bmad-plus 0.8.0 → 0.9.1

package/src/bmad-plus/packs/pack-shield/references/ear/license-exceptions.md

@@ -1,207 +1,207 @@
-# EAR License Exceptions — Complete Reference (15 CFR Part 740)
-
-## How License Exceptions Work
-
-A license exception is an authorization in the EAR that allows you to export, reexport, or transfer (in-country) items subject to the EAR **without a license** when the conditions of the exception are met. Using a license exception:
-- Certifies that all terms and conditions of the exception have been met
-- Does **not** apply when: (a) BIS has issued a denial order, (b) the destination is embargoed, (c) a WMD end-use is involved, (d) the party is on the Entity List (unless the exception is expressly permitted)
-
-**Global restrictions on all license exceptions (§ 740.2):**
-- Cannot be used to supply weapons of mass destruction programmes
-- Cannot be used by or to Denied Persons List parties
-- Cannot be used for prohibited end-uses under Part 744
-- Cannot override UN Security Council arms embargoes (Part 746)
-
----
-
-## List-Based License Exceptions
-
-These exceptions are only available when the CCL entry for the specific ECCN expressly authorizes them. Check the CCL entry column "License Exceptions" to see which are available.
-
-### LVS — Shipments of Limited Value (§ 740.3)
-
-**Scope:** Low-value shipments of eligible commodities and software  
-**Condition:** The value of the shipment must not exceed the per-shipment dollar threshold listed in the ECCN entry (typically $500–$5,000 depending on ECCN)  
-**Restrictions:**
-- Not available for items requiring review for nuclear, missile, chemical/biological, or crime control reasons
-- Not available for exports to Country Groups D or E
-- Aggregate annual reporting requirement for some items (§ 743.1)  
-**Recordkeeping:** Retain documentation of the value and ECCN for 5 years  
-**Tip:** The LVS threshold is per-shipment, not per-year. Cannot split shipments to stay under threshold.
-
----
-
-### GBS — Group B Shipments (§ 740.4)
-
-**Scope:** Items controlled **for national security (NS) reasons only** exported to Country Group B countries  
-**Key identifier:** The CCL entry must say "GBS—Yes" in the License Exceptions column  
-**Conditions:**
-- Destination must be Country Group B (listed in Supplement 1, Part 740)
-- Only applies when NS is the **sole** reason for control — if CB, MT, NP, or other reasons also apply, GBS is unavailable
-- Item cannot be destined for a prohibited end-use or restricted party  
-**Common uses:** Dual-use electronics, test equipment, and materials destined for commercial use in allied countries
-
----
-
-### CIV — Civil End-Users (§ 740.5)
-
-**Scope:** NS-only controlled items exported for **civil end-use** to Country Group D:1 countries  
-**Key identifier:** CCL entry must say "CIV—Yes"  
-**Conditions:**
-- End-use must be strictly civil (not military, intelligence, or security services)
-- Exporter must obtain a **written end-user/end-use statement** from the buyer certifying civil use
-- Enhanced due diligence required — actual knowledge or reason to know of military diversion triggers denial  
-**High-risk alert:** China and Russia are Country Group D:1; this exception is narrow and heavily scrutinised by BIS
-
----
-
-### APP — Adjusted Peak Performance Computers (§ 740.7)
-
-**Scope:** Certain computer items (ECCN 4A003) at specified performance levels  
-**Conditions:** Performance (APP, measured in TP) must not exceed the thresholds set in the CCL entry for the destination country group  
-**Tiered thresholds:** APP thresholds differ for Country Groups A, B, and D destinations  
-**Not available for:** Embargoed countries or military end-users
-
----
-
-### TSR — Technology and Software under Restriction (§ 740.6)
-
-**Scope:** Technology and software controlled **for NS reasons only** to Country Group B  
-**Key identifier:** CCL entry must say "TSR—Yes"  
-**Conditions:**
-- Destination is Country Group B
-- Item is technology or software (Product Group D or E)
-- NS is the sole RFC  
-**Common uses:** Exporting software documentation, operating manuals, or technical data to allies/partners in Country Group B
-
----
-
-## Non-List-Based License Exceptions
-
-These exceptions authorize exports **regardless** of whether the CCL entry lists them. They override the CCL for specific categories of transactions.
