backend-skeleton 1.0.0-beta.1

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-bridge.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// A2 Phase 2 (D-java-ast-helper): the Node-side bridge to the real JavaParser + Symbol Solver
+// helper (ast-helper/) -- invoked only when a human explicitly passes `--ast` to
+// `bskel handles plan`, never a hard dependency of the base install, never invoked silently.
+// See DECISIONS.md.
+import fs from 'node:fs';
+import path from 'node:path';
+import { execFile, execFileSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
+import { promisify } from 'node:util';
+
+const execFileAsync = promisify(execFile);
+const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url));
+const HELPER_DIR = path.join(__dirname, 'ast-helper');
+
+function gradlewPath() {
+	return path.join(HELPER_DIR, process.platform === 'win32' ? 'gradlew.bat' : 'gradlew');
+}
+
+// Cheap, synchronous -- used by both `bskel doctor` and the `--ast` flag's own upfront check, so
+// a missing JDK fails loud with a clear remediation message instead of a confusing subprocess
+// error surfacing from deep inside a Gradle invocation.
+export function detectAstHelperAvailable() {
+	if (!fs.existsSync(gradlewPath())) return { available: false, reason: 'the bundled AST helper (handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/) is missing its Gradle wrapper -- this installation may be corrupt' };
+	try {
+		execFileSync('java', ['-version'], { stdio: 'pipe' });
+	} catch {
+		return { available: false, reason: 'no `java` found on PATH -- the AST helper needs a JDK (17+) to run. Install one, e.g. via your platform\'s package manager or https://adoptium.net' };
+	}
+	return { available: true, reason: null };
+}
+
+// Async -- spawns the helper's own Gradle wrapper. First invocation on a machine downloads
+// JavaParser's own dependency from Maven Central (a real, one-time network access) -- logged
+// explicitly here, matching this project's own established "network access must be explicit,
+// never silent" precedent (P2's Spring Initializr call).
+export async function runAstClassify(dtoFilePath, srcRoot) {
+	const detection = detectAstHelperAvailable();
+	if (!detection.available) {
+		throw new Error(detection.reason);
+	}
+	if (!fs.existsSync(path.join(HELPER_DIR, 'gradle', 'wrapper', 'gradle-wrapper.jar'))) {
+		throw new Error('the bundled AST helper is missing its Gradle wrapper jar -- this installation may be corrupt');
+	}
+	console.error('bskel: running the AST helper (downloads its own dependencies from Maven Central on first use -- one-time, requires network)...');
+	let stdout;
+	try {
+		({ stdout } = await execFileAsync(gradlewPath(), ['run', '--console=plain', '-q', `--args="${dtoFilePath}" "${srcRoot}"`], {
+			cwd: HELPER_DIR,
+			maxBuffer: 16 * 1024 * 1024,
+		}));
+	} catch (err) {
+		throw new Error(`AST helper invocation failed: ${err.stderr || err.message}`);
+	}
+	const jsonLine = stdout.split('\n').find((line) => line.trim().startsWith('{'));
+	if (!jsonLine) {
+		throw new Error(`AST helper produced no parseable JSON output:\n${stdout}`);
+	}
+	return JSON.parse(jsonLine);
+}

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/build.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// A2 Phase 2 (D-java-ast-helper): the real JVM helper CATALOG.md's own A2 entry names --
+// JavaParser + Symbol Solver, invoked only when installed via handles/providers/java-spring/
+// ast-bridge.mjs, never a hard dependency of the base `bskel` install. See DECISIONS.md.
+plugins {
+	id 'application'
+}
+
+group = 'com.backendskeleton'
+version = '1.0.0'
+
+java {
+	toolchain {
+		languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(17)
+	}
+}
+
+repositories {
+	mavenCentral()
+}
+
+dependencies {
+	// Verified live against Maven Central before pinning this version -- see D-java-ast-helper.
+	implementation 'com.github.javaparser:javaparser-symbol-solver-core:3.28.2'
+}
+
+application {
+	mainClass = 'com.backendskeleton.asthelper.Main'
+}
+
+// Real args (DTO file path, source root) are passed via `--args` at invocation time
+// (handles/providers/java-spring/ast-bridge.mjs) -- nothing hardcoded here.
+run {
+	standardInput = System.in
+}

