avl-tree-typed 2.4.5 → 2.5.1

package/dist/cjs/index.cjs

@@ -59,50 +59,6 @@ function makeTrampoline(fn) {
 }
 __name(makeTrampoline, "makeTrampoline");
 
-// src/common/error.ts
-var ERR = {
-  // Range / index
-  indexOutOfRange: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((index, min, max, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Index ${index} is out of range [${min}, ${max}].`, "indexOutOfRange"),
-  invalidIndex: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Index must be an integer.`, "invalidIndex"),
-  // Type / argument
-  invalidArgument: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidArgument"),
-  comparatorRequired: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Comparator is required for non-number/non-string/non-Date keys.`, "comparatorRequired"),
-  invalidKey: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidKey"),
-  notAFunction: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((name, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${name} must be a function.`, "notAFunction"),
-  invalidEntry: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Each entry must be a [key, value] tuple.`, "invalidEntry"),
-  invalidNaN: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}NaN is not a valid key.`, "invalidNaN"),
-  invalidDate: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Invalid Date key.`, "invalidDate"),
-  reduceEmpty: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Reduce of empty structure with no initial value.`, "reduceEmpty"),
-  callbackReturnType: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((expected, got, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Callback must return ${expected}; got ${got}.`, "callbackReturnType"),
-  // State / operation
-  invalidOperation: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidOperation"),
-  // Matrix
-  matrixDimensionMismatch: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((op) => `Matrix: Dimensions must be compatible for ${op}.`, "matrixDimensionMismatch"),
-  matrixSingular: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Singular matrix, inverse does not exist.", "matrixSingular"),
-  matrixNotSquare: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Must be square for inversion.", "matrixNotSquare"),
-  matrixNotRectangular: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Must be rectangular for transposition.", "matrixNotRectangular"),
-  matrixRowMismatch: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((expected, got) => `Matrix: Expected row length ${expected}, but got ${got}.`, "matrixRowMismatch")
-};
-
-// src/common/index.ts
-var Range = class {
-  constructor(low, high, includeLow = true, includeHigh = true) {
-    this.low = low;
-    this.high = high;
-    this.includeLow = includeLow;
-    this.includeHigh = includeHigh;
-  }
-  static {
-    __name(this, "Range");
-  }
-  // Determine whether a key is within the range
-  isInRange(key, comparator) {
-    const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;
-    const highCheck = this.includeHigh ? comparator(key, this.high) <= 0 : comparator(key, this.high) < 0;
-    return lowCheck && highCheck;
-  }
-};
-
 // src/data-structures/base/iterable-element-base.ts
 var IterableElementBase = class {
   static {
@@ -121,7 +77,7 @@ var IterableElementBase = class {
     if (options) {
       const { toElementFn } = options;
       if (typeof toElementFn === "function") this._toElementFn = toElementFn;
-      else if (toElementFn) throw new TypeError(ERR.notAFunction("toElementFn"));
+      else if (toElementFn) throw new TypeError("toElementFn must be a function type");
     }
   }
   /**
@@ -284,7 +240,7 @@ var IterableElementBase = class {
       acc = initialValue;
     } else {
       const first = iter.next();
-      if (first.done) throw new TypeError(ERR.reduceEmpty());
+      if (first.done) throw new TypeError("Reduce of empty structure with no initial value");
       acc = first.value;
       index = 1;
     }
@@ -519,6 +475,232 @@ var LinearBase = class _LinearBase extends IterableElementBase {
   }
 };
 
+// src/common/error.ts
+var ERR = {
+  // Range / index
+  indexOutOfRange: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((index, min, max, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Index ${index} is out of range [${min}, ${max}].`, "indexOutOfRange"),
+  invalidIndex: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Index must be an integer.`, "invalidIndex"),
+  // Type / argument
+  invalidArgument: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidArgument"),
+  comparatorRequired: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Comparator is required for non-number/non-string/non-Date keys.`, "comparatorRequired"),
+  invalidKey: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidKey"),
+  notAFunction: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((name, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${name} must be a function.`, "notAFunction"),
+  invalidEntry: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Each entry must be a [key, value] tuple.`, "invalidEntry"),
+  invalidNaN: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}NaN is not a valid key.`, "invalidNaN"),
+  invalidDate: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Invalid Date key.`, "invalidDate"),
+  reduceEmpty: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Reduce of empty structure with no initial value.`, "reduceEmpty"),
+  callbackReturnType: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((expected, got, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}Callback must return ${expected}; got ${got}.`, "callbackReturnType"),
+  // State / operation
+  invalidOperation: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((reason, ctx) => `${ctx ? ctx + ": " : ""}${reason}`, "invalidOperation"),
+  // Matrix
