bitwrench 2.0.17 → 2.0.19

package/dist/bitwrench-lean.cjs.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*! bitwrench-lean v2.0.17 | BSD-2-Clause | https://deftio.github.com/bitwrench/pages */
+/*! bitwrench-lean v2.0.19 | BSD-2-Clause | https://deftio.github.com/bitwrench/pages */
 'use strict';
 
 var _documentCurrentScript = typeof document !== 'undefined' ? document.currentScript : null;
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ var _documentCurrentScript = typeof document !== 'undefined' ? document.currentS
  */
 
 const VERSION_INFO = {
-  version: '2.0.17',
+  version: '2.0.19',
   name: 'bitwrench',
   description: 'A library for javascript UI functions.',
   license: 'BSD-2-Clause',
   homepage: 'https://deftio.github.com/bitwrench/pages',
   repository: 'git+https://github.com/deftio/bitwrench.git',
   author: 'manu a. chatterjee <deftio@deftio.com> (https://deftio.com/)',
-  buildDate: '2026-03-13T23:15:10.823Z'
+  buildDate: '2026-03-22T19:09:32.608Z'
 };
 
 /**
@@ -309,13 +309,18 @@ function harmonize(sourceHex, targetHex, amount) {
  */
 function deriveShades(hex) {
   var rgb = colorParse(hex);
+  // For light input colors (L > 75), mixing toward white produces invisible borders.
+  // Darken instead so borders remain visible against light backgrounds.
+  var borderColor = hexToHsl(hex)[2] > 75
+    ? adjustLightness(hex, -18)
+    : mixColor(hex, '#ffffff', 0.60);
   return {
     base: hex,
     hover: adjustLightness(hex, -10),
     active: adjustLightness(hex, -15),
     light: mixColor(hex, '#ffffff', 0.85),
     darkText: adjustLightness(hex, -40),
-    border: mixColor(hex, '#ffffff', 0.60),
+    border: borderColor,
     focus: 'rgba(' + rgb[0] + ',' + rgb[1] + ',' + rgb[2] + ',0.25)',
     textOn: textOnColor(hex)
   };
@@ -374,19 +379,27 @@ function deriveAlternateConfig(config) {
   alt.secondary = deriveAlternateSeed(config.secondary);
   alt.tertiary = config.tertiary ? deriveAlternateSeed(config.tertiary) : alt.primary;
 
-  // Derive alternate surface colors from primary hue
+  // Derive alternate surface colors from primary hue.
+  // Check actual page surface brightness (not seed color brightness) to decide
+  // whether alternate should be dark or light.  The page surface is what the
+  // user sees; seeds can be dark while the page is still light (default L=96).
   var priHsl = hexToHsl(config.primary);
   var h = priHsl[0];
-  var isLight = isLightPalette(config);
+  var primarySurface = config.surface || hslToHex([h, 8, 96]);
+  var isLight = relativeLuminance(primarySurface) > 0.179;
 
   if (isLight) {
-    // Primary is light → alternate needs dark surfaces
+    // Page surface is light → alternate needs dark surfaces
     alt.light = hslToHex([h, Math.min(priHsl[1], 15), 15]);
     alt.dark = hslToHex([h, 5, 88]);
+    alt.surface = hslToHex([h, 12, 18]);
+    alt.background = hslToHex([h, 10, 14]);
   } else {
-    // Primary is dark → alternate needs light surfaces
+    // Page surface is dark → alternate needs light surfaces
     alt.light = hslToHex([h, Math.min(priHsl[1], 10), 96]);
     alt.dark = hslToHex([h, 10, 18]);
+    alt.surface = hslToHex([h, 8, 96]);
+    alt.background = hslToHex([h, 6, 98]);
   }
 
   // Semantic colors: harmonize toward primary, then invert for alternate
@@ -434,10 +447,18 @@ function derivePalette(config) {
   var darkBase  = config.dark  || hslToHex([h, 10, 13]);
 
   // Background & surface tokens — tinted with primary hue for theme personality.
-  // Very subtle: bg at L=98/S=6, surface at L=96/S=8.
+  // Saturation high enough that the hue is visible (each theme feels distinct)
+  // but low enough to stay neutral and readable.
   // User can override with config.background / config.surface.
-  var bgBase = config.background || hslToHex([h, 6, 98]);
-  var surfBase = config.surface || hslToHex([h, 8, 96]);
+  var bgBase = config.background || hslToHex([h, 22, 96]);
+  var surfBase = config.surface || hslToHex([h, 25, 94]);
+
+  // surfaceAlt: subtle background variant for striped rows, hover states, headers.
+  // Slightly lighter than surface in dark mode, slightly darker in light mode.
+  var surfHsl = hexToHsl(surfBase);
+  var surfAlt = surfHsl[2] <= 50
+    ? hslToHex([surfHsl[0], surfHsl[1], Math.min(surfHsl[2] + 8, 100)])
+    : hslToHex([surfHsl[0], surfHsl[1], Math.max(surfHsl[2] - 3, 0)]);
 
   var palette = {
     primary:    deriveShades(config.primary),
@@ -450,7 +471,8 @@ function derivePalette(config) {
     light:      deriveShades(lightBase),
     dark:       deriveShades(darkBase),
     background: bgBase,
-    surface:    surfBase
+    surface:    surfBase,
+    surfaceAlt: surfAlt
   };
 
   return palette;
@@ -497,10 +519,12 @@ var SPACING_SCALE = {
   5: '1.5rem',    // 24px
   6: '2rem'};
 
+let _S=SPACING_SCALE;
+
 var SPACING_PRESETS = {
-  compact:  { btn: SPACING_SCALE[1] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[3],  card: SPACING_SCALE[3] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[4], alert: SPACING_SCALE[2] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[4], cell: SPACING_SCALE[2] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[3], input: SPACING_SCALE[1] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[3] },
-  normal:   { btn: SPACING_SCALE[2] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[4],  card: SPACING_SCALE[5] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[5], alert: SPACING_SCALE[3] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[5], cell: SPACING_SCALE[3] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[4], input: SPACING_SCALE[2] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[3] },
-  spacious: { btn: SPACING_SCALE[3] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[5],  card: SPACING_SCALE[6] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[6], alert: SPACING_SCALE[4] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[5], cell: SPACING_SCALE[4] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[5], input: SPACING_SCALE[3] + ' ' + SPACING_SCALE[4] }
+  compact:  { btn: _S[1] + ' ' + _S[3],  card: _S[3] + ' ' + _S[4], alert: _S[2] + ' ' + _S[4], cell: _S[2] + ' ' + _S[3], input: _S[1] + ' ' + _S[3] },
+  normal:   { btn: _S[2] + ' ' + _S[4],  card: _S[5] + ' ' + _S[5], alert: _S[3] + ' ' + _S[5], cell: _S[3] + ' ' + _S[4], input: _S[2] + ' ' + _S[3] },
+  spacious: { btn: _S[3] + ' ' + _S[5],  card: _S[6] + ' ' + _S[6], alert: _S[4] + ' ' + _S[5], cell: _S[4] + ' ' + _S[5], input: _S[3] + ' ' + _S[4] }
 };
 
 var RADIUS_PRESETS = {
@@ -612,20 +636,14 @@ var DEFAULT_PALETTE_CONFIG = {
  * Built-in theme presets — named color combinations
  * Each preset provides primary, secondary, and tertiary seed colors.
  */
-var THEME_PRESETS = {
-  teal:     { primary: '#006666', secondary: '#6c757d', tertiary: '#006666' },
-  ocean:    { primary: '#0077b6', secondary: '#90e0ef', tertiary: '#00b4d8' },
-  sunset:   { primary: '#e76f51', secondary: '#264653', tertiary: '#e9c46a' },
-  forest:   { primary: '#2d6a4f', secondary: '#95d5b2', tertiary: '#52b788' },
-  slate:    { primary: '#343a40', secondary: '#adb5bd', tertiary: '#6c757d' },
-  rose:     { primary: '#e11d48', secondary: '#fda4af', tertiary: '#fb7185' },
-  indigo:   { primary: '#4f46e5', secondary: '#a5b4fc', tertiary: '#818cf8' },
-  amber:    { primary: '#d97706', secondary: '#fbbf24', tertiary: '#f59e0b' },
-  emerald:  { primary: '#059669', secondary: '#6ee7b7', tertiary: '#34d399' },
-  nord:     { primary: '#5e81ac', secondary: '#88c0d0', tertiary: '#81a1c1' },
-  coral:    { primary: '#ef6461', secondary: '#4a7c7e', tertiary: '#e8a87c' },
-  midnight: { primary: '#1e3a5f', secondary: '#7c8db5', tertiary: '#3d5a80' }
-};
+var THEME_PRESETS = Object.fromEntries([
+  ['teal','#006666','#6c757d','#006666'],['ocean','#0077b6','#90e0ef','#00b4d8'],
+  ['sunset','#e76f51','#264653','#e9c46a'],['forest','#2d6a4f','#95d5b2','#52b788'],
+  ['slate','#343a40','#adb5bd','#6c757d'],['rose','#e11d48','#fda4af','#fb7185'],
+  ['indigo','#4f46e5','#a5b4fc','#818cf8'],['amber','#d97706','#fbbf24','#f59e0b'],
+  ['emerald','#059669','#6ee7b7','#34d399'],['nord','#5e81ac','#88c0d0','#81a1c1'],
+  ['coral','#ef6461','#4a7c7e','#e8a87c'],['midnight','#1e3a5f','#7c8db5','#3d5a80']
+].map(function(e) { return [e[0], {primary:e[1],secondary:e[2],tertiary:e[3]}]; }));
 
 /**
  * Resolve layout config to spacing, radius, typeScale, elevation, and motion objects.
@@ -672,6 +690,7 @@ function scopeSelector(name, sel) {
   if (sel.includes(',')) return sel.split(',').map(function(s) { return '.' + name + ' ' + s.trim(); }).join(', ');
   return '.' + name + ' ' + sel;
 }
+var _sx=scopeSelector;
 
 // =========================================================================
 // Themed CSS generators
@@ -680,12 +699,12 @@ function scopeSelector(name, sel) {
 function generateTypographyThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var mot = layout.motion;
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, 'a')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, 'a')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.base,
     'text-decoration': 'none',
     'transition': 'color ' + mot.fast + ' ' + mot.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, 'a:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, 'a:hover')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.hover,
     'text-decoration': 'underline'
   };
@@ -698,11 +717,11 @@ function generateButtons(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rd = layout.radius;
 
   // Base button (only when scoped — unscoped uses defaultStyles)
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_btn')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_btn')] = {
     'padding': sp.btn,
     'border-radius': rd.btn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_btn:focus-visible')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_btn:focus-visible')] = {
     'outline': '2px solid currentColor',
     'outline-offset': '2px',
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 3px ' + palette.primary.focus
@@ -711,12 +730,12 @@ function generateButtons(scope, palette, layout) {
   // Variant colors handled by palette class on component root
 
   // Size variants (structural, reuse layout radius)
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_btn_lg')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_btn_lg')] = {
     'padding': '0.625rem 1.5rem',
     'font-size': '1rem',
     'border-radius': rd.btn === '50rem' ? '50rem' : (parseInt(rd.btn) + 2) + 'px'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_btn_sm')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_btn_sm')] = {
     'padding': '0.25rem 0.75rem',
     'font-size': '0.8125rem',
     'border-radius': rd.btn === '50rem' ? '50rem' : (Math.max(parseInt(rd.btn) - 1, 0)) + 'px'
@@ -730,7 +749,7 @@ function generateAlerts(scope, palette, layout) {
   var sp = layout.spacing;
   var rd = layout.radius;
 
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_alert')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_alert')] = {
     'padding': sp.alert,
     'border-radius': rd.alert
   };
@@ -749,36 +768,36 @@ function generateCards(scope, palette, layout) {
 
   var elev = layout.elevation;
   var motion = layout.motion;
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card')] = {
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border,
     'border-radius': rd.card,
     'box-shadow': elev.sm,
     'transition': 'box-shadow ' + motion.normal + ' ' + motion.easing + ', transform ' + motion.normal + ' ' + motion.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card:hover')] = {
     'box-shadow': elev.md
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card_hoverable:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card_hoverable:hover')] = {
     'box-shadow': elev.lg
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card_body')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card_body')] = {
     'padding': sp.card
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card_header')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card_header')] = {
     'padding': sp.card.split(' ').map(function(v) { return (parseFloat(v) * 0.7).toFixed(3).replace(/\.?0+$/, '') + 'rem'; }).join(' '),
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'border-bottom': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card_footer')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card_footer')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'border-top': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border,
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card_title')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card_title')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card_subtitle')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card_subtitle')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
 
@@ -792,55 +811,55 @@ function generateForms(scope, palette, layout) {
   var sp = layout.spacing;
   var rd = layout.radius;
 
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control')] = {
     'padding': sp.input,
     'border-radius': rd.input,
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control:focus')] = {
     'border-color': palette.primary.border,
     'outline': '2px solid ' + palette.primary.base,
     'outline-offset': '-1px',
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.25rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control::placeholder')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control::placeholder')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_label')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_label')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_text')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_text')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_check_input:checked')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_check_input:checked')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'border-color': palette.primary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_check_input:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_check_input:focus')] = {
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.25rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
   // Validation states
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_valid')] = { 'border-color': palette.success.base };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_valid:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_valid')] = { 'border-color': palette.success.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_valid:focus')] = {
     'border-color': palette.success.base,
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.2rem ' + palette.success.focus
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_invalid')] = { 'border-color': palette.danger.base };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_invalid:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_invalid')] = { 'border-color': palette.danger.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_control.bw_is_invalid:focus')] = {
     'border-color': palette.danger.base,
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.2rem ' + palette.danger.focus
   };
   // Form select
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_select')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_select')] = {
     'padding': sp.input,
     'border-radius': rd.input,
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_select:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_select:focus')] = {
     'border-color': palette.primary.border,
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.25rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
@@ -848,43 +867,46 @@ function generateForms(scope, palette, layout) {
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateNavigation(scope, palette) {
+function generateNavigation(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_brand')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_brand')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_nav .bw_nav_link')] = {
-    'color': palette.secondary.base
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_nav .bw_nav_link')] = {
+    'color': palette.secondary.base,
+    'border-radius': layout.radius.btn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_nav .bw_nav_link:hover')] = {
-    'color': palette.dark.base
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_nav .bw_nav_link:hover')] = {
+    'color': palette.dark.base,
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_nav .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_nav .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.base,
-    'background-color': palette.primary.focus
+    'background-color': palette.primary.focus,
+    'font-weight': '600'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark')] = {
     'background-color': palette.dark.base,
     'border-bottom-color': palette.dark.hover
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_navbar_brand')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_navbar_brand')] = {
     'color': palette.light.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_nav_link')] = {
-    'color': 'rgba(255,255,255,.65)'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_nav_link')] = {
+    'color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_nav_link:hover')] = {
-    'color': '#fff'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_nav_link:hover')] = {
+    'color': palette.light.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
-    'color': '#fff',
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_navbar_dark .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
+    'color': palette.light.base,
     'font-weight': '600'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_nav_pills .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_nav_pills .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.textOn,
     'background-color': palette.primary.base
   };
@@ -895,49 +917,58 @@ function generateTables(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
   var sp = layout.spacing;
 
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'border-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table > :not(caption) > * > *')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table > :not(caption) > * > *')] = {
     'padding': sp.cell,
     'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table > thead > tr > *')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table > thead > tr > *')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base,
     'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border,
-    'background-color': palette.light.light
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table_striped > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(odd) > *')] = {
-    'background-color': 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table_striped > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(odd) > *')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table_hover > tbody > tr:hover > *')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table_hover > tbody > tr:hover > *')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.focus
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table_bordered')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table_selectable > tbody > tr')] = {
+    'cursor': 'pointer'
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table > tbody > tr.bw_table_row_selected > *')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.primary.light
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table_bordered')] = {
     'border-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_table caption')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_table caption')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
 
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateTabs(scope, palette) {
-  var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_nav_tabs')] = {
+function generateTabs(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, mo = layout.motion;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_nav_tabs')] = {
     'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_nav_link')] = {
-    'color': palette.secondary.base
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_nav_link')] = {
+    'color': palette.secondary.base,
+    'transition': 'color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', border-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', background-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_nav_tabs .bw_nav_link:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_nav_tabs .bw_nav_link:hover')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base,
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_nav_tabs .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_nav_tabs .bw_nav_link.active')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.base,
+    'background-color': palette.primary.focus,
     'border-bottom': '2px solid ' + palette.primary.base
   };
   return rules;
@@ -946,23 +977,25 @@ function generateTabs(scope, palette) {
 function generateListGroups(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
   var sp = layout.spacing;
+  var mo = layout.motion;
 
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_list_group_item')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_list_group_item')] = {
     'padding': sp.cell,
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
-    'border-color': palette.light.border
+    'border-color': palette.light.border,
+    'transition': 'color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', background-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, 'a.bw_list_group_item:hover')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+  rules[_sx(scope, 'a.bw_list_group_item:hover')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'color': palette.dark.hover
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_list_group_item.active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_list_group_item.active')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.textOn,
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'border-color': palette.primary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_list_group_item.disabled')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_list_group_item.disabled')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base,
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff'
   };
@@ -970,28 +1003,37 @@ function generateListGroups(scope, palette, layout) {
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generatePagination(scope, palette) {
-  var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_page_link')] = {
+function generatePagination(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, mo = layout.motion, rd = layout.radius;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_item:first-child .bw_page_link')] = {
+    'border-top-left-radius': rd.btn,
+    'border-bottom-left-radius': rd.btn
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_item:last-child .bw_page_link')] = {
+    'border-top-right-radius': rd.btn,
+    'border-bottom-right-radius': rd.btn
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_link')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.base,
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
-    'border-color': palette.light.border
+    'border-color': palette.light.border,
+    'transition': 'color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', background-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_page_link:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_link:hover')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.hover,
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'border-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_page_link:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_link:focus')] = {
     'outline': '2px solid ' + palette.primary.base,
     'outline-offset': '-2px'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_page_item.bw_active .bw_page_link')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_item.bw_active .bw_page_link')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.textOn,
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'border-color': palette.primary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_page_item.bw_disabled .bw_page_link')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_page_item.bw_disabled .bw_page_link')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base,
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border-color': palette.light.border
@@ -1001,12 +1043,12 @@ function generatePagination(scope, palette) {
 
 function generateProgress(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_progress')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_progress')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'box-shadow': 'inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1)'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_progress_bar')] = {
-    'color': '#fff',
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_progress_bar')] = {
+    'color': palette.primary.textOn,
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'box-shadow': 'inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15)'
   };
@@ -1025,26 +1067,31 @@ function generateResetThemed(scope, palette) {
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'background-color': bg
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, 'body')] = baseReset;
-  // Also apply to the scope element itself so themes work on any container, not just body
-  if (scope) {
-    rules['.' + scope] = baseReset;
-  }
+  rules[_sx(scope, 'body')] = baseReset;
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateBreadcrumbThemed(scope, palette) {
-  var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item + .bw_breadcrumb_item::before')] = {
-    'color': palette.secondary.base
+function generateBreadcrumbThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, mo = layout.motion;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
+    'padding': '0.625rem 1rem',
+    'border-radius': layout.radius.btn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item.active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item + .bw_breadcrumb_item::before')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item a:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item a')] = {
+    'color': palette.primary.base,
+    'transition': 'color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item a:hover')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.hover,
     'text-decoration': 'underline'
   };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_breadcrumb_item.active')] = {
+    'color': palette.dark.base
+  };
   return rules;
 }
 