-
----
-
-### TMP — Temporary Imports/Exports (§ 740.9)
-
-**Scope:** Items exported temporarily from the US and returned without transfer of title or ownership  
-**Conditions:**
-- Item must be returned to the US within **12 months** (or the period specified by BIS)
-- No permanent transfer of the item to the foreign consignee
-- Cannot be used for embargoed countries or restricted parties
-- Covers: trade show demonstrations, testing abroad, tools/equipment used on a project  
-**Documentation required:** Statement that the item is being exported temporarily and will return; must track item and maintain records  
-**Common uses:** R&D equipment for offshore testing, display units at international trade fairs, laptops/equipment carried by travelling employees
-
----
-
-### RPL — Servicing and Replacement Parts (§ 740.10)
-
-**Scope:** Replacement parts, components, and assemblies for items previously legally exported  
-**Conditions:**
-- Original export must have been licensed or authorized
-- One-for-one replacement — the old part must be returned or certified as destroyed
-- Cannot be used for embargoed countries or denied parties
-- Not available for items with proliferation controls (CB, MT, NP) without checking CCL  
-**Common uses:** Exporting replacement circuit boards or components to repair previously exported equipment
-
----
-
-### GOV — Governments (§ 740.11)
-
-**Scope:** Exports to US government agencies, cooperating governments, and certain international organisations  
-**Four paragraphs:**
-- **(a)** Exports for US government agencies (military, intelligence, diplomatic) — broad coverage
-- **(b)** Exports to cooperating governments for legitimate government use — requires government-to-government verification
-- **(c)** Exports for international inspections (Chemical Weapons Convention verification missions)
-- **(d)** Exports for the International Space Station programme  
-**Restrictions:** Must verify the end-user is an actual government entity; diversion to commercial entities voids the exception  
-**High-value exception:** Frequently used by defence contractors and government-facing technology suppliers
-
----
-
-### TSU — Technology and Software Unrestricted (§ 740.13)
-
-**Scope:** Publicly available technology and software  
-**Three paragraphs:**
-- **(a) Mass-market software:** Software available to anyone without restriction (retail/internet)
-- **(b) Publicly available technology:** Information in the public domain — published research, textbooks, technical manuals freely available
-- **(c) Pre-release software:** Beta/evaluation software distributed to developers for feedback  
-**Key rule:** The **fundamental research exclusion** (§ 734.8) removes most university research from EAR jurisdiction entirely — TSU covers the remainder  
-**Important:** Technology that is NOT publicly available cannot use TSU, even if widely shared within a company
-
----
-
-### ENC — Encryption Items (§ 740.17)
-
-**Scope:** Encryption commodities, software, and technology (primarily ECCN 5E002 and 5D002)  
-**Structure:** Three tiers based on encryption strength and market availability:
-- **Tier 1 (§ 740.17(a)):** Mass market encryption (AES-256, standard protocols) — eligible after one-time BIS notification; reexportable to most Country Group B
-- **Tier 2 (§ 740.17(b)(1)):** Source code for mass-market products — one-time BIS notification
-- **Tier 3 (§ 740.17(b)(3)):** Non-standard or proprietary encryption — annual self-classification report  
-**Prior notification required:** File Form BIS-748P-A via SNAP-R before first use  
-**NOT available for:** Cuba, North Korea, Iran, Syria (E:1 countries) for most encryption items  
-**Common uses:** Exporting commercial VPN software, SSL/TLS libraries, encrypted mobile apps, and security products
-
----
-
-### BAG — Baggage (§ 740.14)
-
-**Scope:** Personal items in traveller's baggage or household effects  
-**Conditions:**
-- Items must be for personal use, not for resale or transfer
-- Computer performance limitations apply (laptops within APP thresholds)
-- Personal defence items (shotguns, ammunition) have specific limitations
-- Not available for embargoed countries  
