by re-tokenizing with more lines appended
+// until the heredoc(s) it opens are fully resolved, so the folded lines never
+// get misread as separate commands or as clauses of the surrounding compound.
+function growHeredocLine(lines, index) {
+  const line = lines[index];
+  if (!line.includes("<<")) return { source: line, next: index + 1 };
+  let end = index;
+  let candidate = line;
+  while (true) {
+    try {
+      tokenize(candidate, { strict: true });
+      return { source: candidate, next: end + 1 };
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (!(error instanceof ShellSyntaxError) ||
+          !error.message.startsWith("unterminated here-document"))
+        throw error;
+      end++;
+      if (end >= lines.length) throw error;
+      candidate += `\n${lines[end]}`;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function parseCompoundScript(source) {
+  const lines = compoundLogicalSource(source.replace(/\\\r?\n/g, "")).split(/\r?\n/);
+  const parseSequence = (start, stops = []) => {
+    const nodes = [];
+    let i = start;
+    while (i < lines.length) {
+      const line = lines[i];
+      const trimmed = line.trim();
+      if (stops.some((stop) => stop.test(trimmed))) break;
+      if (!trimmed || trimmed.startsWith("#")) { i++; continue; }
+
+      const functionMatch = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\s*\(\s*\)\s*\{\s*$/.exec(trimmed);
+      if (functionMatch) {
+        const body = parseSequence(i + 1, [/^}\s*;?$/]);
+        if (body.index >= lines.length) throw new ShellSyntaxError(`unterminated function ${functionMatch[1]}`);
+        nodes.push({ type: "function", name: functionMatch[1], body: body.nodes });
+        i = body.index + 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const subshellMatch = /^\((.*)\)\s*;?$/.exec(trimmed);
+      if (subshellMatch) {
+        nodes.push({ type: "subshell", source: subshellMatch[1] });
+        i++;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (/^if(?:\s|$)/.test(trimmed)) {
+        const branches = [];
+        let header = trimmed;
+        while (!/;\s*then\s*$/.test(header) && ++i < lines.length)
+          header += ` ${lines[i].trim()}`;
+        if (!/;\s*then\s*$/.test(header)) throw new ShellSyntaxError("if requires then");
+        let condition = header.replace(/^if\s*/, "").replace(/;\s*then\s*$/, "");
+        i++;
+        while (true) {
+          const body = parseSequence(i, [/^elif(?:\s|$)/, /^else\s*;?$/, /^fi\s*;?$/]);
+          branches.push({ condition, body: body.nodes });
+          i = body.index;
+          const stop = lines[i]?.trim() ?? "";
+          if (/^elif(?:\s|$)/.test(stop)) {
+            header = stop;
+            while (!/;\s*then\s*$/.test(header) && ++i < lines.length)
+              header += ` ${lines[i].trim()}`;
+            if (!/;\s*then\s*$/.test(header)) throw new ShellSyntaxError("elif requires then");
+            condition = header.replace(/^elif\s*/, "").replace(/;\s*then\s*$/, "");
+            i++;
+            continue;
+          }
+          let otherwise = [];
+          if (/^else\s*;?$/.test(stop)) {
+            const body = parseSequence(i + 1, [/^fi\s*;?$/]);
+            otherwise = body.nodes;
+            i = body.index;
+          }
+          if (!/^fi\s*;?$/.test(lines[i]?.trim() ?? ""))
+            throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated if");
+          nodes.push({ type: "if", branches, otherwise });
+          i++;
+          break;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (/^(?:while|until)(?:\s|$)/.test(trimmed)) {
+        const kind = trimmed.startsWith("until") ? "until" : "while";
+        let header = trimmed;
+        while (!/;\s*do\s*$/.test(header) && ++i < lines.length)
+          header += ` ${lines[i].trim()}`;
+        if (!/;\s*do\s*$/.test(header)) throw new ShellSyntaxError(`${kind} requires do`);
+        const condition = header.replace(new RegExp(`^${kind}\\s*`), "").replace(/;\s*do\s*$/, "");
+        const body = parseSequence(i + 1, [/^done(?:\s*<\s*.+)?\s*;?$/]);
+        const done = /^done(?:\s*<\s*(.+?))?\s*;?$/.exec(lines[body.index]?.trim() ?? "");
+        if (!done)
+          throw new ShellSyntaxError(`unterminated ${kind}`);
+        nodes.push({ type: "loop", kind, condition, body: body.nodes, input: done[1] ?? null });
+        i = body.index + 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (/^for(?:\s|$)/.test(trimmed)) {
+        let header = trimmed;
+        while (!/;\s*do\s*$/.test(header) && ++i < lines.length)
+          header += ` ${lines[i].trim()}`;
+        const match = /^for\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)(?:\s+in\s+(.*?))?\s*;\s*do\s*$/.exec(header);
+        if (!match) throw new ShellSyntaxError("invalid for command");
+        const body = parseSequence(i + 1, [/^done\s*;?$/]);
+        if (!/^done\s*;?$/.test(lines[body.index]?.trim() ?? ""))
+          throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated for");