@@ -1052,11 +1099,11 @@ function generateBreadcrumbThemed(scope, palette) {
 
 function generateCloseButtonThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_close')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_close')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'opacity': '0.5'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_close:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_close:focus')] = {
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.25rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
   return rules;
@@ -1064,82 +1111,94 @@ function generateCloseButtonThemed(scope, palette) {
 
 function generateSectionsThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_section_subtitle')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_section_subtitle')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_feature_description')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_feature_description')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_cta_description')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_cta_description')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateAccordionThemed(scope, palette) {
+function generateAccordionThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_item')] = {
+  var rd = layout ? layout.radius : { card: '8px' };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_item')] = {
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_button')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_item:first-child')] = {
+    'border-top-left-radius': rd.card,
+    'border-top-right-radius': rd.card
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_item:last-child')] = {
+    'border-bottom-left-radius': rd.card,
+    'border-bottom-right-radius': rd.card
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_button')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:not(.bw_collapsed)')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:not(.bw_collapsed)')] = {
     'color': palette.primary.darkText,
-    'background-color': palette.primary.light
+    'background-color': palette.primary.light,
+    'border-left': '3px solid ' + palette.primary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:hover')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:hover')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:not(.bw_collapsed):hover')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.primary.hover
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:not(.bw_collapsed):hover')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.primary.base,
+    'color': palette.primary.textOn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:focus-visible')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_button:focus-visible')] = {
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.2rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_accordion_body')] = {
-    'border-top': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_accordion_body')] = {
+    'border-top': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border,
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
   return rules;
 }
 
 function generateCarouselThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_carousel')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_carousel')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_carousel_indicator.active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_carousel_indicator.active')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_carousel_control')] = {
-    'background-color': 'rgba(0,0,0,0.4)',
-    'color': '#fff'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_carousel_control')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.dark.base,
+    'color': palette.dark.textOn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_carousel_control:hover')] = {
-    'background-color': 'rgba(0,0,0,0.6)'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_carousel_control:hover')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.dark.hover
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_carousel_caption')] = {
-    'background': 'linear-gradient(transparent, rgba(0,0,0,0.6))',
-    'color': '#fff'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_carousel_caption')] = {
+    'background': 'linear-gradient(transparent, ' + palette.dark.base + ')',
+    'color': palette.dark.textOn
   };
   return rules;
 }
 
 function generateModalThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_modal_content')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_modal_content')] = {
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border-color': palette.light.border,
     'box-shadow': layout.elevation.lg
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_modal_header')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_modal_header')] = {
     'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_modal_footer')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_modal_footer')] = {
     'border-top-color': palette.light.border
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_modal_title')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_modal_title')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base
   };
   return rules;
@@ -1147,13 +1206,13 @@ function generateModalThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
 
 function generateToastThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_toast')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_toast')] = {
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
-    'border-color': 'rgba(0,0,0,0.1)',
+    'border-color': palette.light.border,
     'box-shadow': layout.elevation.lg
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_toast_header')] = {
-    'border-bottom-color': 'rgba(0,0,0,0.05)'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_toast_header')] = {
+    'border-bottom-color': palette.light.border
   };
   // Variant toast borders handled by palette class
   return rules;
@@ -1161,22 +1220,23 @@ function generateToastThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
 
 function generateDropdownThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_dropdown_menu')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_dropdown_menu')] = {
     'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'border-color': palette.light.border,
     'box-shadow': layout.elevation.md
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_dropdown_item')] = {
-    'color': palette.dark.base
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_dropdown_item')] = {
+    'color': palette.dark.base,
+    'transition': 'background-color ' + layout.motion.fast + ' ' + layout.motion.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_dropdown_item:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_dropdown_item:hover')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.hover,
-    'background-color': palette.light.light
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_dropdown_item.disabled')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_dropdown_item.disabled')] = {
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_dropdown_divider')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_dropdown_divider')] = {
     'border-top-color': palette.light.border
   };
   return rules;
@@ -1184,15 +1244,15 @@ function generateDropdownThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
 
 function generateSwitchThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_switch .bw_switch_input')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_switch .bw_switch_input')] = {
     'background-color': palette.secondary.base,
     'border-color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_switch .bw_switch_input:checked')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_switch .bw_switch_input:checked')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'border-color': palette.primary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_form_switch .bw_switch_input:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_form_switch .bw_switch_input:focus')] = {
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.25rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
   return rules;
@@ -1200,88 +1260,102 @@ function generateSwitchThemed(scope, palette) {
 
 function generateSkeletonThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_skeleton')] = {
-    'background': 'linear-gradient(90deg, ' + palette.light.border + ' 25%, ' + palette.light.light + ' 37%, ' + palette.light.border + ' 63%)'
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_skeleton')] = {
+    'background': 'linear-gradient(90deg, ' + palette.light.border + ' 25%, ' + palette.surfaceAlt + ' 37%, ' + palette.light.border + ' 63%)'
   };
   return rules;
 }
 
 // generateAvatarThemed: removed — palette class on root handles variants
 
-function generateStatCardThemed(scope, palette) {
-  var rules = {};
+function generateStatCardThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, mo = layout.motion, el = layout.elevation, rd = layout.radius;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_stat_card')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
+    'color': palette.dark.base,
+    'border': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border,
+    'border-radius': rd.card,
+    'box-shadow': el.sm,
+    'transition': 'box-shadow ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', transform ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_stat_card:hover')] = { 'box-shadow': el.md };
   // Variant border colors handled by palette class
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_stat_change_up')] = { 'color': palette.success.base };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_stat_change_down')] = { 'color': palette.danger.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_stat_change_up')] = { 'color': palette.success.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_stat_change_down')] = { 'color': palette.danger.base };
   return rules;
 }
 
 function generateTimelineThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_timeline::before')] = { 'background-color': palette.light.border };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_timeline::before')] = { 'background-color': palette.light.border };
   // Variant marker colors handled by palette class
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_timeline_date')] = { 'color': palette.secondary.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_timeline_date')] = { 'color': palette.secondary.base };
   return rules;
 }
 
 function generateStepperThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step_indicator')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step_indicator')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'border': '2px solid ' + palette.light.border,
     'color': palette.secondary.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step + .bw_step::before')] = { 'background-color': palette.light.border };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step_active .bw_step_indicator')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step + .bw_step::before')] = { 'background-color': palette.light.border };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step_active .bw_step_indicator')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'color': palette.primary.textOn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step_active .bw_step_label')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step_active .bw_step_label')] = {
     'color': palette.dark.base,
     'font-weight': '600'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step_completed .bw_step_indicator')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step_completed .bw_step_indicator')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
     'color': palette.primary.textOn
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step_completed .bw_step_label')] = { 'color': palette.primary.base };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_step_completed + .bw_step::before')] = { 'background-color': palette.primary.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step_completed .bw_step_label')] = { 'color': palette.primary.base };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_step_completed + .bw_step::before')] = { 'background-color': palette.primary.base };
   return rules;
 }
 
 function generateChipInputThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_chip_input')] = { 'border-color': palette.light.border };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_chip_input:focus-within')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_chip_input')] = {
+    'border-color': palette.light.border,
+    'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
+    'color': palette.dark.base
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_chip_input:focus-within')] = {
     'border-color': palette.primary.base,
     'box-shadow': '0 0 0 0.2rem ' + palette.primary.focus
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_chip')] = {
-    'background-color': palette.light.light,
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_chip')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
     'color': palette.dark.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_chip_remove:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_chip_remove:hover')] = {
     'color': palette.danger.base,
     'background-color': palette.danger.light
   };
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateFileUploadThemed(scope, palette) {
-  var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_file_upload')] = {
+function generateFileUploadThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, mo = layout.motion;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_file_upload')] = {
     'border-color': palette.light.border,
-    'background-color': palette.light.light
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt,
+    'transition': 'border-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', background-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_file_upload:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_file_upload:hover')] = {
     'border-color': palette.primary.base,
     'background-color': palette.primary.light
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_file_upload:focus')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_file_upload:focus')] = {
     'outline': '2px solid ' + palette.primary.base,
     'outline-offset': '2px'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_file_upload.bw_file_upload_active')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_file_upload.bw_file_upload_active')] = {
     'border-color': palette.primary.base,
     'background-color': palette.primary.light,
     'border-style': 'solid'
@@ -1291,35 +1365,73 @@ function generateFileUploadThemed(scope, palette) {
 
 function generateRangeThemed(scope, palette) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_range')] = { 'background-color': palette.light.border };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_range::-webkit-slider-thumb')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_range')] = { 'background-color': palette.light.border };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_range::-webkit-slider-thumb')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
-    'border-color': '#fff',
+    'border-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'box-shadow': '0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.2)',
     'transition': 'background-color 0.15s ease-out, transform 0.15s ease-out'
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_range::-moz-range-thumb')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_range::-moz-range-thumb')] = {
     'background-color': palette.primary.base,
-    'border-color': '#fff',
+    'border-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
     'box-shadow': '0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.2)'
   };
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateSearchThemed(scope, palette) {
-  var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_search_clear:hover')] = { 'color': palette.dark.base };
+function generateTooltipThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, sp = layout.spacing, rd = layout.radius, el = layout.elevation, mo = layout.motion;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_tooltip')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.dark.base, 'color': palette.dark.textOn,
+    'padding': sp.input, 'border-radius': rd.badge, 'box-shadow': el.md,
+    'transition': 'opacity ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', transform ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
+  };
+  return rules;
+}
+
+function generatePopoverThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, sp = layout.spacing, rd = layout.radius, el = layout.elevation, mo = layout.motion;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_popover')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff', 'color': palette.dark.base,
+    'border': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border, 'border-radius': rd.card, 'box-shadow': el.lg,
+    'transition': 'opacity ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', transform ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_popover_header')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surfaceAlt, 'border-bottom': '1px solid ' + palette.light.border,
+    'padding': sp.input
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_popover_body')] = { 'padding': sp.card };
+  return rules;
+}
+
+function generateSearchThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
+  var rules = {}, mo = layout.motion;
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_search_input')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
+    'color': palette.dark.base
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_search_clear')] = {
+    'transition': 'color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing + ', background-color ' + mo.fast + ' ' + mo.easing
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_search_clear:hover')] = { 'color': palette.dark.base };
   return rules;
 }
 
-function generateCodeDemoThemed(scope, palette) {
+function generateCodeDemoThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_code_copy_btn_copied')] = {
+  var rd = layout ? layout.radius : { card: '0.375rem' };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_code_demo')] = {
+    'background-color': palette.surface || '#fff',
+    'color': palette.dark.base,
+    'border-radius': rd.card
+  };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_code_copy_btn_copied')] = {
     'background': palette.success.base,
     'color': palette.success.textOn,
     'border-color': palette.success.base
   };
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_copy_btn:hover')] = {
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_copy_btn:hover')] = {
     'background': 'rgba(255,255,255,0.2)',
     'color': '#fff'
   };
@@ -1329,7 +1441,7 @@ function generateCodeDemoThemed(scope, palette) {
 function generateNavPillsThemed(scope, palette, layout) {
   var rules = {};
   var rd = layout.radius;
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_nav_pills .bw_nav_link')] = { 'border-radius': rd.btn };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_nav_pills .bw_nav_link')] = { 'border-radius': rd.btn };
   return rules;
 }
 
@@ -1355,21 +1467,21 @@ function generatePaletteClasses(scope, palette) {
     var s = palette[k];
 
     // --- Root palette class: sets default bg/color/border ---
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': s.base,
       'color': s.textOn,
       'border-color': s.base
     };
 
     // --- Pseudo-states (shared across all components) ---
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_' + k + ':hover')] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_' + k + ':hover')] = {
       'background-color': s.hover,
       'border-color': s.active
     };
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_' + k + ':active')] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_' + k + ':active')] = {
       'background-color': s.active
     };
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_' + k + ':focus-visible')] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_' + k + ':focus-visible')] = {
       'box-shadow': '0 0 0 3px ' + s.focus,
       'outline': 'none'
     };
@@ -1377,70 +1489,99 @@ function generatePaletteClasses(scope, palette) {
     // --- Component-specific overrides ---
 
     // Alerts: light bg, dark text, subtle border
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_alert.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_alert.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': s.light,
       'color': s.darkText,
       'border-color': s.border
     };
 
     // Toast: inherit bg, left border accent
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_toast.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_toast.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': 'inherit',
       'color': 'inherit',
       'border-left': '4px solid ' + s.base
     };
 
     // Stat card: inherit bg, left border accent
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_stat_card.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_stat_card.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': 'inherit',
       'color': 'inherit',
       'border-left-color': s.base
     };
 
     // Card accent: left border accent, inherit bg
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_card.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_card.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': 'inherit',
       'color': 'inherit',
       'border-left': '4px solid ' + s.base
     };
 
     // Timeline marker: colored dot
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_timeline_marker.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_timeline_marker.bw_' + k)] = {
       'box-shadow': '0 0 0 2px ' + s.base
     };
 
-    // Spinner: text color only, transparent bg
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_spinner_border.bw_' + k + ',\n' + scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_spinner_grow.bw_' + k))] = {
+    // Spinner: set color, re-apply border pattern so the root palette class
+    // border-color doesn't fill in the transparent gap that makes it spin.
+    // Also neutralize hover/active which would override border-right-color.
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_spinner_border.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': 'transparent',
       'color': s.base,
-      'border-color': 'currentColor'
+      'border-color': s.base,
+      'border-right-color': 'transparent'
+    };
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_spinner_border.bw_' + k + ':hover')] = {
+      'background-color': 'transparent',
+      'border-color': s.base,
+      'border-right-color': 'transparent'
+    };
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_spinner_grow.bw_' + k)] = {
+      'background-color': s.base,
+      'color': s.base
     };
 
     // Outline button: transparent bg, colored border+text, solid on hover
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_btn_outline.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_btn_outline.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background-color': 'transparent',
       'color': s.base,
       'border-color': s.base
     };
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_btn_outline.bw_' + k + ':hover')] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_btn_outline.bw_' + k + ':hover')] = {
       'background-color': s.base,
       'color': s.textOn
     };
 
     // Hero: gradient background
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_hero.bw_' + k)] = {
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_hero.bw_' + k)] = {
       'background': 'linear-gradient(135deg, ' + s.base + ' 0%, ' + s.hover + ' 100%)',
       'color': s.textOn
     };
 
-    // Progress bar: white text on colored bg (default is fine, just ensure text)
-    rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_progress_bar.bw_' + k)] = {
-      'color': '#fff'
+    // Progress bar: contrasting text on colored bg
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_progress_bar.bw_' + k)] = {
+      'color': s.textOn
+    };
+
+    // Background utility: .bw_bg_primary, .bw_bg_secondary, etc.
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_bg_' + k)] = {
+      'background-color': s.base,
+      'color': s.textOn
+    };
+
+    // Text color utility: .bw_text_primary, .bw_text_secondary, etc.
+    rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_text_' + k)] = {
+      'color': s.base
     };
   });
 
-  // Text muted
-  rules[scopeSelector(scope, '.bw_text_muted')] = { 'color': palette.secondary.base };
+  // Text muted — always a neutral gray, never a brand color
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_text_muted')] = { 'color': '#6c757d' };
+
+  // Common bg/text utilities that aren't per-variant
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_bg_dark')] = { 'background-color': '#212529', 'color': '#f8f9fa' };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_bg_light')] = { 'background-color': '#f8f9fa', 'color': '#212529' };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_text_light')] = { 'color': '#f8f9fa' };
+  rules[_sx(scope, '.bw_text_dark')] = { 'color': '#212529' };
 
   return rules;
 }
@@ -1462,30 +1603,32 @@ function generateThemedCSS(scopeName, palette, layout) {
     generateAlerts(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateCards(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateForms(scopeName, palette, layout),
-    generateNavigation(scopeName, palette),
+    generateNavigation(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateTables(scopeName, palette, layout),
-    generateTabs(scopeName, palette),
+    generateTabs(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateListGroups(scopeName, palette, layout),
-    generatePagination(scopeName, palette),
+    generatePagination(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateProgress(scopeName, palette),
-    generateBreadcrumbThemed(scopeName, palette),
+    generateBreadcrumbThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateCloseButtonThemed(scopeName, palette),
     generateSectionsThemed(scopeName, palette),
-    generateAccordionThemed(scopeName, palette),
+    generateAccordionThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateCarouselThemed(scopeName, palette),
     generateModalThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateToastThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateDropdownThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateSwitchThemed(scopeName, palette),
     generateSkeletonThemed(scopeName, palette),
-    generateStatCardThemed(scopeName, palette),
+    generateStatCardThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateTimelineThemed(scopeName, palette),
     generateStepperThemed(scopeName, palette),
     generateChipInputThemed(scopeName, palette),
-    generateFileUploadThemed(scopeName, palette),
+    generateFileUploadThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateRangeThemed(scopeName, palette),
-    generateSearchThemed(scopeName, palette),
-    generateCodeDemoThemed(scopeName, palette),
+    generateSearchThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
+    generateTooltipThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
+    generatePopoverThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
+    generateCodeDemoThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generateNavPillsThemed(scopeName, palette, layout),
     generatePaletteClasses(scopeName, palette)
   );
@@ -1710,6 +1853,8 @@ var structuralRules = {
     },
     '.bw_table caption': { 'font-size': '0.875rem', 'caption-side': 'bottom' },
     '.bw_table_bordered > :not(caption) > * > *': { 'border-width': '1px', 'border-style': 'solid' },
+    '.bw_table_selectable > tbody > tr': { 'cursor': 'pointer' },
+    '.bw_table > tbody > tr.bw_table_row_selected > *': { 'background-color': 'rgba(0, 102, 102, 0.1)' },
     '.bw_table_responsive': { 'overflow-x': 'auto', '-webkit-overflow-scrolling': 'touch' }
   },
 
@@ -1763,6 +1908,7 @@ var structuralRules = {
     '.bw_nav_tabs .bw_nav_item': { 'margin-bottom': '-2px' },
     '.bw_nav_link': {
       'display': 'block', 'font-size': '0.875rem', 'font-weight': '500',
+      'padding': '0.625rem 1rem',
       'text-decoration': 'none', 'cursor': 'pointer',
       'border': 'none', 'background': 'transparent', 'font-family': 'inherit'
     },
@@ -1797,10 +1943,11 @@ var structuralRules = {
     '.bw_page_item': { 'display': 'list-item', 'list-style': 'none' },
     '.bw_page_link': {
       'position': 'relative', 'display': 'block', 'padding': '0.375rem 0.75rem',
-      'margin-left': '-1px', 'line-height': '1.25', 'text-decoration': 'none'
+      'margin-left': '-1px', 'line-height': '1.25', 'text-decoration': 'none',
+      'border': '1px solid transparent', 'cursor': 'pointer',
+      'font-family': 'inherit', 'font-size': 'inherit', 'background': 'none'
     },
-    '.bw_page_item:first-child .bw_page_link': { 'margin-left': '0', 'border-top-left-radius': '0.375rem', 'border-bottom-left-radius': '0.375rem' },
-    '.bw_page_item:last-child .bw_page_link': { 'border-top-right-radius': '0.375rem', 'border-bottom-right-radius': '0.375rem' },
+    '.bw_page_item:first-child .bw_page_link': { 'margin-left': '0' },
     '.bw_page_link:focus-visible': { 'z-index': '3', 'outline': '2px solid currentColor', 'outline-offset': '-2px' }
   },
 
@@ -1957,6 +2104,7 @@ var structuralRules = {
     '.bw_accordion_header': { 'margin': '0' },
     '.bw_accordion_button': {
       'position': 'relative', 'display': 'flex', 'align-items': 'center', 'width': '100%',
+      'padding': '0.875rem 1.25rem',
       'font-size': '1rem', 'font-weight': '500', 'text-align': 'left',
       'background-color': 'transparent', 'border': '0', 'overflow-anchor': 'none', 'cursor': 'pointer',
       'font-family': 'inherit'
@@ -1968,10 +2116,9 @@ var structuralRules = {
       'background-repeat': 'no-repeat', 'background-size': '1.25rem'
     },
     '.bw_accordion_button:not(.bw_collapsed)::after': { 'transform': 'rotate(-180deg)' },
-    '.bw_accordion_collapse': { 'max-height': '0', 'overflow': 'hidden' },
-    '.bw_accordion_collapse.bw_collapse_show': { 'max-height': 'none' },
-    '.bw_accordion_item:first-child': { 'border-top-left-radius': '8px', 'border-top-right-radius': '8px' },
-    '.bw_accordion_item:last-child': { 'border-bottom-left-radius': '8px', 'border-bottom-right-radius': '8px' }
+    '.bw_accordion_body': { 'padding': '1rem 1.25rem' },
+    '.bw_accordion_collapse': { 'max-height': '0', 'overflow': 'hidden', 'transition': 'max-height 0.3s ease' },
+    '.bw_accordion_collapse.bw_collapse_show': { 'max-height': 'none' }
   },
 
   // ---- Carousel ----
@@ -2025,10 +2172,10 @@ var structuralRules = {
       'position': 'relative', 'display': 'flex', 'flex-direction': 'column', 'pointer-events': 'auto',
       'background-clip': 'padding-box', 'border': '1px solid transparent', 'outline': '0'
     },
-    '.bw_modal_header': { 'display': 'flex', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'space-between' },
+    '.bw_modal_header': { 'display': 'flex', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'space-between', 'padding': '1rem 1.25rem', 'border-bottom': '1px solid transparent' },
     '.bw_modal_title': { 'margin': '0', 'font-size': '1.25rem', 'font-weight': '600', 'line-height': '1.3' },
-    '.bw_modal_body': { 'position': 'relative', 'flex': '1 1 auto' },
-    '.bw_modal_footer': { 'display': 'flex', 'flex-wrap': 'wrap', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'flex-end', 'gap': '0.5rem' }
+    '.bw_modal_body': { 'position': 'relative', 'flex': '1 1 auto', 'padding': '1rem 1.25rem' },
+    '.bw_modal_footer': { 'display': 'flex', 'flex-wrap': 'wrap', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'flex-end', 'gap': '0.5rem', 'padding': '0.75rem 1.25rem', 'border-top': '1px solid transparent' }
   },
 
   // ---- Toast ----
@@ -2049,8 +2196,8 @@ var structuralRules = {
     },
     '.bw_toast.bw_toast_show': { 'opacity': '1', 'transform': 'translateY(0)' },
     '.bw_toast.bw_toast_hiding': { 'opacity': '0' },
-    '.bw_toast_header': { 'display': 'flex', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'space-between', 'font-size': '0.875rem' },
-    '.bw_toast_body': { 'font-size': '0.9375rem' }
+    '.bw_toast_header': { 'display': 'flex', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'space-between', 'padding': '0.5rem 0.75rem', 'font-size': '0.875rem', 'border-bottom': '1px solid transparent' },
+    '.bw_toast_body': { 'padding': '0.5rem 0.75rem', 'font-size': '0.9375rem' }
   },
 