-**Practical note:** Employees travelling with company laptops containing controlled technical data should confirm the laptop falls within BAG conditions; country-specific controls may still apply
-
----
-
-### AVS — Aircraft and Vessels (§ 740.15)
-
-**Scope:** Items exported on aircraft or vessels of non-US registry for use on that aircraft or vessel  
-**Conditions:**
-- Items must be for use aboard the aircraft or vessel (fuel, spare parts, equipment)
-- The vessel/aircraft must be legal and not destined for prohibited parties
-- Specific rules apply for aircraft flying into embargoed country airspace  
-**Common uses:** Aviation parts, marine equipment, aircraft repair kits exported on the vessel they will service
-
----
-
-### ACE — Additional Permissive Reexports (§ 740.16)
-
-**Scope:** Reexports of certain controlled items from Country Group A or B countries  
-**Conditions:** The original export from the US must have been authorized; subsequent reexports within specified country groups may use ACE  
-**Limitation:** Only available for items with NS or AT controls; not for items with proliferation controls
-
----
-
-### GFT — Gift Parcels (§ 740.12)
-
-**Scope:** Gifts sent by individual US citizens/residents to individuals in embargoed countries  
-**Conditions:** Strict value and content limits; not for commercial shipments; recipient must be an individual (not an entity)  
-**Primarily used for:** Cuba — specific limits on food, medicine, personal items
-
----
-
-## License Exception Recordkeeping (§ 762.2)
-
-When using any license exception, retain:
-1. The invoice or order showing the ECCN, description, and value
-2. The license exception symbol used (e.g., "LVS", "ENC")
-3. Any required end-user statement or certification
-4. EEI filing (if required under § 758.1)
-5. Denied party screening records and date of screening
-
-Retention period: **5 years** from date of export (§ 762.6)
-
----
-
-## AES/EEI Filing Requirements (Part 758)
-
-Electronic Export Information (EEI) filing via AES (Automated Export System) is required when:
-- The value of the shipment exceeds **$2,500** per Schedule B number and the destination is outside Canada
-- A BIS license is used (always file regardless of value)
-- Certain license exceptions require filing (check § 758.1 and the specific exception)
-
-Cite the license exception symbol or license number in the EEI filing under the license code field.
+# EAR License Exceptions — Complete Reference (15 CFR Part 740)
+
+## How License Exceptions Work
+
+A license exception is an authorization in the EAR that allows you to export, reexport, or transfer (in-country) items subject to the EAR **without a license** when the conditions of the exception are met. Using a license exception:
+- Certifies that all terms and conditions of the exception have been met
+- Does **not** apply when: (a) BIS has issued a denial order, (b) the destination is embargoed, (c) a WMD end-use is involved, (d) the party is on the Entity List (unless the exception is expressly permitted)
+
+**Global restrictions on all license exceptions (§ 740.2):**
+- Cannot be used to supply weapons of mass destruction programmes
+- Cannot be used by or to Denied Persons List parties
+- Cannot be used for prohibited end-uses under Part 744
+- Cannot override UN Security Council arms embargoes (Part 746)
+
+---
+
+## List-Based License Exceptions
+
+These exceptions are only available when the CCL entry for the specific ECCN expressly authorizes them. Check the CCL entry column "License Exceptions" to see which are available.
+
+### LVS — Shipments of Limited Value (§ 740.3)
+
+**Scope:** Low-value shipments of eligible commodities and software  
+**Condition:** The value of the shipment must not exceed the per-shipment dollar threshold listed in the ECCN entry (typically $500–$5,000 depending on ECCN)  
+**Restrictions:**
+- Not available for items requiring review for nuclear, missile, chemical/biological, or crime control reasons
+- Not available for exports to Country Groups D or E
+- Aggregate annual reporting requirement for some items (§ 743.1)  
+**Recordkeeping:** Retain documentation of the value and ECCN for 5 years  
+**Tip:** The LVS threshold is per-shipment, not per-year. Cannot split shipments to stay under threshold.