+  matrixDimensionMismatch: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((op) => `Matrix: Dimensions must be compatible for ${op}.`, "matrixDimensionMismatch"),
+  matrixSingular: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Singular matrix, inverse does not exist.", "matrixSingular"),
+  matrixNotSquare: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Must be square for inversion.", "matrixNotSquare"),
+  matrixNotRectangular: /* @__PURE__ */ __name(() => "Matrix: Must be rectangular for transposition.", "matrixNotRectangular"),
+  matrixRowMismatch: /* @__PURE__ */ __name((expected, got) => `Matrix: Expected row length ${expected}, but got ${got}.`, "matrixRowMismatch")
+};
+
+// src/common/index.ts
+var Range = class {
+  constructor(low, high, includeLow = true, includeHigh = true) {
+    this.low = low;
+    this.high = high;
+    this.includeLow = includeLow;
+    this.includeHigh = includeHigh;
+  }
+  static {
+    __name(this, "Range");
+  }
+  // Determine whether a key is within the range
+  isInRange(key, comparator) {
+    const lowCheck = this.includeLow ? comparator(key, this.low) >= 0 : comparator(key, this.low) > 0;
+    const highCheck = this.includeHigh ? comparator(key, this.high) <= 0 : comparator(key, this.high) < 0;
+    return lowCheck && highCheck;
+  }
+};
+
+// src/data-structures/base/iterable-entry-base.ts
+var IterableEntryBase = class {
+  static {
+    __name(this, "IterableEntryBase");
+  }
+  /**
+   * Default iterator yielding `[key, value]` entries.
+   * @returns Iterator of `[K, V]`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n) to iterate, Space O(1)
+   */
+  *[Symbol.iterator](...args) {
+    yield* this._getIterator(...args);
+  }
+  /**
+   * Iterate over `[key, value]` pairs (may yield `undefined` values).
+   * @returns Iterator of `[K, V | undefined]`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  *entries() {
+    for (const item of this) {
+      yield item;
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Iterate over keys only.
+   * @returns Iterator of keys.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  *keys() {
+    for (const item of this) {
+      yield item[0];
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Iterate over values only.
+   * @returns Iterator of values.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  *values() {
+    for (const item of this) {
+      yield item[1];
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Test whether all entries satisfy the predicate.
+   * @param predicate - `(key, value, index, self) => boolean`.
+   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
+   * @returns `true` if all pass; otherwise `false`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  every(predicate, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      if (!predicate.call(thisArg, item[1], item[0], index++, this)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Test whether any entry satisfies the predicate.
+   * @param predicate - `(key, value, index, self) => boolean`.
+   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
+   * @returns `true` if any passes; otherwise `false`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  some(predicate, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      if (predicate.call(thisArg, item[1], item[0], index++, this)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Visit each entry, left-to-right.
+   * @param callbackfn - `(key, value, index, self) => void`.
+   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  forEach(callbackfn, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      const [key, value] = item;
+      callbackfn.call(thisArg, value, key, index++, this);
+    }
+  }
+  /**
+   * Find the first entry that matches a predicate.
+   * @param callbackfn - `(key, value, index, self) => boolean`.
+   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
+   * @returns Matching `[key, value]` or `undefined`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  find(callbackfn, thisArg) {
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      const [key, value] = item;
+      if (callbackfn.call(thisArg, value, key, index++, this)) return item;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Whether the given key exists.
+   * @param key - Key to test.
+   * @returns `true` if found; otherwise `false`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n) generic, Space O(1)
+   */
+  has(key) {
+    for (const item of this) {
+      const [itemKey] = item;
+      if (itemKey === key) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Whether there exists an entry with the given value.
+   * @param value - Value to test.
+   * @returns `true` if found; otherwise `false`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  hasValue(value) {
+    for (const [, elementValue] of this) {
+      if (elementValue === value) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Get the value under a key.
+   * @param key - Key to look up.
+   * @returns Value or `undefined`.
+   * @remarks Time O(n) generic, Space O(1)
+   */
+  get(key) {
+    for (const item of this) {
+      const [itemKey, value] = item;
+      if (itemKey === key) return value;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Reduce entries into a single accumulator.
+   * @param callbackfn - `(acc, value, key, index, self) => acc`.
+   * @param initialValue - Initial accumulator.
+   * @returns Final accumulator.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   */
+  reduce(callbackfn, initialValue) {
+    let accumulator = initialValue;
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const item of this) {
+      const [key, value] = item;
+      accumulator = callbackfn(accumulator, value, key, index++, this);
+    }
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+  /**
+   * Converts data structure to `[key, value]` pairs.