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+distributionPath=wrapper/dists
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.5.1-bin.zip
+networkTimeout=10000
+retries=0
+retryBackOffMs=500
+validateDistributionUrl=true
+zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
+zipStorePath=wrapper/dists

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/gradlew

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+#
+# Copyright © 2015 the original authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+
+##############################################################################
+#
+#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#
+#   Important for running:
+#
+#   (1) You need a POSIX-compliant shell to run this script. If your /bin/sh is
+#       noncompliant, but you have some other compliant shell such as ksh or
+#       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
+#       command line, like:
+#
+#           ksh Gradle
+#
+#       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
+#       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
+#         * functions;
+#         * expansions «$var», «${var}», «${var:-default}», «${var+SET}»,
+#           «${var#prefix}», «${var%suffix}», and «$( cmd )»;
+#         * compound commands having a testable exit status, especially «case»;
+#         * various built-in commands including «command», «set», and «ulimit».
+#
+#   Important for patching:
+#
+#   (2) This script targets any POSIX shell, so it avoids extensions provided
+#       by Bash, Ksh, etc; in particular arrays are avoided.
+#
+#       The "traditional" practice of packing multiple parameters into a
+#       space-separated string is a well documented source of bugs and security
+#       problems, so this is (mostly) avoided, by progressively accumulating
+#       options in "$@", and eventually passing that to Java.
+#
+#       Where the inherited environment variables (DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS,
+#       and GRADLE_OPTS) rely on word-splitting, this is performed explicitly;
+#       see the in-line comments for details.
+#
+#       There are tweaks for specific operating systems such as AIX, CygWin,
+#       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
+#
+#   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/3d91ce3b8caaf77ad09f381f43615b715b53f72c/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       within the Gradle project.
+#
+#       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
+#
+##############################################################################
+
+# Attempt to set APP_HOME
+
+# Resolve links: $0 may be a link
+app_path=$0
+
+# Need this for daisy-chained symlinks.
+while
+    APP_HOME=${app_path%"${app_path##*/}"}  # leaves a trailing /; empty if no leading path
+    [ -h "$app_path" ]
+do
+    ls=$( ls -ld "$app_path" )
+    link=${ls#*' -> '}
+    case $link in             #(
+      /*)   app_path=$link ;; #(
+      *)    app_path=$APP_HOME$link ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+# This is normally unused
+# shellcheck disable=SC2034
+APP_BASE_NAME=${0##*/}
+# Discard cd standard output in case $CDPATH is set (https://github.com/gradle/gradle/issues/25036)
+APP_HOME=$( cd -P "${APP_HOME:-./}" > /dev/null && printf '%s\n' "$PWD" ) || exit
+
+# Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value.
+MAX_FD=maximum
+
+warn () {
+    echo "$*"
+} >&2
+
+die () {
+    echo
+    echo "$*"
+    echo
+    exit 1
+} >&2
+
+# OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false').
+cygwin=false
+msys=false
+darwin=false
+nonstop=false
+case "$( uname )" in                #(
+  CYGWIN* )         cygwin=true  ;; #(
+  Darwin* )         darwin=true  ;; #(
+  MSYS* | MINGW* )  msys=true    ;; #(
+  NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
+esac
+
+
+
+# Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
+if [ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] ; then
+    if [ -x "$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" ] ; then
+        # IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables
+        JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java
+    else
+        JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/bin/java
+    fi
+    if [ ! -x "$JAVACMD" ] ; then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+    fi
+else
+    JAVACMD=java
+    if ! command -v java >/dev/null 2>&1
+    then
+        die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+
+Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+location of your Java installation."
+    fi
+fi
+
+# Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can.
+if ! "$cygwin" && ! "$darwin" && ! "$nonstop" ; then
+    case $MAX_FD in #(
+      max*)
+        # In POSIX sh, ulimit -H is undefined. That's why the result is checked to see if it worked.
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2039,SC3045
+        MAX_FD=$( ulimit -H -n ) ||
+            warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit"
+    esac
+    case $MAX_FD in  #(
+      '' | soft) :;; #(
+      *)
+        # In POSIX sh, ulimit -n is undefined. That's why the result is checked to see if it worked.
+        # shellcheck disable=SC2039,SC3045
+        ulimit -n "$MAX_FD" ||
+            warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit to $MAX_FD"
+    esac
+fi
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command, stacking in reverse order:
+#   * args from the command line
+#   * the main class name
+#   * -classpath
+#   * -D...appname settings
+#   * --module-path (only if needed)
+#   * DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, and GRADLE_OPTS environment variables.
+
+# For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
+if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
+    APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
+
+    JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
+
+    # Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh
+    for arg do
+        if
+            case $arg in                                #(
+              -*)   false ;;                            # don't mess with options #(
+              /?*)  t=${arg#/} t=/${t%%/*}              # looks like a POSIX filepath
+                    [ -e "$t" ] ;;                      #(
+              *)    false ;;
+            esac
+        then
+            arg=$( cygpath --path --ignore --mixed "$arg" )
+        fi
+        # Roll the args list around exactly as many times as the number of
+        # args, so each arg winds up back in the position where it started, but
+        # possibly modified.
+        #
+        # NB: a `for` loop captures its iteration list before it begins, so
+        # changing the positional parameters here affects neither the number of
+        # iterations, nor the values presented in `arg`.
+        shift                   # remove old arg
+        set -- "$@" "$arg"      # push replacement arg
+    done
+fi
+
+
+# Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
+
+# Collect all arguments for the java command:
+#   * DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS, JAVA_OPTS, and optsEnvironmentVar are not allowed to contain shell fragments,
+#     and any embedded shellness will be escaped.
+#   * For example: A user cannot expect ${Hostname} to be expanded, as it is an environment variable and will be
+#     treated as '${Hostname}' itself on the command line.
+
+set -- \
+        "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
+        -jar "$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar" \
+        "$@"
+
+# Stop when "xargs" is not available.
+if ! command -v xargs >/dev/null 2>&1
+then
+    die "xargs is not available"
+fi
+
+# Use "xargs" to parse quoted args.
+#
+# With -n1 it outputs one arg per line, with the quotes and backslashes removed.
+#
+# In Bash we could simply go:
+#
+#   readarray ARGS < <( xargs -n1 <<<"$var" ) &&
+#   set -- "${ARGS[@]}" "$@"
+#
+# but POSIX shell has neither arrays nor command substitution, so instead we
+# post-process each arg (as a line of input to sed) to backslash-escape any
+# character that might be a shell metacharacter, then use eval to reverse
+# that process (while maintaining the separation between arguments), and wrap
+# the whole thing up as a single "set" statement.
+#
+# This will of course break if any of these variables contains a newline or
+# an unmatched quote.
+#
+
+eval "set -- $(
+        printf '%s\n' "$DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS" |
+        xargs -n1 |
+        sed ' s~[^-[:alnum:]+,./:=@_]~\\&~g; ' |
+        tr '\n' ' '
+    )" '"$@"'
+
+exec "$JAVACMD" "$@"

