blitz-pdf 0.1.1 → 0.1.2

package/vendor/krilla/src/graphics/shading_function.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,865 @@
+use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::ops::DerefMut;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use bumpalo::Bump;
+use pdf_writer::types::{FunctionShadingType, PostScriptOp};
+use pdf_writer::{Chunk, Finish, Ref};
+use tiny_skia_path::Point;
+
+use crate::chunk_container::ChunkContainer;
+use crate::configure::ValidationError;
+use crate::geom::{Rect, Transform};
+use crate::graphics::color::luma;
+use crate::graphics::color::{Color, ColorSpace};
+use crate::graphics::paint::{LinearGradient, RadialGradient, SweepGradient};
+use crate::graphics::paint::{SpreadMethod, Stop};
+use crate::num::NormalizedF32;
+use crate::resource;
+use crate::resource::Resourceable;
+use crate::serialize::{Cacheable, MaybeDeviceColorSpace, SerializeContext};
+use crate::stream::FilterStreamBuilder;
+use crate::util::set_colorspace;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) enum GradientType {
+    Sweep,
+    Linear,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct RadialAxialGradient {
+    pub(crate) coords: Vec<f32>,
+    pub(crate) shading_type: FunctionShadingType,
+    pub(crate) stops: Vec<Stop>,
+    pub(crate) anti_alias: bool,
+}
+
+impl Eq for RadialAxialGradient {}
+
+impl Hash for RadialAxialGradient {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        for el in &self.coords {
+            el.to_bits().hash(state);
+        }
+
+        self.shading_type.hash(state);
+        self.stops.hash(state);
+        self.anti_alias.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct PostScriptGradient {
+    pub(crate) min: f32,
+    pub(crate) max: f32,
+    // Only used for sweep gradient
+    pub(crate) cx: f32,
+    // Only used for sweep gradient
+    pub(crate) cy: f32,
+    pub(crate) stops: Vec<Stop>,
+    pub(crate) domain: Rect,
+    pub(crate) spread_method: SpreadMethod,
+    pub(crate) gradient_type: GradientType,
+    pub(crate) anti_alias: bool,
+}
+
+impl Eq for PostScriptGradient {}
+
+impl Hash for PostScriptGradient {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.min.to_bits().hash(state);
+        self.max.to_bits().hash(state);
+        self.stops.hash(state);
+        self.domain.hash(state);
+        self.spread_method.hash(state);
+        self.gradient_type.hash(state);
+        self.anti_alias.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum GradientProperties {
+    RadialAxialGradient(RadialAxialGradient),
+    PostScriptGradient(PostScriptGradient),
+}
+
+impl GradientProperties {
+    // Check if the gradient could be encoded as a solid fill instead.
+    pub(crate) fn single_stop_color(&self) -> Option<(&Color, NormalizedF32)> {
+        match self {
+            GradientProperties::RadialAxialGradient(rag) => {
+                if rag.stops.len() == 1 {
+                    return Some((&rag.stops[0].color, rag.stops[0].opacity));
+                }
+            }
+            GradientProperties::PostScriptGradient(psg) => {
+                if psg.stops.len() == 1 {
+                    return Some((&psg.stops[0].color, psg.stops[0].opacity));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait GradientPropertiesExt {
+    fn gradient_properties(self, bbox: Rect) -> (GradientProperties, Transform);
+}
+
+fn get_expanded_bbox(mut bbox: Rect, shading_transform: Transform) -> Rect {
+    // We need to make sure the shading covers the whole bbox of the object after
+    // the transform as been applied. In order to know that, we need to calculate the
+    // resulting bbox from the inverted transform.
+    bbox.expand(&bbox.transform(shading_transform.invert().unwrap()).unwrap());
+    bbox
+}
+
+/// When writing a PostScript shading, we assume that both points are on a horizontal
+/// line. Here, we calculate by how much we need to rotate the second point so that it
+/// is horizontal to the first point, as well as the position of the rotated point.