   // ---- Dropdown ----
@@ -2064,15 +2211,15 @@ var structuralRules = {
     '.bw_dropdown_menu': {
       'position': 'absolute', 'top': '100%', 'left': '0', 'z-index': '1000', 'display': 'block',
       'min-width': '10rem', 'padding': '0.5rem 0', 'margin': '0.125rem 0 0',
-      'background-clip': 'padding-box',
+      'background-clip': 'padding-box', 'border': '1px solid transparent',
       'opacity': '0', 'visibility': 'hidden', 'pointer-events': 'none'
     },
     '.bw_dropdown_menu.bw_dropdown_show': { 'opacity': '1', 'visibility': 'visible', 'pointer-events': 'auto' },
     '.bw_dropdown_menu_end': { 'left': 'auto', 'right': '0' },
     '.bw_dropdown_item': {
-      'display': 'block', 'width': '100%', 'clear': 'both',
+      'display': 'block', 'width': '100%', 'padding': '0.4rem 1rem', 'clear': 'both',
       'font-weight': '400', 'text-align': 'inherit', 'text-decoration': 'none', 'white-space': 'nowrap',
-      'background-color': 'transparent', 'border': '0', 'font-size': '0.9375rem'
+      'background-color': 'transparent', 'border': '0', 'font-size': '0.9375rem', 'cursor': 'pointer'
     },
     '.bw_dropdown_item:focus-visible': { 'outline': '2px solid currentColor', 'outline-offset': '-2px' },
     '.bw_dropdown_divider': { 'height': '0', 'margin': '0.5rem 0', 'overflow': 'hidden', 'opacity': '1' }
@@ -2117,7 +2264,13 @@ var structuralRules = {
 
   // ---- Stat card ----
   statCard: {
-    '.bw_stat_card': { 'border-left': '4px solid transparent' },
+    '.bw_stat_card': {
+      'padding': '1.25rem',
+      'border-left': '4px solid transparent',
+      'border-radius': '0.375rem',
+      'background-color': 'inherit',
+      'transition': 'transform 0.15s ease'
+    },
     '.bw_stat_card:hover': { 'transform': 'translateY(-1px)' },
     '.bw_stat_icon': { 'font-size': '1.5rem', 'margin-bottom': '0.5rem' },
     '.bw_stat_value': { 'font-size': '2rem', 'font-weight': '700', 'line-height': '1.2' },
@@ -2388,6 +2541,33 @@ function generateUtilityRules() {
   rules['.bw_text_left'] = { 'text-align': 'left' };
   rules['.bw_text_right'] = { 'text-align': 'right' };
   rules['.bw_text_center'] = { 'text-align': 'center' };
+  rules['.bw_text_justify'] = { 'text-align': 'justify' };
+
+  // Font weight
+  rules['.bw_fw_bold'] = { 'font-weight': '700' };
+  rules['.bw_fw_semibold'] = { 'font-weight': '600' };
+  rules['.bw_fw_normal'] = { 'font-weight': '400' };
+  rules['.bw_fw_light'] = { 'font-weight': '300' };
+
+  // Font style
+  rules['.bw_fst_italic'] = { 'font-style': 'italic' };
+  rules['.bw_fst_normal'] = { 'font-style': 'normal' };
+
+  // Text decoration
+  rules['.bw_text_underline'] = { 'text-decoration': 'underline' };
+  rules['.bw_text_line_through'] = { 'text-decoration': 'line-through' };
+  rules['.bw_text_decoration_none'] = { 'text-decoration': 'none' };
+
+  // Text transform
+  rules['.bw_text_uppercase'] = { 'text-transform': 'uppercase' };
+  rules['.bw_text_lowercase'] = { 'text-transform': 'lowercase' };
+  rules['.bw_text_capitalize'] = { 'text-transform': 'capitalize' };
+
+  // Font size
+  rules['.bw_fs_sm'] = { 'font-size': '0.875rem' };
+  rules['.bw_fs_base'] = { 'font-size': '1rem' };
+  rules['.bw_fs_lg'] = { 'font-size': '1.25rem' };
+  rules['.bw_fs_xl'] = { 'font-size': '1.5rem' };
 
   // Flexbox
   var jc = { start: 'flex-start', end: 'flex-end', center: 'center', between: 'space-between', around: 'space-around' };
@@ -2480,6 +2660,20 @@ function generateUtilityRules() {
   rules['.list-inline-item'] = { 'display': 'inline-block' };
   rules['.list-inline-item:not(:last-child)'] = { 'margin-right': '.5rem' };
 
+  // Typography — bw_ prefixed utilities via loops
+  var _imp = function(p, v) { var o = {}; o[p] = v + ' !important'; return o; };
+  [['fs',{'xs':'0.75rem','sm':'0.875rem','base':'1rem','lg':'1.125rem','xl':'1.25rem','2xl':'1.5rem'},'font-size'],
+   ['fw',{light:'300',normal:'400',medium:'500',semibold:'600',bold:'700'},'font-weight'],
+   ['lh',{tight:'1.25',normal:'1.5',relaxed:'1.75'},'line-height']
+  ].forEach(function(d) { for (var dk in d[1]) rules['.bw_'+d[0]+'_'+dk] = _imp(d[2], d[1][dk]); });
+
+  // Flex utilities
+  rules['.bw_flex'] = { 'display': 'flex' };
+  rules['.bw_flex_column'] = { 'flex-direction': 'column' };
+  rules['.bw_flex_wrap'] = { 'flex-wrap': 'wrap' };
+  rules['.bw_flex_center'] = { 'display': 'flex', 'align-items': 'center', 'justify-content': 'center' };
+  for (var gk in spacingValues) rules['.bw_gap_' + gk] = { 'gap': spacingValues[gk] + ' !important' };
+
   // Visibility
   rules['.bw_visible, .visible'] = { 'visibility': 'visible !important' };
   rules['.bw_invisible, .invisible'] = { 'visibility': 'hidden !important' };
@@ -2540,6 +2734,26 @@ function getStructuralStyles() {
   return getStructuralCSS();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Get CSS reset rules only (box-sizing, html/body font, reduced-motion).
+ * Separate from themed/structural rules for independent injection.
+ * @returns {Object} CSS rules object for the reset layer
+ */
+function getResetStyles() {
+  var rules = {};
+  Object.assign(rules, structuralRules.base);
+  // Include reduced-motion preference
+  rules['@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)'] = {
+    '*, *::before, *::after': {
+      'animation-duration': '0.01ms !important',
+      'animation-iteration-count': '1 !important',
+      'transition-duration': '0.01ms !important',
+      'scroll-behavior': 'auto !important'
+    }
+  };
+  return rules;
+}
+
 // =========================================================================
 // defaultStyles — backward-compatible categorized view
 // =========================================================================
@@ -2569,60 +2783,41 @@ Object.assign({}, structuralRules, {
 });
 
 /**
- * Generate alternate-palette CSS scoped under `.bw_theme_alt`.
- * Uses the same `generateThemedCSS()` pipeline as the primary palette —
- * both sides go through identical code paths.
- *
- * @param {string} name - Theme scope name (e.g. 'ocean'). '' for global.
- * @param {Object} altPalette - From derivePalette(deriveAlternateConfig(...))
- * @param {Object} layout - From resolveLayout()
- * @returns {Object} CSS rules object scoped under .bw_theme_alt (+ optional .name)
+ * Prefix every selector in a rules object with a scope selector.
+ * Handles @media/@keyframes blocks and comma-separated selectors.
+ * @param {Object} rules - CSS rules object
+ * @param {string} prefix - Scope prefix (e.g. '#my-dashboard', '.bw_theme_alt')
+ * @param {boolean} [compound=false] - If true, use compound selector (no space)
+ *   for the first segment: `#scope.bw_theme_alt .sel` vs `#scope .sel`
+ * @returns {Object} New rules object with scoped selectors
  */
-function generateAlternateCSS(name, altPalette, layout) {
-  // Generate themed CSS using the same pipeline as primary
-  var rawRules = generateThemedCSS('', altPalette, layout);
-
-  // Re-scope every selector under .bw_theme_alt (+ optional theme name)
-  var altPrefix = name ? '.' + name + '.bw_theme_alt' : '.bw_theme_alt';
-  var altRules = {};
-
-  for (var sel in rawRules) {
-    if (!rawRules.hasOwnProperty(sel)) continue;
-
+function scopeRulesUnder(rules, prefix, compound) {
+  var scoped = {};
+  for (var sel in rules) {
+    if (!rules.hasOwnProperty(sel)) continue;
     if (sel.charAt(0) === '@') {
       // @media / @keyframes — recurse into the block
-      var innerBlock = rawRules[sel];
-      var altInner = {};
+      var innerBlock = rules[sel];
+      var scopedInner = {};
       for (var innerSel in innerBlock) {
         if (!innerBlock.hasOwnProperty(innerSel)) continue;
-        altInner[altPrefix + ' ' + innerSel] = innerBlock[innerSel];
+        scopedInner[_prefixSelector(innerSel, prefix)] = innerBlock[innerSel];
       }
-      altRules[sel] = altInner;
+      scoped[sel] = scopedInner;
     } else {
-      // Regular selector — prefix with alt scope
-      // Handle comma-separated selectors
-      var parts = sel.split(',');
-      var scopedParts = [];
-      for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
-        var s = parts[i].trim();
-        // 'body' selector gets special treatment: .bw_theme_alt body
-        if (s === 'body' || s.indexOf('body') === 0) {
-          scopedParts.push(altPrefix + ' ' + s);
-        } else {
-          scopedParts.push(altPrefix + ' ' + s);
-        }
-      }
-      altRules[scopedParts.join(', ')] = rawRules[sel];
+      scoped[_prefixSelector(sel, prefix)] = rules[sel];
     }
   }
+  return scoped;
+}
 
-  // Add body-level overrides for the alternate surface
-  altRules[altPrefix + ' body, :root' + altPrefix + ' body'] = {
-    'color': altPalette.dark.base,
-    'background-color': altPalette.light.base
-  };
-
-  return altRules;
+function _prefixSelector(sel, prefix) {
+  var parts = sel.split(',');
+  var result = [];
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    result.push(prefix + ' ' + parts[i].trim());
+  }
+  return result.join(', ');
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3322,12 +3517,11 @@ const bw = {
   _subIdCounter: 0,     // monotonic ID for subscriptions
 
   // ── Node reference cache ──────────────────────────────────────────────
-  // Fast O(1) lookup for elements by bw_id, id attribute, or bw_uuid.
+  // Fast O(1) lookup for elements by id attribute or bw_uuid_* class.
   //
   // Populated by bw.createDOM() when elements have:
-  //   - data-bw_id attribute (user-declared addressable elements)
   //   - id attribute (standard HTML id)
-  //   - bw_uuid (internal, for lifecycle-managed elements)
+  //   - bw_uuid_* class (lifecycle-managed or explicitly addressed elements)
   //
   // Cleaned up by bw.cleanup() when elements are destroyed via bitwrench APIs.
   // On cache miss, falls back to querySelector/getElementById — never fails,
@@ -3335,7 +3529,7 @@ const bw = {
   // via parentNode === null check (IE11-safe, unlike el.isConnected).
   //
   // Elements created via bw.createDOM() also get el._bw_refs — a local map of
-  // child bw_id → DOM node ref for fast parent→child access in o.render.
+  // child id/UUID -> DOM node ref for fast parent->child access in o.render.
   // This is the bitwrench equivalent of React's compiled template "holes".
   //
   // Contract: if you remove elements outside of bitwrench APIs (raw el.remove()),
@@ -3415,7 +3609,6 @@ Object.defineProperty(bw, '_isBrowser', {
 // _cw         console.warn                               8
 // _cl         console.log                               11
 // _ce         console.error                              4
-// _chp        ComponentHandle.prototype                 28  (defined after constructor)
 //
 // Note: document.createElement etc. are NOT aliased because they require
 // `this === document` and .bind() would add overhead on every call.
@@ -3588,15 +3781,15 @@ bw.uuid = function(prefix) {
  * 1. Check `bw._nodeMap[id]` — if found and still attached (parentNode !== null), return it
  * 2. If cached ref is detached (parentNode === null), remove stale entry
  * 3. Fall back to `document.getElementById(id)` then `document.querySelector(...)`
- * 4. If fallback finds the element, cache it for next time
- * 5. If not found anywhere, return null
+ * 4. Try class-based lookup for bw_uuid_* tokens (UUID addressing)
+ * 5. Cache the result for next time
  *
  * Accepts a DOM element directly (pass-through) or a string identifier.
  * String identifiers are tried as: direct map key, getElementById,
  * querySelector (for CSS selectors starting with . or #), and
- * data-bw_id attribute selector.
+ * bw_uuid_* class selector.
  *
- * @param {string|Element} id - Element ID, CSS selector, data-bw_id value, or DOM element
+ * @param {string|Element} id - Element ID, CSS selector, bw_uuid_* class, or DOM element
  * @returns {Element|null} The DOM element, or null if not found
  * @category Internal
  */
@@ -3625,9 +3818,9 @@ bw._el = function(id) {
     el = document.querySelector(id);
   }
 
-  // 4. Try data-bw_id attribute (for bw.uuid-generated IDs)
-  if (!el) {
-    el = document.querySelector('[data-bw_id="' + id + '"]');
+  // 4. Try class-based lookup for bw_uuid_* tokens (UUID addressing)
+  if (!el && id.indexOf('bw_uuid_') === 0) {
+    el = document.querySelector('.' + id);
   }
 
   // 5. Cache the result for next time
@@ -3642,17 +3835,17 @@ bw._el = function(id) {
  * Register a DOM element in the node cache under one or more keys.
  *
  * Called internally by `bw.createDOM()`. Registers elements that have
- * id attributes, data-bw_id attributes, or both.
+ * id attributes, UUID classes, or both.
  *
  * @param {Element} el - DOM element to register
- * @param {string} [bwId] - data-bw_id value to register under
+ * @param {string} [uuid] - bw_uuid_* class token to register under
  * @category Internal
  */
-bw._registerNode = function(el, bwId) {
+bw._registerNode = function(el, uuid) {
   if (!el) return;
-  // Register under data-bw_id
-  if (bwId) {
-    bw._nodeMap[bwId] = el;
+  // Register under UUID class token
+  if (uuid) {
+    bw._nodeMap[uuid] = el;
   }
   // Register under id attribute
   var htmlId = el.getAttribute ? el.getAttribute('id') : null;
@@ -3668,13 +3861,13 @@ bw._registerNode = function(el, bwId) {
  * through bitwrench APIs.
  *
  * @param {Element} el - DOM element to deregister
- * @param {string} [bwId] - data-bw_id value to remove
+ * @param {string} [uuid] - bw_uuid_* class token to remove
  * @category Internal
  */
-bw._deregisterNode = function(el, bwId) {
-  // Remove data-bw_id entry
-  if (bwId) {
-    delete bw._nodeMap[bwId];
+bw._deregisterNode = function(el, uuid) {
+  // Remove UUID class entry
+  if (uuid) {
+    delete bw._nodeMap[uuid];
   }
   // Remove id attribute entry
   var htmlId = el && el.getAttribute ? el.getAttribute('id') : null;
@@ -3683,6 +3876,91 @@ bw._deregisterNode = function(el, bwId) {
   }
 };
 
+// ===================================================================================
+// bw.assignUUID() / bw.getUUID() — Explicit UUID addressing for TACO objects
+// ===================================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Marker class for elements with lifecycle hooks (mounted/unmount/render/state).
+ * Used by cleanup() to find lifecycle-managed elements via querySelectorAll('.bw_lc').
+ * @private
+ */
+var _BW_LC = 'bw_lc';
+
+/**
+ * Regex to match a bw_uuid_* token in a class string.
+ * @private
+ */
+var _UUID_RE = /\bbw_uuid_[a-z0-9_]+\b/;
+
+/**
+ * Assign a UUID to a TACO object by appending a `bw_uuid_*` token to `taco.a.class`.
+ *
+ * Idempotent by default — calling twice returns the same UUID. Pass `forceNew=true`
+ * to replace an existing UUID (useful in loops where each TACO needs a unique ID).
+ *
+ * @param {Object} taco - A TACO object `{t, a, c, o}`
+ * @param {boolean} [forceNew=false] - If true, replaces any existing UUID with a new one
+ * @returns {string} The UUID string (e.g. 'bw_uuid_a1b2c3d4e5')
+ * @category Identifiers
+ * @example
+ * var card = bw.makeStatCard({ value: '0', label: 'Scans' });
+ * var uuid = bw.assignUUID(card);        // 'bw_uuid_a1b2c3d4e5'
+ * var same = bw.assignUUID(card);        // same UUID (idempotent)
+ * var diff = bw.assignUUID(card, true);  // new UUID (forced)
+ */
+bw.assignUUID = function(taco, forceNew) {
+  if (!taco || !_is(taco, 'object')) return null;
+
+  // Ensure taco.a exists
+  if (!taco.a) taco.a = {};
+  if (!_is(taco.a.class, 'string')) taco.a.class = taco.a.class ? String(taco.a.class) : '';
+
+  var existing = taco.a.class.match(_UUID_RE);
+
+  if (existing && !forceNew) {
+    return existing[0];
+  }
+
+  // Remove old UUID if forceNew
+  if (existing) {
+    taco.a.class = taco.a.class.replace(_UUID_RE, '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
+  }
+
+  var uuid = bw.uuid('uuid');
+  taco.a.class = (taco.a.class ? taco.a.class + ' ' : '') + uuid;
+  return uuid;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Read the UUID from a TACO object or DOM element. Pure getter, no side effects.
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Element} tacoOrElement - A TACO object or DOM element
+ * @returns {string|null} The UUID string, or null if none assigned
+ * @category Identifiers
+ * @example
+ * bw.getUUID(card)       // 'bw_uuid_a1b2c3d4e5' (from TACO)
+ * bw.getUUID(domEl)      // 'bw_uuid_a1b2c3d4e5' (from DOM element)
+ * bw.getUUID({t:'div'})  // null (no UUID)
+ */
+bw.getUUID = function(tacoOrElement) {
+  if (!tacoOrElement) return null;
+
+  var classStr;
+  // DOM element: check className
+  if (tacoOrElement.className !== undefined && tacoOrElement.tagName) {
+    classStr = tacoOrElement.className;
+  }
+  // TACO object: check a.class
+  else if (tacoOrElement.a && _is(tacoOrElement.a.class, 'string')) {
+    classStr = tacoOrElement.a.class;
+  }
+
+  if (!classStr) return null;
+  var match = classStr.match(_UUID_RE);
+  return match ? match[0] : null;
+};
+
 /**
  * Escape HTML special characters to prevent XSS.
  *
@@ -3732,6 +4010,42 @@ bw.raw = function(str) {
   return { __bw_raw: true, v: String(str) };
 };
 
+/**
+ * Hyperscript-style TACO constructor.
+ *
+ * A convenience helper that returns a canonical TACO object from positional
+ * arguments. The return value is a plain object — serializable, works with
+ * bwserve, and accepted everywhere TACO is accepted.
+ *
+ * @param {string} tag - HTML tag name (e.g. 'div', 'p', 'section')
+ * @param {Object|null} [attrs] - HTML attributes object. Pass null or omit to skip.
+ * @param {*} [content] - Content: string, number, TACO object, or array of children.
+ * @param {Object} [options] - TACO options (state, lifecycle hooks, render fn).
+ * @returns {Object} Plain TACO object {t, a?, c?, o?}
+ * @category Utilities
+ * @see bw.html
+ * @see bw.createDOM
+ * @see bw.DOM
+ * @example
+ * bw.h('div')
+ * // => { t: 'div' }
+ *
+ * bw.h('p', { class: 'bw_text_muted' }, 'Hello')
+ * // => { t: 'p', a: { class: 'bw_text_muted' }, c: 'Hello' }
+ *
+ * bw.h('ul', null, [
+ *   bw.h('li', null, 'one'),
+ *   bw.h('li', null, 'two')
+ * ])
+ * // => { t: 'ul', c: [{ t: 'li', c: 'one' }, { t: 'li', c: 'two' }] }
+ */
+bw.h = function(tag, attrs, content, options) {
+  var taco = { t: String(tag) };
+  if (attrs !== null && attrs !== undefined) taco.a = attrs;
+  if (content !== undefined) taco.c = content;
+  if (options !== undefined) taco.o = options;
+  return taco;
+};
 
 /**
  * Convert a TACO object (or array of TACOs) to an HTML string.
@@ -3761,15 +4075,6 @@ bw.html = function(taco, options = {}) {
   // Handle null/undefined
   if (taco == null) return '';
 
-  // Handle ComponentHandle — use its .taco
-  if (taco && taco._bwComponent === true) {
-    var compOptions = Object.assign({}, options);
-    if (!compOptions.state && taco._state) {
-      compOptions.state = taco._state;
-    }
-    return bw.html(taco.taco, compOptions);
-  }
-
   // Handle arrays of TACOs
   if (_isA(taco)) {
     return taco.map(t => bw.html(t, options)).join('');
@@ -3780,24 +4085,6 @@ bw.html = function(taco, options = {}) {
     return taco.v;
   }
 
-  // Handle bw.when() markers
-  if (taco && taco._bwWhen && options.state) {
-    var whenExpr = taco.expr.replace(/^\$\{|\}$/g, '');
-    var whenVal = options.compile
-      ? bw._resolveTemplate('${' + whenExpr + '}', options.state, true)
-      : bw._evaluatePath(options.state, whenExpr);
-    var branch = whenVal ? taco.branches[0] : (taco.branches[1] || null);
-    return branch ? bw.html(branch, options) : '';
-  }
-
-  // Handle bw.each() markers
-  if (taco && taco._bwEach && options.state) {
-    var eachExpr = taco.expr.replace(/^\$\{|\}$/g, '');
-    var arr = bw._evaluatePath(options.state, eachExpr);
-    if (!_isA(arr)) return '';
-    return arr.map(function(item, idx) { return bw.html(taco.factory(item, idx), options); }).join('');
-  }
-
   // Handle primitives and non-TACO objects
   if (!_is(taco, 'object') || !taco.t) {
     var str = options.raw ? String(taco) : bw.escapeHTML(String(taco));
@@ -3861,14 +4148,14 @@ bw.html = function(taco, options = {}) {
     }
   }
 