+   * @returns Array of entries.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  toArray() {
+    return [...this];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Visualize the iterable as an array of `[key, value]` pairs (or a custom string).
+   * @returns Array of entries (default) or a string.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  toVisual() {
+    return [...this];
+  }
+  /**
+   * Print a human-friendly representation to the console.
+   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   */
+  print() {
+    console.log(this.toVisual());
+  }
+};
+
 // src/data-structures/queue/queue.ts
 var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
   static {
@@ -576,18 +758,94 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     this._autoCompactRatio = value;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the number of elements currently in the queue.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Current length.
-   */
+    * Get the number of elements currently in the queue.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Current length.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Track queue length
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 0;
+  *     q.push(1);
+  *     q.push(2);
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 2;
+    */
   get length() {
     return this.elements.length - this._offset;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the first element (front) without removing it.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Front element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the first element (front) without removing it.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns Front element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // View the front element
+  *  const q = new Queue<string>(['first', 'second', 'third']);
+  *     console.log(q.first); // 'first';
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
   get first() {
     return this.length > 0 ? this.elements[this._offset] : void 0;
   }
@@ -610,19 +868,111 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return new _Queue(elements);
   }
   /**
-   * Check whether the queue is empty.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns True if length is 0.
-   */
+    * Check whether the queue is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns True if length is 0.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Queue for...of iteration and isEmpty check
+  *  const queue = new Queue<string>(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']);
+  *
+  *     const elements: string[] = [];
+  *     for (const item of queue) {
+  *       elements.push(item);
+  *     }
+  *
+  *     // Verify all elements are iterated in order
+  *     console.log(elements); // ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'];
+  *
+  *     // Process all elements
+  *     while (queue.length > 0) {
+  *       queue.shift();
+  *     }
+  *
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 0;
+    */
   isEmpty() {
     return this.length === 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Enqueue one element at the back.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to enqueue.
-   * @returns True on success.
-   */
+    * Enqueue one element at the back.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to enqueue.
+    * @returns True on success.
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic Queue creation and push operation
+  *  // Create a simple Queue with initial values
+  *     const queue = new Queue([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *
+  *     // Verify the queue maintains insertion order
+  *     console.log([...queue]); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+  *
+  *     // Check length
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 5;
+    */
   push(element) {
     this.elements.push(element);
     if (this._maxLen > 0 && this.length > this._maxLen) this.shift();
@@ -643,10 +993,56 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return ans;
   }
   /**
-   * Dequeue one element from the front (amortized via offset).
-   * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
-   * @returns Removed element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Dequeue one element from the front (amortized via offset).
+    * @remarks Time O(1) amortized, Space O(1)
+    * @returns Removed element or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Queue shift and peek operations
+  *  const queue = new Queue<number>([10, 20, 30, 40]);
+  *
+  *     // Peek at the front element without removing it
+  *     console.log(queue.first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Remove and get the first element (FIFO)
+  *     const first = queue.shift();
+  *     console.log(first); // 10;
+  *
+  *     // Verify remaining elements and length decreased
+  *     console.log([...queue]); // [20, 30, 40];
+  *     console.log(queue.length); // 3;
+    */
   shift() {
     if (this.length === 0) return void 0;
     const first = this.first;
@@ -655,11 +1051,45 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return first;
   }
   /**
-   * Delete the first occurrence of a specific element.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @param element - Element to remove (strict equality via Object.is).
-   * @returns True if an element was removed.
-   */
+    * Delete the first occurrence of a specific element.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+    * @param element - Element to remove (strict equality via Object.is).
+    * @returns True if an element was removed.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove specific element
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 2]);
+  *     q.delete(2);
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
   delete(element) {
     for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) {
       if (Object.is(this.elements[i], element)) {
@@ -670,11 +1100,45 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return false;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the element at a given logical index.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
-   * @returns Element or undefined.
-   */
+    * Get the element at a given logical index.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @param index - Zero-based index from the front.
+    * @returns Element or undefined.
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Access element by index
+  *  const q = new Queue<string>(['a', 'b', 'c']);
+  *     console.log(q.at(0)); // 'a';
+  *     console.log(q.at(2)); // 'c';
+    */
   at(index) {
     if (index < 0 || index >= this.length) return void 0;
     return this._elements[this._offset + index];
@@ -726,19 +1190,90 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     return this;
   }
   /**
-   * Remove all elements and reset offset.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @returns void
-   */
+    * Remove all elements and reset offset.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    * @returns void
+    
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     q.clear();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 0;
+    */
   clear() {
     this._elements = [];
     this._offset = 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Compact storage by discarding consumed head elements.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns True when compaction performed.