+        nodes.push({ type: "for", name: match[1], words: match[2] ?? null, body: body.nodes });
+        i = body.index + 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (/^case(?:\s|$)/.test(trimmed)) {
+        let header = trimmed;
+        while (!/\s+in\s*$/.test(header) && ++i < lines.length)
+          header += ` ${lines[i].trim()}`;
+        const match = /^case\s+(.+?)\s+in\s*$/.exec(header);
+        if (!match) throw new ShellSyntaxError("case requires in");
+        const arms = [];
+        i++;
+        while (i < lines.length && !/^esac\s*;?$/.test(lines[i].trim())) {
+          if (!lines[i].trim() || lines[i].trim().startsWith("#")) { i++; continue; }
+          const arm = /^(.+?)\)\s*$/.exec(lines[i].trim());
+          if (!arm) throw new ShellSyntaxError("case pattern requires )");
+          const bodyLines = [];
+          i++;
+          while (i < lines.length && !/^esac\s*;?$/.test(lines[i].trim())) {
+            const current = lines[i];
+            const terminator = current.indexOf(";;");
+            if (terminator >= 0) {
+              if (current.slice(0, terminator).trim()) bodyLines.push(current.slice(0, terminator));
+              i++;
+              break;
+            }
+            bodyLines.push(current);
+            i++;
+          }
+          arms.push({ patterns: arm[1].split("|").map((pattern) => pattern.trim()), body: parseCompoundScript(bodyLines.join("\n")) });
+        }
+        if (!/^esac\s*;?$/.test(lines[i]?.trim() ?? "")) throw new ShellSyntaxError("unterminated case");
+        nodes.push({ type: "case", word: match[1], arms });
+        i++;
+        continue;
+      }
+      const grown = growHeredocLine(lines, i);
+      nodes.push({ type: "command", source: grown.source });
+      i = grown.next;
+    }
+    return { nodes, index: i };
+  };
+  const parsed = parseSequence(0);
+  return parsed.nodes;
+}
+
+// Every "needs more input before this can run" condition in this parser
+// (open quotes, an open $()/${}/backtick, an open here-document, or a
+// compound command still missing its closing keyword) raises a
+// ShellSyntaxError whose message starts with "unterminated". An interactive
+// front end can use this, mirroring mksh's PS2 continuation prompt, to tell
+// "still typing this command" apart from a real syntax error.
+export function needsMoreInput(source) {
+  source = normalizeSource(source);
+  try {
+    if (hasCompoundSyntax(source)) parseCompoundScript(source);
+    else tokenize(source, { strict: true });
+  } catch (error) {
+    return error instanceof ShellSyntaxError && error.message.startsWith("unterminated");
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+async function executeNodeList(nodes, state, options = {}) {
+  const capture = options.capture ?? true;
+  const stdout = [], stderr = [];
+  let execution = result(state.lastStatus);
+  const append = (value) => {
+    if (!capture) return;
+    if (value.stdout.byteLength) stdout.push(value.stdout);
+    if (value.stderr.byteLength) stderr.push(value.stderr);
+  };
+  for (const node of nodes) {
+    if (state.exitRequested) break;
+    if (node.type === "function") {
+      state.functions[node.name] = node.body;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node.type === "command") {
+      execution = await execute(node.source, state, { capture, simple: true });
+      append(execution);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node.type === "subshell") {
+      const child = {
+        ...state,
+        env: { ...state.env },
+        aliases: { ...state.aliases },
+        functions: { ...state.functions },
+        readonly: new Set(state.readonly),
+        directoryHistory: [...state.directoryHistory],
+        tabs: [...state.tabs],
+        exitRequested: false,
+        exitStatus: 0,
+      };
+      execution = await execute(node.source, child, { capture });
+      append(execution);
+      state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node.type === "loop") {
+      const previousReadLines = state.readLines;
+      let ranBody = false;
+      try {
+        if (node.input !== null) {
+          const parsed = parse(`__input ${node.input}`)[0]?.pipeline[0];
+          const operand = (await expandWord(parsed.words[1], state, { single: true }))[0];
+          const path = isAbsolute(nativePath(operand)) ? nativePath(operand) : resolvePath(nativePath(state.cwd), nativePath(operand));
+          const text = await Bun.file(path).text();
+          state.readLines = text.split("\n");
+          if (state.readLines.at(-1) === "") state.readLines.pop();
+        }
+        while (true) {
+          const checked = await execute(node.condition, state, { capture, simple: true });
+          append(checked);
+          const proceed = node.kind === "until" ? checked.status !== 0 : checked.status === 0;
+          if (!proceed || state.exitRequested) {
+            if (!ranBody) execution = result();
