brepjs-bim 0.23.2 → 0.24.0

package/dist/brepjs-bim.cjs

@@ -134,12 +134,13 @@ function specError(code, message, cause) {
 		cause
 	};
 }
-function ifcError(code, message, cause) {
+function ifcError(code, message, cause, metadata) {
 	return {
 		kind: "BIM_IFC",
 		code,
 		message,
-		cause
+		cause,
+		...metadata !== void 0 ? { metadata } : {}
 	};
 }
 function geometryError(code, message, cause) {
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ function _usingCtx() {
 //#region src/elementFns/wallFns.ts
 function wallToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$19 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$20 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("WALL_ZERO_LENGTH", "Wall length must be positive"));
 		if (spec.height <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("WALL_ZERO_HEIGHT", "Wall height must be positive"));
 		if (spec.thickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("WALL_ZERO_THICKNESS", "Wall thickness must be positive"));
@@ -293,7 +294,7 @@ function wallToSolid(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "WALL_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create wall profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$19.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$20.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			length,
 			0,
@@ -307,16 +308,16 @@ function wallToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$19.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$20.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$19.d();
+		_usingCtx$20.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
 //#region src/elementFns/slabFns.ts
 function slabToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$18 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$19 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SLAB_ZERO_LENGTH", "Slab length must be positive"));
 		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SLAB_ZERO_WIDTH", "Slab width must be positive"));
 		if (spec.thickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SLAB_ZERO_THICKNESS", "Slab thickness must be positive"));
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ function slabToSolid(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "SLAB_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create slab profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$18.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$19.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -358,9 +359,9 @@ function slabToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$18.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$19.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$18.d();
+		_usingCtx$19.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
@@ -5048,14 +5049,14 @@ function to3D(points) {
 }
 function extendedProfileToFace(profile) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$17 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$18 = _usingCtx();
 		const invalid = validateProfile(profile);
 		if (invalid !== null) return (0, brepjs.err)(invalid);
 		const outerResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(to3D(outerLoop(profile)));
 		if (!outerResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(outerResult.error, "PROFILE_FACE_FAILED", "Failed to build profile outer face"));
 		const holes = holeLoops(profile);
 		if (holes.length === 0) return (0, brepjs.ok)(outerResult.value);
-		const outerFace = _usingCtx$17.u(outerResult.value);
+		const outerFace = _usingCtx$18.u(outerResult.value);
 		const holeFaces = [];
 		const holeWires = [];
 		const disposeHoleFaces = () => {
@@ -5080,9 +5081,9 @@ function extendedProfileToFace(profile) {
 		disposeHoleFaces();
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(faceWithHoles);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$17.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$18.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$17.d();
+		_usingCtx$18.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
@@ -5404,7 +5405,7 @@ function profileToPolygon(profile, circleSegments = 32) {
 //#region src/elementFns/beamFns.ts
 function beamToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$16 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$17 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("BEAM_ZERO_LENGTH", "Beam length must be positive"));
 		if (isExtendedProfile(spec.profile)) try {
 			var _usingCtx3 = _usingCtx();
@@ -5442,7 +5443,7 @@ function beamToSolid(spec) {
 		]);
 		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(profilePts);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "BEAM_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create beam profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$16.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$17.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			spec.length,
 			0,
@@ -5456,16 +5457,16 @@ function beamToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$16.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$17.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$16.d();
+		_usingCtx$17.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
 //#region src/elementFns/columnFns.ts
 function columnToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$15 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$16 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.height <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("COLUMN_ZERO_HEIGHT", "Column height must be positive"));
 		if (isExtendedProfile(spec.profile)) try {
 			var _usingCtx3 = _usingCtx();
@@ -5494,7 +5495,7 @@ function columnToSolid(spec) {
 		const profilePts = profilePtsResult.value;
 		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(profilePts);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "COLUMN_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create column profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$15.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$16.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -5508,9 +5509,9 @@ function columnToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$15.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$16.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$15.d();
+		_usingCtx$16.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
@@ -5518,7 +5519,7 @@ function columnToSolid(spec) {
 var EPSILON_MM = 1;
 function openingToSolid(spec, wallThickness) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$14 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$15 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("OPENING_ZERO_WIDTH", "Opening width must be positive"));
 		if (spec.height <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("OPENING_ZERO_HEIGHT", "Opening height must be positive"));
 		if (wallThickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("OPENING_ZERO_WALL_THICKNESS", "Wall thickness must be positive"));
@@ -5550,7 +5551,7 @@ function openingToSolid(spec, wallThickness) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "OPENING_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create opening profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$14.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$15.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			spec.width,
 			0,
@@ -5564,16 +5565,16 @@ function openingToSolid(spec, wallThickness) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$14.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$15.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$14.d();
+		_usingCtx$15.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
 //#region src/elementFns/slabOpeningFns.ts
 function slabOpeningToSolid(spec, slabThickness) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$13 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$14 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.sizeX <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SLAB_OPENING_ZERO_SIZE_X", "Slab opening sizeX must be positive"));
 		if (spec.sizeY <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SLAB_OPENING_ZERO_SIZE_Y", "Slab opening sizeY must be positive"));
 		if (slabThickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SLAB_OPENING_ZERO_SLAB_THICKNESS", "Slab thickness must be positive"));
@@ -5605,7 +5606,7 @@ function slabOpeningToSolid(spec, slabThickness) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "SLAB_OPENING_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create slab opening profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$13.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$14.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -5619,16 +5620,16 @@ function slabOpeningToSolid(spec, slabThickness) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$13.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$14.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$13.d();
+		_usingCtx$14.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
 //#region src/elementFns/spaceFns.ts
 function spaceToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$12 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$13 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SPACE_ZERO_LENGTH", "Space length must be positive"));
 		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SPACE_ZERO_WIDTH", "Space width must be positive"));
 		if (spec.height <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("SPACE_ZERO_HEIGHT", "Space height must be positive"));
@@ -5656,7 +5657,7 @@ function spaceToSolid(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "SPACE_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create space footprint"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$12.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$13.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -5670,9 +5671,9 @@ function spaceToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$12.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$13.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$12.d();
+		_usingCtx$13.d();
 	}
 }
 //#endregion
@@ -5687,7 +5688,7 @@ function gate(solid, code) {
 }
 function flatRoof(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$11 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$12 = _usingCtx();
 		const { length, width, thickness } = spec;
 		const face = (0, brepjs.polygon)([
 			[
@@ -5712,7 +5713,7 @@ function flatRoof(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!face.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(face.error, "ROOF_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create roof profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$11.u(face.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$12.u(face.value);
 		const solid = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -5721,9 +5722,9 @@ function flatRoof(spec) {
 		if (!solid.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(solid.error, "ROOF_EXTRUDE_FAILED", "Failed to extrude roof profile"));
 		return gate(solid.value, "ROOF_INVALID_SOLID");
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$11.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$12.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$11.d();
+		_usingCtx$12.d();
 	}
 }
 function shedRoof(spec, pitch) {
@@ -5919,7 +5920,7 @@ function roofToSolid(spec) {
 //#region src/elementFns/curtainWallFns.ts
 function boxSolid(sizeX, sizeY, sizeZ) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$10 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$11 = _usingCtx();
 		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)([
 			[
 				0,
@@ -5943,7 +5944,7 @@ function boxSolid(sizeX, sizeY, sizeZ) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "CURTAIN_WALL_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create component profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$10.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$11.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -5957,9 +5958,9 @@ function boxSolid(sizeX, sizeY, sizeZ) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$10.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$11.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$10.d();
+		_usingCtx$11.d();
 	}
 }
 function disposeComponents(components) {
@@ -6058,7 +6059,7 @@ function curtainWallToGrid(spec) {
 //#region src/elementFns/foundationFns.ts
 function footingToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$9 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$10 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("FOOTING_ZERO_LENGTH", "Footing length must be positive"));
 		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("FOOTING_ZERO_WIDTH", "Footing width must be positive"));
 		if (spec.thickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("FOOTING_ZERO_THICKNESS", "Footing thickness must be positive"));
@@ -6086,7 +6087,7 @@ function footingToSolid(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "FOOTING_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create footing profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$9.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$10.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -6100,9 +6101,9 @@ function footingToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$9.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$10.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$9.d();
+		_usingCtx$10.d();
 	}
 }
 function pileToSolid(spec) {
@@ -6159,7 +6160,7 @@ function pileToSolid(spec) {
 //#region src/elementFns/railingFns.ts
 function panelRailing(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$8 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$9 = _usingCtx();
 		const { length, height, thickness } = spec;
 		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)([
 			[
@@ -6184,7 +6185,7 @@ function panelRailing(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "RAILING_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create railing profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$8.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$9.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			length,
 			0,
@@ -6198,9 +6199,9 @@ function panelRailing(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$8.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$9.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$8.d();
+		_usingCtx$9.d();
 	}
 }
 function postedRailing(spec) {
@@ -6263,7 +6264,7 @@ function railingToSolid(spec) {
 //#region src/elementFns/coveringFns.ts
 function coveringToSolid(spec) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$7 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$8 = _usingCtx();
 		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("COVERING_ZERO_LENGTH", "Covering length must be positive"));
 		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("COVERING_ZERO_WIDTH", "Covering width must be positive"));
 		if (spec.thickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("COVERING_ZERO_THICKNESS", "Covering thickness must be positive"));
@@ -6291,7 +6292,7 @@ function coveringToSolid(spec) {
 			]
 		]);
 		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "COVERING_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create covering profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$7.u(profileResult.value);
+		const profile = _usingCtx$8.u(profileResult.value);
 		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
 			0,
 			0,
@@ -6305,13 +6306,29 @@ function coveringToSolid(spec) {
 		}
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(solid);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$7.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$8.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$7.d();
+		_usingCtx$8.d();
+	}
+}
+//#endregion
+//#region src/types/productBody.ts
+/** Returns borrowed Product-local solids. The model retains ownership. */
+function bodySolids(body) {
+	switch (body.kind) {
+		case "PARAMETRIC": return [body.solid];
+		case "EXACT": return body.solids;
 	}
 }
+/** Model-owner cleanup. Borrowers must use {@link bodySolids} without disposing its items. */
+function disposeProductBody(body) {
+	for (const solid of bodySolids(body)) solid[Symbol.dispose]();
+}
 //#endregion
 //#region src/model/bimModel.ts
+function exactWallBodyImmutable() {
+	return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_WALL_BODY_IMMUTABLE", "Cannot add an opening after a wall has taken an exact Product Body"));
+}
 var BimModel = class {
 	#elements = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
 	#relationships = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
@@ -6330,7 +6347,8 @@ var BimModel = class {
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(id);
 	}
 	[Symbol.dispose]() {
-		for (const el of this.#elements.values()) if (el.category === "WALL" || el.category === "SLAB" || el.category === "BEAM" || el.category === "COLUMN" || el.category === "PROXY" || el.category === "EARTHWORKS_FILL" || el.category === "SPACE" || el.category === "ROOF" || el.category === "FOOTING" || el.category === "PILE" || el.category === "RAILING" || el.category === "COVERING") el.geometry[Symbol.dispose]();
+		for (const el of this.#elements.values()) if (el.category === "SLAB" || el.category === "BEAM" || el.category === "COLUMN" || el.category === "PROXY" || el.category === "EARTHWORKS_FILL" || el.category === "SPACE" || el.category === "ROOF" || el.category === "FOOTING" || el.category === "PILE" || el.category === "COVERING") el.geometry[Symbol.dispose]();
+		else if (el.category === "WALL" || el.category === "RAILING") disposeProductBody(el.geometry);
 		else if (el.category === "CURTAIN_WALL") {
 			for (const panel of el.geometry.panels) panel.solid[Symbol.dispose]();
 			for (const mullion of el.geometry.mullions) mullion.solid[Symbol.dispose]();
@@ -6391,7 +6409,10 @@ var BimModel = class {
 		if (!keyCheck.ok) return keyCheck;
 		const geomResult = wallToSolid(spec);
 		if (!geomResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(geomResult.error);
-		const id = this.#makeElement("WALL", spec, geomResult.value, options?.stableKey);
+		const id = this.#makeElement("WALL", spec, {
+			kind: "PARAMETRIC",
+			solid: geomResult.value
+		}, options?.stableKey);
 		this.#associateMaterial(id, spec);
 		this.#associateClassification(id, spec);
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(id);
@@ -6506,12 +6527,47 @@ var BimModel = class {
 		if (!keyCheck.ok) return keyCheck;
 		const geomResult = railingToSolid(spec);
 		if (!geomResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(geomResult.error);
-		const id = this.#makeElement("RAILING", spec, geomResult.value, options?.stableKey);
+		const id = this.#makeElement("RAILING", spec, {
+			kind: "PARAMETRIC",
+			solid: geomResult.value
+		}, options?.stableKey);
 		this.#associateMaterial(id, spec);
 		this.#associateClassification(id, spec);
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(id);
 	}
 	/**
+	* Atomically replaces a parametric wall or railing Body with authoritative,
+	* caller-owned exact solids. Success transfers every supplied handle to this
+	* model. Failure leaves both the model and all supplied handles unchanged.