-   */
+    * Compact storage by discarding consumed head elements.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns True when compaction performed.
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Reclaim unused memory
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     q.shift();
+  *     q.shift();
+  *     q.compact();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+    */
   compact() {
     this._elements = this.elements.slice(this._offset);
     this._offset = 0;
@@ -757,315 +1292,239 @@ var Queue = class _Queue extends LinearBase {
     deleteCount = Math.max(0, Math.min(deleteCount, this.length - start));
     const gi = this._offset + start;
     const removedArray = this._elements.splice(gi, deleteCount, ...items);
-    if (this.elements.length > 0 && this.offset / this.elements.length > this.autoCompactRatio) this.compact();
-    const removed = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
-    removed._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
-    removed.pushMany(removedArray);
-    return removed;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Deep clone this queue and its parameters.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @returns A new queue with the same content and options.
-   */
-  clone() {
-    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
-    out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
-    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) out.push(this.elements[i]);
-    return out;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Filter elements into a new queue of the same class.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @param predicate - Predicate (element, index, queue) → boolean to keep element.
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
-   * @returns A new queue with kept elements.
-   */
-  filter(predicate, thisArg) {
-    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
-    out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
-    let index = 0;
-    for (const v of this) {
-      if (predicate.call(thisArg, v, index, this)) out.push(v);
-      index++;
-    }
-    return out;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Map each element to a new element in a possibly different-typed queue.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @template EM
-   * @template RM
-   * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → newElement.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the output queue (e.g., toElementFn, maxLen, autoCompactRatio).
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
-   * @returns A new Queue with mapped elements.
-   */
-  map(callback, options, thisArg) {
-    const out = new this.constructor([], {
-      toElementFn: options?.toElementFn,
-      maxLen: options?.maxLen ?? this._maxLen,
-      autoCompactRatio: options?.autoCompactRatio ?? this._autoCompactRatio
-    });
-    let index = 0;
-    for (const v of this)
-      out.push(thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this));
-    return out;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Map each element to a new value of the same type.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → element.
-   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
-   * @returns A new queue with mapped elements (same element type).
-   */
-  mapSame(callback, thisArg) {
-    const Ctor = this.constructor;
-    const out = new Ctor([], {
-      toElementFn: this.toElementFn,
-      maxLen: this._maxLen,
-      autoCompactRatio: this._autoCompactRatio
-    });
-    out._setAutoCompactRatio?.(this._autoCompactRatio);
-    let index = 0;
-    for (const v of this) {
-      const mv = thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this);
-      out.push(mv);
-    }
-    return out;
-  }
-  /**
-   * (Protected) Set the internal auto-compaction ratio.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param value - New ratio to assign.
-   * @returns void
-   */
-  _setAutoCompactRatio(value) {
-    this._autoCompactRatio = value;
-  }
-  /**
-   * (Protected) Iterate elements from front to back.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Iterator of E.
-   */
-  *_getIterator() {
-    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) yield this.elements[i];
-  }
-  /**
-   * (Protected) Iterate elements from back to front.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
-   * @returns Iterator of E.
-   */
-  *_getReverseIterator() {
-    for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-      const cur = this.at(i);
-      if (cur !== void 0) yield cur;
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
-   * @returns An empty like-kind queue instance.
-   */
-  _createInstance(options) {
-    const Ctor = this.constructor;
-    return new Ctor([], options);
-  }
-  /**
-   * (Protected) Create a like-kind queue and seed it from an iterable.
-   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
-   * @template EM
-   * @template RM
-   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new queue.
-   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
-   * @returns A like-kind Queue instance.
-   */
-  _createLike(elements = [], options) {
-    const Ctor = this.constructor;
-    return new Ctor(elements, options);
-  }
-};
-
-// src/data-structures/base/iterable-entry-base.ts
-var IterableEntryBase = class {
-  static {
-    __name(this, "IterableEntryBase");
-  }
-  /**
-   * Default iterator yielding `[key, value]` entries.
-   * @returns Iterator of `[K, V]`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n) to iterate, Space O(1)
-   */
-  *[Symbol.iterator](...args) {
-    yield* this._getIterator(...args);
-  }
-  /**
-   * Iterate over `[key, value]` pairs (may yield `undefined` values).
-   * @returns Iterator of `[K, V | undefined]`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  *entries() {
-    for (const item of this) {
-      yield item;
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Iterate over keys only.
-   * @returns Iterator of keys.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  *keys() {
-    for (const item of this) {
-      yield item[0];
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Iterate over values only.