+            break;
+          }
+          execution = await executeNodeList(node.body, state, { capture });
+          ranBody = true;
+          append(execution);
+          if (state.exitRequested) break;
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        execution = result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${error.message}\n`);
+        append(execution);
+      } finally {
+        state.readLines = previousReadLines;
+      }
+      state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node.type === "for") {
+      let values;
+      if (node.words === null) values = state.args.slice(1);
+      else {
+        const parsed = parse(`__for ${node.words}`)[0]?.pipeline[0];
+        values = [];
+        for (const word of parsed?.words.slice(1) ?? []) values.push(...await expandWord(word, state));
+      }
+      execution = result();
+      for (const value of values) {
+        if (state.readonly.has(node.name)) { execution = readonlyError(node.name); break; }
+        state.env[node.name] = value;
+        execution = await executeNodeList(node.body, state, { capture });
+        append(execution);
+        if (state.exitRequested) break;
+      }
+      state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node.type === "case") {
+      const parsed = parse(`__case ${node.word}`)[0]?.pipeline[0];
+      const value = (await expandWord(parsed.words[1], state, { single: true }))[0] ?? "";
+      execution = result();
+      for (const arm of node.arms) {
+        let matches = false;
+        for (let pattern of arm.patterns) {
+          pattern = pattern.replace(/^(['"])(.*)\1$/, "$2");
+          pattern = stripExpansionMarkers(await expandText(pattern, state));
+          if (globPatternRegex(pattern, true, true, true).test(value)) { matches = true; break; }
+        }
+        if (!matches) continue;
+        execution = await executeNodeList(arm.body, state, { capture });
+        append(execution);
+        break;
+      }
+      state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+      continue;
+    }
+    let selected = null;
+    for (const branch of node.branches) {
+      let condition = branch.condition.trim();
+      let negate = false;
+      while (/^!\s+/.test(condition)) { negate = !negate; condition = condition.replace(/^!\s+/, ""); }
+      const checked = await execute(condition, state, { capture, simple: true });
+      append(checked);
+      if ((checked.status === 0) !== negate) { selected = branch.body; break; }
+    }
+    execution = selected
+      ? await executeNodeList(selected, state, { capture })
+      : await executeNodeList(node.otherwise, state, { capture });
+    append(execution);
+    state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+  }
+  return result(execution.status, concatBytes(stdout), concatBytes(stderr));
+}
+
+async function executeFunction(name, argv, state) {
+  const previousArgs = state.args;
+  state.args = [previousArgs[0], ...argv.slice(1)];
+  try { return await executeNodeList(state.functions[name], state); }
+  finally { state.args = previousArgs; }
+}
+
+async function runExternal(
+  argv,
+  state,
+  input,
+  captureStdout,
+  captureStderr,
+  stdoutSink = null,
+  runtimeOptions = {},
+) {
+  // The shell language always exposes forward slashes. Only the executable
+  // pathname needs native separators at the Windows process boundary.
+  const spawnArgv = process.platform === "win32" && argv[0].includes("/")
+    ? [nativePath(argv[0]), ...argv.slice(1)]
+    : argv;
+  const options = {
+    cmd: spawnArgv,
+    cwd: nativePath(state.cwd),
+    env: state.env,
+    stdin: input === null ? "inherit" : input,
+    stdout: captureStdout || stdoutSink ? "pipe" : "inherit",
+    stderr: captureStderr || runtimeOptions.stderrSink ? "pipe" : "inherit",
+    onExit(proc, exitCode, signalCode, error) {
+      runtimeOptions.onExit?.(proc, exitCode, signalCode, error);
+    },
+  };
+  try {
+    const proc = Bun.spawn(options);
+    const pipelineKillSignal = runtimeOptions.pipelineKillSignal ?? "SIGPIPE";
+    // A downstream pipeline stage that closes early (for example `head -n 3`)
+    // leaves nothing reading the other end of `stdoutSink`/`stderrSink` (a
+    // link's readable side, fed as the next stage's stdin). Bun never
+    // releases the reader lock it holds on that side even once the process
+    // reading it has exited, so a write already in flight into it (from the
+    // pipeTo() calls below) backpressures forever instead of settling, and
+    // there is no way to cancel or abort it from out here to unstick it —
+    // every avenue requires a lock only Bun's own, already-exited consumer
+    // holds. So this does not wait for that write to actually finish once
+    // the caller (see onSpawn below) says the downstream stage is done;
+    // it is abandoned in place, harmless since the killed process here
+    // will not produce anything more for it to forward anyway.