+
+---
+
+### GBS — Group B Shipments (§ 740.4)
+
+**Scope:** Items controlled **for national security (NS) reasons only** exported to Country Group B countries  
+**Key identifier:** The CCL entry must say "GBS—Yes" in the License Exceptions column  
+**Conditions:**
+- Destination must be Country Group B (listed in Supplement 1, Part 740)
+- Only applies when NS is the **sole** reason for control — if CB, MT, NP, or other reasons also apply, GBS is unavailable
+- Item cannot be destined for a prohibited end-use or restricted party  
+**Common uses:** Dual-use electronics, test equipment, and materials destined for commercial use in allied countries
+
+---
+
+### CIV — Civil End-Users (§ 740.5)
+
+**Scope:** NS-only controlled items exported for **civil end-use** to Country Group D:1 countries  
+**Key identifier:** CCL entry must say "CIV—Yes"  
+**Conditions:**
+- End-use must be strictly civil (not military, intelligence, or security services)
+- Exporter must obtain a **written end-user/end-use statement** from the buyer certifying civil use
+- Enhanced due diligence required — actual knowledge or reason to know of military diversion triggers denial  
+**High-risk alert:** China and Russia are Country Group D:1; this exception is narrow and heavily scrutinised by BIS
+
+---
+
+### APP — Adjusted Peak Performance Computers (§ 740.7)
+
+**Scope:** Certain computer items (ECCN 4A003) at specified performance levels  
+**Conditions:** Performance (APP, measured in TP) must not exceed the thresholds set in the CCL entry for the destination country group  
+**Tiered thresholds:** APP thresholds differ for Country Groups A, B, and D destinations  
+**Not available for:** Embargoed countries or military end-users
+
+---
+
+### TSR — Technology and Software under Restriction (§ 740.6)
+
+**Scope:** Technology and software controlled **for NS reasons only** to Country Group B  
+**Key identifier:** CCL entry must say "TSR—Yes"  
+**Conditions:**
+- Destination is Country Group B
+- Item is technology or software (Product Group D or E)
+- NS is the sole RFC  
+**Common uses:** Exporting software documentation, operating manuals, or technical data to allies/partners in Country Group B
+
+---
+
+## Non-List-Based License Exceptions
+
+These exceptions authorize exports **regardless** of whether the CCL entry lists them. They override the CCL for specific categories of transactions.
+
+---
+
+### TMP — Temporary Imports/Exports (§ 740.9)
+
+**Scope:** Items exported temporarily from the US and returned without transfer of title or ownership  
+**Conditions:**
+- Item must be returned to the US within **12 months** (or the period specified by BIS)
+- No permanent transfer of the item to the foreign consignee
+- Cannot be used for embargoed countries or restricted parties
+- Covers: trade show demonstrations, testing abroad, tools/equipment used on a project  
+**Documentation required:** Statement that the item is being exported temporarily and will return; must track item and maintain records  
+**Common uses:** R&D equipment for offshore testing, display units at international trade fairs, laptops/equipment carried by travelling employees
+
+---
+
+### RPL — Servicing and Replacement Parts (§ 740.10)
+
+**Scope:** Replacement parts, components, and assemblies for items previously legally exported  
+**Conditions:**
+- Original export must have been licensed or authorized
+- One-for-one replacement — the old part must be returned or certified as destroyed
+- Cannot be used for embargoed countries or denied parties
+- Not available for items with proliferation controls (CB, MT, NP) without checking CCL  
+**Common uses:** Exporting replacement circuit boards or components to repair previously exported equipment
+
+---
+
+### GOV — Governments (§ 740.11)
+
+**Scope:** Exports to US government agencies, cooperating governments, and certain international organisations  
+**Four paragraphs:**
+- **(a)** Exports for US government agencies (military, intelligence, diplomatic) — broad coverage
+- **(b)** Exports to cooperating governments for legitimate government use — requires government-to-government verification
+- **(c)** Exports for international inspections (Chemical Weapons Convention verification missions)
+- **(d)** Exports for the International Space Station programme  
+**Restrictions:** Must verify the end-user is an actual government entity; diversion to commercial entities voids the exception  
+**High-value exception:** Frequently used by defence contractors and government-facing technology suppliers