+fn get_point_ts(start: Point, end: Point) -> (Transform, f32, f32) {
+    let dist = start.distance(end);
+
+    let dx = end.x - start.x;
+    let dy = end.y - start.y;
+    let angle = dy.atan2(dx).to_degrees();
+
+    (
+        Transform::from_rotate_at(angle, start.x, start.y),
+        start.x,
+        start.x + dist,
+    )
+}
+
+impl GradientPropertiesExt for LinearGradient {
+    fn gradient_properties(self, bbox: Rect) -> (GradientProperties, Transform) {
+        if self.spread_method == SpreadMethod::Pad {
+            (
+                GradientProperties::RadialAxialGradient(RadialAxialGradient {
+                    coords: vec![self.x1, self.y1, self.x2, self.y2],
+                    shading_type: FunctionShadingType::Axial,
+                    stops: self.stops,
+                    anti_alias: self.anti_alias,
+                }),
+                self.transform,
+            )
+        } else {
+            let p1 = Point::from_xy(self.x1, self.y1);
+            let p2 = Point::from_xy(self.x2, self.y2);
+
+            let (ts, min, max) = get_point_ts(p1, p2);
+            (
+                GradientProperties::PostScriptGradient(PostScriptGradient {
+                    min,
+                    max,
+                    cx: 0.0,
+                    cy: 0.0,
+                    stops: self.stops,
+                    domain: get_expanded_bbox(bbox, self.transform.pre_concat(ts)),
+                    spread_method: self.spread_method,
+                    gradient_type: GradientType::Linear,
+                    anti_alias: self.anti_alias,
+                }),
+                self.transform.pre_concat(ts),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl GradientPropertiesExt for SweepGradient {
+    fn gradient_properties(self, bbox: Rect) -> (GradientProperties, Transform) {
+        let min = self.start_angle;
+        let max = self.end_angle;
+
+        let transform = self.transform;
+
+        (
+            GradientProperties::PostScriptGradient(PostScriptGradient {
+                min,
+                max,
+                cx: self.cx,
+                cy: self.cy,
+                stops: self.stops,
+                domain: get_expanded_bbox(bbox, transform),
+                spread_method: self.spread_method,
+                gradient_type: GradientType::Sweep,
+                anti_alias: self.anti_alias,
+            }),
+            transform,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl GradientPropertiesExt for RadialGradient {
+    fn gradient_properties(self, _: Rect) -> (GradientProperties, Transform) {
+        // TODO: Support other spread methods
+        (
+            GradientProperties::RadialAxialGradient(RadialAxialGradient {
+                coords: vec![self.fx, self.fy, self.fr, self.cx, self.cy, self.cr],
+                shading_type: FunctionShadingType::Radial,
+                stops: self.stops,
+                anti_alias: self.anti_alias,
+            }),
+            self.transform,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
+struct Repr {
+    pub(crate) properties: GradientProperties,
+    pub(crate) use_opacities: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ShadingFunction(Arc<Repr>);
+
+impl ShadingFunction {
+    pub(crate) fn new(properties: GradientProperties, use_opacities: bool) -> Self {
+        Self(Arc::new(Repr {
+            properties,
+            use_opacities,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Cacheable for ShadingFunction {
+    fn serialize(
+        self,
+        sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+        chunk_container: &mut ChunkContainer,
+        root_ref: Ref,
+    ) {
+        let mut stream_chunk = sc.new_chunk();
+
+        match &self.0.properties {
+            GradientProperties::RadialAxialGradient(rag) => {
+                let shading_cs =
+                    shading_color_space(sc, rag.stops[0].color.clone(), self.0.use_opacities);
+                let registered_cs = sc.register_colorspace(chunk_container, shading_cs);
+                let chunk = &mut chunk_container.non_stream.shading_functions;
+                serialize_axial_radial_shading(
+                    sc,
+                    chunk,
+                    root_ref,
+                    rag,
+                    self.0.use_opacities,
+                    registered_cs,
+                )
+            }
+            GradientProperties::PostScriptGradient(psg) => {
+                sc.register_validation_error(ValidationError::ContainsPostScript(sc.location));
+                let shading_cs =
+                    shading_color_space(sc, psg.stops[0].color.clone(), self.0.use_opacities);
+                let registered_cs = sc.register_colorspace(chunk_container, shading_cs);
+                let chunk = &mut chunk_container.non_stream.shading_functions;
+                serialize_postscript_shading(
+                    sc,
+                    chunk,
+                    &mut stream_chunk,
+                    root_ref,
+                    psg,
+                    self.0.use_opacities,
+                    registered_cs,
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Note: The stream chunk might be empty.