-  // Add bw_id as a class if lifecycle hooks present
-  if ((opts.mounted || opts.unmount) && !attrs.class?.includes('bw_id_')) {
-    const id = opts.bw_id || bw.uuid();
+  // Add bw_uuid + bw_lc classes if lifecycle hooks present
+  if ((opts.mounted || opts.unmount) && !_UUID_RE.test(attrs.class || '')) {
+    const uuid = bw.uuid('uuid');
     attrStr = attrStr.replace(/class="([^"]*)"/, (_match, classes) => {
-      return `class="${classes} bw_id_${id}"`.trim();
+      return `class="${classes} ${uuid} ${_BW_LC}"`.trim();
     });
     if (!attrStr.includes('class=')) {
-      attrStr += ` class="bw_id_${id}"`;
+      attrStr += ` class="${uuid} ${_BW_LC}"`;
     }
   }
   
@@ -3996,7 +4283,7 @@ bw.htmlPage = function(opts) {
       ? (THEME_PRESETS[theme.toLowerCase()] || null)
       : theme;
     if (themeConfig) {
-      var themeResult = bw.generateTheme('', Object.assign({}, themeConfig, { inject: false }));
+      var themeResult = bw.makeStyles(themeConfig);
       themeCSS = themeResult.css;
     }
   }
@@ -4022,14 +4309,14 @@ bw.htmlPage = function(opts) {
   // Combine all CSS
   var allCSS = (themeCSS ? themeCSS + '\n' : '') + css;
 
-  // Body-end script: registry entries + optional loadDefaultStyles
+  // Body-end script: registry entries + optional loadStyles
   var bodyEndScript = '';
   var bodyEndParts = [];
   if (registryEntries) {
     bodyEndParts.push(registryEntries);
   }
   if (runtime === 'inline' || runtime === 'cdn') {
-    bodyEndParts.push('if(typeof bw!=="undefined"){bw.loadDefaultStyles();}');
+    bodyEndParts.push('if(typeof bw!=="undefined"){bw.loadStyles();}');
   }
   if (bodyEndParts.length > 0) {
     bodyEndScript = '<script>\n' + bodyEndParts.join('\n') + '\n</script>';
@@ -4096,11 +4383,6 @@ bw.createDOM = function(taco, options = {}) {
     return frag;
   }
 
-  // Handle ComponentHandle — extract .taco for DOM creation
-  if (taco && taco._bwComponent === true) {
-    return bw.createDOM(taco.taco, options);
-  }
-
   // Handle text nodes
   if (!_is(taco, 'object') || !taco.t) {
     return document.createTextNode(String(taco));
@@ -4141,24 +4423,19 @@ bw.createDOM = function(taco, options = {}) {
   }
   
   // Add children, building _bw_refs for fast parent→child access.
-  // Children with data-bw_id or id attributes get local refs on the parent,
+  // Children with id attributes or bw_uuid_* classes get local refs on the parent,
   // so o.render functions can access them without any DOM lookup.
   if (content != null) {
     if (_isA(content)) {
       content.forEach(child => {
         if (child != null) {
-          // Handle ComponentHandle in content arrays (Level 2 children)
-          if (child._bwComponent === true) {
-            child.mount(el);
-            return;
-          }
           var childEl = bw.createDOM(child, options);
           el.appendChild(childEl);
           // Build local refs for addressable children
-          var childBwId = (child && child.a) ? (child.a['data-bw_id'] || child.a.id) : null;
-          if (childBwId) {
+          var childRefId = (child && child.a) ? (child.a.id || bw.getUUID(child)) : null;
+          if (childRefId) {
             if (!el._bw_refs) el._bw_refs = {};
-            el._bw_refs[childBwId] = childEl;
+            el._bw_refs[childRefId] = childEl;
           }
           // Bubble up grandchild refs (flatten one level)
           if (childEl._bw_refs) {
@@ -4174,16 +4451,13 @@ bw.createDOM = function(taco, options = {}) {
     } else if (_is(content, 'object') && content.__bw_raw) {
       // Raw HTML content — inject via innerHTML
       el.innerHTML = content.v;
-    } else if (content._bwComponent === true) {
-      // Single ComponentHandle as content
-      content.mount(el);
     } else if (_is(content, 'object') && content.t) {
       var childEl = bw.createDOM(content, options);
       el.appendChild(childEl);
-      var childBwId = content.a ? (content.a['data-bw_id'] || content.a.id) : null;
-      if (childBwId) {
+      var childRefId = content.a ? (content.a.id || bw.getUUID(content)) : null;
+      if (childRefId) {
         if (!el._bw_refs) el._bw_refs = {};
-        el._bw_refs[childBwId] = childEl;
+        el._bw_refs[childRefId] = childEl;
       }
       if (childEl._bw_refs) {
         if (!el._bw_refs) el._bw_refs = {};
@@ -4203,59 +4477,98 @@ bw.createDOM = function(taco, options = {}) {
     bw._registerNode(el, null);
   }
 
+  // Register UUID class in node cache (bw_uuid_* tokens in class string)
+  if (el.className) {
+    var uuidMatch = el.className.match(_UUID_RE);
+    if (uuidMatch) {
+      bw._nodeMap[uuidMatch[0]] = el;
+    }
+  }
+
   // Handle lifecycle hooks and state
   if (opts.mounted || opts.unmount || opts.render || opts.state) {
-    const id = attrs['data-bw_id'] || bw.uuid();
-    el.setAttribute('data-bw_id', id);
+    // Ensure element has a UUID class for identity
+    var uuid = bw.getUUID(el) || bw.uuid('uuid');
+    el.classList.add(uuid);
+    el.classList.add(_BW_LC);
 
-    // Register in node cache under data-bw_id
-    bw._registerNode(el, id);
+    // Register in node cache under UUID class
+    bw._registerNode(el, uuid);
 
     // Store state
     if (opts.state) {
       el._bw_state = opts.state;
     }
 
-    // o.render — first-class render function (replaces mounted boilerplate)
+    // o.render — store the render function for bw.update()
     if (opts.render) {
       el._bw_render = opts.render;
+    }
 
-      if (opts.mounted) {
-        _cw('bw.createDOM: o.render and o.mounted are mutually exclusive. o.render wins.');
-      }
+    // Determine what to call on mount:
+    // - If o.mounted exists, call it (it can call el._bw_render() for initial render)
+    // - Otherwise if o.render exists, auto-call it as a convenience shorthand
+    var mountFn = opts.mounted || (opts.render ? function(mountEl) {
+      opts.render(mountEl, mountEl._bw_state || {});
+    } : null);
 
-      // Queue initial render (same timing as mounted)
-      if (document.body.contains(el)) {
-        opts.render(el, el._bw_state || {});
-      } else {
-        requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-          if (document.body.contains(el)) {
-            opts.render(el, el._bw_state || {});
-          }
-        });
-      }
-    } else if (opts.mounted) {
-      // Queue mounted callback (legacy pattern)
+    if (mountFn) {
       if (document.body.contains(el)) {
-        opts.mounted(el, el._bw_state || {});
+        mountFn(el, el._bw_state || {});
       } else {
         requestAnimationFrame(() => {
           if (document.body.contains(el)) {
-            opts.mounted(el, el._bw_state || {});
+            mountFn(el, el._bw_state || {});
           }
         });
       }
     }
 
-    // Store unmount callback
+    // Store unmount callback keyed by UUID class
     if (opts.unmount) {
-      bw._unmountCallbacks.set(id, () => {
+      bw._unmountCallbacks.set(uuid, () => {
         opts.unmount(el, el._bw_state || {});
       });
     }
-  } else if (attrs['data-bw_id']) {
-    // Element has explicit data-bw_id but no lifecycle hooks — still register it
-    bw._registerNode(el, attrs['data-bw_id']);
+  }
+
+  // Component handle: attach methods to el.bw namespace
+  if (opts.handle || opts.slots) {
+    if (!el.bw) el.bw = {};
+
+    // Explicit handle methods: fn(el, ...args) -> el.bw.method(...args)
+    if (opts.handle) {
+      for (var hk in opts.handle) {
+        if (_hop.call(opts.handle, hk)) {
+          el.bw[hk] = opts.handle[hk].bind(null, el);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Slot declarations: auto-generate setX/getX pairs
+    if (opts.slots) {
+      for (var sk in opts.slots) {
+        if (_hop.call(opts.slots, sk)) {
+          (function(name, selector) {
+            var cap = name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1);
+            el.bw['set' + cap] = function(value) {
+              var t = el.querySelector(selector);
+              if (!t) return;
+              if (value != null && typeof value === 'object' && value.t) {
+                t.innerHTML = '';
+                t.appendChild(bw.createDOM(value));
+              } else {
+                t.textContent = (value != null) ? String(value) : '';
+              }
+            };
+            el.bw['get' + cap] = function() {
+              var t = el.querySelector(selector);
+              return t ? t.textContent : '';
+            };
+          })(sk, opts.slots[sk]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   return el;
@@ -4302,7 +4615,7 @@ bw.DOM = function(target, taco, options = {}) {
   // the target is the mount point, not the content being replaced)
   const savedState = targetEl._bw_state;
   const savedRender = targetEl._bw_render;
-  const savedBwId = targetEl.getAttribute('data-bw_id');
+  const savedUuid = bw.getUUID(targetEl);
   const savedSubs = targetEl._bw_subs;
 
   // Temporarily remove _bw_subs so cleanup doesn't call them
@@ -4314,10 +4627,9 @@ bw.DOM = function(target, taco, options = {}) {
   // Restore the target's own state/render/subs after cleanup
   if (savedState !== undefined) targetEl._bw_state = savedState;
   if (savedRender) targetEl._bw_render = savedRender;
-  if (savedBwId) {
-    targetEl.setAttribute('data-bw_id', savedBwId);
-    // Re-register mount point in node cache (cleanup deregistered it)
-    bw._registerNode(targetEl, savedBwId);
+  if (savedUuid) {
+    // UUID class stays on element through cleanup; re-register in cache
+    bw._registerNode(targetEl, savedUuid);
   }
   if (savedSubs) targetEl._bw_subs = savedSubs;
 
@@ -4325,25 +4637,11 @@ bw.DOM = function(target, taco, options = {}) {
   targetEl.innerHTML = '';
   
   if (taco != null) {
-    // Handle ComponentHandle (reactive components from bw.component())
-    if (taco._bwComponent === true) {
-      taco.mount(targetEl);
-    }
-    // Handle component handles (objects with element property)
-    else if (taco.element instanceof Element) {
-      targetEl.appendChild(taco.element);
-    }
     // Handle arrays
-    else if (_isA(taco)) {
+    if (_isA(taco)) {
       taco.forEach(t => {
         if (t != null) {
-          if (t._bwComponent === true) {
-            t.mount(targetEl);
-          } else if (t.element instanceof Element) {
-            targetEl.appendChild(t.element);
-          } else {
-            targetEl.appendChild(bw.createDOM(t, options));
-          }
+          targetEl.appendChild(bw.createDOM(t, options));
         }
       });
     }
@@ -4356,240 +4654,80 @@ bw.DOM = function(target, taco, options = {}) {
   return targetEl;
 };
 
+// Deprecation stubs for removed ComponentHandle APIs
+bw.compileProps = function() { throw new Error('bw.compileProps() removed in v2.0.19. Use o.handle/o.slots instead.'); };
+bw.renderComponent = function() { throw new Error('bw.renderComponent() removed in v2.0.19. Use bw.mount() with o.handle/o.slots instead.'); };
+
 /**
- * Compile props into getter/setter functions for reactive updates.
- *
- * Used internally by `bw.renderComponent()`. Creates a proxy-like object
- * where setting a property triggers `handle.onPropChange()`.
+ * Mount a TACO into a target element and return the created root element.
+ * Like bw.DOM() but returns the root element of the TACO (not the container),
+ * giving direct access to el.bw handle methods.
  *
- * @param {Object} handle - Component handle
- * @param {Object} props - Initial props
- * @returns {Object} Compiled props object with getters/setters
+ * @param {string|Element} target - CSS selector or DOM element
+ * @param {Object} taco - TACO to render
+ * @param {Object} [options] - Mount options
+ * @returns {Element} The created root element
  * @category DOM Generation
- */
-bw.compileProps = function(handle, props = {}) {
-  const compiledProps = {};
-  
-  _keys(props).forEach(key => {
-    // Create getter/setter for each prop
-    Object.defineProperty(compiledProps, key, {
-      get() {
-        return handle._props[key];
-      },
-      set(value) {
-        const oldValue = handle._props[key];
-        if (oldValue !== value) {
-          handle._props[key] = value;
-          // Trigger update if prop changed
-          if (handle.onPropChange) {
-            handle.onPropChange(key, value, oldValue);
-          }
-        }
-      },
-      enumerable: true,
-      configurable: true
-    });
-  });
-  
-  return compiledProps;
+ * @example
+ * var el = bw.mount('#app', bw.makeCarousel({ items: slides }));
+ * el.bw.goToSlide(2);
+ * el.bw.next();
+ */
+bw.mount = function(target, taco, options) {
+  var container = _is(target, 'string') ? bw.$(target)[0] : target;
+  if (!container) {
+    _cw('bw.mount: target not found');
+    return null;
+  }
+  bw.cleanup(container);
+  container.innerHTML = '';
+  var el = bw.createDOM(taco, options || {});
+  container.appendChild(el);
+  return el;
 };
 
 /**
- * Render a TACO component and return an enhanced handle object.
+ * Clean up a DOM element and all its children by calling unmount callbacks,
+ * removing pub/sub subscriptions, and clearing state/render references.
  *
- * The handle provides compiled props, state management, child registration,
- * and a destroy method. Used internally by `bw.createCard()`, `bw.createTable()`, etc.
+ * Called automatically by `bw.DOM()` before re-rendering. Call manually when
+ * removing elements to prevent memory leaks from orphaned callbacks.
  *
- * @param {Object} taco - TACO object to render
- * @param {Object} [options] - Render options
- * @returns {Object} Component handle with element, props, state, update(), destroy()
+ * @param {Element} element - DOM element to clean up
  * @category DOM Generation
+ * @see bw.DOM
+ * @example
+ * var el = document.querySelector('#my-widget');
+ * bw.cleanup(el);   // runs unmount hooks, clears _bw_state, _bw_render
+ * el.remove();       // safe to remove from DOM now
  */
-bw.renderComponent = function(taco, options = {}) {
-  const element = bw.createDOM(taco, options);
-  
-  // Enhanced handle with prop compilation
-  const handle = {
-    element,
-    taco,
-    _props: { ...taco.a },  // Store props internally
-    _state: taco.o?.state || {},
-    _children: {},  // Store child component references
-    
-    // Get compiled props with getters/setters
-    get props() {
-      if (!this._compiledProps) {
-        this._compiledProps = bw.compileProps(this, this._props);
+bw.cleanup = function(element) {
+  if (!bw._isBrowser || !element) return;
+
+  // Deregister UUID classes from node cache for non-lifecycle UUID elements
+  var uuidEls = element.querySelectorAll('[class*="bw_uuid_"]');
+  uuidEls.forEach(function(uel) {
+    var m = uel.className && uel.className.match(_UUID_RE);
+    if (m) delete bw._nodeMap[m[0]];
+  });
+
+  // Find all lifecycle-managed elements (have bw_lc marker class)
+  const elements = element.querySelectorAll('.' + _BW_LC);
+
+  elements.forEach(el => {
+    var uuid = bw.getUUID(el);
+
+    if (uuid) {
+      const callback = bw._unmountCallbacks.get(uuid);
+      if (callback) {
+        callback();
+        bw._unmountCallbacks.delete(uuid);
       }
-      return this._compiledProps;
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Query all matching elements within this component
-     * @param {string} selector - CSS selector
-     * @returns {NodeList} Matching elements
-     */
-    $(selector) {
-      return this.element.querySelectorAll(selector);
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Query the first matching element within this component
-     * @param {string} selector - CSS selector
-     * @returns {Element|null} First matching element or null
-     */
-    $first(selector) {
-      return this.element.querySelector(selector);
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Update component with new props and re-render in place
-     * @param {Object} newProps - Properties to merge into current props
-     * @returns {Object} this handle (for chaining)
-     */
-    update(newProps) {
-      // Update internal props
-      Object.assign(this._props, newProps);
-      
-      // Rebuild TACO with new props
-      const newTaco = { ...this.taco, a: { ...this.taco.a, ...newProps } };
-      const newElement = bw.createDOM(newTaco, options);
-      
-      // Replace in DOM
-      this.element.replaceWith(newElement);
-      this.element = newElement;
-      this.taco = newTaco;
-      
-      return this;
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Re-render the component from its current TACO, replacing the DOM element
-     * @returns {Object} this handle (for chaining)
-     */
-    render() {
-      const newElement = bw.createDOM(this.taco, options);
-      this.element.replaceWith(newElement);
-      this.element = newElement;
-      return this;
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Called when a compiled prop value changes. Override to customize behavior.
-     * Default implementation triggers a full re-render.
-     * @param {string} key - Property name that changed
-     * @param {*} newValue - New property value
-     * @param {*} oldValue - Previous property value
-     */
-    onPropChange(_key, _newValue, _oldValue) {
-      // Auto re-render on prop change by default
-      this.render();
-    },
-    
-    // State management
-    get state() {
-      return this._state;
-    },
-    
-    set state(newState) {
-      this._state = newState;
-      this.render();
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Merge state updates and re-render the component
-     * @param {Object} updates - State properties to merge
-     * @returns {Object} this handle (for chaining)
-     */
-    setState(updates) {
-      Object.assign(this._state, updates);
-      this.render();
-      return this;
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Register a child component under a name for later retrieval
-     * @param {string} name - Child name key
-     * @param {Object} component - Child component handle
-     * @returns {Object} this handle (for chaining)
-     */
-    addChild(name, component) {
-      this._children[name] = component;
-      return this;
-    },
-    
-    /**
-     * Retrieve a registered child component by name
-     * @param {string} name - Child name key
-     * @returns {Object|undefined} Child component handle
-     */
-    getChild(name) {
-      return this._children[name];
-    },
-
-    /**
-     * Destroy this component and all registered children
-     *
-     * Calls destroy() recursively on children, runs bw.cleanup(),
-     * removes the element from DOM, and clears all internal references.
-     */
-    destroy() {
-      // Destroy children first
-      Object.values(this._children).forEach(child => {
-        if (child && child.destroy) child.destroy();
-      });
-      
-      // Clean up this component
-      bw.cleanup(this.element);
-      this.element.remove();
-      
-      // Clear references
-      this._children = {};
-      this._props = {};
-      this._state = {};
-      this._compiledProps = null;
-    }
-  };
-  
-  // Store handle reference on element
-  element._bwHandle = handle;
-  
-  return handle;
-};
-
-/**
- * Clean up a DOM element and all its children by calling unmount callbacks,
- * removing pub/sub subscriptions, and clearing state/render references.
- *
- * Called automatically by `bw.DOM()` before re-rendering. Call manually when
- * removing elements to prevent memory leaks from orphaned callbacks.
- *
- * @param {Element} element - DOM element to clean up
- * @category DOM Generation
- * @see bw.DOM
- * @example
- * var el = document.querySelector('#my-widget');
- * bw.cleanup(el);   // runs unmount hooks, clears _bw_state, _bw_render
- * el.remove();       // safe to remove from DOM now
- */
-bw.cleanup = function(element) {
-  if (!bw._isBrowser || !element) return;
-
-  // Find all elements with data-bw_id
-  const elements = element.querySelectorAll('[data-bw_id]');
-
-  elements.forEach(el => {
-    const id = el.getAttribute('data-bw_id');
-    const callback = bw._unmountCallbacks.get(id);
 
-    if (callback) {
-      callback();
-      bw._unmountCallbacks.delete(id);
+      // Deregister from node cache
+      bw._deregisterNode(el, uuid);
     }
 
-    // Deregister from node cache
-    bw._deregisterNode(el, id);
-
     // Clean up pub/sub subscriptions tied to this element
     if (el._bw_subs) {
       el._bw_subs.forEach(function(unsub) { unsub(); });
@@ -4603,16 +4741,18 @@ bw.cleanup = function(element) {
   });
 
   // Check element itself
-  const id = element.getAttribute('data-bw_id');
-  if (id) {
-    const callback = bw._unmountCallbacks.get(id);
+  var selfUuid = bw.getUUID(element);
+  if (selfUuid) {
+    delete bw._nodeMap[selfUuid];
+
+    const callback = bw._unmountCallbacks.get(selfUuid);
     if (callback) {
       callback();
-      bw._unmountCallbacks.delete(id);
+      bw._unmountCallbacks.delete(selfUuid);
     }
 
     // Deregister from node cache
-    bw._deregisterNode(element, id);
+    bw._deregisterNode(element, selfUuid);
 
     // Clean up pub/sub subscriptions tied to element itself
     if (element._bw_subs) {
@@ -4623,11 +4763,11 @@ bw.cleanup = function(element) {
     delete element._bw_render;
     delete element._bw_refs;
 