-   * @returns Iterator of values.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  *values() {
-    for (const item of this) {
-      yield item[1];
-    }
-  }
-  /**
-   * Test whether all entries satisfy the predicate.
-   * @param predicate - `(key, value, index, self) => boolean`.
-   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
-   * @returns `true` if all pass; otherwise `false`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  every(predicate, thisArg) {
-    let index = 0;
-    for (const item of this) {
-      if (!predicate.call(thisArg, item[1], item[0], index++, this)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
+    if (this.elements.length > 0 && this.offset / this.elements.length > this.autoCompactRatio) this.compact();
+    const removed = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    removed._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
+    removed.pushMany(removedArray);
+    return removed;
   }
   /**
-   * Test whether any entry satisfies the predicate.
-   * @param predicate - `(key, value, index, self) => boolean`.
-   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
-   * @returns `true` if any passes; otherwise `false`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  some(predicate, thisArg) {
-    let index = 0;
-    for (const item of this) {
-      if (predicate.call(thisArg, item[1], item[0], index++, this)) {
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
+    * Deep clone this queue and its parameters.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @returns A new queue with the same content and options.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Create independent copy
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = q.clone();
+  *     copy.shift();
+  *     console.log(q.length); // 3;
+  *     console.log(copy.length); // 2;
+    */
+  clone() {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
+    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) out.push(this.elements[i]);
+    return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Visit each entry, left-to-right.
-   * @param callbackfn - `(key, value, index, self) => void`.
-   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  forEach(callbackfn, thisArg) {
+    * Filter elements into a new queue of the same class.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @param predicate - Predicate (element, index, queue) → boolean to keep element.
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the predicate.
+    * @returns A new queue with kept elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Filter elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     const evens = q.filter(x => x % 2 === 0);
+  *     console.log(evens.length); // 2;
+    */
+  filter(predicate, thisArg) {
+    const out = this._createInstance({ toElementFn: this.toElementFn, maxLen: this._maxLen });
+    out._setAutoCompactRatio(this._autoCompactRatio);
     let index = 0;
-    for (const item of this) {
-      const [key, value] = item;
-      callbackfn.call(thisArg, value, key, index++, this);
+    for (const v of this) {
+      if (predicate.call(thisArg, v, index, this)) out.push(v);
+      index++;
     }
+    return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Find the first entry that matches a predicate.
-   * @param callbackfn - `(key, value, index, self) => boolean`.
-   * @param thisArg - Optional `this` for callback.
-   * @returns Matching `[key, value]` or `undefined`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
-   */
-  find(callbackfn, thisArg) {
+    * Map each element to a new element in a possibly different-typed queue.
+    * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+    * @template EM
+    * @template RM
+    * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → newElement.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the output queue (e.g., toElementFn, maxLen, autoCompactRatio).
+    * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+    * @returns A new Queue with mapped elements.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform elements
+  *  const q = new Queue<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const doubled = q.map(x => x * 2);
+  *     console.log(doubled.toArray()); // [2, 4, 6];
+    */
+  map(callback, options, thisArg) {
+    const out = new this.constructor([], {
+      toElementFn: options?.toElementFn,
+      maxLen: options?.maxLen ?? this._maxLen,
+      autoCompactRatio: options?.autoCompactRatio ?? this._autoCompactRatio
+    });
     let index = 0;
-    for (const item of this) {
-      const [key, value] = item;
-      if (callbackfn.call(thisArg, value, key, index++, this)) return item;
-    }
-    return;
+    for (const v of this)
+      out.push(thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this));
+    return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Whether the given key exists.
-   * @param key - Key to test.
-   * @returns `true` if found; otherwise `false`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n) generic, Space O(1)
+   * Map each element to a new value of the same type.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @param callback - Mapping function (element, index, queue) → element.
+   * @param [thisArg] - Value for `this` inside the callback.
+   * @returns A new queue with mapped elements (same element type).
    */
-  has(key) {
-    for (const item of this) {
-      const [itemKey] = item;
-      if (itemKey === key) return true;
+  mapSame(callback, thisArg) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    const out = new Ctor([], {
+      toElementFn: this.toElementFn,
+      maxLen: this._maxLen,
+      autoCompactRatio: this._autoCompactRatio
+    });
+    out._setAutoCompactRatio?.(this._autoCompactRatio);
+    let index = 0;
+    for (const v of this) {
+      const mv = thisArg === void 0 ? callback(v, index++, this) : callback.call(thisArg, v, index++, this);
+      out.push(mv);
     }
-    return false;
+    return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Whether there exists an entry with the given value.
-   * @param value - Value to test.
-   * @returns `true` if found; otherwise `false`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   * (Protected) Set the internal auto-compaction ratio.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param value - New ratio to assign.