+	*/
+	takeExactProductBody(localId, body) {
+		const target = this.#elements.get(localId);
+		if (target === void 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_TARGET_NOT_FOUND", `No element found for localId ${localId}`));
+		if (target.category !== "WALL" && target.category !== "RAILING") return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_UNSUPPORTED_CATEGORY", `Exact Product Bodies are supported only for walls and railings, not ${target.category}`));
+		if (target.geometry.kind === "EXACT") return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_ALREADY_EXACT", `Element ${localId} already has an exact Product Body`));
+		const solids = body.solids;
+		if (solids.length === 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_EMPTY", "An exact Product Body must contain at least one solid"));
+		if (solids.includes(target.geometry.solid)) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_SOLID_OWNERSHIP_CONFLICT", `Exact Product Body for ${localId} reuses the target parametric solid`));
+		const identities = /* @__PURE__ */ new Set();
+		for (const [itemIndex, solid] of solids.entries()) {
+			if (identities.has(solid)) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_DUPLICATE_SOLID", `Exact Product Body item ${itemIndex} duplicates an earlier handle`));
+			identities.add(solid);
+			if (solid.disposed) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_SOLID_DISPOSED", `Exact Product Body item ${itemIndex} is already disposed`));
+			try {
+				if (!(0, brepjs.isValidSolid)(solid)) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_SOLID_INVALID", `Exact Product Body item ${itemIndex} is not a valid solid`));
+			} catch (cause) {
+				return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("EXACT_BODY_SOLID_INVALID", `Exact Product Body item ${itemIndex} could not be validated`, cause));
+			}
+		}
+		const replaced = {
+			...target,
+			geometry: body
+		};
+		this.#elements.set(localId, replaced);
+		disposeProductBody(target.geometry);
+		return (0, brepjs.ok)(void 0);
+	}
+	/**
 	* Adds an IfcCovering. When `hostLocalId` is supplied, an
 	* IfcRelCoversBldgElements linking the covering to its host (e.g. a slab it
 	* finishes) is recorded for export.
@@ -6708,10 +6764,11 @@ var BimModel = class {
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(id);
 	}
 	addDoor(spec, options) {
-		const keyCheck = this.#checkOpeningKeys(options);
-		if (!keyCheck.ok) return keyCheck;
 		const wall = this.#elements.get(spec.wallLocalId);
 		if (wall === void 0 || wall.category !== "WALL") return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("DOOR_WALL_NOT_FOUND", `No wall found for localId ${spec.wallLocalId}`));
+		if (wall.geometry.kind === "EXACT") return exactWallBodyImmutable();
+		const keyCheck = this.#checkOpeningKeys(options);
+		if (!keyCheck.ok) return keyCheck;
 		if (spec.offsetAlongWall + spec.width > wall.spec.length) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("DOOR_EXCEEDS_WALL_BOUNDS", "Door (offsetAlongWall + width) exceeds wall length"));
 		if (spec.offsetFromFloor + spec.height > wall.spec.height) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("DOOR_EXCEEDS_WALL_BOUNDS", "Door (offsetFromFloor + height) exceeds wall height"));
 		const openingSpec = {
@@ -6744,10 +6801,11 @@ var BimModel = class {
 		return (0, brepjs.ok)(doorId);
 	}
 	addWindow(spec, options) {
-		const keyCheck = this.#checkOpeningKeys(options);
-		if (!keyCheck.ok) return keyCheck;
 		const wall = this.#elements.get(spec.wallLocalId);
 		if (wall === void 0 || wall.category !== "WALL") return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("WINDOW_WALL_NOT_FOUND", `No wall found for localId ${spec.wallLocalId}`));
+		if (wall.geometry.kind === "EXACT") return exactWallBodyImmutable();
+		const keyCheck = this.#checkOpeningKeys(options);
+		if (!keyCheck.ok) return keyCheck;
 		if (spec.offsetAlongWall + spec.width > wall.spec.length) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("WINDOW_EXCEEDS_WALL_BOUNDS", "Window (offsetAlongWall + width) exceeds wall length"));
 		if (spec.offsetFromFloor + spec.height > wall.spec.height) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("WINDOW_EXCEEDS_WALL_BOUNDS", "Window (offsetFromFloor + height) exceeds wall height"));
 		const openingSpec = {
@@ -6821,27 +6879,31 @@ var BimModel = class {
 	}
 	#cutWallGeometry(wall, openingSpec) {
 		try {
-			var _usingCtx$6 = _usingCtx();
+			var _usingCtx$7 = _usingCtx();
+			if (wall.geometry.kind === "EXACT") return exactWallBodyImmutable();
 			const toolResult = openingToSolid(openingSpec, wall.spec.thickness);
 			if (!toolResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(toolResult.error);
-			const tool = _usingCtx$6.u(toolResult.value);
-			const cutResult = (0, brepjs.cut)(wall.geometry, tool);
+			const tool = _usingCtx$7.u(toolResult.value);
+			const cutResult = (0, brepjs.cut)(wall.geometry.solid, tool);
 			if (!cutResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(cutResult.error, "WALL_CUT_FAILED", "Boolean cut of wall with opening failed"));
 			return (0, brepjs.ok)(cutResult.value);
 		} catch (_) {
-			_usingCtx$6.e = _;
+			_usingCtx$7.e = _;
 		} finally {
-			_usingCtx$6.d();
+			_usingCtx$7.d();
 		}
 	}
 	#replaceWallGeometry(wall, newGeometry) {
 		const oldGeometry = wall.geometry;
 		const replaced = {
 			...wall,
-			geometry: newGeometry
+			geometry: {
+				kind: "PARAMETRIC",
+				solid: newGeometry
+			}
 		};
 		this.#elements.set(wall.localId, replaced);
-		oldGeometry[Symbol.dispose]();
+		disposeProductBody(oldGeometry);
 	}
 	#cutSlabGeometry(slab, openingSpec) {
 		try {
@@ -7100,6 +7162,129 @@ var BimModel = class {
 	}
 };
 //#endregion
+//#region src/elementFns/stairFns.ts
+function buildSilhouette$1(numberOfRisers, riserHeight, treadLength) {
+	const pts = [];
+	pts.push([
+		0,
+		0,
+		0
+	]);
+	let x = 0;
+	let z = 0;
+	for (let i = 0; i < numberOfRisers; i++) {
+		z += riserHeight;
+		pts.push([
+			x,
+			0,
+			z
+		]);
+		x += treadLength;
+		pts.push([
+			x,
+			0,
+			z
+		]);
+	}
+	pts.push([
+		x,
+		0,
+		0
+	]);
+	return pts;
+}
+function stairFlightToSolid(spec) {
+	try {
+		var _usingCtx$6 = _usingCtx();
+		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_ZERO_WIDTH", "Stair flight width must be positive"));
+		if (spec.riserHeight <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_ZERO_RISER", "Stair flight riserHeight must be positive"));
+		if (spec.treadLength <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_ZERO_TREAD", "Stair flight treadLength must be positive"));
+		if (!Number.isInteger(spec.numberOfRisers) || spec.numberOfRisers < 1) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_BAD_RISERS", "Stair flight numberOfRisers must be a positive integer"));
+		const silhouette = buildSilhouette$1(spec.numberOfRisers, spec.riserHeight, spec.treadLength);
+		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(silhouette);
+		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "STAIR_FLIGHT_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create stair flight silhouette profile"));
+		const profile = _usingCtx$6.u(profileResult.value);
+		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
+			0,
+			spec.width,
+			0
+		]);
+		if (!solidResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(solidResult.error, "STAIR_FLIGHT_EXTRUDE_FAILED", "Failed to extrude stair flight silhouette"));
+		const solid = solidResult.value;
+		if (!(0, brepjs.isValidSolid)(solid)) {
+			solid[Symbol.dispose]();
+			return (0, brepjs.err)(geometryError("STAIR_FLIGHT_INVALID_SOLID", "Stair flight solid failed validity check"));
+		}
+		return (0, brepjs.ok)({
+			solid,
+			geometrySimplified: false
+		});
+	} catch (_) {
+		_usingCtx$6.e = _;
+	} finally {
+		_usingCtx$6.d();
+	}
+}
+//#endregion
+//#region src/elementFns/rampFns.ts
+function buildSilhouette(length, rise, thickness) {
+	return [
+		[
+			0,
+			0,
+			-thickness
+		],
+		[
+			length,
+			0,
+			rise - thickness
+		],
+		[
+			length,
+			0,
+			rise
+		],
+		[
+			0,
+			0,
+			0
+		]
+	];
+}
+function rampFlightToSolid(spec) {
+	try {
+		var _usingCtx$5 = _usingCtx();
+		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_WIDTH", "Ramp flight width must be positive"));
+		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_LENGTH", "Ramp flight length must be positive"));
+		if (spec.slope <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_SLOPE", "Ramp flight slope must be positive"));
+		if (spec.thickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_THICKNESS", "Ramp flight thickness must be positive"));
+		const rise = spec.length * spec.slope;
+		const silhouette = buildSilhouette(spec.length, rise, spec.thickness);
+		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(silhouette);
+		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "RAMP_FLIGHT_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create ramp flight silhouette profile"));
+		const profile = _usingCtx$5.u(profileResult.value);
+		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
+			0,
+			spec.width,
+			0
+		]);
+		if (!solidResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(solidResult.error, "RAMP_FLIGHT_EXTRUDE_FAILED", "Failed to extrude ramp flight silhouette"));
+		const solid = solidResult.value;
+		if (!(0, brepjs.isValidSolid)(solid)) {
+			solid[Symbol.dispose]();
+			return (0, brepjs.err)(geometryError("RAMP_FLIGHT_INVALID_SOLID", "Ramp flight solid failed validity check"));
+		}
+		return (0, brepjs.ok)({
+			solid,
+			geometrySimplified: true
+		});
+	} catch (_) {
+		_usingCtx$5.e = _;
+	} finally {
+		_usingCtx$5.d();
+	}
+}
+//#endregion
 //#region src/import/placement.ts
 /**
 * Metres-per-file-unit length scale read from the IfcUnitAssignment's
@@ -7307,148 +7492,100 @@ function enumValue(v) {
 	return typeof value === "string" ? value : null;
 }
 //#endregion
-//#region src/elementFns/stairFns.ts
-function buildSilhouette$1(numberOfRisers, riserHeight, treadLength) {
-	const pts = [];
-	pts.push([
-		0,
-		0,
-		0
-	]);
-	let x = 0;
-	let z = 0;
-	for (let i = 0; i < numberOfRisers; i++) {
-		z += riserHeight;
-		pts.push([
-			x,
-			0,
-			z
-		]);
-		x += treadLength;
-		pts.push([
-			x,
-			0,
-			z
-		]);
-	}
-	pts.push([
-		x,
-		0,
-		0
-	]);
-	return pts;
-}
-function stairFlightToSolid(spec) {
-	try {
-		var _usingCtx$5 = _usingCtx();
-		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_ZERO_WIDTH", "Stair flight width must be positive"));
-		if (spec.riserHeight <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_ZERO_RISER", "Stair flight riserHeight must be positive"));
-		if (spec.treadLength <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_ZERO_TREAD", "Stair flight treadLength must be positive"));