+    const abandonStreaming = new Promise((resolve) => {
+      runtimeOptions.onSpawn?.(proc, pipelineKillSignal, resolve);
+    });
+    const outputPromise = captureStdout
+      ? new Response(proc.stdout).arrayBuffer()
+      : Promise.resolve(new ArrayBuffer(0));
+    const streamPromise = stdoutSink
+      ? Promise.race([
+          proc.stdout.pipeTo(stdoutSink).catch(() => {
+            try { proc.kill(pipelineKillSignal); } catch {}
+          }),
+          abandonStreaming,
+        ])
+      : Promise.resolve();
+    const errorStreamPromise = runtimeOptions.stderrSink
+      ? Promise.race([
+          proc.stderr.pipeTo(runtimeOptions.stderrSink).catch(() => {}),
+          abandonStreaming,
+        ])
+      : Promise.resolve();
+    const errorPromise = captureStderr
+      ? new Response(proc.stderr).arrayBuffer()
+      : Promise.resolve(new ArrayBuffer(0));
+    const [status, output, error] = await Promise.all([
+      proc.exited,
+      outputPromise,
+      errorPromise,
+      streamPromise,
+      errorStreamPromise,
+    ]);
+    const execution = result(status, new Uint8Array(output), new Uint8Array(error));
+    execution.stdoutStreamed = Boolean(stdoutSink);
+    execution.stderrStreamed = Boolean(runtimeOptions.stderrSink);
+    return execution;
+  } catch (error) {
+    return result(127, "", `bunmsh: ${argv[0]}: ${error.message}\n`);
+  }
+}
+
+function runsInPipelineSubprocess(argv, state) {
+  if (["command", "builtin", "__builtin", "time"].includes(argv[0])) return true;
+  if (Object.hasOwn(builtins, argv[0])) return true;
+  if (Object.hasOwn(state.functions, argv[0])) return true;
+  return !argv[0].includes("/") &&
+    Object.hasOwn(fallbackBuiltins, argv[0]) &&
+    !findExecutable(argv[0], state);
+}
+
+function pipelineBuiltinArgv(argv) {
+  return IS_COMPILED
+    ? [...EXECUTABLE_COMMAND, "-cc", ...argv]
+    : [...BUN_RUNTIME_COMMAND, BUNMSH_ENTRY, "-cc", ...argv];
+}
+
+function pipelineBuiltinState(state) {
+  return {
+    ...state,
+    env: {
+      ...state.env,
+      [PIPELINE_STATE_ENV]: JSON.stringify({
+        aliases: state.aliases,
+        functions: state.functions,
+        readonly: [...state.readonly],
+        args: state.args,
+        pathSearch: state.pathSearch,
+      }),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function closedPipe(error) {
+  const code = error?.code ?? error?.cause?.code;
+  return code === "EPIPE" || code === "ECONNRESET" ||
+    /broken pipe|closed pipe|connection reset/i.test(error?.message ?? "");
+}
+
+async function runYes(argv) {
+  const line = `${argv.length > 1 ? argv.slice(1).join(" ") : "y"}\n`;
+  const repetitions = Math.max(1, Math.floor(8192 / Math.max(1, bytes(line).byteLength)));
+  const chunk = bytes(line.repeat(repetitions));
+  const writer = Bun.stdout.writer();
+  try {
+    while (true) {
+      writer.write(chunk);
+      await writer.flush();
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    if (!closedPipe(error)) throw error;
+  } finally {
+    try { writer.end(); } catch {}
+  }
+  return result();
+}
+
+function parseCommandOptions(argv) {
+  let defaultPath = false;
+  let query = null;
+  let i = 1;
+  for (; i < argv.length; i++) {
+    const arg = argv[i];
+    if (arg === "--") {
+      i++;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (arg === "-" || !arg.startsWith("-")) break;
+    for (const option of arg.slice(1)) {
+      if (option === "p") defaultPath = true;
+      else if (option === "v" || option === "V") query = option;
+      else return { error: option };
+    }
+  }
+  return { defaultPath, query, operands: argv.slice(i) };
+}
+
+function describeCommand(name, state, verbose, defaultPath) {
+  const alias = state.aliases[name];
+  if (alias) {
+    const definition = quoteShellWord(alias.join(" "));
+    return verbose
+      ? `${name} is an alias for ${definition}\n`
+      : `alias ${name}=${definition}\n`;
+  }
+  if (Object.hasOwn(builtins, name))
+    return verbose ? `${name} is a shell builtin\n` : `${name}\n`;
+  const path = findExecutable(name, state, defaultPath);
+  if (path) return verbose ? `${name} is ${path}\n` : `${path}\n`;
+  if (Object.hasOwn(fallbackBuiltins, name))
+    return verbose ? `${name} is a fallback shell builtin\n` : `${name}\n`;
+  return verbose ? `${name} not found\n` : null;
+}
+
+async function runCommandArgv(
+  argv,
+  state,
+  input,
+  captureStdout,
+  captureStderr,
+  options = {},
+) {
+  let commandArgv = argv;
+  let commandState = state;
+  if (options.pipelineStage && runsInPipelineSubprocess(commandArgv, commandState))
+    return runExternal(
+      pipelineBuiltinArgv(commandArgv),