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/gradlew.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+@rem
+@rem Copyright 2015 the original author or authors.
+@rem
+@rem Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+@rem you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+@rem You may obtain a copy of the License at
+@rem
+@rem      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+@rem
+@rem Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+@rem distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+@rem WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+@rem See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+@rem limitations under the License.
+@rem
+@rem SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+@rem
+
+@if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
+@rem ##########################################################################
+@rem
+@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem
+@rem ##########################################################################
+
+@rem Set local scope for the variables, and ensure extensions are enabled
+setlocal EnableExtensions
+
+set DIRNAME=%~dp0
+if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
+@rem This is normally unused
+set APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0
+set APP_HOME=%DIRNAME%
+
+@rem Resolve any "." and ".." in APP_HOME to make it shorter.
+for %%i in ("%APP_HOME%") do set APP_HOME=%%~fi
+
+@rem Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script.
+set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"
+
+@rem Find java.exe
+if defined JAVA_HOME goto findJavaFromJavaHome
+
+set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
+%JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
+if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
+
+echo. 1>&2
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
+echo. 1>&2
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
+echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+
+:findJavaFromJavaHome
+set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
+set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
+
+if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
+
+echo. 1>&2
+echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
+echo. 1>&2
+echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
+echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+
+:execute
+@rem Setup the command line
+
+
+
+@rem Execute Gradle
+@rem endlocal doesn't take effect until after the line is parsed and variables are expanded
+@rem which allows us to clear the local environment before executing the java command
+endlocal & "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %* & call :exitWithErrorLevel
+
+:exitWithErrorLevel
+@rem Use "%COMSPEC%" /c exit to allow operators to work properly in scripts
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit %ERRORLEVEL%