-		if (!Number.isInteger(spec.numberOfRisers) || spec.numberOfRisers < 1) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("STAIR_FLIGHT_BAD_RISERS", "Stair flight numberOfRisers must be a positive integer"));
-		const silhouette = buildSilhouette$1(spec.numberOfRisers, spec.riserHeight, spec.treadLength);
-		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(silhouette);
-		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "STAIR_FLIGHT_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create stair flight silhouette profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$5.u(profileResult.value);
-		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
-			0,
-			spec.width,
-			0
-		]);
-		if (!solidResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(solidResult.error, "STAIR_FLIGHT_EXTRUDE_FAILED", "Failed to extrude stair flight silhouette"));
-		const solid = solidResult.value;
-		if (!(0, brepjs.isValidSolid)(solid)) {
-			solid[Symbol.dispose]();
-			return (0, brepjs.err)(geometryError("STAIR_FLIGHT_INVALID_SOLID", "Stair flight solid failed validity check"));
-		}
-		return (0, brepjs.ok)({
-			solid,
-			geometrySimplified: false
-		});
-	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$5.e = _;
-	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$5.d();
-	}
-}
-//#endregion
-//#region src/elementFns/rampFns.ts
-function buildSilhouette(length, rise, thickness) {
-	return [
-		[
-			0,
-			0,
-			-thickness
-		],
-		[
-			length,
-			0,
-			rise - thickness
-		],
-		[
-			length,
-			0,
-			rise
-		],
-		[
-			0,
-			0,
-			0
-		]
+//#region src/rigidPlacement.ts
+var RAD_TO_DEG = 180 / Math.PI;
+var ROTATION_EPSILON = 1e-12;
+/** Applies a rigid placement as a location so the source BRep is not rebuilt. */
+function locateShapeInFrame(shape, frame) {
+	return (0, brepjs.locate)(shape, placementOps(frame));
+}
+function placementOps(frame) {
+	const matrix = placementToMatrix(frame);
+	const rotation = rotationOp(matrix.linear);
+	const translation = {
+		type: "translate",
+		v: matrix.translation
+	};
+	return rotation === null ? [translation] : [rotation, translation];
+}
+function rotationOp(matrix) {
+	const [m00, m01, m02, m10, m11, m12, m20, m21, m22] = matrix;
+	const trace = m00 + m11 + m22;
+	let w;
+	let x;
+	let y;
+	let z;
+	if (trace > 0) {
+		const scale = 2 * Math.sqrt(trace + 1);
+		w = scale / 4;
+		x = (m21 - m12) / scale;
+		y = (m02 - m20) / scale;
+		z = (m10 - m01) / scale;
+	} else if (m00 > m11 && m00 > m22) {
+		const scale = 2 * Math.sqrt(1 + m00 - m11 - m22);
+		w = (m21 - m12) / scale;
+		x = scale / 4;
+		y = (m01 + m10) / scale;
+		z = (m02 + m20) / scale;
+	} else if (m11 > m22) {
+		const scale = 2 * Math.sqrt(1 + m11 - m00 - m22);
+		w = (m02 - m20) / scale;
+		x = (m01 + m10) / scale;
+		y = scale / 4;
+		z = (m12 + m21) / scale;
+	} else {
+		const scale = 2 * Math.sqrt(1 + m22 - m00 - m11);
+		w = (m10 - m01) / scale;
+		x = (m02 + m20) / scale;
+		y = (m12 + m21) / scale;
+		z = scale / 4;
+	}
+	const length = Math.hypot(w, x, y, z);
+	const sign = w < 0 ? -1 : 1;
+	const normalizedW = sign * w / length;
+	const normalizedX = sign * x / length;
+	const normalizedY = sign * y / length;
+	const normalizedZ = sign * z / length;
+	const sinHalfAngle = Math.hypot(normalizedX, normalizedY, normalizedZ);
+	if (sinHalfAngle < ROTATION_EPSILON) return null;
+	const axis = [
+		normalizedX / sinHalfAngle,
+		normalizedY / sinHalfAngle,
+		normalizedZ / sinHalfAngle
 	];
-}
-function rampFlightToSolid(spec) {
-	try {
-		var _usingCtx$4 = _usingCtx();
-		if (spec.width <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_WIDTH", "Ramp flight width must be positive"));
-		if (spec.length <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_LENGTH", "Ramp flight length must be positive"));
-		if (spec.slope <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_SLOPE", "Ramp flight slope must be positive"));
-		if (spec.thickness <= 0) return (0, brepjs.err)(specError("RAMP_FLIGHT_ZERO_THICKNESS", "Ramp flight thickness must be positive"));
-		const rise = spec.length * spec.slope;
-		const silhouette = buildSilhouette(spec.length, rise, spec.thickness);
-		const profileResult = (0, brepjs.polygon)(silhouette);
-		if (!profileResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(profileResult.error, "RAMP_FLIGHT_PROFILE_FAILED", "Failed to create ramp flight silhouette profile"));
-		const profile = _usingCtx$4.u(profileResult.value);
-		const solidResult = (0, brepjs.extrude)(profile, [
-			0,
-			spec.width,
-			0
-		]);
-		if (!solidResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(solidResult.error, "RAMP_FLIGHT_EXTRUDE_FAILED", "Failed to extrude ramp flight silhouette"));
-		const solid = solidResult.value;
-		if (!(0, brepjs.isValidSolid)(solid)) {
-			solid[Symbol.dispose]();
-			return (0, brepjs.err)(geometryError("RAMP_FLIGHT_INVALID_SOLID", "Ramp flight solid failed validity check"));
-		}
-		return (0, brepjs.ok)({
-			solid,
-			geometrySimplified: true
-		});
-	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$4.e = _;
-	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$4.d();
-	}
+	return {
+		type: "rotate",
+		angle: 2 * Math.atan2(sinHalfAngle, normalizedW) * RAD_TO_DEG,
+		axis
+	};
 }
 //#endregion
 //#region src/elementFns/placedGeometry.ts
+var testHooks$3 = null;
 function place(solid, frame) {
-	const result = (0, brepjs.applyMatrix)(solid, placementToMatrix(frame));
-	if (!result.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(fromBrepError(result.error, "PLACED_GEOMETRY_FAILED", "Failed to place element geometry"));
-	return (0, brepjs.ok)(result.value);
+	let placed = null;
+	try {
+		placed = locateShapeInFrame(solid, frame);
+		testHooks$3?.afterPlaced?.(placed);
+		return (0, brepjs.ok)(placed);
+	} catch (cause) {
+		placed?.[Symbol.dispose]();
+		return (0, brepjs.err)(geometryError("PLACED_GEOMETRY_FAILED", "Element placement threw while transforming geometry", cause));
+	}
 }
 function disposeAll(solids) {
 	for (const s of solids) s[Symbol.dispose]();
 }
 function placeWithinParent(solid, localFrame, parentFrame) {
 	try {
-		var _usingCtx$3 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$4 = _usingCtx();
 		const local = place(solid, localFrame);
 		if (!local.ok || parentFrame === void 0) return local;
-		return place(_usingCtx$3.u(local.value), parentFrame);
+		return place(_usingCtx$4.u(local.value), parentFrame);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$3.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$4.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$3.d();
+		_usingCtx$4.d();
 	}
 }
 /**
@@ -7473,6 +7610,18 @@ function placedSolids(el, options = {}) {
 	const parentFrame = options.parentFrame;
 	switch (el.category) {
 		case "WALL":
+		case "RAILING": {
+			const out = [];
+			for (const solid of bodySolids(el.geometry)) {
+				const placed = placeWithinParent(solid, el.spec, parentFrame);
+				if (!placed.ok) {
+					disposeAll(out);
+					return placed;
+				}
+				out.push(placed.value);
+			}
+			return (0, brepjs.ok)(out);
+		}
 		case "SLAB":
 		case "BEAM":
 		case "COLUMN":
@@ -7480,8 +7629,7 @@ function placedSolids(el, options = {}) {
 		case "ROOF":
 		case "FOOTING":
 		case "PILE":
-		case "COVERING":
-		case "RAILING": {
+		case "COVERING": {
 			const placed = placeWithinParent(el.geometry, el.spec, parentFrame);
 			if (!placed.ok) return placed;
 			return (0, brepjs.ok)([placed.value]);
@@ -7680,6 +7828,7 @@ async function initIfcApi(api) {
 }
 //#endregion
 //#region src/ifc-writer/ifcWriter.ts
+var testHooks$2 = null;
 /** Default MVD ViewDefinition declared in the STEP FILE_DESCRIPTION header. */
 var DEFAULT_MVD_VIEW_DEFINITION = "ReferenceView_v1.2";
 var VIEW_DEFINITION_RE = /ViewDefinition \[[^\]]*\]/;
@@ -7720,6 +7869,10 @@ var IfcWriter = class IfcWriter {
 			return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("IFC_INIT_FAILED", "Failed to initialize web-ifc", e));
 		}
 	}
+	/** Package-internal lifecycle seam for deterministic writer cleanup tests. */
+	static fromApiForTesting(api, modelId = 0) {
+		return new IfcWriter(api, modelId, DEFAULT_MVD_VIEW_DEFINITION, {});
+	}
 	nextId() {
 		return this.#nextExpressId++;
 	}
@@ -7737,6 +7890,7 @@ var IfcWriter = class IfcWriter {
 	}
 	writeLine(entity) {
 		this.#api.WriteLine(this.#modelId, entity);
+		testHooks$2?.afterWriteLine?.();
 		return entity.expressID;
 	}
 	ref(id) {
@@ -7745,6 +7899,15 @@ var IfcWriter = class IfcWriter {
 	mkType(type, value) {
 		return this.#api.CreateIfcType(this.#modelId, type, value);
 	}
+	close() {
+		if (this.#closed) return;
+		this.#closed = true;
+		this.#api.CloseModel(this.#modelId);
+		testHooks$2?.afterClose?.();
+	}
+	[Symbol.dispose]() {
+		this.close();
+	}
 	save() {
 		if (this.#closed) return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("IFC_ALREADY_SAVED", "Model has already been saved and closed"));
 		try {
@@ -7753,8 +7916,7 @@ var IfcWriter = class IfcWriter {
 		} catch (e) {
 			return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("IFC_SAVE_FAILED", "Failed to serialize IFC model", e));
 		} finally {
-			this.#api.CloseModel(this.#modelId);
-			this.#closed = true;
+			this.close();
 		}
 	}
 	/**
@@ -8301,6 +8463,45 @@ function writeColumnEntity(w, guid, name, _predefinedType, ownerHistoryId, local
 //#region src/ifc-writer/tessellationWriter.ts
 var IFC_MESH_TOLERANCE_MM = 5;
 var IFC_MESH_ANGULAR_TOLERANCE_RAD = .3;
+function prepareTessellation(solid, toleranceMm = IFC_MESH_TOLERANCE_MM) {
+	let meshData;
+	try {
+		meshData = (0, brepjs.mesh)(solid, {
+			tolerance: toleranceMm,
+			angularTolerance: IFC_MESH_ANGULAR_TOLERANCE_RAD
+		});
+	} catch (cause) {
+		return {
+			ok: false,
+			reason: cause instanceof Error ? cause.message : String(cause),
+			cause
+		};
+	}
+	const { vertices, triangles } = meshData;
+	if (vertices.length === 0 || triangles.length === 0) return {
+		ok: false,
+		reason: "mesh() returned an empty triangle set"
+	};
+	const coordList = [];
+	for (let i = 0; i + 2 < vertices.length; i += 3) coordList.push([
+		toIfcLengthM(vertices[i] ?? 0),
+		toIfcLengthM(vertices[i + 1] ?? 0),
+		toIfcLengthM(vertices[i + 2] ?? 0)
+	]);
+	const coordIndex = [];
+	for (let i = 0; i + 2 < triangles.length; i += 3) coordIndex.push([
+		(triangles[i] ?? 0) + 1,
+		(triangles[i + 1] ?? 0) + 1,
+		(triangles[i + 2] ?? 0) + 1
+	]);
+	return {
+		ok: true,
+		value: {
+			coordList,
+			coordIndex
+		}
+	};
+}
 /**
 * Writes an IfcTriangulatedFaceSet (preferred IFC4 tessellation) from a brepjs
 * ValidSolid, wrapped in an IfcShapeRepresentation (Body/Tessellation) and an
@@ -8319,52 +8520,20 @@ var IFC_MESH_ANGULAR_TOLERANCE_RAD = .3;
 * shape representation, so it is not referenced here.