+        chunk_container.streams.shading_functions.push(stream_chunk);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Resourceable for ShadingFunction {
+    type Resource = resource::Shading;
+}
+
+fn shading_color_space(sc: &mut SerializeContext, color: Color, use_opacities: bool) -> ColorSpace {
+    if use_opacities {
+        luma::color_space(sc.serialize_settings().no_device_cs).into()
+    } else {
+        color.color_space(sc)
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_postscript_shading(
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    stream_chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    root_ref: Ref,
+    post_script_gradient: &PostScriptGradient,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+    cs: MaybeDeviceColorSpace,
+) {
+    let domain = post_script_gradient.domain;
+
+    let bump = Bump::new();
+    let function_ref =
+        select_postscript_function(post_script_gradient, stream_chunk, sc, &bump, use_opacities);
+    let mut shading = chunk.function_shading(root_ref);
+    shading.shading_type(FunctionShadingType::Function);
+
+    set_colorspace(cs, shading.deref_mut());
+
+    // Write the identity matrix, because ghostscript has a bug where
+    // it thinks the entry is mandatory.
+    shading.matrix([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+    shading.anti_alias(post_script_gradient.anti_alias);
+    shading.function(function_ref);
+
+    shading.domain([domain.left(), domain.right(), domain.top(), domain.bottom()]);
+    shading.finish();
+}
+
+fn serialize_axial_radial_shading(
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    root_ref: Ref,
+    radial_axial_gradient: &RadialAxialGradient,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+    cs: MaybeDeviceColorSpace,
+) {
+    let function_ref =
+        select_axial_radial_function(radial_axial_gradient, chunk, sc, use_opacities);
+    let mut shading = chunk.function_shading(root_ref);
+    if radial_axial_gradient.shading_type == FunctionShadingType::Radial {
+        shading.shading_type(FunctionShadingType::Radial);
+    } else {
+        shading.shading_type(FunctionShadingType::Axial);
+    }
+
+    set_colorspace(cs, shading.deref_mut());
+
+    shading.anti_alias(radial_axial_gradient.anti_alias);
+    shading.function(function_ref);
+    shading.coords(radial_axial_gradient.coords.iter().copied());
+    shading.extend([true, true]);
+    shading.finish();
+}
+
+fn select_axial_radial_function(
+    properties: &RadialAxialGradient,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) -> Ref {
+    debug_assert!(properties.stops.len() > 1);
+
+    let mut stops = properties.stops.clone();
+
+    if let Some(first) = stops.first() {
+        if first.offset.get() != 0.0 {
+            let mut new_stop = first.clone();
+            new_stop.offset = NormalizedF32::ZERO;
+            stops.insert(0, new_stop);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(last) = stops.last() {
+        if last.offset.get() != 1.0 {
+            let mut new_stop = last.clone();
+            new_stop.offset = NormalizedF32::ONE;
+            stops.push(new_stop);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if stops.len() == 2 {
+        if use_opacities {
+            serialize_exponential(
+                vec![stops[0].opacity.get()],
+                vec![stops[1].opacity.get()],
+                chunk,
+                sc,
+            )
+        } else {
+            serialize_exponential(
+                stops[0]
+                    .color
+                    .to_pdf_color()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                stops[1]
+                    .color
+                    .to_pdf_color()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                chunk,
+                sc,
+            )
+        }
+    } else {
+        serialize_stitching(&stops, chunk, sc, use_opacities)
+    }
+}
+
+fn select_postscript_function(
+    properties: &PostScriptGradient,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    bump: &Bump,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) -> Ref {
+    debug_assert!(properties.stops.len() > 1);
+
+    if properties.gradient_type == GradientType::Linear {
+        serialize_linear_postscript(properties, chunk, sc, use_opacities)
+    } else if properties.gradient_type == GradientType::Sweep {
+        serialize_sweep_postscript(properties, chunk, sc, bump, use_opacities)
+    } else {
+        todo!();
+    }
+}
+
+// Not working yet
+// fn serialize_radial_postscript(
+//     properties: &GradientProperties,
+//     sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+//     bbox: &Rect,
+// ) -> Ref {
+// let root_ref = sc.new_ref();
+//
+// let start_code = [
+//     "{".to_string(),
+//     // Stack: x y
+//     "80 exch 80 sub dup mul 3 1 roll sub dup mul add sqrt 120 div 0 0".to_string(),
+// ];
+//
+// let end_code = ["}".to_string()];
+//
+// let mut code = Vec::new();
+// code.extend(start_code);
+// // code.push(encode_spread_method(min, max, properties.spread_method));
+// // code.push(encode_stops(&properties.stops, min, max));
+// code.extend(end_code);
+//
+// let code = code.join(" ").into_bytes();
+// let mut postscript_function = sc.chunk_mut().post_script_function(root_ref, &code);
+// postscript_function.domain([bbox.left(), bbox.right(), bbox.top(), bbox.bottom()]);
+// postscript_function.range([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+//
+// root_ref
+// }
+
+fn serialize_sweep_postscript(
+    properties: &PostScriptGradient,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    bump: &Bump,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) -> Ref {
+    use pdf_writer::types::PostScriptOp::*;
+
+    let root_ref = sc.new_ref();
+
+    let min: f32 = properties.min;
+    let max: f32 = properties.max;
+
+    let mut code = vec![];
+    code.extend([
+        // Stack: x y
+        // Shift by cy, so gradient actually starts from the center
+        Real(properties.cy),
+        Sub,
+        Exch,
+        // y x
+        // Shift by cx, so gradient actually starts from the center
+        Real(properties.cx),
+        Sub,
+        // Make sure x is never 0.