+      pipelineBuiltinState(commandState),
+      input,
+      captureStdout,
+      captureStderr,
+      options.stdoutSink,
+      { ...options, pipelineKillSignal: "SIGTERM" },
+    );
+  while (["command", "builtin", "__builtin"].includes(commandArgv[0])) {
+    if (requestsBuiltinHelp(commandArgv) && hasBuiltinHelp(commandArgv[0]))
+      return builtinHelp(commandArgv[0]);
+    if (commandArgv[0] !== "command") {
+      const builtinName = commandArgv[0];
+      const start = commandArgv[1] === "--" ? 2 : 1;
+      if (start >= commandArgv.length) {
+        if (builtinName === "builtin")
+          return result(0, `${builtinNames().join("\n")}\n`);
+        return result();
+      }
+      commandArgv = commandArgv.slice(start);
+      if (!Object.hasOwn(builtins, commandArgv[0]) &&
+          !Object.hasOwn(fallbackBuiltins, commandArgv[0]))
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: builtin: ${commandArgv[0]}: not found\n`);
+      if (requestsBuiltinHelp(commandArgv) && hasBuiltinHelp(commandArgv[0]))
+        return builtinHelp(commandArgv[0]);
+      if (!["command", "builtin", "__builtin", "time", "yes"].includes(commandArgv[0]))
+        return (builtins[commandArgv[0]] ?? fallbackBuiltins[commandArgv[0]])(
+          commandArgv,
+          commandState,
+          input,
+          { captureStdout, captureStderr, options },
+        );
+      continue;
+    }
+    const parsed = parseCommandOptions(commandArgv);
+    if (parsed.error)
+      return result(1, "", `bunmsh: command: -${parsed.error}: unknown option\n`);
+    if (parsed.query) {
+      let status = 0;
+      let output = "";
+      for (const name of parsed.operands) {
+        const description = describeCommand(
+          name,
+          commandState,
+          parsed.query === "V",
+          parsed.defaultPath,
+        );
+        if (description === null || description.endsWith(" not found\n")) status = 1;
+        if (description !== null) output += description;
+        if (status && parsed.query === "v") break;
+      }
+      return result(status, output);
+    }
+    if (parsed.operands.length === 0) return result();
+    commandArgv = parsed.operands;
+    if (parsed.defaultPath) {
+      commandState = { ...commandState, env: { ...commandState.env, PATH: DEFAULT_COMMAND_PATH } };
+    }
+  }
+  if (requestsBuiltinHelp(commandArgv) && hasBuiltinHelp(commandArgv[0]) &&
+      (Object.hasOwn(builtins, commandArgv[0]) ||
+       (!findExecutable(commandArgv[0], commandState) &&
+        Object.hasOwn(fallbackBuiltins, commandArgv[0]))))
+    return builtinHelp(commandArgv[0]);
+  if (commandArgv[0] === "time") {
+    const started = Bun.nanoseconds();
+    const execution = commandArgv.length === 1
+      ? result()
+      : await runCommandArgv(
+          commandArgv.slice(1),
+          commandState,
+          input,
+          captureStdout,
+          captureStderr,
+        );
+    const milliseconds = (Bun.nanoseconds() - started) / 1_000_000;
+    execution.stderr = concatBytes([
+      execution.stderr,
+      `real ${formatMilliseconds(milliseconds)} ms\n`,
+    ]);
+    return execution;
+  }
+  if (commandArgv[0] === "yes") return runYes(commandArgv);
+  if (Object.hasOwn(commandState.functions, commandArgv[0]))
+    return executeFunction(commandArgv[0], commandArgv, commandState);
+  if (Object.hasOwn(builtins, commandArgv[0]))
+    return builtins[commandArgv[0]](
+      commandArgv,
+      commandState,
+      input,
+      { captureStdout, captureStderr, options },
+    );
+  if (!commandArgv[0].includes("/") && Object.hasOwn(fallbackBuiltins, commandArgv[0]) &&
+      !findExecutable(commandArgv[0], commandState))
+    return fallbackBuiltins[commandArgv[0]](
+      commandArgv,
+      commandState,
+      input,
+      { captureStdout, captureStderr, options },
+    );
+  if (!commandState.pathSearch && !commandArgv[0].includes("/"))
+    return result(127, "", `bunmsh: ${commandArgv[0]}: not found\n`);
+  return runExternal(
+    commandArgv,
+    commandState,
+    input,
+    captureStdout,
+    captureStderr,
+    options.stdoutSink,
+    options,
+  );
+}
+
+function redirectInput(path) {
+  const fd = openSync(path, "r");
+  return Readable.toWeb(createReadStream(path, { fd, autoClose: true }));
+}
+
+function redirectOutput(path, append) {
+  const fd = openSync(path, append ? "a" : "w");
+  return Writable.toWeb(createWriteStream(path, { fd, autoClose: true }));
+}
+
+// Mirrors the double-quote scanning in tokenize(): an unquoted heredoc body
+// only lets backslash escape $, `, \, and a trailing newline before the rest
+// goes through the normal $/`` expansion pipeline.