-    // Clean up ComponentHandle back-reference
-    if (element._bwComponentHandle) {
-      element._bwComponentHandle.mounted = false;
-      element._bwComponentHandle.element = null;
-      delete element._bwComponentHandle;
+  } else {
+    // No UUID on element itself, but still check for _bw_subs (from bw.sub())
+    if (element._bw_subs) {
+      element._bw_subs.forEach(function(unsub) { unsub(); });
+      delete element._bw_subs;
     }
   }
 };
@@ -4643,7 +4783,7 @@ bw.cleanup = function(element) {
  * Calls `el._bw_render(el, state)` and emits `bw:statechange` so other
  * components can react without tight coupling.
  *
- * @param {string|Element} target - Element ID, data-bw_id, CSS selector, or DOM element
+ * @param {string|Element} target - Element ID, bw_uuid_* class, CSS selector, or DOM element
  * @returns {Element|null} The element, or null if not found / no render function
  * @category State Management
  * @see bw.patch
@@ -4668,7 +4808,7 @@ bw.update = function(target) {
  * Use `bw.patch()` for lightweight value updates (scores, labels, counters)
  * and `bw.update()` for full structural re-renders.
  *
- * @param {string|Element} id - Element ID, data-bw_id, CSS selector, or DOM element.
+ * @param {string|Element} id - Element ID, bw_uuid_* class, CSS selector, or DOM element.
  *   Uses node cache for O(1) lookup; falls back to DOM query on cache miss.
  * @param {string|Object} content - New text content, or TACO object to replace children
  * @param {string} [attr] - If provided, sets this attribute instead of content
@@ -4743,7 +4883,7 @@ bw.patchAll = function(patches) {
  * bubble by default so ancestor elements can listen. Use with `bw.on()` for
  * DOM-scoped communication between components.
  *
- * @param {string|Element} target - Element ID, data-bw_id, CSS selector, or DOM element.
+ * @param {string|Element} target - Element ID, bw_uuid_* class, CSS selector, or DOM element.
  *   Uses node cache for O(1) lookup; falls back to DOM query on cache miss.
  * @param {string} eventName - Event name (will be prefixed with 'bw:')
  * @param {*} [detail] - Data to pass with the event
@@ -4770,7 +4910,7 @@ bw.emit = function(target, eventName, detail) {
  * is the first argument so you don't need to destructure `e.detail`.
  * Events bubble, so you can listen on an ancestor element.
  *
- * @param {string|Element} target - Element ID, data-bw_id, CSS selector, or DOM element.
+ * @param {string|Element} target - Element ID, bw_uuid_* class, CSS selector, or DOM element.
  *   Uses node cache for O(1) lookup; falls back to DOM query on cache miss.
  * @param {string} eventName - Event name (will be prefixed with 'bw:')
  * @param {Function} handler - Called with (detail, event)
@@ -4868,10 +5008,12 @@ bw.sub = function(topic, handler, el) {
   if (el) {
     if (!el._bw_subs) el._bw_subs = [];
     el._bw_subs.push(unsub);
-    // Ensure element has data-bw_id so bw.cleanup() finds it
-    if (!el.getAttribute('data-bw_id')) {
-      var bwId = 'bw_sub_' + id;
-      el.setAttribute('data-bw_id', bwId);
+    // Ensure element has UUID + bw_lc so bw.cleanup() finds it
+    if (!bw.getUUID(el)) {
+      el.classList.add(bw.uuid('uuid'));
+    }
+    if (!el.classList.contains(_BW_LC)) {
+      el.classList.add(_BW_LC);
     }
   }
 
@@ -5078,1102 +5220,61 @@ bw._resolveTemplate = function(str, state, compile) {
       }
       try {
         val = bw._compiledExprs[b.expr](state);
-      } catch (e) {
-        if (bw.debug) _cw('bw.debug: _resolveTemplate — Tier 2 eval failed for "${' + b.expr + '}":', e.message);
-        val = '';
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Tier 1: dot-path only
-      val = bw._evaluatePath(state, b.expr);
-    }
-    result += (val == null) ? '' : String(val);
-    lastEnd = b.end;
-  }
-  result += str.slice(lastEnd);
-  return result;
-};
-
-/**
- * Extract top-level state keys that an expression depends on.
- * @param {string} expr - Expression string
- * @param {string[]} stateKeys - Declared state keys
- * @returns {string[]} Matching dependency keys
- * @private
- */
-bw._extractDeps = function(expr, stateKeys) {
-  var deps = [];
-  for (var i = 0; i < stateKeys.length; i++) {
-    var key = stateKeys[i];
-    // Match word boundary: key must be preceded by start/non-word and followed by non-word/end
-    var re = new RegExp('(?:^|[^\\w$.])' + key.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&') + '(?:[^\\w$]|$)');
-    if (re.test(expr) || expr === key || expr.indexOf(key + '.') === 0) {
-      deps.push(key);
-    }
-  }
-  return deps;
-};
-
-// ===================================================================================
-// Microtask Batching
-// ===================================================================================
-
-bw._dirtyComponents = [];
-bw._flushScheduled = false;
-
-/**
- * Schedule a microtask flush for dirty components.
- * @private
- */
-bw._scheduleFlush = function() {
-  if (bw._flushScheduled) return;
-  bw._flushScheduled = true;
-  if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
-    Promise.resolve().then(bw._doFlush);
-  } else {
-    setTimeout(bw._doFlush, 0);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Flush all dirty components. Deduplicates by _bwId.
- * @private
- */
-bw._doFlush = function() {
-  bw._flushScheduled = false;
-  var queue = bw._dirtyComponents.slice();
-  bw._dirtyComponents = [];
-  // Deduplicate by _bwId
-  var seen = {};
-  for (var i = 0; i < queue.length; i++) {
-    var comp = queue[i];
-    if (!seen[comp._bwId]) {
-      seen[comp._bwId] = true;
-      comp._flush();
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Synchronous flush for testing and imperative code.
- * Forces immediate re-render of all dirty components.
- *
- * @category Component
- */
-bw.flush = function() {
-  bw._doFlush();
-};
-
-// ===================================================================================
-// ComponentHandle — unified reactive component (Phase 1)
-// ===================================================================================
-
-/**
- * ComponentHandle constructor.
- * Wraps a TACO definition with reactive state, lifecycle hooks,
- * template bindings, and named actions.
- *
- * @param {Object} taco - TACO definition {t, a, c, o}
- * @constructor
- * @private
- */
-function ComponentHandle(taco) {
-  this._bwComponent = true;         // duck-type marker
-  this._bwId = bw.uuid('comp');
-  this.taco = taco;
-  this.element = null;
-  this.mounted = false;
-
-  var o = taco.o || {};
-  // Copy initial state
-  this._state = {};
-  if (o.state) {
-    for (var k in o.state) {
-      if (_hop.call(o.state, k)) {
-        this._state[k] = o.state[k];
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Copy actions
-  this._actions = {};
-  if (o.actions) {
-    for (var k2 in o.actions) {
-      if (_hop.call(o.actions, k2)) {
-        this._actions[k2] = o.actions[k2];
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Promote o.methods to handle API (MFC/Qt pattern: component owns its methods)
-  this._methods = {};
-  if (o.methods) {
-    var self = this;
-    for (var k3 in o.methods) {
-      if (_hop.call(o.methods, k3)) {
-        this._methods[k3] = o.methods[k3];
-        (function(methodName, methodFn) {
-          self[methodName] = function() {
-            var args = [self].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments));
-            return methodFn.apply(null, args);
-          };
-        })(k3, o.methods[k3]);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // User tag for addressing via bw.message()
-  this._userTag = null;
-  // Lifecycle hooks
-  this._hooks = {
-    willMount: o.willMount || null,
-    mounted: o.mounted || null,
-    willUpdate: o.willUpdate || null,
-    onUpdate: o.onUpdate || null,
-    unmount: o.unmount || null,
-    willDestroy: o.willDestroy || null
-  };
-  // Binding tracking
-  this._bindings = [];
-  this._dirtyKeys = {};
-  this._scheduled = false;
-  this._subs = [];
-  this._eventListeners = [];
-  this._registeredActions = [];
-  this._prevValues = {};
-  this._compile = !!o.compile;
-  this._bw_refs = {};
-  this._refCounter = 0;
-  // Child component ownership (Bug #5)
-  this._children = [];
-  this._parent = null;
-  // Factory metadata for BCCL rebuild (Bug #6)
-  this._factory = taco._bwFactory || null;
-}
-
-// Short alias for ComponentHandle.prototype (see alias block at top of file).
-// 28 method definitions × 25 chars = ~700B raw savings in minified output.
-var _chp = ComponentHandle.prototype;
-
-// ── State Methods ──
-
-/**
- * Get a state value. Dot-path supported: `get('user.name')`
- */
-_chp.get = function(key) {
-  return bw._evaluatePath(this._state, key);
-};
-
-/**
- * Set a state value. Dot-path supported. Schedules re-render.
- * @param {string} key - State key (dot-path)
- * @param {*} value - New value
- * @param {Object} [opts] - Options. `{sync: true}` for immediate flush.
- */
-_chp.set = function(key, value, opts) {
-  // Dot-path set
-  var parts = key.split('.');
-  var obj = this._state;
-  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length - 1; i++) {
-    if (!_is(obj[parts[i]], 'object')) {
-      if (bw.debug) _cw('bw.debug: set() — auto-creating intermediate "' + parts[i] + '" in path "' + key + '"');
-      obj[parts[i]] = {};
-    }
-    obj = obj[parts[i]];
-  }
-  obj[parts[parts.length - 1]] = value;
-  // Mark top-level key dirty
-  this._dirtyKeys[parts[0]] = true;
-  if (this.mounted) {
-    if (opts && opts.sync) {
-      this._flush();
-    } else {
-      this._scheduleDirty();
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Get a shallow clone of the full state.
- */
-_chp.getState = function() {
-  var clone = {};
-  for (var k in this._state) {
-    if (_hop.call(this._state, k)) {
-      clone[k] = this._state[k];
-    }
-  }
-  return clone;
-};
-
-/**
- * Merge multiple state keys. Schedules re-render.
- * @param {Object} updates - Key-value pairs to merge
- * @param {Object} [opts] - Options. `{sync: true}` for immediate flush.
- */
-_chp.setState = function(updates, opts) {
-  for (var k in updates) {
-    if (_hop.call(updates, k)) {
-      this._state[k] = updates[k];
-      this._dirtyKeys[k] = true;
-    }
-  }
-  if (this.mounted) {
-    if (opts && opts.sync) {
-      this._flush();
-    } else {
-      this._scheduleDirty();
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Push a value onto an array in state. Clones the array.
- */
-_chp.push = function(key, val) {
-  var arr = this.get(key);
-  var newArr = _isA(arr) ? arr.slice() : [];
-  newArr.push(val);
-  this.set(key, newArr);
-};
-
-/**
- * Splice an array in state. Clones the array.
- */
-_chp.splice = function(key, start, deleteCount) {
-  var arr = this.get(key);
-  var newArr = _isA(arr) ? arr.slice() : [];
-  var args = [start, deleteCount].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 3));
-  Array.prototype.splice.apply(newArr, args);
-  this.set(key, newArr);
-};
-
-// ── Scheduling ──
-
-_chp._scheduleDirty = function() {
-  if (!this._scheduled) {
-    this._scheduled = true;
-    bw._dirtyComponents.push(this);
-    bw._scheduleFlush();
-  }
-};
-
-// ── Binding Compilation ──
-
-/**
- * Walk the TACO tree and extract ${expr} bindings.
- * Creates binding descriptors with refIds for targeted DOM updates.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._compileBindings = function() {
-  this._bindings = [];
-  this._refCounter = 0;
-  var stateKeys = _keys(this._state);
-  var self = this;
-
-  function walkTaco(taco, path) {
-    if (!_is(taco, 'object') || !taco.t) return taco;
-
-    // Check content for bindings
-    if (_is(taco.c, 'string') && taco.c.indexOf('${') >= 0) {
-      var refId = 'bw_ref_' + self._refCounter++;
-      var parsed = bw._parseBindings(taco.c);
-      var deps = [];
-      for (var j = 0; j < parsed.length; j++) {
-        deps = deps.concat(bw._extractDeps(parsed[j].expr, stateKeys));
-      }
-      self._bindings.push({
-        expr: taco.c,
-        type: 'content',
-        refId: refId,
-        deps: deps,
-        template: taco.c
-      });
-      // Inject data-bw_ref on the TACO for createDOM to pick up
-      if (!taco.a) taco.a = {};
-      taco.a['data-bw_ref'] = refId;
-    }
-
-    // Check attributes for bindings
-    if (taco.a) {
-      for (var attrName in taco.a) {
-        if (!_hop.call(taco.a, attrName)) continue;
-        if (attrName === 'data-bw_ref') continue;
-        var attrVal = taco.a[attrName];
-        if (_is(attrVal, 'string') && attrVal.indexOf('${') >= 0) {
-          var refId2 = 'bw_ref_' + self._refCounter++;
-          var parsed2 = bw._parseBindings(attrVal);
-          var deps2 = [];
-          for (var j2 = 0; j2 < parsed2.length; j2++) {
-            deps2 = deps2.concat(bw._extractDeps(parsed2[j2].expr, stateKeys));
-          }
-          self._bindings.push({
-            expr: attrVal,
-            type: 'attribute',
-            attrName: attrName,
-            refId: refId2,
-            deps: deps2,
-            template: attrVal
-          });
-          if (!taco.a) taco.a = {};
-          taco.a['data-bw_ref'] = taco.a['data-bw_ref'] || refId2;
-          // If multiple attribute bindings on same element, store additional marker
-          if (taco.a['data-bw_ref'] !== refId2) {
-            taco.a['data-bw_ref_' + attrName] = refId2;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Recurse into children
-    if (_isA(taco.c)) {
-      for (var i = 0; i < taco.c.length; i++) {
-        // Wrap string children with ${expr} in a span so patches target the span, not the parent
-        if (_is(taco.c[i], 'string') && taco.c[i].indexOf('${') >= 0) {
-          var mixedRefId = 'bw_ref_' + self._refCounter++;
-          var mixedParsed = bw._parseBindings(taco.c[i]);
-          var mixedDeps = [];
-          for (var mi = 0; mi < mixedParsed.length; mi++) {
-            mixedDeps = mixedDeps.concat(bw._extractDeps(mixedParsed[mi].expr, stateKeys));
-          }
-          self._bindings.push({
-            expr: taco.c[i],
-            type: 'content',
-            refId: mixedRefId,
-            deps: mixedDeps,
-            template: taco.c[i]
-          });
-          // Replace string with a span wrapper so textContent targets the span only
-          taco.c[i] = { t: 'span', a: { 'data-bw_ref': mixedRefId, style: 'display:contents' }, c: taco.c[i] };
-        }
-        if (_is(taco.c[i], 'object') && taco.c[i].t) {
-          walkTaco(taco.c[i], path.concat(i));
-        }
-        // Handle bw.when/bw.each markers
-        if (taco.c[i] && taco.c[i]._bwWhen) {
-          var whenRefId = 'bw_ref_' + self._refCounter++;
-          var whenDeps = bw._extractDeps(taco.c[i].expr.replace(/^\$\{|\}$/g, ''), stateKeys);
-          self._bindings.push({
-            expr: taco.c[i].expr,
-            type: 'structural',
-            subtype: 'when',
-            refId: whenRefId,
-            deps: whenDeps,
-            branches: taco.c[i].branches,
-            index: i,
-            parentPath: path
-          });
-          taco.c[i]._refId = whenRefId;
-        }
-        if (taco.c[i] && taco.c[i]._bwEach) {
-          var eachRefId = 'bw_ref_' + self._refCounter++;
-          var eachDeps = bw._extractDeps(taco.c[i].expr.replace(/^\$\{|\}$/g, ''), stateKeys);
-          self._bindings.push({
-            expr: taco.c[i].expr,
-            type: 'structural',
-            subtype: 'each',
-            refId: eachRefId,
-            deps: eachDeps,
-            factory: taco.c[i].factory,
-            index: i,
-            parentPath: path
-          });
-          taco.c[i]._refId = eachRefId;
-        }
-      }
-    } else if (_is(taco.c, 'object') && taco.c.t) {
-      walkTaco(taco.c, path.concat(0));
-    }
-
-    return taco;
-  }
-
-  walkTaco(this.taco, []);
-};
-
-// ── DOM Reference Collection ──
-
-/**
- * Build ref map from the live DOM after createDOM.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._collectRefs = function() {
-  this._bw_refs = {};
-  if (!this.element) return;
-  var els = this.element.querySelectorAll('[data-bw_ref]');
-  for (var i = 0; i < els.length; i++) {
-    this._bw_refs[els[i].getAttribute('data-bw_ref')] = els[i];
-  }
-  // Also check root element
-  var rootRef = this.element.getAttribute && this.element.getAttribute('data-bw_ref');
-  if (rootRef) {
-    this._bw_refs[rootRef] = this.element;
-  }
-};
-
-// ── Lifecycle ──
-
-/**
- * Mount the component into a parent DOM element.
- * Creates DOM, compiles bindings, registers actions, and calls lifecycle hooks.
- * @param {Element} parentEl - DOM element to mount into
- */
-_chp.mount = function(parentEl) {
-  // willMount hook
-  if (this._hooks.willMount) this._hooks.willMount(this);
-
-  // Save original TACO for re-renders (structural changes clone from this)
-  if (!this._originalTaco) {
-    this._originalTaco = this.taco;
-  }
-
-  // Deep-clone TACO so binding annotations don't mutate original.
-  // Custom clone to preserve _bwWhen/_bwEach markers and their factory functions.
-  this.taco = this._deepCloneTaco(this._originalTaco);
-
-  // Compile bindings (annotates TACO with data-bw_ref attributes)
-  this._compileBindings();
-
-  // Prepare TACO: resolve initial binding values, evaluate when/each
-  this._prepareTaco(this.taco);
-
-  // Register named actions in function registry
-  var self = this;
-  for (var actionName in this._actions) {
-    if (_hop.call(this._actions, actionName)) {
-      var registeredName = this._bwId + '_' + actionName;
-      (function(aName) {
-        bw.funcRegister(function(evt) {
-          self._actions[aName](self, evt);
-        }, registeredName);
-      })(actionName);
-      this._registeredActions.push(registeredName);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Wire action names in onclick etc. to dispatch strings
-  this._wireActions(this.taco);
-
-  // Create DOM (strip o before createDOM to prevent double lifecycle)
-  var tacoForDOM = this._tacoForDOM(this.taco);
-  this.element = bw.createDOM(tacoForDOM);
-  this.element._bwComponentHandle = this;
-  this.element.setAttribute('data-bw_comp_id', this._bwId);
-
-  // Restore o.render from original TACO (stripped by _tacoForDOM)
-  if (this.taco.o && this.taco.o.render) {
-    this.element._bw_render = this.taco.o.render;
-  }
-  if (this._userTag) {
-    this.element.classList.add(this._userTag);
-  }
-
-  // Append to parent
-  parentEl.appendChild(this.element);
-
-  // Collect refs from live DOM
-  this._collectRefs();
-
-  // Resolve initial bindings and apply to DOM
-  this._resolveAndApplyAll();
-
-  this.mounted = true;
-
-  // Scan for child ComponentHandles and link parent/child (Bug #5)
-  var childEls = this.element.querySelectorAll('[data-bw_comp_id]');
-  for (var ci = 0; ci < childEls.length; ci++) {
-    var ch = childEls[ci]._bwComponentHandle;
-    if (ch && ch !== this && !ch._parent) {
-      ch._parent = this;
-      this._children.push(ch);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // mounted hook (backward compat: fn.length === 2 wraps (el, state))
-  if (this._hooks.mounted) {
-    if (this._hooks.mounted.length === 2) {
-      this._hooks.mounted(this.element, this.getState());
-    } else {
-      this._hooks.mounted(this);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Invoke o.render on initial mount (if present)
-  if (this.element._bw_render) {
-    this.element._bw_render(this.element, this._state);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Prepare TACO for initial render: resolve when/each markers.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._prepareTaco = function(taco) {
-  if (!_is(taco, 'object')) return;
-
-  if (_isA(taco.c)) {
-    for (var i = taco.c.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-      var child = taco.c[i];
-      if (child && child._bwWhen) {
-        var exprStr = child.expr.replace(/^\$\{|\}$/g, '');
-        var val;
-        if (this._compile) {
-          try {
-            val = (new Function('state', 'with(state){return (' + exprStr + ');}'))(this._state);
-          } catch(e) { val = false; }
-        } else {
-          val = bw._evaluatePath(this._state, exprStr);
-        }
-        var branch = val ? child.branches[0] : (child.branches[1] || null);
-        if (branch) {
-          // Wrap in a container so we can track it
-          taco.c[i] = { t: 'span', a: { 'data-bw_when': child._refId, style: 'display:contents' }, c: branch };
-        } else {
-          taco.c[i] = { t: 'span', a: { 'data-bw_when': child._refId, style: 'display:contents' }, c: '' };
-        }
-      }
-      if (child && child._bwEach) {
-        var eachExprStr = child.expr.replace(/^\$\{|\}$/g, '');
-        var arr = bw._evaluatePath(this._state, eachExprStr);
-        var items = [];
-        if (_isA(arr)) {
-          for (var j = 0; j < arr.length; j++) {
-            items.push(child.factory(arr[j], j));
-          }
-        }
-        taco.c[i] = { t: 'span', a: { 'data-bw_each': child._refId, style: 'display:contents' }, c: items };
-      }
-      if (_is(taco.c[i], 'object') && taco.c[i].t) {
-        this._prepareTaco(taco.c[i]);
-      }
-    }
-  } else if (_is(taco.c, 'object') && taco.c.t) {
-    this._prepareTaco(taco.c);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Wire action name strings (in onclick etc.) to dispatch function calls.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._wireActions = function(taco) {
-  if (!_is(taco, 'object') || !taco.t) return;
-  if (taco.a) {
-    for (var key in taco.a) {
-      if (!_hop.call(taco.a, key)) continue;
-      if (key.startsWith('on') && _is(taco.a[key], 'string')) {
-        var actionName = taco.a[key];
-        if (actionName in this._actions) {
-          var registeredName = this._bwId + '_' + actionName;
-          // Replace string with actual function for createDOM event binding
-          (function(rName) {
-            taco.a[key] = function(evt) {
-              bw.funcGetById(rName)(evt);
-            };
-          })(registeredName);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  if (_isA(taco.c)) {
-    for (var i = 0; i < taco.c.length; i++) {
-      this._wireActions(taco.c[i]);
-    }
-  } else if (_is(taco.c, 'object') && taco.c.t) {
-    this._wireActions(taco.c);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Deep-clone a TACO tree, preserving _bwWhen/_bwEach markers and their factories.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._deepCloneTaco = function(taco) {
-  if (taco == null) return taco;
-  // Preserve _bwWhen / _bwEach markers (contain functions)
-  if (taco._bwWhen) {
-    return { _bwWhen: true, expr: taco.expr, branches: [
-      this._deepCloneTaco(taco.branches[0]),
-      taco.branches[1] ? this._deepCloneTaco(taco.branches[1]) : null
-    ], _refId: taco._refId };
-  }
-  if (taco._bwEach) {
-    return { _bwEach: true, expr: taco.expr, factory: taco.factory, _refId: taco._refId };
-  }
-  if (!_is(taco, 'object') || !taco.t) return taco;
-  var result = { t: taco.t };
-  if (taco.a) {
-    result.a = {};
-    for (var k in taco.a) {
-      if (_hop.call(taco.a, k)) result.a[k] = taco.a[k];
-    }
-  }
-  if (taco.c != null) {
-    if (_isA(taco.c)) {
-      result.c = taco.c.map(function(child) { return this._deepCloneTaco(child); }.bind(this));
-    } else if (_is(taco.c, 'object')) {
-      result.c = this._deepCloneTaco(taco.c);
-    } else {
-      result.c = taco.c;
-    }
-  }
-  if (taco.o) result.o = taco.o; // Keep o reference (not deep-cloned; hooks are functions)
-  return result;
-};
-
-/**
- * Create a copy of TACO suitable for createDOM (strips o to prevent double lifecycle).
- * @private
- */
-_chp._tacoForDOM = function(taco) {
-  if (!_is(taco, 'object') || !taco.t) return taco;
-  var result = { t: taco.t };
-  if (taco.a) result.a = taco.a;
-  if (taco.c != null) {
-    if (_isA(taco.c)) {
-      result.c = taco.c.map(function(child) { return this._tacoForDOM(child); }.bind(this));
-    } else if (_is(taco.c, 'object') && taco.c.t) {
-      result.c = this._tacoForDOM(taco.c);
-    } else {
-      result.c = taco.c;
-    }
-  }
-  // Intentionally strip o (no mounted/unmount/state/render on sub-elements)
-  if (taco.o && (taco.o.mounted || taco.o.render || taco.o.unmount)) {
-    _cw('bw: _tacoForDOM stripped o.mounted/render/unmount from child <' + taco.t +
-      '>. Use onclick attribute or bw.component() for child interactivity.');
-  }
-  return result;
-};
-
-/**
- * Unmount: remove from DOM, deactivate, preserve state for re-mount.
- */
-_chp.unmount = function() {
-  if (!this.mounted) return;
-
-  // unmount hook
-  if (this._hooks.unmount) {
-    this._hooks.unmount(this);
-  }
-
-  // Remove DOM event listeners
-  for (var i = 0; i < this._eventListeners.length; i++) {
-    var l = this._eventListeners[i];
-    if (this.element) {
-      this.element.removeEventListener(l.event, l.handler);
-    }
-  }
-  this._eventListeners = [];
-
-  // Unsubscribe pub/sub
-  for (var j = 0; j < this._subs.length; j++) {
-    this._subs[j]();
-  }
-  this._subs = [];
-
-  // Remove from DOM
-  if (this.element && this.element.parentNode) {
-    this.element.parentNode.removeChild(this.element);
-  }
-
-  this.mounted = false;
-  // State preserved — can re-mount
-};
-
-/**
- * Destroy: unmount + clear state + unregister actions.
- */
-_chp.destroy = function() {
-  // willDestroy hook
-  if (this._hooks.willDestroy) {
-    this._hooks.willDestroy(this);
-  }
-
-  // Cascade destroy to children depth-first (Bug #5)
-  for (var ci = this._children.length - 1; ci >= 0; ci--) {
-    this._children[ci].destroy();
-  }
-  this._children = [];
-  if (this._parent) {
-    var idx = this._parent._children.indexOf(this);
-    if (idx >= 0) this._parent._children.splice(idx, 1);
-    this._parent = null;
-  }
-
-  this.unmount();
-
-  // Unregister actions from function registry
-  for (var i = 0; i < this._registeredActions.length; i++) {
-    bw.funcUnregister(this._registeredActions[i]);
-  }
-  this._registeredActions = [];
-
-  // Clear state
-  this._state = {};
-  this._bindings = [];
-  this._bw_refs = {};
-  this._prevValues = {};
-  this._dirtyKeys = {};
-  if (this.element) {
-    delete this.element._bwComponentHandle;
-    this.element = null;
-  }
-};
-
-// ── Flush & Binding Resolution ──
-
-/**
- * Flush dirty state: resolve changed bindings and apply to DOM.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._flush = function() {
-  this._scheduled = false;
-  var changedKeys = _keys(this._dirtyKeys);
-  this._dirtyKeys = {};
-  if (changedKeys.length === 0 || !this.mounted) return;
-
-  // Factory rebuild: if a BCCL factory exists and changed keys overlap factory props,
-  // rebuild the TACO from the factory with merged state (Bug #6)
-  if (this._factory) {
-    var rebuildNeeded = false;
-    for (var fi = 0; fi < changedKeys.length; fi++) {
-      if (_hop.call(this._factory.props, changedKeys[fi])) {
-        rebuildNeeded = true; break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (rebuildNeeded) {
-      var merged = {};
-      for (var mk in this._factory.props) if (_hop.call(this._factory.props, mk)) merged[mk] = this._factory.props[mk];
-      for (var sk in this._state) if (_hop.call(this._state, sk)) merged[sk] = this._state[sk];
-      this._factory.props = merged;
-      var newTaco = bw.make(this._factory.type, merged);
-      newTaco._bwFactory = this._factory;
-      this.taco = newTaco;
-      this._originalTaco = this._deepCloneTaco(newTaco);
-      this._render();
-      if (this._hooks.onUpdate) this._hooks.onUpdate(this, changedKeys);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // willUpdate hook
-  if (this._hooks.willUpdate) {
-    this._hooks.willUpdate(this, changedKeys);
-  }
-
-  // Check if any structural bindings are affected
-  var needsFullRender = false;
-  for (var i = 0; i < this._bindings.length; i++) {
-    var b = this._bindings[i];
-    if (b.type === 'structural') {
-      for (var j = 0; j < b.deps.length; j++) {
-        if (changedKeys.indexOf(b.deps[j]) >= 0) {
-          needsFullRender = true;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if (needsFullRender) break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (needsFullRender) {
-    this._render();
-  } else {
-    var patches = this._resolveBindings(changedKeys);
-    this._applyPatches(patches);
-  }
-
-  // onUpdate hook
-  if (this._hooks.onUpdate) {
-    this._hooks.onUpdate(this, changedKeys);
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Resolve bindings whose deps intersect with changedKeys.
- * Returns list of patches to apply.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._resolveBindings = function(changedKeys) {
-  var patches = [];
-  for (var i = 0; i < this._bindings.length; i++) {
-    var b = this._bindings[i];
-    if (b.type === 'structural') continue;
-
-    // Check if any dep matches
-    var affected = false;
-    for (var j = 0; j < b.deps.length; j++) {
-      if (changedKeys.indexOf(b.deps[j]) >= 0) {
-        affected = true;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!affected) continue;
-
-    // Evaluate
-    var newVal = bw._resolveTemplate(b.template, this._state, this._compile);
-    var prevKey = b.refId + '_' + (b.attrName || 'content');
-    if (this._prevValues[prevKey] !== newVal) {
-      this._prevValues[prevKey] = newVal;
-      patches.push({
-        refId: b.refId,
-        type: b.type,
-        attrName: b.attrName,
-        value: newVal
-      });
-    }
-  }
-  return patches;
-};
-
-/**
- * Apply patches to DOM.
- * @private
- */
-_chp._applyPatches = function(patches) {
-  for (var i = 0; i < patches.length; i++) {
-    var p = patches[i];
-    var el = this._bw_refs[p.refId];
-    if (!el) {
-      if (bw.debug) _cw('bw.debug: _applyPatches — ref "' + p.refId + '" not found in DOM');
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (p.type === 'content') {
-      el.textContent = p.value;
-    } else if (p.type === 'attribute') {
-      if (p.attrName === 'class') {
-        el.className = p.value;
-      } else {
-        el.setAttribute(p.attrName, p.value);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-};
-
-/**
- * Resolve all bindings and apply (used for initial render).
- * @private
- */
-_chp._resolveAndApplyAll = function() {
-  var patches = [];
-  for (var i = 0; i < this._bindings.length; i++) {
-    var b = this._bindings[i];
-    if (b.type === 'structural') continue;
-
-    var newVal = bw._resolveTemplate(b.template, this._state, this._compile);
-    var prevKey = b.refId + '_' + (b.attrName || 'content');
-    this._prevValues[prevKey] = newVal;
-    patches.push({
-      refId: b.refId,
-      type: b.type,
-      attrName: b.attrName,
-      value: newVal
-    });
-  }
-  this._applyPatches(patches);
-};
-
-/**
- * Full re-render for structural changes (when/each branch switches).
- * @private
- */
-_chp._render = function() {
-  if (!this.element || !this.element.parentNode) return;
-  var parent = this.element.parentNode;
-  var nextSibling = this.element.nextSibling;
-
-  // Remove old DOM
-  parent.removeChild(this.element);
-
-  // Re-prepare TACO with current state (deep clone preserving functions)
-  this.taco = this._deepCloneTaco(this._originalTaco || this.taco);
-
-  // Re-compile bindings and prepare
-  this._compileBindings();
-  this._prepareTaco(this.taco);
-  this._wireActions(this.taco);
-
-  var tacoForDOM = this._tacoForDOM(this.taco);
-  this.element = bw.createDOM(tacoForDOM);
-  this.element._bwComponentHandle = this;
-  this.element.setAttribute('data-bw_comp_id', this._bwId);
-
-  // Re-insert at same position
-  if (nextSibling) {
-    parent.insertBefore(this.element, nextSibling);
-  } else {
-    parent.appendChild(this.element);
-  }
-
-  // Re-collect refs and apply all bindings
-  this._collectRefs();
-  this._resolveAndApplyAll();
-};
-
-// ── Event & Pub/Sub Methods ──
-
-/**
- * Add a DOM event listener on the component's root element.
- * @param {string} event - Event name (e.g., 'click')
- * @param {Function} handler - Event handler
- */
-_chp.on = function(event, handler) {
-  if (this.element) {
-    this.element.addEventListener(event, handler);
-  }
-  this._eventListeners.push({ event: event, handler: handler });
-};
-
-/**
- * Remove a DOM event listener.
- * @param {string} event - Event name
- * @param {Function} handler - Handler to remove
- */
-_chp.off = function(event, handler) {
-  if (this.element) {
-    this.element.removeEventListener(event, handler);
-  }
-  this._eventListeners = this._eventListeners.filter(function(l) {
-    return !(l.event === event && l.handler === handler);
-  });
-};
-
-/**
- * Subscribe to a pub/sub topic. Lifecycle-tied: auto-unsubs on destroy.
- * @param {string} topic - Topic name
- * @param {Function} handler - Handler function
- * @returns {Function} Unsubscribe function
- */
-_chp.sub = function(topic, handler) {
-  var unsub = bw.sub(topic, handler);
-  this._subs.push(unsub);
-  return unsub;
-};
-
-/**
- * Call a named action.
- * @param {string} name - Action name
- * @param {...*} args - Arguments passed after comp
- */
-_chp.action = function(name) {
-  var fn = this._actions[name];
-  if (!fn) {
-    _cw('ComponentHandle.action: unknown action "' + name + '"');
-    return;
-  }
-  var args = [this].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
-  return fn.apply(null, args);
-};
-
-/**
- * querySelector within the component's DOM.
- * @param {string} sel - CSS selector
- * @returns {Element|null}
- */
-_chp.select = function(sel) {
-  return this.element ? this.element.querySelector(sel) : null;
-};
-
-/**
- * querySelectorAll within the component's DOM.
- * @param {string} sel - CSS selector
- * @returns {Element[]}
- */
-_chp.selectAll = function(sel) {
-  if (!this.element) return [];
-  return Array.prototype.slice.call(this.element.querySelectorAll(sel));
-};
-
-/**
- * Tag this component with a user-defined ID for addressing via bw.message().
- * The tag is added as a CSS class on the root element (DOM IS the registry).
- * @param {string} tag - User-defined identifier (e.g. 'dashboard_prod_east')
- * @returns {ComponentHandle} this (for chaining)
- */
-_chp.userTag = function(tag) {
-  this._userTag = tag;
-  if (this.element) {
-    this.element.classList.add(tag);
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (bw.debug) _cw('bw.debug: _resolveTemplate — Tier 2 eval failed for "${' + b.expr + '}":', e.message);
+        val = '';
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Tier 1: dot-path only
+      val = bw._evaluatePath(state, b.expr);
+    }
+    result += (val == null) ? '' : String(val);
+    lastEnd = b.end;
   }
-  return this;
+  result += str.slice(lastEnd);
+  return result;
 };
 