+   * @returns void
    */
-  hasValue(value) {
-    for (const [, elementValue] of this) {
-      if (elementValue === value) return true;
-    }
-    return false;
+  _setAutoCompactRatio(value) {
+    this._autoCompactRatio = value;
   }
   /**
-   * Get the value under a key.
-   * @param key - Key to look up.
-   * @returns Value or `undefined`.
-   * @remarks Time O(n) generic, Space O(1)
+   * (Protected) Iterate elements from front to back.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of E.
    */
-  get(key) {
-    for (const item of this) {
-      const [itemKey, value] = item;
-      if (itemKey === key) return value;
-    }
-    return;
+  *_getIterator() {
+    for (let i = this._offset; i < this.elements.length; i++) yield this.elements[i];
   }
   /**
-   * Reduce entries into a single accumulator.
-   * @param callbackfn - `(acc, value, key, index, self) => acc`.
-   * @param initialValue - Initial accumulator.
-   * @returns Final accumulator.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(1)
+   * (Protected) Iterate elements from back to front.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(1)
+   * @returns Iterator of E.
    */
-  reduce(callbackfn, initialValue) {
-    let accumulator = initialValue;
-    let index = 0;
-    for (const item of this) {
-      const [key, value] = item;
-      accumulator = callbackfn(accumulator, value, key, index++, this);
+  *_getReverseIterator() {
+    for (let i = this.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      const cur = this.at(i);
+      if (cur !== void 0) yield cur;
     }
-    return accumulator;
-  }
-  /**
-   * Converts data structure to `[key, value]` pairs.
-   * @returns Array of entries.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
-   */
-  toArray() {
-    return [...this];
   }
   /**
-   * Visualize the iterable as an array of `[key, value]` pairs (or a custom string).
-   * @returns Array of entries (default) or a string.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   * (Protected) Create an empty instance of the same concrete class.
+   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns An empty like-kind queue instance.
    */
-  toVisual() {
-    return [...this];
+  _createInstance(options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor([], options);
   }
   /**
-   * Print a human-friendly representation to the console.
-   * @remarks Time O(n), Space O(n)
+   * (Protected) Create a like-kind queue and seed it from an iterable.
+   * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N)
+   * @template EM
+   * @template RM
+   * @param [elements] - Iterable used to seed the new queue.
+   * @param [options] - Options forwarded to the constructor.
+   * @returns A like-kind Queue instance.
    */
-  print() {
-    console.log(this.toVisual());
+  _createLike(elements = [], options) {
+    const Ctor = this.constructor;
+    return new Ctor(elements, options);
   }
 };
 
@@ -1442,23 +1901,113 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return isComparable(key);
   }
   /**
-   * Adds a new node to the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation adds the node at the first available position in a level-order (BFS) traversal. This is NOT a Binary Search Tree insertion. Time O(N), where N is the number of nodes. It must traverse level-by-level to find an empty slot. Space O(N) in the worst case for the BFS queue (e.g., a full last level).
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to add.
-   * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Adds a new node to the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation adds the node at the first available position in a level-order (BFS) traversal. This is NOT a Binary Search Tree insertion. Time O(N), where N is the number of nodes. It must traverse level-by-level to find an empty slot. Space O(N) in the worst case for the BFS queue (e.g., a full last level).
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to add.
+    * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Add a single node
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>();
+  *     tree.add(1);
+  *     tree.add(2);
+  *     tree.add(3);
+  *     console.log(tree.size); // 3;
+  *     console.log(tree.has(1)); // true;
+    */
   add(keyNodeOrEntry) {
     return this.set(keyNodeOrEntry);
   }
   /**
-   * Adds or updates a new node to the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation sets the node at the first available position in a level-order (BFS) traversal. This is NOT a Binary Search Tree insertion. Time O(N), where N is the number of nodes. It must traverse level-by-level to find an empty slot. Space O(N) in the worst case for the BFS queue (e.g., a full last level).
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to set or update.
-   * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
-   * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Adds or updates a new node to the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation sets the node at the first available position in a level-order (BFS) traversal. This is NOT a Binary Search Tree insertion. Time O(N), where N is the number of nodes. It must traverse level-by-level to find an empty slot. Space O(N) in the worst case for the BFS queue (e.g., a full last level).
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to set or update.