 */
 function writeTessellation(w, solid, geomSubContextId, _localPlacementId, toleranceMm = IFC_MESH_TOLERANCE_MM) {
-	let meshData;
-	try {
-		meshData = (0, brepjs.mesh)(solid, {
-			tolerance: toleranceMm,
-			angularTolerance: IFC_MESH_ANGULAR_TOLERANCE_RAD
-		});
-	} catch (e) {
-		const reason = e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e);
+	const prepared = prepareTessellation(solid, toleranceMm);
+	if (!prepared.ok) {
+		const reason = prepared.reason;
 		console.warn(`writeTessellation: mesh() failed, using IfcFacetedBrep fallback: ${reason}`);
 		return writeFacetedBrepFallback(w, geomSubContextId, reason);
 	}
-	const { vertices, triangles } = meshData;
-	if (vertices.length === 0 || triangles.length === 0) {
-		const reason = "mesh() returned an empty triangle set";
-		console.warn(`writeTessellation: ${reason}, using IfcFacetedBrep fallback`);
-		return writeFacetedBrepFallback(w, geomSubContextId, reason);
-	}
-	const coordList = [];
-	for (let i = 0; i + 2 < vertices.length; i += 3) coordList.push([
-		toIfcLengthM(vertices[i] ?? 0),
-		toIfcLengthM(vertices[i + 1] ?? 0),
-		toIfcLengthM(vertices[i + 2] ?? 0)
-	]);
-	const pointListId = w.nextId();
-	w.writeLine({
-		expressID: pointListId,
-		type: web_ifc.IFCCARTESIANPOINTLIST3D,
-		CoordList: coordList.map((pt) => pt.map((v) => w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCLENGTHMEASURE, v))),
-		TagList: null
-	});
-	const coordIndex = [];
-	for (let i = 0; i + 2 < triangles.length; i += 3) coordIndex.push([
-		(triangles[i] ?? 0) + 1,
-		(triangles[i + 1] ?? 0) + 1,
-		(triangles[i + 2] ?? 0) + 1
-	]);
-	const faceSetId = w.nextId();
-	w.writeLine({
-		expressID: faceSetId,
-		type: web_ifc.IFCTRIANGULATEDFACESET,
-		Coordinates: w.ref(pointListId),
-		Normals: null,
-		Closed: w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCBOOLEAN, true),
-		CoordIndex: coordIndex.map((tri) => tri.map((idx) => w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCPOSITIVEINTEGER, idx))),
-		PnIndex: null
-	});
+	const { productDefinitionShapeId } = writePreparedTessellationBody(w, [prepared.value], geomSubContextId);
+	return {
+		productDefinitionShapeId,
+		usedFallback: false
+	};
+}
+function writePreparedTessellationBody(w, items, geomSubContextId) {
+	const bodyItemIds = items.map((item) => writePreparedTessellationItem(w, item));
 	const shapeRepId = w.nextId();
 	w.writeLine({
 		expressID: shapeRepId,
@@ -8372,7 +8541,7 @@ function writeTessellation(w, solid, geomSubContextId, _localPlacementId, tolera
 		ContextOfItems: w.ref(geomSubContextId),
 		RepresentationIdentifier: w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCLABEL, "Body"),
 		RepresentationType: w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCLABEL, "Tessellation"),
-		Items: [w.ref(faceSetId)]
+		Items: bodyItemIds.map((id) => w.ref(id))
 	});
 	const productDefinitionShapeId = w.nextId();
 	w.writeLine({
@@ -8384,9 +8553,55 @@ function writeTessellation(w, solid, geomSubContextId, _localPlacementId, tolera
 	});
 	return {
 		productDefinitionShapeId,
-		usedFallback: false
+		bodyItemIds
+	};
+}
+function writeExactBodyGeometry(w, placement, items, geomSubContextId, parentPlacementId) {
+	const placement3DId = writeAxis2Placement3D(w, [
+		toIfcLengthM(placement.origin[0]),
+		toIfcLengthM(placement.origin[1]),
+		toIfcLengthM(placement.origin[2])
+	], [
+		placement.axisZ[0],
+		placement.axisZ[1],
+		placement.axisZ[2]
+	], [
+		placement.axisX[0],
+		placement.axisX[1],
+		placement.axisX[2]
+	]);
+	const localPlacementId = w.nextId();
+	w.writeLine({
+		expressID: localPlacementId,
+		type: web_ifc.IFCLOCALPLACEMENT,
+		PlacementRelTo: parentPlacementId === null ? null : w.ref(parentPlacementId),
+		RelativePlacement: w.ref(placement3DId)
+	});
+	return {
+		localPlacementId,
+		...writePreparedTessellationBody(w, items, geomSubContextId)
 	};
 }
+function writePreparedTessellationItem(w, prepared) {
+	const pointListId = w.nextId();
+	w.writeLine({
+		expressID: pointListId,
+		type: web_ifc.IFCCARTESIANPOINTLIST3D,
+		CoordList: prepared.coordList.map((point) => point.map((value) => w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCLENGTHMEASURE, value))),
+		TagList: null
+	});
+	const faceSetId = w.nextId();
+	w.writeLine({
+		expressID: faceSetId,
+		type: web_ifc.IFCTRIANGULATEDFACESET,
+		Coordinates: w.ref(pointListId),
+		Normals: null,
+		Closed: w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCBOOLEAN, true),
+		CoordIndex: prepared.coordIndex.map((triangle) => triangle.map((index) => w.mkType(web_ifc.IFCPOSITIVEINTEGER, index))),
+		PnIndex: null
+	});
+	return faceSetId;
+}
 /**
 * Builds a wall 'Axis' IfcShapeRepresentation: an IfcPolyline from (0,0) to
 * (lengthM, 0) in the wall's local XY plane, wrapped in an IfcShapeRepresentation
@@ -9883,22 +10098,22 @@ function writeStairAssembly(w, spec, stairKey, assemblyGuid, ownerHistoryId, geo
 	const flightExpressIds = [];
 	let geometrySimplified = false;
 	for (const [i, flight] of spec.flights.entries()) try {
-		var _usingCtx$2 = _usingCtx();
+		var _usingCtx$3 = _usingCtx();
 		const built = stairFlightToSolid(flight);
 		if (!built.ok) return {
 			ok: false,
 			error: built.error
 		};
-		const flightSolid = _usingCtx$2.u(built.value.solid);
+		const flightSolid = _usingCtx$3.u(built.value.solid);
 		const flightPlacementId = writeLocalPlacement(w, flight.origin, flight.axisZ, flight.axisX, stairPlacementId);
 		const tess = writeTessellation(w, flightSolid, geomSubContextId, flightPlacementId);
 		if (tess.usedFallback) geometrySimplified = true;
 		const flightExpressId = writeStairFlightEntity(w, deriveIfcGuidSync(`elem:STAIR_FLIGHT:${stairKey}:${i}`), `${stairName} Flight ${i + 1}`, flight, ownerHistoryId, flightPlacementId, tess.productDefinitionShapeId);
 		flightExpressIds.push(flightExpressId);
 	} catch (_) {
-		_usingCtx$2.e = _;
+		_usingCtx$3.e = _;
 	} finally {
-		_usingCtx$2.d();
+		_usingCtx$3.d();
 	}
 	writeRelAggregates(w, deriveIfcGuidSync(`rel:AGGREGATES:STAIR:${stairKey}`), ownerHistoryId, assemblyExpressId, flightExpressIds);
 	writeAssemblyType(w, web_ifc.IFCSTAIRTYPE, "Stair Type", deriveIfcGuidSync(`type:STAIR:${stairKey}`), deriveIfcGuidSync(`rel-type:STAIR:${stairKey}`), predefinedType, ownerHistoryId, [assemblyExpressId]);
@@ -11293,6 +11508,14 @@ function writeWallBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, spec, opening
 	pushWeightQuantity(w, qtyIds, netVolumeM3, densityKgM3);
 	writeRelDefinesByProperties(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, writeElementQuantity(w, ownerHistoryId, "Qto_WallBaseQuantities", qtyIds));
 }
+function writeExactWallBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, values) {
+	writeRelDefinesByProperties(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, writeElementQuantity(w, ownerHistoryId, "Qto_WallBaseQuantities", [
+		writeQtyLength(w, "Length", values.lengthM),
+		writeQtyLength(w, "Width", values.widthM),
+		writeQtyLength(w, "Height", values.heightM),
+		writeQtyVolume(w, "NetVolume", values.netVolumeM3)
+	]));
+}
 function writeSlabCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, spec) {
 	const values = {};
 	if (spec.isExternal !== void 0) values["IsExternal"] = spec.isExternal;
@@ -13305,457 +13528,580 @@ function checkGeoreferencing(reader) {
 	return [issue("warning", "NO_GEOREFERENCING", "Model contains a facility but no IfcProjectedCRS/IfcGeographicCRS (GRF003) — set ProjectSpec.crs")];
 }
 //#endregion
-//#region src/serialize/toIfc.ts
-async function toIfc(model, meta) {
-	const project = model.getProject();
-	if (!project) return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("NO_PROJECT", "BimModel has no project — call model.init() first"));
-	if ((model.getBridges().length > 0 || model.getBridgeParts().length > 0 || model.getEarthworksFills().length > 0) && (meta.ifcSchema ?? "IFC4") !== "IFC4X3") return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("IFC4X3_REQUIRED", "Bridge, Bridge Part, and Earthworks Fill entities require IFC4X3 serialization"));
-	const authorName = [meta.author?.givenName, meta.author?.familyName].filter((p) => Boolean(p)).join(" ");
-	const writerResult = await IfcWriter.create(meta.mvdViewDefinition, meta.ifcSchema, {
-		author: authorName,
-		organization: meta.organizationName
-	});
-	if (!writerResult.ok) return writerResult;
-	const w = writerResult.value;
-	w.setModelScope(project.guid);
-	const elements = model.getAllElements();
-	const relationships = model.getAllRelationships();
-	const walls = model.getWalls();
-	const slabs = model.getSlabs();
-	const beams = model.getBeams();
-	const bridges = model.getBridges();
-	const bridgeParts = model.getBridgeParts();
-	const earthworksFills = model.getEarthworksFills();
-	const columns = model.getColumns();
-	const doors = model.getDoors();
-	const windows = model.getWindows();
-	const proxies = model.getProxies();
-	const spaces = model.getSpaces();
-	const roofs = model.getRoofs();
-	const curtainWalls = model.getCurtainWalls();
-	const footings = model.getFootings();
-	const piles = model.getPiles();
-	const stairs = model.getStairs();
-	const ramps = model.getRamps();
-	const railings = model.getRailings();
-	const coverings = model.getCoverings();
-	const assemblies = model.getElementAssemblies();
-	const zones = model.getZones();
-	const systems = model.getSystems();
-	const { ownerHistoryId, geomContextId, geomSubContextId, unitAssignmentId, lengthUnitId } = writeHeader(w, meta);
-	if (project.spec.crs !== void 0) writeMapConversion(w, project.spec.crs, geomContextId, lengthUnitId);
-	const densityByElement = buildDensityMap(relationships);
-	const idMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	const placementMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	const projectExpressId = writeProject$1(w, project.guid, project.spec.name, ownerHistoryId, unitAssignmentId, geomContextId);
-	idMap.set(project.localId, projectExpressId);
-	for (const el of elements) {
-		if (el.category !== "SITE") continue;
-		const parentId = findParentOf(el.localId, relationships);
-		const parentPlacementId = parentId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentId) ?? null : null;
-		const { entityId, placementId } = writeSite(w, el.guid, el.spec, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
-		idMap.set(el.localId, entityId);
-		placementMap.set(el.localId, placementId);
-	}
-	for (const bridge of bridges) {
-		const parentId = findParentOf(bridge.localId, relationships);
-		const parentPlacementId = parentId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentId) ?? null : null;
-		const { entityId, placementId } = writeBridge(w, bridge.guid, bridge.spec, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
-		idMap.set(bridge.localId, entityId);
-		placementMap.set(bridge.localId, placementId);
-	}
-	const pendingParts = [...bridgeParts];
-	while (pendingParts.length > 0) {
-		const readyIndex = pendingParts.findIndex((candidate) => {
-			const candidateParentId = findParentOf(candidate.localId, relationships);
-			return candidateParentId === null || placementMap.has(candidateParentId);
-		});
-		const [part] = pendingParts.splice(readyIndex === -1 ? 0 : readyIndex, 1);
-		if (part === void 0) break;
-		const parentId = findParentOf(part.localId, relationships);
-		const parentPlacementId = parentId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentId) ?? null : null;
-		const { entityId, placementId } = writeBridgePart(w, part.guid, part.spec, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
-		idMap.set(part.localId, entityId);
-		placementMap.set(part.localId, placementId);
-	}
-	for (const el of elements) {
-		if (el.category !== "BUILDING") continue;
-		const parentSiteId = findParentOf(el.localId, relationships);
-		const parentPlacementId = parentSiteId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentSiteId) ?? null : null;
-		const { entityId, placementId } = writeBuilding(w, el.guid, el.spec.name, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
-		idMap.set(el.localId, entityId);
-		placementMap.set(el.localId, placementId);
-	}
-	for (const el of elements) {
-		if (el.category !== "STOREY") continue;
-		const parentBuildingId = findParentOf(el.localId, relationships);
-		const parentPlacementId = parentBuildingId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentBuildingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { entityId, placementId } = writeStorey(w, el.guid, el.spec.name, el.spec.elevation, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
-		idMap.set(el.localId, entityId);
-		placementMap.set(el.localId, placementId);
-	}
-	const openingsByWall = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_WALL") continue;
-		const opening = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
-		if (opening === void 0 || opening.category !== "OPENING") continue;
-		if (!isWallOpening(opening.spec)) continue;
-		const list = openingsByWall.get(rel.wallLocalId) ?? [];
-		list.push(opening.spec);
-		openingsByWall.set(rel.wallLocalId, list);
-	}
-	const openingsBySlab = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_SLAB") continue;
-		const opening = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
-		if (opening === void 0 || opening.category !== "OPENING") continue;
-		if (!isSlabOpening(opening.spec)) continue;
-		const list = openingsBySlab.get(rel.slabLocalId) ?? [];
-		list.push(opening.spec);
-		openingsBySlab.set(rel.slabLocalId, list);
-	}
-	for (const [i, wall] of walls.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(wall.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeWallGeometry(w, wall.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const wallExpressId = writeWallEntity(w, wall.guid, `Wall ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(wall.localId, wallExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(wall.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeWallCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec);
-		if (wall.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec.customProperties);
-		writeWallBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec, openingsByWall.get(wall.localId) ?? [], densityByElement.get(wall.localId));
-	}