-// Expose ComponentHandle on bw (for testing and advanced use)
-bw._ComponentHandle = ComponentHandle;
-
 // ===================================================================================
-// Control Flow Helpers
+// Deprecation stubs for removed ComponentHandle APIs (v2.0.19)
 // ===================================================================================
 
-/**
- * Conditional rendering helper.
- * Returns a marker object that ComponentHandle detects during binding compilation.
- * In static contexts (bw.html with state), evaluates immediately.
- *
- * @param {string} expr - Expression string like '${loggedIn}'
- * @param {Object} tacoTrue - TACO to render when truthy
- * @param {Object} [tacoFalse] - TACO to render when falsy
- * @returns {Object} Marker object with _bwWhen flag
- * @category Component
- */
-bw.when = function(expr, tacoTrue, tacoFalse) {
-  return { _bwWhen: true, expr: expr, branches: [tacoTrue, tacoFalse || null] };
-};
+bw._extractDeps = undefined;
+bw._dirtyComponents = undefined;
+bw._flushScheduled = undefined;
+bw._scheduleFlush = undefined;
+bw._doFlush = undefined;
+bw._ComponentHandle = undefined;
 
 /**
- * List rendering helper.
- * Returns a marker object that ComponentHandle detects during binding compilation.
- *
- * @param {string} expr - Expression string like '${items}'
- * @param {Function} fn - Factory function(item, index) returning TACO
- * @returns {Object} Marker object with _bwEach flag
+ * No-op flush (ComponentHandle removed in v2.0.19).
+ * Kept as no-op for backward compatibility.
  * @category Component
  */
-bw.each = function(expr, fn) {
-  return { _bwEach: true, expr: expr, factory: fn };
-};
+bw.flush = function() {};
 
-// ===================================================================================
-// bw.component() — Factory for ComponentHandle
-// ===================================================================================
 
-/**
- * Create a ComponentHandle from a TACO definition.
- * The returned handle has .get(), .set(), .mount(), .destroy(), etc.
- *
- * @param {Object} taco - TACO definition with {t, a, c, o}
- * @returns {ComponentHandle} Reactive component handle
- * @category Component
- * @see bw.DOM
- * @example
- * var counter = bw.component({
- *   t: 'div', c: [{ t: 'h3', c: 'Count: ${count}' }],
- *   o: { state: { count: 0 } }
- * });
- * bw.DOM('#app', counter);
- * counter.set('count', 42); // DOM auto-updates
- */
-bw.component = function(taco) {
-  return new ComponentHandle(taco);
-};
+bw.when = function() { throw new Error('bw.when() removed in v2.0.19. Use conditional logic in o.render instead.'); };
+bw.each = function() { throw new Error('bw.each() removed in v2.0.19. Use array mapping in o.render instead.'); };
+bw.component = function() { throw new Error('bw.component() removed in v2.0.19. Use o.handle/o.slots on TACO options instead.'); };
+
 
 // ===================================================================================
 // bw.message() — SendMessage() for the web
 // ===================================================================================
 
 /**
- * Dispatch a message to a component by UUID or user tag.
- * Finds the component's DOM element, looks up its ComponentHandle,
- * and calls the named method. This is the bitwrench equivalent of
- * Win32 SendMessage(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam).
+ * Dispatch a message to a component by UUID, CSS class, or selector.
+ * Finds the element, looks up el.bw, and calls the named method.
+ * This is the bitwrench equivalent of Win32 SendMessage(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam).
  *
- * @param {string} target - Component UUID (data-bw_comp_id) or user tag (CSS class)
- * @param {string} action - Method name to call on the component
+ * @param {string} target - Component UUID (bw_uuid_*), CSS class, or selector
+ * @param {string} action - Method name to call on el.bw
  * @param {*} data - Data to pass to the method
  * @returns {boolean} True if message was dispatched successfully
  * @category Component
  * @example
- * // Tag a component
- * myDash.userTag('dashboard_prod');
- * // Dispatch locally
- * bw.message('dashboard_prod', 'addAlert', { severity: 'warning', text: 'CPU spike' });
+ * bw.message('my_carousel', 'goToSlide', 2);
  * // Or from SSE handler:
  * es.onmessage = function(e) {
  *   var msg = JSON.parse(e.data);
@@ -6181,75 +5282,35 @@ bw.component = function(taco) {
  * };
  */
 bw.message = function(target, action, data) {
-  // Try data-bw_comp_id attribute first, then CSS class (user tag)
-  var el = bw.$('[data-bw_comp_id="' + target + '"]')[0];
-  if (!el) {
-    el = bw.$('.' + target)[0];
-  }
-  if (!el || !el._bwComponentHandle) return false;
-  var comp = el._bwComponentHandle;
-  if (!_is(comp[action], 'function')) {
-    _cw('bw.message: unknown action "' + action + '" on component ' + target);
+  var el = bw._el(target);
+  if (!el) el = bw.$('.' + target)[0];
+  if (!el || !el.bw || typeof el.bw[action] !== 'function') {
+    _cw('bw.message: no handle method "' + action + '" on ' + target);
     return false;
   }
-  comp[action](data);
+  el.bw[action](data);
   return true;
 };
 
 // ===================================================================================
-// bw.clientApply() / bw.clientConnect() — Server-driven UI protocol
+// bw.apply() / bw.parseJSONFlex() — Server-driven UI protocol
 // ===================================================================================
 
 /**
  * Registry of named functions sent via register messages.
- * Populated by clientApply({ type: 'register', name, body }).
- * Invoked by clientApply({ type: 'call', name, args }).
+ * Populated by bw.apply({ type: 'register', name, body }).
+ * Invoked by bw.apply({ type: 'call', name, args }).
  * @private
  */
 bw._clientFunctions = {};
 
 /**
- * Whether exec messages are allowed. Set by clientConnect opts.allowExec.
+ * Whether exec messages are allowed. Set by bwclient connect opts.allowExec.
  * Default false — exec messages are rejected unless explicitly opted in.
  * @private
  */
 bw._allowExec = false;
 
-/**
- * Built-in client functions available via call() without registration.
- * @private
- */
-bw._builtinClientFunctions = {
-  scrollTo: function(selector) {
-    var el = bw._el(selector);
-    if (el) el.scrollTop = el.scrollHeight;
-  },
-  focus: function(selector) {
-    var el = bw._el(selector);
-    if (el && _is(el.focus, 'function')) el.focus();
-  },
-  download: function(filename, content, mimeType) {
-    if (typeof document === 'undefined') return;
-    var blob = new Blob([content], { type: mimeType || 'text/plain' });
-    var a = document.createElement('a');
-    a.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
-    a.download = filename;
-    a.click();
-    URL.revokeObjectURL(a.href);
-  },
-  clipboard: function(text) {
-    if (typeof navigator !== 'undefined' && navigator.clipboard) {
-      navigator.clipboard.writeText(text);
-    }
-  },
-  redirect: function(url) {
-    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') window.location.href = url;
-  },
-  log: function() {
-    console.log.apply(console, arguments);
-  }
-};
-
 /**
  * Parse a bwserve protocol message string, supporting both strict JSON
  * and r-prefixed relaxed JSON (single-quoted strings, trailing commas).
@@ -6264,9 +5325,9 @@ bw._builtinClientFunctions = {
  * @param {string} str - JSON or r-prefixed relaxed JSON string
  * @returns {Object} Parsed message object
  * @throws {SyntaxError} If the string is not valid JSON or relaxed JSON
- * @category Server
+ * @category Core
  */
-bw.clientParse = function(str) {
+bw.parseJSONFlex = function(str) {
   str = (str || '').trim();
   if (str.charAt(0) !== 'r') return JSON.parse(str);
   str = str.slice(1);
@@ -6351,10 +5412,10 @@ bw.clientParse = function(str) {
  *   append   — target.appendChild(bw.createDOM(node))
  *   remove   — bw.cleanup(target); target.remove()
  *   patch    — bw.patch(target, content, attr)
- *   batch    — iterate ops, call clientApply for each
+ *   batch    — iterate ops, call bw.apply for each
  *   message  — bw.message(target, action, data)
  *   register — store a named function for later call()
- *   call     — invoke a registered or built-in function
+ *   call     — invoke a registered function
  *   exec     — execute arbitrary JS (requires allowExec)
  *
  * Target resolution:
@@ -6363,9 +5424,9 @@ bw.clientParse = function(str) {
  *
  * @param {Object} msg - Protocol message
  * @returns {boolean} true if the message was applied successfully
- * @category Server
+ * @category Core
  */
-bw.clientApply = function(msg) {
+bw.apply = function(msg) {
   if (!msg || !msg.type) return false;
 
   var type = msg.type;
@@ -6399,7 +5460,7 @@ bw.clientApply = function(msg) {
     if (!_isA(msg.ops)) return false;
     var allOk = true;
     msg.ops.forEach(function(op) {
-      if (!bw.clientApply(op)) allOk = false;
+      if (!bw.apply(op)) allOk = false;
     });
     return allOk;
 