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/settings.gradle

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+rootProject.name = 'bskel-java-ast-helper'

package/handles/providers/java-spring/ast-helper/src/main/java/com/backendskeleton/asthelper/Main.java

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+package com.backendskeleton.asthelper;
+
+import com.github.javaparser.ParserConfiguration;
+import com.github.javaparser.StaticJavaParser;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.CompilationUnit;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.ImportDeclaration;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.body.Parameter;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.body.RecordDeclaration;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.expr.AnnotationExpr;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.type.Type;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.JavaSymbolSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.CombinedTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.JavaParserTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.ReflectionTypeSolver;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+/**
+ * A2 Phase 2 (D-java-ast-helper): the real JavaParser + Symbol Solver analysis CATALOG.md's own
+ * A2 entry names. Invoked only via handles/providers/java-spring/ast-bridge.mjs, only when a
+ * human explicitly passes {@code --ast} to {@code bskel handles plan} -- never a hard dependency,
+ * never invoked silently. Scope is deliberately narrow: DTO field type + annotation resolution
+ * for a top-level {@code record} declaration, matching classifyDtoFields()'s own current scope
+ * (patch-strategy.mjs) exactly -- a class-shaped DTO is an out-of-scope gap on BOTH the regex and
+ * this AST path, not newly introduced here. Service-signature and security-expression resolution
+ * (the other two surface areas CATALOG.md's A2 text names) are explicitly out of scope for this
+ * item -- see D-java-ast-helper in DECISIONS.md.
+ *
+ * <p>Annotation names are resolved via the CompilationUnit's own import list (a plain name map),
+ * deliberately NOT via JavaSymbolSolver's AnnotationExpr-specific resolution -- that API has a
+ * documented history of unreliability (javaparser/javaparser#1621, a real ClassCastException with
+ * no working fix in that thread). Field TYPES are resolved via the standard, reliably-documented
+ * {@code Type#resolve()} Symbol Solver pattern instead, which has no comparable reliability
+ * history -- this is what actually exercises CombinedTypeSolver/ReflectionTypeSolver/
+ * JavaParserTypeSolver for real.
+ *
+ * <p>Every resolution attempt is wrapped so a single field's failure degrades to the as-written
+ * text for THAT field only, never crashes the whole run -- an unusual generic shape or an
+ * unresolvable third-party type must never take down analysis of the rest of the DTO.
+ */
+public final class Main {
+
+	private Main() {
+	}
+
+	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+		if (args.length < 2) {
+			System.err.println("usage: Main <dto-file-path> <src-root>");
+			System.exit(2);
+		}
+		String dtoFilePath = args[0];
+		String srcRoot = args[1];
+
+		CombinedTypeSolver typeSolver = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+		typeSolver.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+		typeSolver.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(new File(srcRoot)));
+		// Found live: JavaParser's default configured language level does not support `record`
+		// declarations (the exact DTO shape this helper exists to analyze) -- confirmed by a real
+		// ParseProblemException before this line existed. Every generated resolver stub/patch DTO
+		// this project's own oracle repos actually use is on a modern Spring Boot toolchain; JDK
+		// 17 matches the java-compile fixture's own pinned toolchain elsewhere in this repo.
+		StaticJavaParser.getParserConfiguration().setLanguageLevel(ParserConfiguration.LanguageLevel.JAVA_17);
+		StaticJavaParser.getParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(typeSolver));
+