-	for (const [i, slab] of slabs.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(slab.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeSlabGeometry(w, slab.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const slabExpressId = writeSlabEntity(w, slab.guid, `Slab ${i + 1}`, slab.spec.predefinedType, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(slab.localId, slabExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(slab.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeSlabCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec);
-		if (slab.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec.customProperties);
-		writeSlabBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec, openingsBySlab.get(slab.localId) ?? [], densityByElement.get(slab.localId));
-	}
-	for (const [i, beam] of beams.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(beam.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeBeamGeometry(w, beam.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const beamExpressId = writeBeamEntity(w, beam.guid, `Beam ${i + 1}`, beam.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(beam.localId, beamExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(beam.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeBeamCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec);
-		if (beam.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec.customProperties);
-		writeBeamBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, column] of columns.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(column.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeColumnGeometry(w, column.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const columnExpressId = writeColumnEntity(w, column.guid, `Column ${i + 1}`, column.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(column.localId, columnExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(column.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeColumnCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec);
-		if (column.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec.customProperties);
-		writeColumnBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, proxy] of proxies.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(proxy.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeProxyGeometry(w, proxy.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const proxyExpressId = writeProxyEntity(w, proxy.guid, proxy.spec.name || `Proxy ${i + 1}`, proxy.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(proxy.localId, proxyExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(proxy.localId, localPlacementId);
-		if (proxy.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, proxyExpressId, proxy.spec.customProperties);
-	}
-	for (const fill of earthworksFills) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(fill.localId, relationships);
-		const parentPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeTessellatedProductGeometry(w, fill.geometry, geomSubContextId, parentPlacementId);
-		const expressId = writeEarthworksFillEntity(w, fill.guid, fill.spec, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(fill.localId, expressId);
-		placementMap.set(fill.localId, localPlacementId);
-		if (fill.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, expressId, fill.spec.customProperties);
-	}
-	for (const [i, space] of spaces.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(space.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeSpaceGeometry(w, space.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const spaceExpressId = writeSpaceEntity(w, space.guid, space.spec.name || `Space ${i + 1}`, space.spec.longName ?? null, space.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(space.localId, spaceExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(space.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeSpaceCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, space.spec);
-		if (space.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, space.spec.customProperties);
-		writeSpaceBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, space.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, roof] of roofs.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(roof.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId, usedFallback } = writeRoofGeometry(w, roof.spec, roof.geometry, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		if (usedFallback) console.warn(`Roof ${i + 1} tessellation failed; IFC body is a degenerate fallback.`);
-		const roofExpressId = writeRoofEntity(w, roof.guid, `Roof ${i + 1}`, roof.spec.predefinedType, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(roof.localId, roofExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(roof.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeRoofCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec);
-		if (roof.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec.customProperties);
-		writeRoofBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, curtainWall] of curtainWalls.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(curtainWall.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { curtainWallId } = writeCurtainWall(w, curtainWall.spec, curtainWall.geometry, `elem:CURTAIN_WALL:${curtainWall.localId}`, `Curtain Wall ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		idMap.set(curtainWall.localId, curtainWallId);
-		writeCurtainWallCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, curtainWallId, curtainWall.spec);
-		if (curtainWall.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, curtainWallId, curtainWall.spec.customProperties);
-	}
-	for (const [i, footing] of footings.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(footing.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeFootingGeometry(w, footing.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const footingExpressId = writeFootingEntity(w, footing.guid, `Footing ${i + 1}`, footing.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(footing.localId, footingExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(footing.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeFootingCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, footingExpressId, footing.spec);
-		if (footing.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, footingExpressId, footing.spec.customProperties);
-		writeFootingBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, footingExpressId, footing.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, pile] of piles.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(pile.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writePileGeometry(w, pile.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const pileExpressId = writePileEntity(w, pile.guid, `Pile ${i + 1}`, pile.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", pile.spec.constructionType ?? null, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(pile.localId, pileExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(pile.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writePileCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, pileExpressId, pile.spec);
-		if (pile.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, pileExpressId, pile.spec.customProperties);
-		writePileBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, pileExpressId, pile.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, assembly] of assemblies.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(assembly.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const assemblyExpressId = writeElementAssemblyEntity(w, assembly.guid, assembly.spec.name ?? `Assembly ${i + 1}`, assembly.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, storeyPlacementId, null, assembly.spec.assemblyPlace ?? "NOTDEFINED");
-		idMap.set(assembly.localId, assemblyExpressId);
-	}
-	for (const zone of zones) {
-		const zoneExpressId = writeZoneEntity(w, zone.guid, zone.spec.name, zone.spec.longName ?? null, zone.spec.objectType ?? null, ownerHistoryId);
-		idMap.set(zone.localId, zoneExpressId);
-	}
-	for (const system of systems) {
-		const systemExpressId = writeSystemEntity(w, system.guid, system.spec.name, system.spec.longName ?? null, system.spec.objectType ?? null, ownerHistoryId);
-		idMap.set(system.localId, systemExpressId);
-	}
-	for (const stair of stairs) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(stair.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const result = writeStairAssembly(w, stair.spec, `${stair.localId}`, stair.guid, ownerHistoryId, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		if (!result.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(result.error);
-		idMap.set(stair.localId, result.value.assemblyExpressId);
-		writeStairCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, result.value.assemblyExpressId, stair.spec);
-	}
-	for (const ramp of ramps) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(ramp.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const result = writeRampAssembly(w, ramp.spec, `${ramp.localId}`, ramp.guid, ownerHistoryId, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		if (!result.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(result.error);
-		idMap.set(ramp.localId, result.value.assemblyExpressId);
-		writeRampCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, result.value.assemblyExpressId, ramp.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, railing] of railings.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(railing.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId, bodyItemId, usedFallback } = writeRailingGeometry(w, railing.spec, railing.geometry, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		if (usedFallback) console.warn(`Railing ${i + 1} tessellation failed; IFC body is a degenerate fallback.`);
-		const railingExpressId = writeRailingEntity(w, railing.guid, `Railing ${i + 1}`, railing.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(railing.localId, railingExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(railing.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeRailingCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, railingExpressId, railing.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, railingExpressId, railing.spec);
-		if (railing.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, railingExpressId, railing.spec.customProperties);
-		if (bodyItemId !== null) applySurfaceStyle(w, model, railing.localId, bodyItemId);
-	}
-	for (const [i, covering] of coverings.entries()) {
-		const containingId = findContainerOf(covering.localId, relationships);
-		const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
-		const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId, bodyItemId } = writeCoveringGeometry(w, covering.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
-		const coveringExpressId = writeCoveringEntity(w, covering.guid, `Covering ${i + 1}`, covering.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
-		idMap.set(covering.localId, coveringExpressId);
-		placementMap.set(covering.localId, localPlacementId);
-		writeCoveringCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, coveringExpressId, covering.spec);
-		writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, coveringExpressId, covering.spec);
-		if (covering.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, coveringExpressId, covering.spec.customProperties);
-		applySurfaceStyle(w, model, covering.localId, bodyItemId);
-	}
-	const openingPlacementMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	const openingEntityMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_WALL") continue;
-		const wallElement = elements.find((el) => el.category === "WALL" && el.localId === rel.wallLocalId);
-		if (wallElement === void 0) continue;
-		const wallExpressId = idMap.get(rel.wallLocalId);
-		const wallPlacementId = placementMap.get(rel.wallLocalId);
-		if (wallExpressId === void 0 || wallPlacementId === void 0) continue;
-		const openingElement = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
-		if (openingElement === void 0 || openingElement.category !== "OPENING") continue;
-		if (!isWallOpening(openingElement.spec)) continue;
-		const { openingEntityId, openingPlacementId } = writeOpeningGeometry(w, openingElement.guid, openingElement.spec, wallElement.spec, wallPlacementId, geomSubContextId, ownerHistoryId);
-		idMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingEntityId);
-		openingPlacementMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingPlacementId);
-		openingEntityMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingEntityId);
-		writeRelVoidsElement(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, openingEntityId);
-	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_SLAB") continue;
-		const slabElement = elements.find((el) => el.category === "SLAB" && el.localId === rel.slabLocalId);
-		if (slabElement === void 0) continue;
-		const slabExpressId = idMap.get(rel.slabLocalId);
-		const slabPlacementId = placementMap.get(rel.slabLocalId);
-		if (slabExpressId === void 0 || slabPlacementId === void 0) continue;
-		const openingElement = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
-		if (openingElement === void 0 || openingElement.category !== "OPENING") continue;
-		if (!isSlabOpening(openingElement.spec)) continue;
-		const { openingEntityId } = writeSlabOpeningGeometry(w, openingElement.guid, openingElement.spec, slabElement.spec, slabPlacementId, geomSubContextId, ownerHistoryId);
-		idMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingEntityId);
-		writeRelVoidsElement(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, openingEntityId);
-	}
-	for (const [i, door] of doors.entries()) {
-		const fillsRel = relationships.find((rel) => rel.kind === "FILLS_OPENING" && rel.fillerLocalId === door.localId);
-		if (fillsRel === void 0 || fillsRel.kind !== "FILLS_OPENING") continue;
-		const openingPlacementId = openingPlacementMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
-		const openingEntityId = openingEntityMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
-		if (openingPlacementId === void 0 || openingEntityId === void 0) continue;
-		const doorExpressId = writeDoorEntity(w, door.guid, `Door ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, openingPlacementId, geomSubContextId, toIfcLengthM(door.spec.width), toIfcLengthM(door.spec.height));