+function heredocLiteralPass(text) {
+  let output = "";
+  let i = 0;
+  while (i < text.length) {
+    if (text[i] === "\\" && i + 1 < text.length) {
+      const next = text[i + 1];
+      if (next === "$" || next === "\\" || next === "`" || next === "\n") {
+        if (next !== "\n") output += `\u0000${next}`;
+        i += 2;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    if ((text[i] === "$" && ["(", "{"].includes(text[i + 1])) || text[i] === "`") {
+      const end = text[i + 1] === "{" ? parameterEnd(text, i) : substitutionEnd(text, i);
+      output += text.slice(i, end);
+      i = end;
+      continue;
+    }
+    output += text[i++];
+  }
+  return output;
+}
+
+function redirectHeredoc(content) {
+  return new Response(bytes(content)).body;
+}
+
+async function runCommand(command, state, options = {}) {
+  state.expansionStatus = null;
+  const standaloneTilde =
+    command.words.length === 1 &&
+    command.words[0].fragments.length === 1 &&
+    command.words[0].fragments[0].quote === "none" &&
+    command.words[0].fragments[0].text === "~";
+  let assignmentPrefix = true;
+  let aliasEligible = false;
+  const expanded = standaloneTilde ? ["~"] : [];
+  if (!standaloneTilde) {
+    for (const word of command.words) {
+      const literal = word.fragments.map((fragment) => fragment.text.replaceAll("\u0000", "")).join("");
+      const assignment = assignmentPrefix && /^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*=/.test(literal);
+      expanded.push(...await expandWord(word, state, { single: assignment, assignment }));
+      if (!assignment) {
+        if (assignmentPrefix)
+          aliasEligible = word.fragments.every((fragment) =>
+            fragment.quote === "none" && !fragment.text.includes("\u0000"));
+        assignmentPrefix = false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const localEnv = {};
+  while (expanded.length) {
+    const assignment = splitAssignment(expanded[0]);
+    if (!assignment) break;
+    localEnv[assignment.name] = assignment.value;
+    expanded.shift();
+  }
+  if (expanded.length === 0) {
+    for (const name of Object.keys(localEnv))
+      if (state.readonly.has(name)) return readonlyError(name);
+    Object.assign(state.env, localEnv);
+    return result(state.expansionStatus ?? 0);
+  }
+  const alias = aliasEligible ? state.aliases[expanded[0]] : null;
+  if (alias) expanded.splice(0, 1, ...alias);
+
+  let input = options.input ?? null;
+  let stdoutPath = null;
+  let stdoutAppend = false;
+  let stderrPath = null;
+  let stderrAppend = false;
+  let stdoutToStderr = false;
+  let stderrToStdout = false;
+  for (const redirect of command.redirects) {
+    if (redirect.op === "1>&2") { stdoutToStderr = true; continue; }
+    if (redirect.op === "2>&1") { stderrToStdout = true; continue; }
+    if (redirect.op === "<<" || redirect.op === "<<-") {
+      const heredoc = redirect.heredoc ?? { body: "", expand: false };
+      const content = heredoc.expand
+        ? stripExpansionMarkers(
+            (await expandText(heredocLiteralPass(heredoc.body), state)).replaceAll("\u0000", ""),
+          )
+        : heredoc.body;
+      if (input instanceof ReadableStream) {
+        try { await input.cancel(); } catch {}
+      }
+      input = redirectHeredoc(content);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (redirect.op === "<<<") {
+      const [word] = await expandWord(redirect.target, state, { single: true, noTilde: true });
+      if (input instanceof ReadableStream) {
+        try { await input.cancel(); } catch {}
+      }
+      input = redirectHeredoc(`${word}\n`);
+      continue;
+    }
+    const targets = await expandWord(redirect.target, state, { single: true });
+    const target = targets[0];
+    const path = target.startsWith("/") ? target : `${state.cwd}/${target}`;
+    if (redirect.op === "<") {
+      try {
+        if (input instanceof ReadableStream) {
+          try { await input.cancel(); } catch {}
+        }
+        input = redirectInput(path);
+      } catch (error) {
+        return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${target}: ${error.message}\n`);
+      }
+    } else if (redirect.op === ">" || redirect.op === ">>") {
+      stdoutPath = path;
+      stdoutAppend = redirect.op === ">>";
+    } else {
+      stderrPath = path;
+      stderrAppend = redirect.op === "2>>";
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  let stdoutRedirect = null;
+  let stderrRedirect = null;
+  try {
+    if (stdoutPath !== null) {
+      // A command-level redirect replaces the pipeline's stdout connection.
+      // Close that unused connection now so the next stage observes EOF.