@@ -6418,7 +5479,7 @@ bw.clientApply = function(msg) {
 
   } else if (type === 'call') {
     if (!msg.name) return false;
-    var fn = bw._clientFunctions[msg.name] || bw._builtinClientFunctions[msg.name];
+    var fn = bw._clientFunctions[msg.name];
     if (!_is(fn, 'function')) return false;
     try {
       var args = _isA(msg.args) ? msg.args : [];
@@ -6447,271 +5508,35 @@ bw.clientApply = function(msg) {
   return false;
 };
 
-/**
- * Connect to a bwserve SSE endpoint and apply protocol messages automatically.
- *
- * Returns a connection object with sendAction(), on(), and close() methods.
- *
- * @param {string} url - SSE endpoint URL (e.g., '/__bw/events/client-1')
- * @param {Object} [opts] - Connection options
- * @param {string} [opts.transport='sse'] - Transport type: 'sse' (default) or 'poll'
- * @param {number} [opts.interval=2000] - Poll interval in ms (only for 'poll' transport)
- * @param {string} [opts.actionUrl] - POST endpoint for actions (default: derived from url)
- * @param {boolean} [opts.reconnect=true] - Auto-reconnect on disconnect
- * @param {boolean} [opts.allowExec=false] - Enable exec message type (arbitrary JS execution)
- * @param {Function} [opts.onStatus] - Status callback: 'connecting'|'connected'|'disconnected'
- * @param {Function} [opts.onMessage] - Raw message callback (before clientApply)
- * @returns {Object} Connection object { sendAction, on, close, status }
- * @category Server
- */
-bw.clientConnect = function(url, opts) {
-  opts = opts || {};
-  var transport = opts.transport || 'sse';
-  var actionUrl = opts.actionUrl || url.replace(/\/events\//, '/action/');
-  var reconnect = opts.reconnect !== false;
-  var onStatus = opts.onStatus || function() {};
-  var onMessage = opts.onMessage || null;
-  var handlers = {};
-  // Set the global allowExec flag from connection options
-  bw._allowExec = !!opts.allowExec;
-  var conn = {
-    status: 'connecting',
-    _es: null,
-    _pollTimer: null
-  };
-
-  function setStatus(s) {
-    conn.status = s;
-    onStatus(s);
-  }
-
-  function handleMessage(data) {
-    try {
-      var msg = _is(data, 'string') ? bw.clientParse(data) : data;
-      if (onMessage) onMessage(msg);
-      if (handlers.message) handlers.message(msg);
-      bw.clientApply(msg);
-    } catch (e) {
-      if (handlers.error) handlers.error(e);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (transport === 'sse' && typeof EventSource !== 'undefined') {
-    setStatus('connecting');
-    var es = new EventSource(url);
-    conn._es = es;
-
-    es.onopen = function() {
-      setStatus('connected');
-      if (handlers.open) handlers.open();
-    };
-
-    es.onmessage = function(e) {
-      handleMessage(e.data);
-    };
-
-    es.onerror = function() {
-      if (conn.status === 'connected') {
-        setStatus('disconnected');
-      }
-      if (handlers.error) handlers.error(new Error('SSE connection error'));
-      if (!reconnect) {
-        es.close();
-      }
-      // EventSource auto-reconnects by default when reconnect=true
-    };
-  } else if (transport === 'poll') {
-    var interval = opts.interval || 2000;
-    setStatus('connected');
-    conn._pollTimer = setInterval(function() {
-      fetch(url).then(function(r) { return r.json(); }).then(function(msgs) {
-        if (_isA(msgs)) {
-          msgs.forEach(handleMessage);
-        } else if (msgs && msgs.type) {
-          handleMessage(msgs);
-        }
-      }).catch(function(e) {
-        if (handlers.error) handlers.error(e);
-      });
-    }, interval);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Send an action to the server via POST.
-   * @param {string} action - Action name
-   * @param {Object} [data] - Action payload
-   */
-  conn.sendAction = function(action, data) {
-    var body = JSON.stringify({ type: 'action', action: action, data: data || {} });
-    fetch(actionUrl, {
-      method: 'POST',
-      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-      body: body
-    }).catch(function(e) {
-      if (handlers.error) handlers.error(e);
-    });
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * Register an event handler.
-   * @param {string} event - 'open'|'message'|'error'|'close'
-   * @param {Function} handler
-   */
-  conn.on = function(event, handler) {
-    handlers[event] = handler;
-    return conn;
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * Close the connection.
-   */
-  conn.close = function() {
-    if (conn._es) {
-      conn._es.close();
-      conn._es = null;
-    }
-    if (conn._pollTimer) {
-      clearInterval(conn._pollTimer);
-      conn._pollTimer = null;
-    }
-    setStatus('disconnected');
-    if (handlers.close) handlers.close();
-  };
-
-  return conn;
-};
 
 // ===================================================================================
 // bw.inspect() — Debug utility
 // ===================================================================================
 
 /**
- * Inspect a component's state, bindings, methods, and metadata.
- * Works with DOM elements, CSS selectors, or ComponentHandle objects.
- * Returns the ComponentHandle for console chaining.
+ * Inspect a DOM element's bitwrench state, handle methods, and metadata.
+ * Works with DOM elements or CSS selectors.
  *
- * @param {string|Element|ComponentHandle} target - Selector, element, or handle
- * @returns {ComponentHandle|null} The component handle, or null if not found
+ * @param {string|Element} target - Selector or DOM element
+ * @returns {Element|null} The element, or null if not found
  * @category Component
  * @example
- * // In browser console, click element in Elements panel then:
+ * bw.inspect('#my-carousel');
  * bw.inspect($0);
- * // Or by selector:
- * var h = bw.inspect('#my-dashboard');
- * h.set('count', 99);  // chain from returned handle
  */
 bw.inspect = function(target) {
-  var el = target;
-  var comp;
-  if (target && target._bwComponent === true) {
-    el = target.element;
-    comp = target;
-  } else {
-    if (_is(target, 'string')) {
-      el = bw.$(target)[0];
-    }
-    if (!el) {
-      _cw('bw.inspect: element not found');
-      return null;
-    }
-    comp = el._bwComponentHandle;
-  }
-  if (!comp) {
-    _cl('bw.inspect: no ComponentHandle on this element');
-    _cl('  Tag:', el.tagName);
-    _cl('  Classes:', el.className);
-    _cl('  _bw_state:', el._bw_state || '(none)');
-    return null;
-  }
-  var deps = comp._bindings.reduce(function(s, b) {
-    return s.concat(b.deps || []);
-  }, []).filter(function(v, i, a) { return a.indexOf(v) === i; });
-  console.group('Component: ' + comp._bwId);
-  _cl('State:', comp._state);
-  _cl('Bindings:', comp._bindings.length, '(deps:', deps, ')');
-  _cl('Methods:', _keys(comp._methods));
-  _cl('Actions:', _keys(comp._actions));
-  _cl('User tag:', comp._userTag || '(none)');
-  _cl('Mounted:', comp.mounted);
-  _cl('Element:', comp.element);
+  var el = _is(target, 'string') ? bw.$(target)[0] : target;
+  if (!el) { _cw('bw.inspect: element not found'); return null; }
+  console.group('Element: ' + (bw.getUUID(el) || el.id || el.tagName));
+  _cl('State:', el._bw_state || '(none)');
+  _cl('Handle:', el.bw ? _keys(el.bw) : '(none)');
+  _cl('Classes:', el.className);
+  _cl('Refs:', el._bw_refs || '(none)');
   console.groupEnd();
-  return comp;
+  return el;
 };
 
-// ===================================================================================
-// bw.compile() — Pre-compile TACO into optimized factory
-// ===================================================================================
-
-/**
- * Pre-compile a TACO definition into a factory function.
- * The factory produces ComponentHandles with pre-compiled binding evaluators.
- *
- * Phase 1: validates API surface. Template cloning optimization deferred.
- *
- * @param {Object} taco - TACO definition
- * @returns {Function} Factory function(initialState?) → ComponentHandle
- * @category Component
- */
-bw.compile = function(taco) {
-  // Pre-extract all binding expressions
-  var precompiled = [];
-  function walkExpressions(node) {
-    if (!_is(node, 'object')) return;
-    if (_is(node.c, 'string') && node.c.indexOf('${') >= 0) {
-      var parsed = bw._parseBindings(node.c);
-      for (var i = 0; i < parsed.length; i++) {
-        try {
-          precompiled.push({
-            expr: parsed[i].expr,
-            fn: new Function('state', 'with(state){return (' + parsed[i].expr + ');}')
-          });
-        } catch(e) {
-          precompiled.push({ expr: parsed[i].expr, fn: function() { return ''; } });
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (node.a) {
-      for (var key in node.a) {
-        if (_hop.call(node.a, key)) {
-          var v = node.a[key];
-          if (_is(v, 'string') && v.indexOf('${') >= 0) {
-            var parsed2 = bw._parseBindings(v);
-            for (var j = 0; j < parsed2.length; j++) {
-              try {
-                precompiled.push({
-                  expr: parsed2[j].expr,
-                  fn: new Function('state', 'with(state){return (' + parsed2[j].expr + ');}')
-                });
-              } catch(e2) {
-                precompiled.push({ expr: parsed2[j].expr, fn: function() { return ''; } });
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (_isA(node.c)) {
-      for (var k = 0; k < node.c.length; k++) walkExpressions(node.c[k]);
-    } else if (_is(node.c, 'object') && node.c.t) {
-      walkExpressions(node.c);
-    }
-  }
-  walkExpressions(taco);
-
-  return function(initialState) {
-    var handle = new ComponentHandle(taco);
-    handle._compile = true;
-    handle._precompiledBindings = precompiled;
-    if (initialState) {
-      for (var k in initialState) {
-        if (_hop.call(initialState, k)) {
-          handle._state[k] = initialState[k];
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return handle;
-  };
-};
+bw.compile = function() { throw new Error('bw.compile() removed in v2.0.19. Use o.handle/o.slots on TACO options instead.'); };
 
 /**
  * Generate CSS from JavaScript objects.
@@ -6788,7 +5613,7 @@ bw.css = function(rules, options = {}) {
  * @returns {Element} The style element
  * @category CSS & Styling
  * @see bw.css
- * @see bw.loadDefaultStyles
+ * @see bw.loadStyles
  * @example
  * bw.injectCSS('.my-class { color: red; }');
  * bw.injectCSS({ '.card': { padding: '1rem' } }, { id: 'card-styles' });
@@ -6833,9 +5658,8 @@ bw.injectCSS = function(css, options = {}) {
  * @param {...Object} styles - Style objects to merge (left-to-right)
  * @returns {Object} Merged style object
  * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.u
  * @example
- * var style = bw.s(bw.u.flex, bw.u.gap4, { color: 'red' });
+ * var style = bw.s({ display: 'flex' }, { gap: '1rem' }, { color: 'red' });
  * // => { display: 'flex', gap: '1rem', color: 'red' }
  */
 bw.s = function() {
@@ -6847,99 +5671,6 @@ bw.s = function() {
   return result;
 };
 
-/**
- * Pre-built CSS utility objects (like Tailwind utilities, but in JS).
- *
- * Compose with `bw.s()` to build inline styles without writing raw CSS strings.
- * Includes flex, padding, margin, typography, color, border, and transition utilities.
- *
- * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.s
- * @example
- * { t: 'div', a: { style: bw.s(bw.u.flex, bw.u.gap4, bw.u.p4) },
- *   c: 'Flexbox with 1rem gap and padding' }
- */
-bw.u = {
-  // Display
-  flex: { display: 'flex' },
-  flexCol: { display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column' },
-  flexRow: { display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'row' },
-  flexWrap: { display: 'flex', flexWrap: 'wrap' },
-  block: { display: 'block' },
-  inline: { display: 'inline' },
-  hidden: { display: 'none' },
-
-  // Flex alignment
-  justifyCenter: { justifyContent: 'center' },
-  justifyBetween: { justifyContent: 'space-between' },
-  justifyEnd: { justifyContent: 'flex-end' },
-  alignCenter: { alignItems: 'center' },
-  alignStart: { alignItems: 'flex-start' },
-  alignEnd: { alignItems: 'flex-end' },
-
-  // Gap (0.25rem increments)
-  gap1: { gap: '0.25rem' },
-  gap2: { gap: '0.5rem' },
-  gap3: { gap: '0.75rem' },
-  gap4: { gap: '1rem' },
-  gap6: { gap: '1.5rem' },
-  gap8: { gap: '2rem' },
-
-  // Padding
-  p0: { padding: '0' },
-  p1: { padding: '0.25rem' },
-  p2: { padding: '0.5rem' },
-  p3: { padding: '0.75rem' },
-  p4: { padding: '1rem' },
-  p6: { padding: '1.5rem' },
-  p8: { padding: '2rem' },
-  px4: { paddingLeft: '1rem', paddingRight: '1rem' },
-  py2: { paddingTop: '0.5rem', paddingBottom: '0.5rem' },
-  py4: { paddingTop: '1rem', paddingBottom: '1rem' },
-
-  // Margin (same scale)
-  m0: { margin: '0' },
-  m4: { margin: '1rem' },
-  mt2: { marginTop: '0.5rem' },
-  mt4: { marginTop: '1rem' },
-  mb2: { marginBottom: '0.5rem' },
-  mb4: { marginBottom: '1rem' },
-  mx_auto: { marginLeft: 'auto', marginRight: 'auto' },
-
-  // Typography
-  textSm: { fontSize: '0.875rem' },
-  textBase: { fontSize: '1rem' },
-  textLg: { fontSize: '1.125rem' },
-  textXl: { fontSize: '1.25rem' },
-  text2xl: { fontSize: '1.5rem' },
-  text3xl: { fontSize: '1.875rem' },
-  bold: { fontWeight: '700' },
-  semibold: { fontWeight: '600' },
-  italic: { fontStyle: 'italic' },
-  textCenter: { textAlign: 'center' },
-  textRight: { textAlign: 'right' },
-
-  // Colors (from design tokens)
-  bgWhite: { background: '#ffffff' },
-  bgTeal: { background: '#006666', color: '#ffffff' },
-  textWhite: { color: '#ffffff' },
-  textTeal: { color: '#006666' },
-  textMuted: { color: '#888' },
-
-  // Borders
-  rounded: { borderRadius: '0.375rem' },
-  roundedLg: { borderRadius: '0.5rem' },
-  roundedFull: { borderRadius: '9999px' },
-  border: { border: '1px solid #d8d8d8' },
-
-  // Sizing
-  wFull: { width: '100%' },
-  hFull: { height: '100%' },
-
-  // Transitions
-  transition: { transition: 'all 0.2s ease' }
-};
-
 /**
  * Generate responsive CSS with media query breakpoints.
  *
@@ -7061,103 +5792,49 @@ if (bw._isBrowser) {
   };
 }
 
-/**
- * Load the built-in Bootstrap-inspired default stylesheet.
- *
- * Injects bitwrench's batteries-included CSS (buttons, cards, grids, forms,
- * alerts, badges, nav, tabs, etc.) into the document head. Call once at app startup.
- * Returns null in Node.js (no DOM).
- *
- * @param {Object} [options] - Style loading options
- * @param {boolean} [options.minify=true] - Minify the CSS output
- * @returns {Element|null} Style element if in browser, null in Node.js
- * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.setTheme
- * @see bw.applyTheme
- * @see bw.toggleTheme
- * @example
- * bw.loadDefaultStyles();  // inject all default CSS
- */
-bw.loadDefaultStyles = function(options = {}) {
-  const { minify = true, palette } = options;
-
-  // 1. Inject structural CSS (layout, sizing — never changes with theme)
-  if (bw._isBrowser) {
-    var structuralCSS = bw.css(getStructuralStyles());
-    bw.injectCSS(structuralCSS, { id: 'bw_structural', append: false, minify: minify });
-  }
 
-  // 2. Inject cosmetic CSS via generateTheme (colors, shadows, radii)
-  var paletteConfig = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_PALETTE_CONFIG, palette || {});
-  var result = bw.generateTheme('', Object.assign({}, paletteConfig, { inject: true }));
-  return result;
-};
+// =========================================================================
+// v2.0.18 Clean Styles API — makeStyles / applyStyles / loadStyles / etc.
+// =========================================================================
 
+/**
+ * Convert a scope selector to a <style> element id.
+ * @private
+ * @param {string} [scope] - Scope selector (e.g. '#my-dashboard', '.preview')
+ * @returns {string} Style element id (e.g. 'bw_style_my_dashboard')
+ */
+function _scopeToStyleId(scope) {
+  if (!scope || scope === '' || scope === 'global') return 'bw_style_global';
+  if (scope === 'reset') return 'bw_style_reset';
+  // Strip leading # or . and convert - to _
+  var clean = scope.replace(/^[#.]/, '').replace(/-/g, '_');
+  return 'bw_style_' + clean;
+}
 
 /**
- * Generate a complete, scoped theme from seed colors.
- *
- * Produces CSS for all themed components (buttons, alerts, badges, cards,
- * forms, nav, tables, tabs, list groups, pagination, progress, hero, utilities)
- * scoped under `.name` class. Multiple themes can coexist in the stylesheet.
- * Swap themes by changing the class on a container element.
- *
- * @param {string} name - CSS scope class (e.g. 'ocean'). Empty string = unscoped global.
- * @param {Object} config - Theme configuration
- * @param {string} config.primary - Primary brand color hex
- * @param {string} config.secondary - Secondary color hex
- * @param {string} [config.tertiary] - Tertiary/accent color hex (defaults to primary)
- * @param {string} [config.success='#198754'] - Success color hex
- * @param {string} [config.danger='#dc3545'] - Danger color hex
- * @param {string} [config.warning='#ffc107'] - Warning color hex
- * @param {string} [config.info='#0dcaf0'] - Info color hex
- * @param {string} [config.light='#f8f9fa'] - Light color hex
- * @param {string} [config.dark='#212529'] - Dark color hex
- * @param {string} [config.background] - Page background hex (default: '#ffffff' light, derived dark)
- * @param {string} [config.surface] - Surface/card background hex (default: '#f8f9fa' light, derived dark)
+ * Generate a complete styles object from seed colors and layout config.
+ * Pure function — no DOM, no state, no side effects.
+ *
+ * All parameters are optional. Defaults to the bitwrench default palette.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} [config] - Style configuration
+ * @param {string} [config.primary='#006666'] - Primary brand color hex
+ * @param {string} [config.secondary='#6c757d'] - Secondary color hex
+ * @param {string} [config.tertiary] - Tertiary color hex (defaults to primary)
  * @param {string} [config.spacing='normal'] - 'compact' | 'normal' | 'spacious'
  * @param {string} [config.radius='md'] - 'none' | 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg' | 'pill'
- * @param {number} [config.fontSize=1.0] - Base font size scale factor
- * @param {string|number} [config.typeRatio='normal'] - 'tight' | 'normal' | 'relaxed' | 'dramatic' or a number
- * @param {string} [config.elevation='md'] - 'flat' | 'sm' | 'md' | 'lg'
- * @param {string} [config.motion='standard'] - 'reduced' | 'standard' | 'expressive'
- * @param {number} [config.harmonize=0.20] - 0-1, semantic color hue shift toward primary
- * @param {boolean} [config.inject=true] - Inject into DOM (browser only)
- * @returns {Object} { css, palette, name, isLightPrimary, alternate: { css, palette } }
+ * @returns {Object} { css, alternateCss, rules, alternateRules, palette, alternatePalette, isLightPrimary }
  * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.applyTheme
- * @see bw.toggleTheme
- * @see bw.loadDefaultStyles
+ * @see bw.applyStyles
+ * @see bw.loadStyles
  * @example
- * // Generate and inject an ocean theme (primary + alternate)
- * var theme = bw.generateTheme('ocean', {
- *   primary: '#0077b6',
- *   secondary: '#90e0ef',
- *   tertiary: '#00b4d8'
- * });
- *
- * // Apply to a container
- * document.getElementById('app').classList.add('ocean');
- *
- * // Toggle to alternate palette
- * bw.toggleTheme();
- *
- * // Generate CSS for static export (Node.js)
- * var result = bw.generateTheme('sunset', {
- *   primary: '#e76f51',
- *   secondary: '#264653',
- *   inject: false
- * });
- * fs.writeFileSync('sunset.css', result.css + result.alternate.css);
+ * var styles = bw.makeStyles({ primary: '#4f46e5', secondary: '#d97706' });
+ * console.log(styles.palette.primary.base); // '#4f46e5'
+ * // styles.css contains all themed CSS — nothing injected
  */
-bw.generateTheme = function(name, config) {
-  if (!config || !config.primary || !config.secondary) {
-    throw new Error('bw.generateTheme requires config.primary and config.secondary');
-  }
-
-  // Merge with defaults; if user didn't supply tertiary, default to their primary
-  var fullConfig = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_PALETTE_CONFIG, config);
-  if (!config.tertiary) fullConfig.tertiary = fullConfig.primary;
+bw.makeStyles = function(config) {
+  var fullConfig = Object.assign({}, DEFAULT_PALETTE_CONFIG, config || {});
+  if (config && !config.tertiary) fullConfig.tertiary = fullConfig.primary;
 