-		idMap.set(door.localId, doorExpressId);
-		writeRelFillsElement(w, fillsRel.guid, ownerHistoryId, openingEntityId, doorExpressId);
-		writeDoorCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, doorExpressId, door.spec);
-	}
-	for (const [i, win] of windows.entries()) {
-		const fillsRel = relationships.find((rel) => rel.kind === "FILLS_OPENING" && rel.fillerLocalId === win.localId);
-		if (fillsRel === void 0 || fillsRel.kind !== "FILLS_OPENING") continue;
-		const openingPlacementId = openingPlacementMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
-		const openingEntityId = openingEntityMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
-		if (openingPlacementId === void 0 || openingEntityId === void 0) continue;
-		const windowExpressId = writeWindowEntity(w, win.guid, `Window ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, openingPlacementId, geomSubContextId, toIfcLengthM(win.spec.width), toIfcLengthM(win.spec.height));
-		idMap.set(win.localId, windowExpressId);
-		writeRelFillsElement(w, fillsRel.guid, ownerHistoryId, openingEntityId, windowExpressId);
-		writeWindowCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, windowExpressId, win.spec);
-	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "AGGREGATES") continue;
-		const parentExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingObject);
-		const childExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
-		if (parentExpressId === void 0 || childExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
-		writeRelAggregates(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, parentExpressId, childExpressIds);
-	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "CONTAINED_IN") continue;
-		const structureExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingStructure);
-		const elementExpressIds = rel.relatedElements.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
-		if (structureExpressId === void 0 || elementExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
-		writeRelContainedInSpatialStructure(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, structureExpressId, elementExpressIds);
-	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "SPACE_BOUNDARY") continue;
-		const spaceExpressId = idMap.get(rel.spaceLocalId);
-		const elementExpressId = idMap.get(rel.elementLocalId);
-		if (spaceExpressId === void 0 || elementExpressId === void 0) continue;
-		writeRelSpaceBoundary(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, elementExpressId, rel.connectionType);
-	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "NESTS") continue;
-		const parentExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingObject);
-		const childExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
-		if (parentExpressId === void 0 || childExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
-		writeRelNests(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, parentExpressId, childExpressIds);
-	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "COVERS_ELEMENT") continue;
-		const hostExpressId = idMap.get(rel.hostLocalId);
-		const coveringExpressId = idMap.get(rel.coveringLocalId);
-		if (hostExpressId === void 0 || coveringExpressId === void 0) continue;
-		writeRelCoversBldgElements(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, hostExpressId, [coveringExpressId]);
+//#region src/serialize/exactBodyPreflight.ts
+var testItemPreparer = null;
+/** Prepares every exact Body item without writing IFC lines. Source solids remain borrowed. */
+function preflightExactBody(input) {
+	const prepareItem = input.prepareItem ?? testItemPreparer ?? prepareTessellation;
+	const prepareAt = (solid, itemIndex) => {
+		const item = prepareItem(solid);
+		if (!item.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("EXACT_BODY_TESSELLATION_FAILED", `Exact Product Body item ${itemIndex} for ${input.localId} could not be tessellated: ${item.reason}`, item.cause, {
+			localId: input.localId,
+			itemIndex
+		}));
+		return (0, brepjs.ok)(item.value);
+	};
+	const [firstSolid, ...remainingSolids] = input.solids;
+	const first = prepareAt(firstSolid, 0);
+	if (!first.ok) return first;
+	const remainingPrepared = [];
+	for (const [remainingIndex, solid] of remainingSolids.entries()) {
+		const item = prepareAt(solid, remainingIndex + 1);
+		if (!item.ok) return item;
+		remainingPrepared.push(item.value);
 	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "ASSIGNS_TO_GROUP") continue;
-		const groupExpressId = idMap.get(rel.groupLocalId);
-		const memberExpressIds = rel.memberLocalIds.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
-		if (groupExpressId === void 0 || memberExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
-		writeRelAssignsToGroup(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, groupExpressId, memberExpressIds);
+	return (0, brepjs.ok)([first.value, ...remainingPrepared]);
+}
+//#endregion
+//#region src/serialize/exactWallQuantities.ts
+function deriveExactWallQuantities(input) {
+	const measure = input.dependencies?.measure ?? brepjs.measureVolume;
+	let volumeMm3;
+	if (input.solids.length === 1) try {
+		const measured = measure(input.solids[0]);
+		if (!measured.ok) return exactVolumeError(measured.error);
+		volumeMm3 = measured.value;
+	} catch (cause) {
+		return exactVolumeError(cause);
 	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "CONNECTS_ELEMENTS") continue;
-		const relatingExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingElementLocalId);
-		const relatedExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatedElementLocalId);
-		if (relatingExpressId === void 0 || relatedExpressId === void 0) continue;
-		writeRelConnectsElements(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, relatingExpressId, relatedExpressId, rel.description ?? null);
+	else {
+		const fuse = input.dependencies?.fuse ?? brepjs.fuseAll;
+		let union = null;
+		try {
+			const fused = fuse([...input.solids]);
+			if (!fused.ok) return exactVolumeError(fused.error);
+			union = fused.value;
+			const measured = measure(union);
+			if (!measured.ok) return exactVolumeError(measured.error);
+			volumeMm3 = measured.value;
+		} catch (cause) {
+			return exactVolumeError(cause);
+		} finally {
+			union?.[Symbol.dispose]();
+		}
 	}
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "CONNECTS_PATH_ELEMENTS") continue;
-		const relatingExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingElementLocalId);
-		const relatedExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatedElementLocalId);
-		if (relatingExpressId === void 0 || relatedExpressId === void 0) continue;
-		writeRelConnectsPathElements(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, relatingExpressId, relatedExpressId, rel.relatingConnectionType, rel.relatedConnectionType, rel.description ?? null);
-	}
-	const bySimpleMaterial = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	const layeredAssociations = [];
-	const categoryById = new Map(elements.map((e) => [e.localId, e.category]));
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "ASSOCIATES_MATERIAL") continue;
-		const objectExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
-		if (objectExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
-		if (rel.materialLayers !== void 0 && rel.materialLayers.length > 0) {
-			const firstObj = rel.relatedObjects[0];
-			const hostCat = firstObj !== void 0 ? categoryById.get(firstObj) : void 0;
-			const direction = hostCat === "SLAB" || hostCat === "ROOF" || hostCat === "COVERING" ? "AXIS3" : "AXIS2";
-			layeredAssociations.push({
-				guid: rel.guid,
-				layerSetName: rel.layerSetName ?? rel.materialName,
-				layers: rel.materialLayers,
-				ids: objectExpressIds,
-				direction
+	if (!Number.isFinite(volumeMm3) || volumeMm3 <= 0) return exactVolumeError(/* @__PURE__ */ new Error(`Measured exact wall volume was ${volumeMm3}`));
+	return (0, brepjs.ok)({
+		lengthM: toIfcLengthM(input.spec.length),
+		widthM: toIfcLengthM(input.spec.thickness),
+		heightM: toIfcLengthM(input.spec.height),
+		netVolumeM3: volumeMm3 / 1e9
+	});
+}
+function exactVolumeError(cause) {
+	return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("IFC_EXACT_WALL_QUANTITY_DERIVATION_FAILED", "Failed to derive a positive finite NetVolume for an exact wall Product Body", cause));
+}
+//#endregion
+//#region src/serialize/toIfc.ts
+function preflightProductBodies(elements) {
+	const preflighted = [];
+	for (const element of elements) {
+		const body = element.geometry;
+		if (body.kind === "PARAMETRIC") {
+			preflighted.push({
+				kind: "PARAMETRIC",
+				element,
+				solid: body.solid
 			});
 			continue;
 		}
-		const existing = bySimpleMaterial.get(rel.materialName);
-		if (existing !== void 0) bySimpleMaterial.set(rel.materialName, {
-			guid: existing.guid,
-			ids: [...existing.ids, ...objectExpressIds]
+		const prepared = preflightExactBody({
+			localId: element.localId,
+			solids: body.solids
 		});
-		else bySimpleMaterial.set(rel.materialName, {
-			guid: rel.guid,
-			ids: objectExpressIds
+		if (!prepared.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(prepared.error);
+		preflighted.push({
+			kind: "EXACT",
+			element,
+			solids: body.solids,
+			items: prepared.value
 		});
 	}
-	for (const [materialName, { guid, ids }] of bySimpleMaterial) {
-		if (ids.length === 0) continue;
-		writeMaterialSimple(w, guid, ownerHistoryId, materialName, ids);
-	}
-	for (const assoc of layeredAssociations) writeMaterialLayerSet(w, assoc.guid, ownerHistoryId, {
-		kind: "LAYER_SET",
-		layerSetName: assoc.layerSetName,
-		layers: assoc.layers
-	}, assoc.ids, assoc.direction);
-	const classByKey = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	for (const rel of relationships) {
-		if (rel.kind !== "ASSOCIATES_CLASSIFICATION") continue;
-		const objectExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
-		if (objectExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
-		const key = `${rel.ref.system}:${rel.ref.code}`;
-		const entry = classByKey.get(key);
-		if (entry === void 0) classByKey.set(key, {
-			ref: rel.ref,
-			ids: [...objectExpressIds]
+	return (0, brepjs.ok)(preflighted);
+}
+async function toIfc(model, meta) {
+	try {
+		var _usingCtx$2 = _usingCtx();
+		const project = model.getProject();
+		if (!project) return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("NO_PROJECT", "BimModel has no project — call model.init() first"));
+		if ((model.getBridges().length > 0 || model.getBridgeParts().length > 0 || model.getEarthworksFills().length > 0) && (meta.ifcSchema ?? "IFC4") !== "IFC4X3") return (0, brepjs.err)(ifcError("IFC4X3_REQUIRED", "Bridge, Bridge Part, and Earthworks Fill entities require IFC4X3 serialization"));
+		const authorName = [meta.author?.givenName, meta.author?.familyName].filter((p) => Boolean(p)).join(" ");
+		const writerResult = await IfcWriter.create(meta.mvdViewDefinition, meta.ifcSchema, {
+			author: authorName,
+			organization: meta.organizationName
 		});
-		else entry.ids.push(...objectExpressIds);
+		if (!writerResult.ok) return writerResult;
+		const w = _usingCtx$2.u(writerResult.value);
+		w.setModelScope(project.guid);
+		const elements = model.getAllElements();
+		const relationships = model.getAllRelationships();
+		const walls = model.getWalls();
+		const slabs = model.getSlabs();
+		const beams = model.getBeams();
+		const bridges = model.getBridges();
+		const bridgeParts = model.getBridgeParts();
+		const earthworksFills = model.getEarthworksFills();
+		const columns = model.getColumns();
+		const doors = model.getDoors();
+		const windows = model.getWindows();
+		const proxies = model.getProxies();
+		const spaces = model.getSpaces();
+		const roofs = model.getRoofs();
+		const curtainWalls = model.getCurtainWalls();
+		const footings = model.getFootings();
+		const piles = model.getPiles();
+		const stairs = model.getStairs();
+		const ramps = model.getRamps();
+		const railings = model.getRailings();
+		const coverings = model.getCoverings();
+		const assemblies = model.getElementAssemblies();
+		const zones = model.getZones();
+		const systems = model.getSystems();
+		const preflightedWallsResult = preflightProductBodies(walls);
+		if (!preflightedWallsResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(preflightedWallsResult.error);
+		const preflightedRailingsResult = preflightProductBodies(railings);
+		if (!preflightedRailingsResult.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(preflightedRailingsResult.error);
+		const preflightedWalls = preflightedWallsResult.value;
+		const preflightedRailings = preflightedRailingsResult.value;
+		const { ownerHistoryId, geomContextId, geomSubContextId, unitAssignmentId, lengthUnitId } = writeHeader(w, meta);
+		if (project.spec.crs !== void 0) writeMapConversion(w, project.spec.crs, geomContextId, lengthUnitId);
+		const densityByElement = buildDensityMap(relationships);
+		const idMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		const placementMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		const projectExpressId = writeProject$1(w, project.guid, project.spec.name, ownerHistoryId, unitAssignmentId, geomContextId);
+		idMap.set(project.localId, projectExpressId);
+		for (const el of elements) {
+			if (el.category !== "SITE") continue;
+			const parentId = findParentOf(el.localId, relationships);
+			const parentPlacementId = parentId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentId) ?? null : null;
+			const { entityId, placementId } = writeSite(w, el.guid, el.spec, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
+			idMap.set(el.localId, entityId);
+			placementMap.set(el.localId, placementId);
+		}
+		for (const bridge of bridges) {
+			const parentId = findParentOf(bridge.localId, relationships);
+			const parentPlacementId = parentId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentId) ?? null : null;
+			const { entityId, placementId } = writeBridge(w, bridge.guid, bridge.spec, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
+			idMap.set(bridge.localId, entityId);
+			placementMap.set(bridge.localId, placementId);
+		}
+		const pendingParts = [...bridgeParts];
+		while (pendingParts.length > 0) {
+			const readyIndex = pendingParts.findIndex((candidate) => {
+				const candidateParentId = findParentOf(candidate.localId, relationships);