+		CompilationUnit cu = StaticJavaParser.parse(Path.of(dtoFilePath));
+		Optional<RecordDeclaration> recordDecl = cu.findFirst(RecordDeclaration.class);
+		if (recordDecl.isEmpty()) {
+			System.out.println("{\"recordName\":null,\"fields\":[],\"note\":\"no top-level record declaration found\"}");
+			return;
+		}
+		RecordDeclaration decl = recordDecl.get();
+
+		Map<String, String> importsBySimpleName = buildImportMap(cu);
+
+		StringBuilder json = new StringBuilder();
+		json.append("{\"recordName\":").append(jsonString(decl.getNameAsString())).append(",\"fields\":[");
+		List<Parameter> components = decl.getParameters();
+		for (int i = 0; i < components.size(); i++) {
+			if (i > 0) json.append(',');
+			appendField(json, components.get(i), importsBySimpleName);
+		}
+		json.append("]}");
+		System.out.println(json);
+	}
+
+	/** Simple-name -> fully-qualified-name, from real (non-static, non-asterisk) imports only. */
+	private static Map<String, String> buildImportMap(CompilationUnit cu) {
+		Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+		for (ImportDeclaration imp : cu.getImports()) {
+			if (imp.isAsterisk() || imp.isStatic()) continue;
+			String full = imp.getNameAsString();
+			int lastDot = full.lastIndexOf('.');
+			String simple = lastDot >= 0 ? full.substring(lastDot + 1) : full;
+			map.put(simple, full);
+		}
+		return map;
+	}
+
+	private static void appendField(StringBuilder json, Parameter param, Map<String, String> importsBySimpleName) {
+		String name = param.getNameAsString();
+		Type type = param.getType();
+		String rawType = type.asString();
+		String resolvedType = resolveTypeSafely(type);
+
+		json.append("{\"name\":").append(jsonString(name))
+				.append(",\"rawType\":").append(jsonString(rawType))
+				.append(",\"resolvedType\":").append(resolvedType == null ? "null" : jsonString(resolvedType))
+				.append(",\"annotations\":[");
+		List<AnnotationExpr> annotations = param.getAnnotations();
+		for (int i = 0; i < annotations.size(); i++) {
+			if (i > 0) json.append(',');
+			appendAnnotation(json, annotations.get(i), importsBySimpleName);
+		}
+		json.append("]}");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Standard, reliable Symbol Solver pattern (type.resolve().describe()) -- this is what
+	 * actually exercises CombinedTypeSolver against the real classpath. Any resolution failure
+	 * (an unresolvable generic, a type outside the configured solvers) degrades to null for THIS
+	 * field only -- the caller falls back to rawType, never crashes the run.
+	 */
+	private static String resolveTypeSafely(Type type) {
+		try {
+			return type.resolve().describe();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Deliberately NOT AnnotationExpr#resolve() (documented unreliable, see this class's own
+	 * javadoc) -- a written-fully-qualified annotation (contains a dot) is already fully
+	 * qualified in the AST with zero resolution needed; a simple-name annotation is looked up
+	 * against this compilation unit's own real import list.
+	 */
+	private static void appendAnnotation(StringBuilder json, AnnotationExpr annotation, Map<String, String> importsBySimpleName) {
+		String asWritten = annotation.getNameAsString();
+		String resolvedFqn;
+		if (asWritten.contains(".")) {
+			resolvedFqn = asWritten;
+		} else {
+			resolvedFqn = importsBySimpleName.getOrDefault(asWritten, asWritten);
+		}
+		json.append("{\"asWritten\":").append(jsonString(asWritten))
+				.append(",\"resolvedFqn\":").append(jsonString(resolvedFqn))
+				.append('}');
+	}
+
+	private static String jsonString(String s) {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("\"");
+		for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+			char c = s.charAt(i);
+			switch (c) {
+				case '"' -> sb.append("\\\"");
+				case '\\' -> sb.append("\\\\");
+				case '\n' -> sb.append("\\n");
+				case '\r' -> sb.append("\\r");
+				case '\t' -> sb.append("\\t");
+				default -> {
+					if (c < 0x20) {
+						sb.append(String.format("\\u%04x", (int) c));
+					} else {
+						sb.append(c);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		sb.append('"');
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+}