+
+---
+
+### TSU — Technology and Software Unrestricted (§ 740.13)
+
+**Scope:** Publicly available technology and software  
+**Three paragraphs:**
+- **(a) Mass-market software:** Software available to anyone without restriction (retail/internet)
+- **(b) Publicly available technology:** Information in the public domain — published research, textbooks, technical manuals freely available
+- **(c) Pre-release software:** Beta/evaluation software distributed to developers for feedback  
+**Key rule:** The **fundamental research exclusion** (§ 734.8) removes most university research from EAR jurisdiction entirely — TSU covers the remainder  
+**Important:** Technology that is NOT publicly available cannot use TSU, even if widely shared within a company
+
+---
+
+### ENC — Encryption Items (§ 740.17)
+
+**Scope:** Encryption commodities, software, and technology (primarily ECCN 5E002 and 5D002)  
+**Structure:** Three tiers based on encryption strength and market availability:
+- **Tier 1 (§ 740.17(a)):** Mass market encryption (AES-256, standard protocols) — eligible after one-time BIS notification; reexportable to most Country Group B
+- **Tier 2 (§ 740.17(b)(1)):** Source code for mass-market products — one-time BIS notification
+- **Tier 3 (§ 740.17(b)(3)):** Non-standard or proprietary encryption — annual self-classification report  
+**Prior notification required:** File Form BIS-748P-A via SNAP-R before first use  
+**NOT available for:** Cuba, North Korea, Iran, Syria (E:1 countries) for most encryption items  
+**Common uses:** Exporting commercial VPN software, SSL/TLS libraries, encrypted mobile apps, and security products
+
+---
+
+### BAG — Baggage (§ 740.14)
+
+**Scope:** Personal items in traveller's baggage or household effects  
+**Conditions:**
+- Items must be for personal use, not for resale or transfer
+- Computer performance limitations apply (laptops within APP thresholds)
+- Personal defence items (shotguns, ammunition) have specific limitations
+- Not available for embargoed countries  
+**Practical note:** Employees travelling with company laptops containing controlled technical data should confirm the laptop falls within BAG conditions; country-specific controls may still apply
+
+---
+
+### AVS — Aircraft and Vessels (§ 740.15)
+
+**Scope:** Items exported on aircraft or vessels of non-US registry for use on that aircraft or vessel  
+**Conditions:**
+- Items must be for use aboard the aircraft or vessel (fuel, spare parts, equipment)
+- The vessel/aircraft must be legal and not destined for prohibited parties
+- Specific rules apply for aircraft flying into embargoed country airspace  
+**Common uses:** Aviation parts, marine equipment, aircraft repair kits exported on the vessel they will service
+
+---
+
+### ACE — Additional Permissive Reexports (§ 740.16)
+
+**Scope:** Reexports of certain controlled items from Country Group A or B countries  
+**Conditions:** The original export from the US must have been authorized; subsequent reexports within specified country groups may use ACE  
+**Limitation:** Only available for items with NS or AT controls; not for items with proliferation controls
+
+---
+
+### GFT — Gift Parcels (§ 740.12)
+
+**Scope:** Gifts sent by individual US citizens/residents to individuals in embargoed countries  
+**Conditions:** Strict value and content limits; not for commercial shipments; recipient must be an individual (not an entity)  
+**Primarily used for:** Cuba — specific limits on food, medicine, personal items
+
+---
+
+## License Exception Recordkeeping (§ 762.2)
+
+When using any license exception, retain:
+1. The invoice or order showing the ECCN, description, and value
+2. The license exception symbol used (e.g., "LVS", "ENC")
+3. Any required end-user statement or certification
+4. EEI filing (if required under § 758.1)
+5. Denied party screening records and date of screening
+
+Retention period: **5 years** from date of export (§ 762.6)
+
+---
+
+## AES/EEI Filing Requirements (Part 758)
+
+Electronic Export Information (EEI) filing via AES (Automated Export System) is required when:
+- The value of the shipment exceeds **$2,500** per Schedule B number and the destination is outside Canada
+- A BIS license is used (always file regardless of value)
+- Certain license exceptions require filing (check § 758.1 and the specific exception)
+
+Cite the license exception symbol or license number in the EEI filing under the license code field.