   // Derive primary palette
   var palette = derivePalette(fullConfig);
@@ -7165,131 +5842,207 @@ bw.generateTheme = function(name, config) {
   // Resolve layout
   var layout = resolveLayout(fullConfig);
 
-  // Generate primary themed CSS rules
-  var themedRules = generateThemedCSS(name, palette, layout);
+  // Generate primary themed CSS rules (unscoped)
+  var themedRules = generateThemedCSS('', palette, layout);
   var cssStr = bw.css(themedRules);
 
   // Derive alternate palette (luminance-inverted)
   var altConfig = deriveAlternateConfig(fullConfig);
   var altPalette = derivePalette(altConfig);
 
-  // Generate alternate CSS scoped under .bw_theme_alt
-  var altRules = generateAlternateCSS(name, altPalette, layout);
-  var altCssStr = bw.css(altRules);
+  // Generate alternate CSS rules WITHOUT .bw_theme_alt prefix (raw rules)
+  // applyStyles() wraps them appropriately based on scope
+  var altRawRules = generateThemedCSS('', altPalette, layout);
+
+  // Add body-level surface overrides for the alternate palette.
+  // When .bw_theme_alt is on <html>, ".bw_theme_alt body" correctly matches.
+  altRawRules['body'] = {
+    'color': altPalette.dark.base,
+    'background-color': altPalette.surface || altPalette.light.base
+  };
+
+  var altCssStr = bw.css(altRawRules);
 
   // Determine if primary is light-flavored
   var lightPrimary = isLightPalette(fullConfig);
 
-  // Inject both CSS sets into DOM if requested
-  var shouldInject = config.inject !== false;
-  if (shouldInject && bw._isBrowser) {
-    var safeName = name ? name.replace(/-/g, '_') : '';
-    var styleId = safeName ? 'bw_theme_' + safeName : 'bw_theme_default';
-    var altStyleId = safeName ? 'bw_theme_' + safeName + '_alt' : 'bw_theme_default_alt';
-
-    bw.injectCSS(cssStr, { id: styleId, append: false });
-    bw.injectCSS(altCssStr, { id: altStyleId, append: false });
+  return {
+    css: cssStr,
+    alternateCss: altCssStr,
+    rules: themedRules,
+    alternateRules: altRawRules,
+    palette: palette,
+    alternatePalette: altPalette,
+    isLightPrimary: lightPrimary
+  };
+};
 
-    bw._activeThemeStyleIds = [styleId, altStyleId];
+/**
+ * Inject styles into the DOM with optional scoping.
+ *
+ * Takes a styles object from `makeStyles()` and creates a single `<style>`
+ * element in `<head>`. If a scope selector is provided, all CSS rules are
+ * wrapped under that selector. Alternate CSS is wrapped under `.bw_theme_alt`.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} styles - Result of `bw.makeStyles()`
+ * @param {string} [scope] - Scope selector (e.g. '#my-dashboard', '.preview'). Omit for global.
+ * @returns {Element|null} The `<style>` element, or null in Node.js
+ * @category CSS & Styling
+ * @see bw.makeStyles
+ * @see bw.loadStyles
+ * @see bw.clearStyles
+ * @example
+ * var styles = bw.makeStyles({ primary: '#4f46e5' });
+ * bw.applyStyles(styles);                     // global
+ * bw.applyStyles(styles, '#my-dashboard');     // scoped
+ */
+bw.applyStyles = function(styles, scope) {
+  if (!bw._isBrowser) return null;
+  if (!styles || !styles.rules) {
+    _cw('bw.applyStyles: invalid styles object');
+    return null;
   }
 
-  // Update bw.u color entries to reflect the palette
-  if (!name) {
-    bw.u.bgTeal = { background: palette.primary.base, color: palette.primary.textOn };
-    bw.u.textTeal = { color: palette.primary.base };
-    bw.u.bgWhite = { background: '#ffffff' };
-    bw.u.textWhite = { color: '#ffffff' };
+  var styleId = _scopeToStyleId(scope);
+
+  // Scope the primary rules if a scope is provided
+  var primaryRules = styles.rules;
+  if (scope) {
+    primaryRules = scopeRulesUnder(primaryRules, scope);
   }
 
-  // Store active theme state
-  var result = {
-    css: cssStr,
-    palette: palette,
-    name: name,
-    isLightPrimary: lightPrimary,
-    alternate: {
-      css: altCssStr,
-      palette: altPalette
+  // Wrap alternate rules with .bw_theme_alt
+  var altRules = styles.alternateRules;
+  if (altRules) {
+    if (scope) {
+      // Scoped compound: #scope.bw_theme_alt .bw_card
+      altRules = scopeRulesUnder(altRules, scope + '.bw_theme_alt');
+    } else {
+      // Global: .bw_theme_alt .bw_card
+      altRules = scopeRulesUnder(altRules, '.bw_theme_alt');
     }
-  };
-  bw._activeTheme = result;
-  bw._activeThemeMode = 'primary';
+  }
 
-  return result;
+  // Combine primary + alternate into one CSS string
+  var combined = bw.css(primaryRules);
+  if (altRules) {
+    combined += '\n' + bw.css(altRules);
+  }
+
+  return bw.injectCSS(combined, { id: styleId, append: false });
 };
 
 /**
- * Apply a theme mode. Switches between primary and alternate palettes
- * by adding/removing the `bw_theme_alt` class on `<html>`.
+ * Generate and apply styles in one call. Convenience wrapper.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to: `bw.applyStyles(bw.makeStyles(config), scope)`
  *
- * @param {string} mode - 'primary' | 'alternate' | 'light' | 'dark'
- * @returns {string} Active mode: 'primary' or 'alternate'
+ * @param {Object} [config] - Style configuration (same as `makeStyles`)
+ * @param {string} [scope] - Scope selector (same as `applyStyles`)
+ * @returns {Element|null} The `<style>` element, or null in Node.js
  * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.generateTheme
- * @see bw.toggleTheme
+ * @see bw.makeStyles
+ * @see bw.applyStyles
  * @example
- * bw.applyTheme('alternate');  // switch to alternate palette
- * bw.applyTheme('dark');       // switch to whichever palette is darker
- * bw.applyTheme('primary');    // switch back to primary palette
+ * bw.loadStyles();                                          // defaults, global
+ * bw.loadStyles({ primary: '#4f46e5' });                    // custom, global
+ * bw.loadStyles({ primary: '#4f46e5' }, '#my-dashboard');   // custom, scoped
  */
-bw.applyTheme = function(mode) {
-  if (!bw._isBrowser) return mode || 'primary';
-  var root = document.documentElement;
-  var isLight = bw._activeTheme ? bw._activeTheme.isLightPrimary : true;
-
-  var wantAlt;
-  if (mode === 'primary')        wantAlt = false;
-  else if (mode === 'alternate') wantAlt = true;
-  else if (mode === 'light')     wantAlt = !isLight;
-  else if (mode === 'dark')      wantAlt = isLight;
-  else                           wantAlt = false;
-
-  if (wantAlt) {
-    root.classList.add('bw_theme_alt');
-  } else {
-    root.classList.remove('bw_theme_alt');
+bw.loadStyles = function(config, scope) {
+  // Also inject structural CSS first (only once)
+  if (bw._isBrowser) {
+    var existing = document.getElementById('bw_structural');
+    if (!existing) {
+      var structuralCSS = bw.css(getStructuralStyles());
+      bw.injectCSS(structuralCSS, { id: 'bw_structural', append: false });
+    }
   }
+  return bw.applyStyles(bw.makeStyles(config), scope);
+};
 
-  bw._activeThemeMode = wantAlt ? 'alternate' : 'primary';
-  return bw._activeThemeMode;
+/**
+ * Inject the CSS reset (box-sizing, html/body font, reduced-motion).
+ * Idempotent — if already injected, returns the existing `<style>` element.
+ *
+ * @returns {Element|null} The `<style>` element, or null in Node.js
+ * @category CSS & Styling
+ * @see bw.loadStyles
+ * @see bw.clearStyles
+ * @example
+ * bw.loadReset();  // inject once, safe to call multiple times
+ */
+bw.loadReset = function() {
+  if (!bw._isBrowser) return null;
+  var existing = document.getElementById('bw_style_reset');
+  if (existing) return existing;
+  return bw.injectCSS(bw.css(getResetStyles()), { id: 'bw_style_reset', append: false });
 };
 
 /**
- * Toggle between primary and alternate theme palettes.
+ * Toggle between primary and alternate palettes.
  *
+ * Adds/removes the `bw_theme_alt` class on the scoping element.
+ * Without a scope, toggles on `<html>` (global).
+ * With a scope, toggles on the first matching element.
+ *
+ * @param {string} [scope] - Scope selector (e.g. '#my-dashboard'). Omit for global.
  * @returns {string} Active mode after toggle: 'primary' or 'alternate'
  * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.applyTheme
- * @see bw.generateTheme
+ * @see bw.applyStyles
+ * @see bw.clearStyles
  * @example
- * bw.toggleTheme();  // flip between primary and alternate
+ * bw.toggleStyles();                   // global toggle on <html>
+ * bw.toggleStyles('#my-dashboard');    // scoped toggle
  */
-bw.toggleTheme = function() {
-  var current = bw._activeThemeMode || 'primary';
-  return bw.applyTheme(current === 'primary' ? 'alternate' : 'primary');
+bw.toggleStyles = function(scope) {
+  if (!bw._isBrowser) return 'primary';
+  var target;
+  if (scope) {
+    var els = bw.$(scope);
+    target = els[0];
+  } else {
+    target = document.documentElement;
+  }
+  if (!target) return 'primary';
+
+  var hasAlt = target.classList.contains('bw_theme_alt');
+  if (hasAlt) {
+    target.classList.remove('bw_theme_alt');
+    return 'primary';
+  } else {
+    target.classList.add('bw_theme_alt');
+    return 'alternate';
+  }
 };
 
 /**
- * Remove the currently active theme's injected style elements from the DOM.
- * Use this before generating a new theme with a different name to prevent
- * stale CSS accumulation.
+ * Remove injected styles for a given scope.
+ *
+ * Finds the `<style>` element by id and removes it. Also removes
+ * the `bw_theme_alt` class from the relevant element.
  *
+ * @param {string} [scope] - Scope selector. Omit to remove global styles.
  * @category CSS & Styling
- * @see bw.generateTheme
+ * @see bw.applyStyles
+ * @see bw.loadStyles
  * @example
- * bw.clearTheme();                   // remove current theme styles
- * bw.generateTheme('sunset', conf);  // inject fresh theme
+ * bw.clearStyles();                    // remove global styles
+ * bw.clearStyles('#my-dashboard');     // remove scoped styles
+ * bw.clearStyles('reset');             // remove the CSS reset
  */
-bw.clearTheme = function() {
-  if (bw._activeThemeStyleIds && bw._isBrowser) {
-    bw._activeThemeStyleIds.forEach(function(id) {
-      var el = document.getElementById(id);
-      if (el) el.remove();
-    });
-    bw._activeThemeStyleIds = null;
+bw.clearStyles = function(scope) {
+  if (!bw._isBrowser) return;
+  var styleId = _scopeToStyleId(scope);
+  var el = document.getElementById(styleId);
+  if (el) el.remove();
+
+  // Also remove bw_theme_alt from the relevant element
+  if (scope && scope !== 'reset' && scope !== 'global') {
+    var targets = bw.$(scope);
+    if (targets[0]) targets[0].classList.remove('bw_theme_alt');
+  } else if (!scope || scope === 'global') {
+    document.documentElement.classList.remove('bw_theme_alt');
   }
-  bw._activeTheme = null;
-  bw._activeThemeMode = 'primary';
 };
 
 // Expose color utility functions on bw namespace
@@ -7512,10 +6265,15 @@ bw.copyToClipboard = function(text) {
  * @param {Object} config - Table configuration
  * @param {Array<Object>} config.data - Array of row objects to display
  * @param {Array<Object>} [config.columns] - Column definitions with key, label, render
- * @param {string} [config.className='table'] - CSS class for table element
+ * @param {string} [config.className=''] - Additional CSS classes for table element
  * @param {boolean} [config.sortable=true] - Enable click-to-sort headers
  * @param {Function} [config.onSort] - Sort callback (column, direction)
- * @returns {Object} TACO object for table
+ * @param {boolean} [config.selectable=false] - Enable row selection on click
+ * @param {Function} [config.onRowClick] - Row click callback (row, index, event)
+ * @param {number} [config.pageSize] - Rows per page (enables pagination when set)
+ * @param {number} [config.currentPage=1] - Current page number (1-based)
+ * @param {Function} [config.onPageChange] - Page change callback (newPage)
+ * @returns {Object} TACO object for table (with optional pagination controls)
  * @category Component Builders
  * @see bw.makeDataTable
  * @example
@@ -7527,7 +6285,12 @@ bw.copyToClipboard = function(text) {
  *   columns: [
  *     { key: 'name', label: 'Name' },
  *     { key: 'age', label: 'Age' }
- *   ]
+ *   ],
+ *   selectable: true,
+ *   onRowClick: function(row, i) { console.log('clicked', row.name); },
+ *   pageSize: 10,
+ *   currentPage: 1,
+ *   onPageChange: function(page) { console.log('page', page); }
  * });
  */
 bw.makeTable = function(config) {
@@ -7540,41 +6303,47 @@ bw.makeTable = function(config) {
     sortable = true,
     onSort,
     sortColumn,
-    sortDirection = 'asc'
+    sortDirection = 'asc',
+    selectable = false,
+    onRowClick,
+    pageSize,
+    currentPage = 1,
+    onPageChange
   } = config;
 
-  // Build class list: always include bw_table, add striped/hover, append user className
+  // Build class list: always include bw_table, add striped/hover/selectable, append user className
   let cls = 'bw_table';
   if (striped) cls += ' bw_table_striped';
-  if (hover) cls += ' bw_table_hover';
+  if (hover || selectable) cls += ' bw_table_hover';
+  if (selectable) cls += ' bw_table_selectable';
   if (className) cls += ' ' + className;
   cls = cls.trim();
-  
+
   // Auto-detect columns if not provided
-  const cols = columns || (data.length > 0 
+  const cols = columns || (data.length > 0
     ? _keys(data[0]).map(key => ({ key, label: key }))
     : []);
-    
+
   // Current sort state
   let currentSortColumn = sortColumn || null;
   let currentSortDirection = sortDirection;
-  
+
   // Sort data if column specified
   let sortedData = [...data];
   if (currentSortColumn) {
     sortedData.sort((a, b) => {
       const aVal = a[currentSortColumn];
       const bVal = b[currentSortColumn];
-      
+
       // Handle different types
       if (_is(aVal, 'number') && _is(bVal, 'number')) {
         return currentSortDirection === 'asc' ? aVal - bVal : bVal - aVal;
       }
-      
+
       // String comparison
       const aStr = String(aVal || '').toLowerCase();
       const bStr = String(bVal || '').toLowerCase();
-      
+
       if (currentSortDirection === 'asc') {
         return aStr.localeCompare(bStr);
       } else {
@@ -7582,23 +6351,32 @@ bw.makeTable = function(config) {
       }
     });
   }
-  
+
+  // Pagination
+  const totalRows = sortedData.length;
+  const totalPages = pageSize ? Math.max(1, Math.ceil(totalRows / pageSize)) : 1;
+  const page = Math.max(1, Math.min(currentPage, totalPages));
+  if (pageSize) {
+    const start = (page - 1) * pageSize;
+    sortedData = sortedData.slice(start, start + pageSize);
+  }
+
   // Create sort handler
   const handleSort = (column) => {
     if (!sortable) return;
-    
+
     if (currentSortColumn === column) {
       currentSortDirection = currentSortDirection === 'asc' ? 'desc' : 'asc';
     } else {
       currentSortColumn = column;
       currentSortDirection = 'asc';
     }
-    
+
     if (onSort) {
       onSort(column, currentSortDirection);
     }
   };
-  
+
   // Build table header
   const thead = {
     t: 'thead',
@@ -7621,24 +6399,87 @@ bw.makeTable = function(config) {
       }))
     }
   };
-  
-  // Build table body
+
+  // Build table body with selectable/onRowClick support
   const tbody = {
     t: 'tbody',
-    c: sortedData.map(row => ({
-      t: 'tr',
-      c: cols.map(col => ({
-        t: 'td',
-        c: col.render ? col.render(row[col.key], row) : String(row[col.key] || '')
-      }))
-    }))
+    c: sortedData.map((row, idx) => {
+      const globalIdx = pageSize ? (page - 1) * pageSize + idx : idx;
+      const rowAttrs = {};
+      if (selectable || onRowClick) {
+        rowAttrs.style = 'cursor:pointer;';
+        rowAttrs.onclick = function(e) {
+          if (selectable) {
+            // Toggle selected class on this row
+            var tr = e.currentTarget;
+            tr.classList.toggle('bw_table_row_selected');
+          }
+          if (onRowClick) {
+            onRowClick(row, globalIdx, e);
+          }
+        };
+      }
+      return {
+        t: 'tr',
+        a: rowAttrs,
+        c: cols.map(col => ({
+          t: 'td',
+          c: col.render ? col.render(row[col.key], row) : String(row[col.key] || '')
+        }))
+      };
+    })
   };
-  
-  return {
+
+  const table = {
     t: 'table',
     a: { class: cls },
     c: [thead, tbody]
   };
+
+  // If no pagination, return table directly
+  if (!pageSize) return table;
+
+  // Build pagination controls
+  const pageButtons = [];
+  // Previous button
+  pageButtons.push({
+    t: 'button',
+    a: {
+      class: 'bw_btn bw_btn_sm',
+      disabled: page <= 1 ? 'disabled' : undefined,
+      onclick: page > 1 && onPageChange ? function() { onPageChange(page - 1); } : undefined
+    },
+    c: 'Prev'
+  });
+  // Page info
+  pageButtons.push({
+    t: 'span',
+    a: { style: 'margin:0 0.5rem;font-size:0.875rem;' },
+    c: 'Page ' + page + ' of ' + totalPages
+  });
+  // Next button
+  pageButtons.push({
+    t: 'button',
+    a: {
+      class: 'bw_btn bw_btn_sm',
+      disabled: page >= totalPages ? 'disabled' : undefined,
+      onclick: page < totalPages && onPageChange ? function() { onPageChange(page + 1); } : undefined
+    },
+    c: 'Next'
+  });
+
+  return {
+    t: 'div',
+    a: { class: 'bw_table_paginated' },
+    c: [
+      table,
+      {
+        t: 'div',
+        a: { class: 'bw_table_pagination', style: 'display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;padding:0.5rem 0;gap:0.25rem;' },
+        c: pageButtons
+      }
+    ]
+  };
 };
 
 /**
@@ -7921,8 +6762,8 @@ bw.render = function(element, position, taco) {
     };
   }
   
-  // Generate unique ID if not provided
-  const componentId = taco.o?.id || bw.uuid();
+  // Generate unique UUID class if not provided
+  const componentId = taco.o?.id || bw.uuid('uuid');
   
   // Create DOM element
   let domElement;
@@ -7937,9 +6778,10 @@ bw.render = function(element, position, taco) {
     };
   }
   
-  // Add component ID to element
-  domElement.setAttribute('data-bw_id', componentId);
-  
+  // Add component ID as class + lifecycle marker
+  domElement.classList.add(componentId);
+  domElement.classList.add(_BW_LC);
+
   // Insert into DOM based on position
   try {
     switch(position) {
@@ -8013,7 +6855,8 @@ bw.render = function(element, position, taco) {
       
       // Re-render
       const newElement = bw.createDOM(this._taco);
-      newElement.setAttribute('data-bw_id', componentId);
+      newElement.classList.add(componentId);
+      newElement.classList.add(_BW_LC);
       
       // Replace in DOM
       parent.replaceChild(newElement, this.element);
@@ -8200,13 +7043,12 @@ bw.BCCL = BCCL;
 // Variant class helper: bw.variantClass('primary') → 'bw_primary'
 bw.variantClass = variantClass;
 
-// Create functions that return handles (plain renderComponent, no Handle overlay)
+// Create functions that return DOM elements (createCard, createTable, etc.)
 Object.entries(components).forEach(([name, fn]) => {
   if (name.startsWith('make')) {
-    const createName = 'create' + name.substring(4); // createCard, createTable, etc.
+    const createName = 'create' + name.substring(4);
     bw[createName] = function(props) {
-      const taco = fn(props);
-      return bw.renderComponent(taco);
+      return bw.createDOM(fn(props));
     };
   }
 });