+				return candidateParentId === null || placementMap.has(candidateParentId);
+			});
+			const [part] = pendingParts.splice(readyIndex === -1 ? 0 : readyIndex, 1);
+			if (part === void 0) break;
+			const parentId = findParentOf(part.localId, relationships);
+			const parentPlacementId = parentId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentId) ?? null : null;
+			const { entityId, placementId } = writeBridgePart(w, part.guid, part.spec, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
+			idMap.set(part.localId, entityId);
+			placementMap.set(part.localId, placementId);
+		}
+		for (const el of elements) {
+			if (el.category !== "BUILDING") continue;
+			const parentSiteId = findParentOf(el.localId, relationships);
+			const parentPlacementId = parentSiteId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentSiteId) ?? null : null;
+			const { entityId, placementId } = writeBuilding(w, el.guid, el.spec.name, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
+			idMap.set(el.localId, entityId);
+			placementMap.set(el.localId, placementId);
+		}
+		for (const el of elements) {
+			if (el.category !== "STOREY") continue;
+			const parentBuildingId = findParentOf(el.localId, relationships);
+			const parentPlacementId = parentBuildingId !== null ? placementMap.get(parentBuildingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { entityId, placementId } = writeStorey(w, el.guid, el.spec.name, el.spec.elevation, ownerHistoryId, parentPlacementId);
+			idMap.set(el.localId, entityId);
+			placementMap.set(el.localId, placementId);
+		}
+		const openingsByWall = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_WALL") continue;
+			const opening = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
+			if (opening === void 0 || opening.category !== "OPENING") continue;
+			if (!isWallOpening(opening.spec)) continue;
+			const list = openingsByWall.get(rel.wallLocalId) ?? [];
+			list.push(opening.spec);
+			openingsByWall.set(rel.wallLocalId, list);
+		}
+		const openingsBySlab = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_SLAB") continue;
+			const opening = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
+			if (opening === void 0 || opening.category !== "OPENING") continue;
+			if (!isSlabOpening(opening.spec)) continue;
+			const list = openingsBySlab.get(rel.slabLocalId) ?? [];
+			list.push(opening.spec);
+			openingsBySlab.set(rel.slabLocalId, list);
+		}
+		for (const [i, preflighted] of preflightedWalls.entries()) {
+			const wall = preflighted.element;
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(wall.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const exactQuantities = preflighted.kind === "EXACT" ? deriveExactWallQuantities({
+				spec: wall.spec,
+				solids: preflighted.solids
+			}) : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = preflighted.kind === "EXACT" ? writeExactBodyGeometry(w, wall.spec, preflighted.items, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId) : writeWallGeometry(w, wall.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const wallExpressId = writeWallEntity(w, wall.guid, `Wall ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(wall.localId, wallExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(wall.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeWallCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec);
+			if (wall.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec.customProperties);
+			if (preflighted.kind === "EXACT") {
+				if (exactQuantities !== null && exactQuantities.ok) writeExactWallBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, exactQuantities.value);
+			} else writeWallBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, wall.spec, openingsByWall.get(wall.localId) ?? [], densityByElement.get(wall.localId));
+		}
+		for (const [i, slab] of slabs.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(slab.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeSlabGeometry(w, slab.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const slabExpressId = writeSlabEntity(w, slab.guid, `Slab ${i + 1}`, slab.spec.predefinedType, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(slab.localId, slabExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(slab.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeSlabCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec);
+			if (slab.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec.customProperties);
+			writeSlabBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, slab.spec, openingsBySlab.get(slab.localId) ?? [], densityByElement.get(slab.localId));
+		}
+		for (const [i, beam] of beams.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(beam.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeBeamGeometry(w, beam.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const beamExpressId = writeBeamEntity(w, beam.guid, `Beam ${i + 1}`, beam.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(beam.localId, beamExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(beam.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeBeamCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec);
+			if (beam.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec.customProperties);
+			writeBeamBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, beamExpressId, beam.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, column] of columns.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(column.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeColumnGeometry(w, column.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const columnExpressId = writeColumnEntity(w, column.guid, `Column ${i + 1}`, column.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(column.localId, columnExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(column.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeColumnCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec);
+			if (column.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec.customProperties);
+			writeColumnBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, columnExpressId, column.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, proxy] of proxies.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(proxy.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeProxyGeometry(w, proxy.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const proxyExpressId = writeProxyEntity(w, proxy.guid, proxy.spec.name || `Proxy ${i + 1}`, proxy.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(proxy.localId, proxyExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(proxy.localId, localPlacementId);
+			if (proxy.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, proxyExpressId, proxy.spec.customProperties);
+		}
+		for (const fill of earthworksFills) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(fill.localId, relationships);
+			const parentPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeTessellatedProductGeometry(w, fill.geometry, geomSubContextId, parentPlacementId);
+			const expressId = writeEarthworksFillEntity(w, fill.guid, fill.spec, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(fill.localId, expressId);
+			placementMap.set(fill.localId, localPlacementId);
+			if (fill.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, expressId, fill.spec.customProperties);
+		}
+		for (const [i, space] of spaces.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(space.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeSpaceGeometry(w, space.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const spaceExpressId = writeSpaceEntity(w, space.guid, space.spec.name || `Space ${i + 1}`, space.spec.longName ?? null, space.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(space.localId, spaceExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(space.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeSpaceCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, space.spec);
+			if (space.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, space.spec.customProperties);
+			writeSpaceBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, space.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, roof] of roofs.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(roof.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId, usedFallback } = writeRoofGeometry(w, roof.spec, roof.geometry, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			if (usedFallback) console.warn(`Roof ${i + 1} tessellation failed; IFC body is a degenerate fallback.`);
+			const roofExpressId = writeRoofEntity(w, roof.guid, `Roof ${i + 1}`, roof.spec.predefinedType, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(roof.localId, roofExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(roof.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeRoofCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec);
+			if (roof.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec.customProperties);
+			writeRoofBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, roofExpressId, roof.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, curtainWall] of curtainWalls.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(curtainWall.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { curtainWallId } = writeCurtainWall(w, curtainWall.spec, curtainWall.geometry, `elem:CURTAIN_WALL:${curtainWall.localId}`, `Curtain Wall ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			idMap.set(curtainWall.localId, curtainWallId);
+			writeCurtainWallCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, curtainWallId, curtainWall.spec);
+			if (curtainWall.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, curtainWallId, curtainWall.spec.customProperties);
+		}
+		for (const [i, footing] of footings.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(footing.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writeFootingGeometry(w, footing.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const footingExpressId = writeFootingEntity(w, footing.guid, `Footing ${i + 1}`, footing.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(footing.localId, footingExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(footing.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeFootingCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, footingExpressId, footing.spec);
+			if (footing.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, footingExpressId, footing.spec.customProperties);
+			writeFootingBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, footingExpressId, footing.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, pile] of piles.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(pile.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId } = writePileGeometry(w, pile.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const pileExpressId = writePileEntity(w, pile.guid, `Pile ${i + 1}`, pile.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", pile.spec.constructionType ?? null, ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(pile.localId, pileExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(pile.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writePileCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, pileExpressId, pile.spec);
+			if (pile.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, pileExpressId, pile.spec.customProperties);
+			writePileBaseQuantities(w, ownerHistoryId, pileExpressId, pile.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, assembly] of assemblies.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(assembly.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const assemblyExpressId = writeElementAssemblyEntity(w, assembly.guid, assembly.spec.name ?? `Assembly ${i + 1}`, assembly.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, storeyPlacementId, null, assembly.spec.assemblyPlace ?? "NOTDEFINED");
+			idMap.set(assembly.localId, assemblyExpressId);
+		}
+		for (const zone of zones) {
+			const zoneExpressId = writeZoneEntity(w, zone.guid, zone.spec.name, zone.spec.longName ?? null, zone.spec.objectType ?? null, ownerHistoryId);
+			idMap.set(zone.localId, zoneExpressId);
+		}
+		for (const system of systems) {
+			const systemExpressId = writeSystemEntity(w, system.guid, system.spec.name, system.spec.longName ?? null, system.spec.objectType ?? null, ownerHistoryId);
+			idMap.set(system.localId, systemExpressId);
+		}
+		for (const stair of stairs) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(stair.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const result = writeStairAssembly(w, stair.spec, `${stair.localId}`, stair.guid, ownerHistoryId, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			if (!result.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(result.error);
+			idMap.set(stair.localId, result.value.assemblyExpressId);
+			writeStairCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, result.value.assemblyExpressId, stair.spec);
+		}
+		for (const ramp of ramps) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(ramp.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const result = writeRampAssembly(w, ramp.spec, `${ramp.localId}`, ramp.guid, ownerHistoryId, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			if (!result.ok) return (0, brepjs.err)(result.error);
+			idMap.set(ramp.localId, result.value.assemblyExpressId);
+			writeRampCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, result.value.assemblyExpressId, ramp.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, preflighted] of preflightedRailings.entries()) {
+			const railing = preflighted.element;
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(railing.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			let representation;
+			let exactBodyItemIds = [];
+			if (preflighted.kind === "EXACT") {
+				const exact = writeExactBodyGeometry(w, railing.spec, preflighted.items, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+				exactBodyItemIds = exact.bodyItemIds;
+				representation = {
+					...exact,
+					bodyItemId: null,
+					usedFallback: false
+				};
+			} else representation = writeRailingGeometry(w, railing.spec, preflighted.solid, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId, bodyItemId, usedFallback } = representation;
+			if (usedFallback) console.warn(`Railing ${i + 1} tessellation failed; IFC body is a degenerate fallback.`);