+      if (options.stdoutSink) {
+        try { await options.stdoutSink.getWriter().close(); } catch {}
+      }
+      stdoutRedirect = redirectOutput(stdoutPath, stdoutAppend);
+    }
+    if (stderrPath !== null)
+      stderrRedirect = redirectOutput(stderrPath, stderrAppend);
+  } catch (error) {
+    return result(1, "", `bunmsh: ${stdoutPath ?? stderrPath}: ${error.message}\n`);
+  }
+
+  const commandState = options.subshell
+    ? {
+        ...state,
+        env: { ...state.env, ...localEnv },
+        directoryHistory: [...state.directoryHistory],
+        tabs: [...state.tabs],
+        readonly: new Set(state.readonly),
+      }
+    : state;
+  if (!options.subshell) {
+    for (const name of Object.keys(localEnv))
+      if (commandState.readonly.has(name)) return readonlyError(name);
+    Object.assign(commandState.env, localEnv);
+  }
+
+  const captureStdout = (options.captureStdout || stdoutToStderr) && stdoutRedirect === null;
+  const captureStderr = (options.captureStderr || stderrToStdout) && stderrRedirect === null;
+  const execution = await runCommandArgv(
+    expanded,
+    commandState,
+    input,
+    captureStdout,
+    captureStderr,
+    {
+      pipelineStage: Boolean(options.pipelineStage || stdoutRedirect || stderrRedirect),
+      stdoutSink: stdoutRedirect ?? options.stdoutSink ?? null,
+      stderrSink: stderrRedirect,
+      onSpawn: options.onSpawn,
+      onExit: options.onExit,
+    },
+  );
+
+  if (stdoutToStderr && execution.stdout.byteLength) {
+    execution.stderr = concatBytes([execution.stderr, execution.stdout]);
+    execution.stdout = bytes();
+  }
+  if (stderrToStdout && execution.stderr.byteLength) {
+    execution.stdout = concatBytes([execution.stdout, execution.stderr]);
+    execution.stderr = bytes();
+  }
+
+  return execution;
+}
+
+async function runPipeline(pipeline, state, options = {}) {
+  if (pipeline.length === 1)
+    return runCommand(pipeline[0], state, {
+      captureStdout: Boolean(options.capture),
+      captureStderr: Boolean(options.capture),
+    });
+
+  const links = Array.from(
+    { length: pipeline.length - 1 },
+    () => new TransformStream(),
+  );
+  const linksConnected = links.map((_, i) => {
+    const stdoutRedirected = pipeline[i].redirects.some((redirect) =>
+      redirect.op === ">" || redirect.op === ">>");
+    const stdinRedirected = pipeline[i + 1].redirects.some((redirect) =>
+      ["<", "<<", "<<-", "<<<"].includes(redirect.op));
+    return !stdoutRedirected && !stdinRedirected;
+  });
+  const processes = Array(pipeline.length).fill(null);
+  const finished = Array(pipeline.length).fill(false);
+  const stopUpstream = (index) => {
+    if (index < 0 || !linksConnected[index]) return;
+    const processInfo = processes[index];
+    if (processInfo) {
+      try { processInfo.proc.kill(processInfo.signal); } catch {}
+      // Killing the process only stops it from producing more output. Its
+      // own `proc.stdout.pipeTo()` forwarding that output into this link can
+      // still be stuck mid-write, backpressured forever with nobody left to
+      // read the link's other end now that the downstream stage is done —
+      // see runExternal for why that write can't be canceled directly.
+      // This just stops waiting on it instead.
+      try { processInfo.detachStream(); } catch {}
+    }
+  };
+  const stages = pipeline.map((command, i) => {
+    const last = i === pipeline.length - 1;
+    return runCommand(command, state, {
+      input: i === 0 ? null : links[i - 1].readable,
+      captureStdout: last && Boolean(options.capture),
+      captureStderr: Boolean(options.capture),
+      stdoutSink: last ? null : links[i].writable,
+      pipelineStage: true,
+      subshell: true,
+      onSpawn(proc, signal, detachStream) {
+        processes[i] = { proc, signal, detachStream };
+        if (finished[i + 1]) stopUpstream(i);
+      },
+      onExit() {
+        finished[i] = true;
+        stopUpstream(i - 1);
+      },
+    }).then(async (execution) => {
+      // Redirected commands and any future buffered pipeline stages do not
+      // consume stdoutSink themselves. Forward their finite result and close
+      // the link here. Streaming subprocesses already closed it via pipeTo().
+      if (!last && !execution.stdoutStreamed) {
+        const writer = links[i].writable.getWriter();
+        try {
+          if (execution.stdout.byteLength) await writer.write(execution.stdout);
+          await writer.close();
+        } catch {}
+      }
+      return execution;
+    }).finally(() => {
+      finished[i] = true;
+      stopUpstream(i - 1);
+    });
+  });
+  const executions = await Promise.all(stages);
+  const final = executions.at(-1);
+  if (options.capture) {
+    final.stderr = concatBytes(executions.map((execution) => execution.stderr));
+  }
+  return final;
+}
+
+export async function execute(source, state = createState(), io = {}) {
+  source = normalizeSource(source);
+  if (source === "?") {
+    const execution = result(0, `${state.lastStatus}\n`);
+    state.lastStatus = 0;
+    if (!io.capture) await writeStream(process.stdout, execution.stdout);
+    return execution;
+  }
+  const rawSource = source.trimStart();
+  if (rawSource.startsWith("Bun.")) {
+    let execution;
+    const previousCwd = process.cwd();
+    try {
+      try {
+        process.chdir(nativePath(state.cwd));
+        const value = await eval(rawSource);
+        execution = result(0, value === undefined ? "" : `${formatValue(value)}\n`);
+      } finally {
+        process.chdir(previousCwd);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      execution = result(1, "", `${error?.stack ?? formatValue(error)}\n`);
+    }
+    state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+    if (!io.capture) {
+      if (execution.stdout.byteLength) await writeStream(process.stdout, execution.stdout);
+      if (execution.stderr.byteLength) await writeStream(process.stderr, execution.stderr);
+    }
+    return execution;
+  }
+  const lines = source.match(/.*(?:\n|$)/g)?.filter(Boolean) ?? [];
+  if (lines.some((line) => line.trimStart().startsWith("Bun."))) {
+    const parts = [];
+    let shellSource = "";
+    for (const line of lines) {
+      if (!line.trimStart().startsWith("Bun.")) {
+        shellSource += line;
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Only split at a valid top-level shell boundary. This prevents a
+      // Bun.-looking line inside an open quote or $(...) from escaping its
+      // surrounding shell construct.