+        Dup,
+        Dup,
+        Real(0.0001),
+        Lt,
+        Exch,
+        Real(-0.0001),
+        Gt,
+        And,
+        If(bump.alloc([Pop, Real(0.0001)])),
+        // Get the angle
+        Atan,
+    ]);
+
+    encode_spread_method(min, max, &mut code, bump, properties.spread_method);
+    encode_postscript_stops(&properties.stops, min, max, &mut code, bump, use_opacities);
+
+    let encoded = PostScriptOp::encode(&code);
+    sc.register_limits(encoded.limits());
+    let encoded = FilterStreamBuilder::new_from_content_stream(&encoded, &sc.serialize_settings())
+        .finish(&sc.serialize_settings());
+    let mut postscript_function = chunk.post_script_function(root_ref, encoded.encoded_data());
+    encoded.write_filters(postscript_function.deref_mut().deref_mut());
+    postscript_function.domain([
+        properties.domain.left(),
+        properties.domain.right(),
+        properties.domain.top(),
+        properties.domain.bottom(),
+    ]);
+
+    if use_opacities {
+        postscript_function.range([0.0, 1.0]);
+    } else {
+        postscript_function.range([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    }
+
+    root_ref
+}
+
+const MAX_POSTSCRIPT_STOPS: usize = 97;
+
+fn trim_stops(stops: &[Stop]) -> Vec<Stop> {
+    let len = stops.len();
+    let factor = len as f32 / MAX_POSTSCRIPT_STOPS as f32;
+    let mut cur_index: f32 = 0.0;
+
+    let get_index = |i: f32| i.round() as usize;
+
+    let mut new_stops = vec![];
+
+    while get_index(cur_index) < stops.len() {
+        new_stops.push(stops[get_index(cur_index)].clone());
+        cur_index += factor;
+    }
+
+    new_stops
+}
+
+fn serialize_linear_postscript(
+    properties: &PostScriptGradient,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) -> Ref {
+    use pdf_writer::types::PostScriptOp::*;
+
+    let bump = Bump::new();
+    let root_ref = sc.new_ref();
+
+    let min: f32 = properties.min;
+    let max: f32 = properties.max;
+
+    let mut code = vec![];
+    code.extend([
+        // Stack: x y
+        // Ignore the y coordinate. We account for it in the gradient transform.
+        Pop,
+        // x
+    ]);
+
+    encode_spread_method(min, max, &mut code, &bump, properties.spread_method);
+    encode_postscript_stops(&properties.stops, min, max, &mut code, &bump, use_opacities);
+
+    let encoded = PostScriptOp::encode(&code);
+    sc.register_limits(encoded.limits());
+    let encoded = FilterStreamBuilder::new_from_content_stream(&encoded, &sc.serialize_settings())
+        .finish(&sc.serialize_settings());
+    let mut postscript_function = chunk.post_script_function(root_ref, encoded.encoded_data());
+    encoded.write_filters(postscript_function.deref_mut().deref_mut());
+    postscript_function.domain([
+        properties.domain.left(),
+        properties.domain.right(),
+        properties.domain.top(),
+        properties.domain.bottom(),
+    ]);
+
+    if use_opacities {
+        postscript_function.range([0.0, 1.0]);
+    } else {
+        postscript_function.range([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    }
+
+    root_ref
+}
+
+/// Postscript code that, given an arbitrary x coordinate, normalizes it to an x coordinate
+/// between min and max that yields the correct color, depending on the spread mode. In the case
+/// of the `Pad` spread methods, the coordinate will not be normalized since the Postscript functions
+/// assign the correct value by default.