+    * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
+    * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // basic BinaryTree creation and insertion
+  *  // Create a BinaryTree with entries
+  *     const entries: [number, string][] = [
+  *       [6, 'six'],
+  *       [1, 'one'],
+  *       [2, 'two'],
+  *       [7, 'seven'],
+  *       [5, 'five'],
+  *       [3, 'three'],
+  *       [4, 'four'],
+  *       [9, 'nine'],
+  *       [8, 'eight']
+  *     ];
+  *
+  *     const tree = new BinaryTree(entries);
+  *
+  *     // Verify size
+  *     console.log(tree.size); // 9;
+  *
+  *     // Add new element
+  *     tree.set(10, 'ten');
+  *     console.log(tree.size); // 10;
+    */
   set(keyNodeOrEntry, value) {
     const [newNode] = this._keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry, value);
     if (newNode === void 0) return false;
@@ -1503,23 +2052,86 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return false;
   }
   /**
-   * Adds multiple items to the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items to set and M is the size of the tree at insertion (due to O(M) `set` operation). Space O(M) (from `set`) + O(N) (for the `inserted` array).
-   *
-   * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to set.
-   * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `set` operation.
-   */
+    * Adds multiple items to the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items to set and M is the size of the tree at insertion (due to O(M) `set` operation). Space O(M) (from `set`) + O(N) (for the `inserted` array).
+    *
+    * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to set.
+    * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `set` operation.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Bulk add
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>();
+  *     tree.addMany([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     console.log(tree.size); // 5;
+    */
   addMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws) {
     return this.setMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws);
   }
   /**
-   * Adds or updates multiple items to the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items to set and M is the size of the tree at insertion (due to O(M) `set` operation). Space O(M) (from `set`) + O(N) (for the `inserted` array).
-   *
-   * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to set or update.
-   * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
-   * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `set` operation.
-   */
+    * Adds or updates multiple items to the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items to set and M is the size of the tree at insertion (due to O(M) `set` operation). Space O(M) (from `set`) + O(N) (for the `inserted` array).
+    *
+    * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to set or update.
+    * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
+    * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `set` operation.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Set multiple entries
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number, string>();
+  *     tree.setMany([[1, 'a'], [2, 'b'], [3, 'c']]);
+  *     console.log(tree.size); // 3;
+    */
   setMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws, values) {
     const inserted = [];
     let valuesIterator;
@@ -1540,11 +2152,47 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return inserted;
   }
   /**
-   * Merges another tree into this one by seting all its nodes.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * M), same as `setMany`, where N is the size of `anotherTree` and M is the size of this tree. Space O(M) (from `set`).
-   *
-   * @param anotherTree - The tree to merge.
-   */
+    * Merges another tree into this one by seting all its nodes.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * M), same as `setMany`, where N is the size of `anotherTree` and M is the size of this tree. Space O(M) (from `set`).
+    *
+    * @param anotherTree - The tree to merge.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Combine trees
+  *  const t1 = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2]);
+  *     const t2 = new BinaryTree<number>([3, 4]);
+  *     t1.merge(t2);
+  *     console.log(t1.size); // 4;
+    */
   merge(anotherTree) {
     this.setMany(anotherTree, []);
   }
@@ -1560,12 +2208,50 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     this.setMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws, values);
   }
   /**
-   * Deletes a node from the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation finds the node, and if it has two children, swaps it with the rightmost node of its left subtree (in-order predecessor) before deleting. Time O(N) in the worst case. O(N) to find the node (`getNode`) and O(H) (which is O(N) worst-case) to find the rightmost node. Space O(1) (if `getNode` is iterative, which it is).
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeEntryRawOrPredicate - The node to delete.
-   * @returns An array containing deletion results (for compatibility with self-balancing trees).
-   */
+    * Deletes a node from the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation finds the node, and if it has two children, swaps it with the rightmost node of its left subtree (in-order predecessor) before deleting. Time O(N) in the worst case. O(N) to find the node (`getNode`) and O(H) (which is O(N) worst-case) to find the rightmost node. Space O(1) (if `getNode` is iterative, which it is).
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeEntryRawOrPredicate - The node to delete.
+    * @returns An array containing deletion results (for compatibility with self-balancing trees).
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove a node
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     tree.delete(3);
+  *     console.log(tree.has(3)); // false;
+  *     console.log(tree.size); // 4;
+    */
   delete(keyNodeEntryRawOrPredicate) {
     const deletedResult = [];
     if (!this._root) return deletedResult;
@@ -1659,14 +2345,48 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return this.search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, onlyOne, (node) => node, startNode, iterationType);
   }
   /**
-   * Gets the first node matching a predicate.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(N) in the worst case (via `search`). Space O(H) or O(N) (via `search`).
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
-   * @returns The first matching node, or undefined if not found.
-   */
+    * Gets the first node matching a predicate.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(N) in the worst case (via `search`). Space O(H) or O(N) (via `search`).