+      try {
+        if (shellSource.trim()) parse(shellSource);
+      } catch {
+        shellSource += line;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (shellSource.trim()) parts.push(shellSource);
+      parts.push(line.replace(/\n$/, ""));
+      shellSource = "";
+    }
+    if (shellSource.trim()) parts.push(shellSource);
+    if (parts.length > 1) {
+      let execution = result(state.lastStatus);
+      const stdout = [], stderr = [];
+      for (const part of parts) {
+        execution = await execute(part, state, io);
+        if (io.capture) {
+          if (execution.stdout.byteLength) stdout.push(execution.stdout);
+          if (execution.stderr.byteLength) stderr.push(execution.stderr);
+        }
+        if (state.exitRequested) break;
+      }
+      return io.capture
+        ? result(execution.status, concatBytes(stdout), concatBytes(stderr))
+        : execution;
+    }
+  }
+  let compoundSyntax = false;
+  try { compoundSyntax = !io.simple && hasCompoundSyntax(source); } catch {}
+  if (compoundSyntax) {
+    let execution;
+    try {
+      execution = await executeNodeList(parseCompoundScript(source), state, {
+        capture: Boolean(io.capture),
+      });
+    }
+    catch (error) {
+      const message = error instanceof ShellSyntaxError ? error.message : String(error);
+      execution = result(2, "", `bunmsh: syntax error: ${message}\n`);
+    }
+    state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+    if (!io.capture) {
+      if (execution.stdout.byteLength) await writeStream(process.stdout, execution.stdout);
+      if (execution.stderr.byteLength) await writeStream(process.stderr, execution.stderr);
+    }
+    return execution;
+  }
+
+  let jobs;
+  try {
+    jobs = parse(source);
+  } catch (error) {
+    const message = error instanceof ShellSyntaxError ? error.message : String(error);
+    const output = `bunmsh: syntax error: ${message}\n`;
+    if (io.capture) return result(2, "", output);
+    console.error(output.trimEnd());
+    state.lastStatus = 2;
+    return result(2);
+  }
+
+  let execution = result(state.lastStatus);
+  const capturedStdout = [];
+  const capturedStderr = [];
+  for (const job of jobs) {
+    if (job.connector === "&&" && execution.status !== 0) continue;
+    if (job.connector === "||" && execution.status === 0) continue;
+    execution = await runPipeline(job.pipeline, state, { capture: io.capture });
+    if (job.negate) execution.status = execution.status === 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+    if (execution.stdout.byteLength) {
+      if (io.capture) capturedStdout.push(execution.stdout);
+      else await writeStream(process.stdout, execution.stdout);
+    }
+    if (execution.stderr.byteLength) {
+      if (io.capture) capturedStderr.push(execution.stderr);
+      else await writeStream(process.stderr, execution.stderr);
+    }
+    if (state.exitRequested) break;
+  }
+  return io.capture
+    ? result(execution.status, concatBytes(capturedStdout), concatBytes(capturedStderr))
+    : execution;
+}
+
+export async function executeArgv(argv, state = createState(), io = {}) {
+  if (argv.length === 0)
+    return result(2, "", "bunmsh: -cc requires a command\n");
+  const commandArgv = [...argv];
+  const execution = await runCommandArgv(
+    commandArgv,
+    state,
+    null,
+    Boolean(io.capture),
+    Boolean(io.capture),
+  );
+  state.lastStatus = execution.status;
+  if (!io.capture) {
+    if (execution.stdout.byteLength) await writeStream(process.stdout, execution.stdout);
+    if (execution.stderr.byteLength) await writeStream(process.stderr, execution.stderr);
+  }
+  return execution;
+}
+
+export function pipelineChildState() {
+  const serialized = process.env[PIPELINE_STATE_ENV];
+  if (!serialized) return createState();
+  try {
+    const inherited = JSON.parse(serialized);
+    const env = { ...process.env };
+    delete env[PIPELINE_STATE_ENV];
+    return createState({
+      env,
+      cwd: process.cwd(),
+      aliases: inherited.aliases,
+      functions: inherited.functions,
+      readonly: inherited.readonly,
+      args: inherited.args,
+      pathSearch: inherited.pathSearch,
+      pipelineChild: true,
+    });
+  } catch {
+    return createState();
+  }
+}
+
+export function decode(data) {
+  return decoder.decode(data);
+}