+fn encode_spread_method<'a>(
+    min: f32,
+    max: f32,
+    code: &mut Vec<PostScriptOp<'a>>,
+    bump: &'a Bump,
+    spread_method: SpreadMethod,
+) {
+    use pdf_writer::types::PostScriptOp::*;
+
+    if spread_method == SpreadMethod::Pad {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let length = max - min;
+
+    code.extend([
+        // We do the following:
+        // 1. Normalize by doing n = x - min.
+        // 2. Calculate the "interval" we are in by doing i = floor(n / length)
+        // 3. Calculate the offset by doing o = n - i * length
+        // 4. If the spread method is repeat, we additionally calculate o = length - 0 if i % 2 == 1
+        // 5. Calculate the final value with x_new = min + o.
+
+        // Current stack:
+        // x
+        Real(length),
+        Real(min),
+        // x length min
+        Integer(2),
+        Index,
+        // x length min x
+        Integer(1),
+        Index,
+        // x length min x min
+        Sub,
+        // x length min n
+        Dup,
+        // x length min n n
+        Integer(3),
+        Index,
+        // x length min n n length
+        Div,
+        // x length min n {n/length}
+        Floor,
+        // x length min n i
+        Exch,
+        // x length min i n
+        Integer(1),
+        Index,
+        // x length min i n i
+        Integer(4),
+        Index,
+        // x length min i n i length
+        Mul,
+        // x length min i n {i * length}
+        Sub,
+        // x length min i o
+        Exch,
+        // x length min o i
+        Cvi,
+        Abs,
+        // x length min o abs(i)
+        Integer(2),
+        Mod,
+        // x length min o {abs(i) % 2}
+        // See https://github.com/google/skia/blob/645b77ce61449951cb9f3cf754b47d4977b68e1a/src/pdf/SkPDFGradientShader.cpp#L402-L408
+        // for why we check > 0 instead of == 1.
+        Integer(0),
+        Gt,
+        // x length min o {(abs(i) % 2) > 0}
+        if spread_method == SpreadMethod::Reflect {
+            If(bump.alloc([Integer(2), Index, Exch, Sub]))
+        } else {
+            Pop
+        },
+        // x length min o
+        Add,
+        // x length x_new
+        Integer(3),
+        Integer(1),
+        Roll,
+        // x_new x length
+        Pop,
+        Pop,
+        // x_new
+    ]);
+}
+
+/// Postscript code that, given an x coordinate between the min and max
+/// of a gradient, returns the interpolated color value depending on where it
+/// lies within the stops.
+fn encode_postscript_stops<'a>(
+    stops: &[Stop],
+    min: f32,
+    max: f32,
+    code: &mut Vec<PostScriptOp<'a>>,
+    bump: &'a Bump,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) {
+    // Our algorithm requires the stops to be padded.
+    let mut stops = stops.to_vec();
+
+    // Most viewers have a nesting depth on how many `elseif` can be nested (100 for mupdf,
+    // 128 for Chrome and 256 for Acrobat), so we trim the stops if they are too large.
+    // this is of course a bit unfortunate, but it should be pretty rare to have that many
+    // stops, and if we do, the stops are most likely going to be very similar, so it's
+    // safe to just sample from in-between.
+    if stops.len() > MAX_POSTSCRIPT_STOPS {
+        stops = trim_stops(&stops);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(first) = stops.first() {
+        let mut first = first.clone();
+        first.offset = NormalizedF32::ZERO;
+        stops.insert(0, first);
+    }
+
+    if let Some(last) = stops.last() {
+        let mut last = last.clone();
+        last.offset = NormalizedF32::ONE;
+        stops.push(last);
+    }
+
+    encode_stops_impl(&stops, min, max, code, bump, use_opacities);
+}
+
+fn encode_stops_impl<'a>(
+    stops: &[Stop],
+    min: f32,
+    max: f32,
+    code: &mut Vec<PostScriptOp<'a>>,
+    bump: &'a Bump,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) {
+    use pdf_writer::types::PostScriptOp::*;
+
+    let encode_two_stops =
+        |c0: &[f32], c1: &[f32], min: f32, max: f32, code: &mut Vec<PostScriptOp>| {
+            if min == max {
+                code.push(Pop);
+                code.extend(c0.iter().map(|n| Real(*n)));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Sanity check that both stops have the same number of components.