+			const railingExpressId = writeRailingEntity(w, railing.guid, `Railing ${i + 1}`, railing.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(railing.localId, railingExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(railing.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeRailingCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, railingExpressId, railing.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, railingExpressId, railing.spec);
+			if (railing.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, railingExpressId, railing.spec.customProperties);
+			if (preflighted.kind === "EXACT") for (const itemId of exactBodyItemIds) applySurfaceStyle(w, model, railing.localId, itemId);
+			else if (bodyItemId !== null) applySurfaceStyle(w, model, railing.localId, bodyItemId);
+		}
+		for (const [i, covering] of coverings.entries()) {
+			const containingId = findContainerOf(covering.localId, relationships);
+			const storeyPlacementId = containingId !== null ? placementMap.get(containingId) ?? null : null;
+			const { localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId, bodyItemId } = writeCoveringGeometry(w, covering.spec, geomSubContextId, storeyPlacementId);
+			const coveringExpressId = writeCoveringEntity(w, covering.guid, `Covering ${i + 1}`, covering.spec.predefinedType ?? "NOTDEFINED", ownerHistoryId, localPlacementId, productDefinitionShapeId);
+			idMap.set(covering.localId, coveringExpressId);
+			placementMap.set(covering.localId, localPlacementId);
+			writeCoveringCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, coveringExpressId, covering.spec);
+			writeManufacturerPset(w, ownerHistoryId, coveringExpressId, covering.spec);
+			if (covering.spec.customProperties !== void 0) writeCustomPsets(w, ownerHistoryId, coveringExpressId, covering.spec.customProperties);
+			applySurfaceStyle(w, model, covering.localId, bodyItemId);
+		}
+		const openingPlacementMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		const openingEntityMap = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_WALL") continue;
+			const wallElement = elements.find((el) => el.category === "WALL" && el.localId === rel.wallLocalId);
+			if (wallElement === void 0) continue;
+			const wallExpressId = idMap.get(rel.wallLocalId);
+			const wallPlacementId = placementMap.get(rel.wallLocalId);
+			if (wallExpressId === void 0 || wallPlacementId === void 0) continue;
+			const openingElement = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
+			if (openingElement === void 0 || openingElement.category !== "OPENING") continue;
+			if (!isWallOpening(openingElement.spec)) continue;
+			const { openingEntityId, openingPlacementId } = writeOpeningGeometry(w, openingElement.guid, openingElement.spec, wallElement.spec, wallPlacementId, geomSubContextId, ownerHistoryId);
+			idMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingEntityId);
+			openingPlacementMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingPlacementId);
+			openingEntityMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingEntityId);
+			writeRelVoidsElement(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, wallExpressId, openingEntityId);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "VOIDS_SLAB") continue;
+			const slabElement = elements.find((el) => el.category === "SLAB" && el.localId === rel.slabLocalId);
+			if (slabElement === void 0) continue;
+			const slabExpressId = idMap.get(rel.slabLocalId);
+			const slabPlacementId = placementMap.get(rel.slabLocalId);
+			if (slabExpressId === void 0 || slabPlacementId === void 0) continue;
+			const openingElement = elements.find((el) => el.localId === rel.openingLocalId);
+			if (openingElement === void 0 || openingElement.category !== "OPENING") continue;
+			if (!isSlabOpening(openingElement.spec)) continue;
+			const { openingEntityId } = writeSlabOpeningGeometry(w, openingElement.guid, openingElement.spec, slabElement.spec, slabPlacementId, geomSubContextId, ownerHistoryId);
+			idMap.set(rel.openingLocalId, openingEntityId);
+			writeRelVoidsElement(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, slabExpressId, openingEntityId);
+		}
+		for (const [i, door] of doors.entries()) {
+			const fillsRel = relationships.find((rel) => rel.kind === "FILLS_OPENING" && rel.fillerLocalId === door.localId);
+			if (fillsRel === void 0 || fillsRel.kind !== "FILLS_OPENING") continue;
+			const openingPlacementId = openingPlacementMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
+			const openingEntityId = openingEntityMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
+			if (openingPlacementId === void 0 || openingEntityId === void 0) continue;
+			const doorExpressId = writeDoorEntity(w, door.guid, `Door ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, openingPlacementId, geomSubContextId, toIfcLengthM(door.spec.width), toIfcLengthM(door.spec.height));
+			idMap.set(door.localId, doorExpressId);
+			writeRelFillsElement(w, fillsRel.guid, ownerHistoryId, openingEntityId, doorExpressId);
+			writeDoorCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, doorExpressId, door.spec);
+		}
+		for (const [i, win] of windows.entries()) {
+			const fillsRel = relationships.find((rel) => rel.kind === "FILLS_OPENING" && rel.fillerLocalId === win.localId);
+			if (fillsRel === void 0 || fillsRel.kind !== "FILLS_OPENING") continue;
+			const openingPlacementId = openingPlacementMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
+			const openingEntityId = openingEntityMap.get(fillsRel.openingLocalId);
+			if (openingPlacementId === void 0 || openingEntityId === void 0) continue;
+			const windowExpressId = writeWindowEntity(w, win.guid, `Window ${i + 1}`, ownerHistoryId, openingPlacementId, geomSubContextId, toIfcLengthM(win.spec.width), toIfcLengthM(win.spec.height));
+			idMap.set(win.localId, windowExpressId);
+			writeRelFillsElement(w, fillsRel.guid, ownerHistoryId, openingEntityId, windowExpressId);
+			writeWindowCommonPset(w, ownerHistoryId, windowExpressId, win.spec);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "AGGREGATES") continue;
+			const parentExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingObject);
+			const childExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
+			if (parentExpressId === void 0 || childExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
+			writeRelAggregates(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, parentExpressId, childExpressIds);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "CONTAINED_IN") continue;
+			const structureExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingStructure);
+			const elementExpressIds = rel.relatedElements.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
+			if (structureExpressId === void 0 || elementExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
+			writeRelContainedInSpatialStructure(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, structureExpressId, elementExpressIds);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "SPACE_BOUNDARY") continue;
+			const spaceExpressId = idMap.get(rel.spaceLocalId);
+			const elementExpressId = idMap.get(rel.elementLocalId);
+			if (spaceExpressId === void 0 || elementExpressId === void 0) continue;
+			writeRelSpaceBoundary(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, spaceExpressId, elementExpressId, rel.connectionType);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "NESTS") continue;
+			const parentExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingObject);
+			const childExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
+			if (parentExpressId === void 0 || childExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
+			writeRelNests(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, parentExpressId, childExpressIds);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "COVERS_ELEMENT") continue;
+			const hostExpressId = idMap.get(rel.hostLocalId);
+			const coveringExpressId = idMap.get(rel.coveringLocalId);
+			if (hostExpressId === void 0 || coveringExpressId === void 0) continue;
+			writeRelCoversBldgElements(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, hostExpressId, [coveringExpressId]);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "ASSIGNS_TO_GROUP") continue;
+			const groupExpressId = idMap.get(rel.groupLocalId);
+			const memberExpressIds = rel.memberLocalIds.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
+			if (groupExpressId === void 0 || memberExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
+			writeRelAssignsToGroup(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, groupExpressId, memberExpressIds);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "CONNECTS_ELEMENTS") continue;
+			const relatingExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingElementLocalId);
+			const relatedExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatedElementLocalId);
+			if (relatingExpressId === void 0 || relatedExpressId === void 0) continue;
+			writeRelConnectsElements(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, relatingExpressId, relatedExpressId, rel.description ?? null);
+		}
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "CONNECTS_PATH_ELEMENTS") continue;
+			const relatingExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatingElementLocalId);
+			const relatedExpressId = idMap.get(rel.relatedElementLocalId);
+			if (relatingExpressId === void 0 || relatedExpressId === void 0) continue;
+			writeRelConnectsPathElements(w, rel.guid, ownerHistoryId, relatingExpressId, relatedExpressId, rel.relatingConnectionType, rel.relatedConnectionType, rel.description ?? null);
+		}
+		const bySimpleMaterial = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		const layeredAssociations = [];
+		const categoryById = new Map(elements.map((e) => [e.localId, e.category]));
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "ASSOCIATES_MATERIAL") continue;
+			const objectExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
+			if (objectExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
+			if (rel.materialLayers !== void 0 && rel.materialLayers.length > 0) {
+				const firstObj = rel.relatedObjects[0];
+				const hostCat = firstObj !== void 0 ? categoryById.get(firstObj) : void 0;
+				const direction = hostCat === "SLAB" || hostCat === "ROOF" || hostCat === "COVERING" ? "AXIS3" : "AXIS2";
+				layeredAssociations.push({
+					guid: rel.guid,
+					layerSetName: rel.layerSetName ?? rel.materialName,
+					layers: rel.materialLayers,
+					ids: objectExpressIds,
+					direction
+				});
+				continue;
+			}
+			const existing = bySimpleMaterial.get(rel.materialName);
+			if (existing !== void 0) bySimpleMaterial.set(rel.materialName, {
+				guid: existing.guid,
+				ids: [...existing.ids, ...objectExpressIds]
+			});
+			else bySimpleMaterial.set(rel.materialName, {
+				guid: rel.guid,
+				ids: objectExpressIds
+			});
+		}
+		for (const [materialName, { guid, ids }] of bySimpleMaterial) {
+			if (ids.length === 0) continue;
+			writeMaterialSimple(w, guid, ownerHistoryId, materialName, ids);
+		}
+		for (const assoc of layeredAssociations) writeMaterialLayerSet(w, assoc.guid, ownerHistoryId, {
+			kind: "LAYER_SET",
+			layerSetName: assoc.layerSetName,
+			layers: assoc.layers
+		}, assoc.ids, assoc.direction);
+		const classByKey = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		for (const rel of relationships) {
+			if (rel.kind !== "ASSOCIATES_CLASSIFICATION") continue;
+			const objectExpressIds = rel.relatedObjects.map((id) => idMap.get(id)).filter((id) => id !== void 0);
+			if (objectExpressIds.length === 0) continue;
+			const key = `${rel.ref.system}:${rel.ref.code}`;
+			const entry = classByKey.get(key);
+			if (entry === void 0) classByKey.set(key, {
+				ref: rel.ref,
+				ids: [...objectExpressIds]
+			});
+			else entry.ids.push(...objectExpressIds);
+		}
+		const byClassification = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
+		for (const { ref, ids } of classByKey.values()) byClassification.set(ref, ids);
+		if (byClassification.size > 0) writeClassificationRefs(w, ownerHistoryId, byClassification);
+		writeTypeLayer(w, ownerHistoryId, model, idMap);
+		return w.save();
+	} catch (_) {
+		_usingCtx$2.e = _;
+	} finally {
+		_usingCtx$2.d();
 	}
-	const byClassification = /* @__PURE__ */ new Map();
-	for (const { ref, ids } of classByKey.values()) byClassification.set(ref, ids);
-	if (byClassification.size > 0) writeClassificationRefs(w, ownerHistoryId, byClassification);
-	writeTypeLayer(w, ownerHistoryId, model, idMap);
-	return w.save();
 }
 /**
 * Auto-derives one IfcType per (category, predefinedType) group of occurrences
@@ -13897,7 +14243,6 @@ async function toIfcValidated(model, meta) {
 function collectGeometryIssues(model) {
 	const issues = [];
 	const groups = [
-		["Wall", model.getWalls()],
 		["Slab", model.getSlabs()],
 		["Beam", model.getBeams()],
 		["Column", model.getColumns()],
@@ -13907,13 +14252,19 @@ function collectGeometryIssues(model) {
 		["Roof", model.getRoofs()],
 		["Footing", model.getFootings()],
 		["Pile", model.getPiles()],
-		["Railing", model.getRailings()],
 		["Covering", model.getCoverings()]
 	];
 	for (const [label, elements] of groups) elements.forEach((el, index) => {
 		const report = checkGeometryValidity(el.geometry, `${label} ${index + 1}`);
 		issues.push(...report.issues);
 	});
+	const productGroups = [["Wall", model.getWalls()], ["Railing", model.getRailings()]];
+	for (const [label, elements] of productGroups) elements.forEach((el, index) => {
+		bodySolids(el.geometry).forEach((solid, itemIndex) => {
+			const report = checkGeometryValidity(solid, `${label} ${index + 1} Body item ${itemIndex + 1}`);
+			issues.push(...report.issues);
+		});
+	});
 	model.getRamps().forEach((ramp, index) => {
 		if (ramp.spec.flights.length === 0) return;
 		issues.push(issue("info", "SIMPLIFIED_GEOMETRY", `Ramp ${index + 1} uses simplified inclined-slab flight geometry`));
@@ -29621,6 +29972,7 @@ exports.PSET_PROPERTY_TYPE_TABLE = PSET_PROPERTY_TYPE_TABLE;
 exports.PSET_TEMPLATES = PSET_TEMPLATES;
 exports.SpfReader = SpfReader;
 exports.bcfError = bcfError;
+exports.bodySolids = bodySolids;
 exports.checkGeometryValidity = checkGeometryValidity;
 exports.checkGherkinRules = checkGherkinRules;
 exports.checkIds = checkIdsData;