+            assert_eq!(
+                c0.len(),
+                c1.len(),
+                "cannot create gradient with stops from different color spaces"
+            );
+
+            // Normalize the x coordinate to be between 0 and 1.
+            code.extend([Real(min), Sub, Real(max), Real(min), Sub, Div]);
+
+            for i in 0..c0.len() {
+                // Interpolate each color component c0 + x_norm * (x1 - c0).
+                code.extend([
+                    Integer(i as i32),
+                    Index,
+                    Real(c0[i]),
+                    Exch,
+                    Real(c1[i]),
+                    Real(c0[i]),
+                    Sub,
+                    Mul,
+                    Add,
+                ]);
+                // x_norm, c0, c1, ...
+            }
+            // Remove x_norm from the stack.
+            code.extend([Integer((c0.len() + 1) as i32), Integer(-1), Roll, Pop]);
+            // c0, c1, c2, ...
+        };
+
+    if stops.len() == 1 {
+        if use_opacities {
+            code.push(Real(stops[0].opacity.get()));
+        } else {
+            code.extend(stops[0].color.to_pdf_color().into_iter().map(Real));
+        }
+    } else {
+        let length = max - min;
+        let stops_min = min + length * stops[0].offset.get();
+        let stops_max = min + length * stops[1].offset.get();
+        // Write the if conditions to find the corresponding set of two stops.
+
+        let if_stops = bump.alloc(vec![]);
+        if use_opacities {
+            encode_two_stops(
+                &[stops[0].opacity.get()],
+                &[stops[1].opacity.get()],
+                stops_min,
+                stops_max,
+                if_stops,
+            )
+        } else {
+            encode_two_stops(
+                &stops[0]
+                    .color
+                    .to_pdf_color()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                &stops[1]
+                    .color
+                    .to_pdf_color()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                stops_min,
+                stops_max,
+                if_stops,
+            )
+        };
+        let else_stops = bump.alloc(vec![]);
+        encode_stops_impl(&stops[1..], min, max, else_stops, bump, use_opacities);
+
+        code.extend([Dup, Real(stops_max), Le, IfElse(if_stops, else_stops)]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_stitching(
+    stops: &[Stop],
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+    use_opacities: bool,
+) -> Ref {
+    let root_ref = sc.new_ref();
+    let mut functions = vec![];
+    let mut bounds = vec![];
+    let mut encode = vec![];
+    let mut count = 0;
+
+    for window in stops.windows(2) {
+        let (first, second) = (&window[0], &window[1]);
+        bounds.push(second.offset.get());
+
+        let (c0_components, c1_components) = if use_opacities {
+            (vec![first.opacity.get()], vec![second.opacity.get()])
+        } else {
+            (
+                first.color.to_pdf_color().into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                second.color.to_pdf_color().into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        count = c0_components.len();
+
+        let exp_ref = serialize_exponential(c0_components, c1_components, chunk, sc);
+
+        functions.push(exp_ref);
+        encode.extend([0.0, 1.0]);
+    }
+
+    bounds.pop();
+    let mut stitching_function = chunk.stitching_function(root_ref);
+    stitching_function.domain([0.0, 1.0]);
+    stitching_function.range([0.0, 1.0].repeat(count));
+    stitching_function.functions(functions);
+    stitching_function.bounds(bounds);
+    stitching_function.encode(encode);
+
+    root_ref
+}
+
+fn serialize_exponential(
+    c0: Vec<f32>,
+    c1: Vec<f32>,
+    chunk: &mut Chunk,
+    sc: &mut SerializeContext,
+) -> Ref {
+    let root_ref = sc.new_ref();
+    assert_eq!(
+        c0.len(),
+        c1.len(),
+        "cannot create gradient with stops from different color spaces"
+    );
+    let num_components = c0.len();
+
+    let mut exp = chunk.exponential_function(root_ref);
+
+    exp.range([0.0, 1.0].repeat(num_components));
+    exp.c0(c0);
+    exp.c1(c1);
+    exp.domain([0.0, 1.0]);
+    exp.n(1.0);
+    exp.finish();
+    root_ref
+}