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+    * @returns The first matching node, or undefined if not found.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Get node by key
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number, string>([[1, 'root'], [2, 'child']]);
+  *     console.log(tree.getNode(2)?.value); // 'child';
+    */
   getNode(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     if (this._isMapMode && keyNodeEntryOrPredicate !== null && keyNodeEntryOrPredicate !== void 0) {
       if (!this._isPredicate(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate)) {
@@ -1678,14 +2398,51 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return this.search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, true, (node) => node, startNode, iterationType)[0];
   }
   /**
-   * Gets the value associated with a key.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(1) if in Map mode. O(N) if not in Map mode (uses `getNode`). Space O(1) if in Map mode. O(H) or O(N) otherwise.
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, or entry to get the value for.
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start searching from (if not in Map mode).
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method (if not in Map mode).
-   * @returns The associated value, or undefined.
-   */
+    * Gets the value associated with a key.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(1) if in Map mode. O(N) if not in Map mode (uses `getNode`). Space O(1) if in Map mode. O(H) or O(N) otherwise.
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, or entry to get the value for.
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start searching from (if not in Map mode).
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method (if not in Map mode).
+    * @returns The associated value, or undefined.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Retrieve value by key
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number, string>([[1, 'root'], [2, 'left'], [3, 'right']]);
+  *     console.log(tree.get(2)); // 'left';
+  *     console.log(tree.get(99)); // undefined;
+    */
   get(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     if (this._isMapMode) {
       const key = this._extractKey(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate);
@@ -1705,19 +2462,87 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return this.search(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, true, (node) => node, startNode, iterationType).length > 0;
   }
   /**
-   * Clears the tree of all nodes and values.
-   * @remarks Time O(N) if in Map mode (due to `_store.clear()`), O(1) otherwise. Space O(1)
-   */
+    * Clears the tree of all nodes and values.
+    * @remarks Time O(N) if in Map mode (due to `_store.clear()`), O(1) otherwise. Space O(1)
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove all nodes
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     tree.clear();
+  *     console.log(tree.isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
   clear() {
     this._clearNodes();
     if (this._isMapMode) this._clearValues();
   }
   /**
-   * Checks if the tree is empty.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   *
-   * @returns True if the tree has no nodes, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Checks if the tree is empty.
+    * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+    *
+    * @returns True if the tree has no nodes, false otherwise.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check empty
+  *  console.log(new BinaryTree().isEmpty()); // true;
+    */
   isEmpty() {
     return this._size === 0;
   }
@@ -1732,13 +2557,48 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return this.getMinHeight(startNode) + 1 >= this.getHeight(startNode);
   }
   /**
-   * Checks if the tree is a valid Binary Search Tree (BST).
-   * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for the call stack (recursive) or explicit stack (iterative), where H is the tree height (O(N) worst-case).
-   *
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start checking from.
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
-   * @returns True if it's a valid BST, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Checks if the tree is a valid Binary Search Tree (BST).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for the call stack (recursive) or explicit stack (iterative), where H is the tree height (O(N) worst-case).
+    *
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start checking from.
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+    * @returns True if it's a valid BST, false otherwise.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check BST property
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     // BinaryTree doesn't guarantee BST order
+  *     console.log(typeof tree.isBST()); // 'boolean';
+    */
   isBST(startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     const startNodeSired = this.ensureNode(startNode);
     if (!startNodeSired) return true;
@@ -1776,13 +2636,50 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     }
   }
   /**
-   * Gets the depth of a node (distance from `startNode`).
-   * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the depth of the `dist` node relative to `startNode`. O(N) worst-case. Space O(1).
-   *
-   * @param dist - The node to find the depth of.
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to measure depth from (defaults to root).
-   * @returns The depth (0 if `dist` is `startNode`).
-   */
+    * Gets the depth of a node (distance from `startNode`).
+    * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the depth of the `dist` node relative to `startNode`. O(N) worst-case. Space O(1).
+    *
+    * @param dist - The node to find the depth of.
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to measure depth from (defaults to root).
+    * @returns The depth (0 if `dist` is `startNode`).
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Get depth of a node
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     const node = tree.getNode(4);
+  *     console.log(tree.getDepth(node!)); // 2;
+    */
   getDepth(dist, startNode = this._root) {
     let distEnsured = this.ensureNode(dist);
     const beginRootEnsured = this.ensureNode(startNode);
@@ -1797,13 +2694,49 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return depth;
   }
   /**
-   * Gets the maximum height of the tree (longest path from startNode to a leaf).
-   * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack (O(N) worst-case) or O(N) for iterative stack (storing node + depth).
-   *
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start measuring from.
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
-   * @returns The height ( -1 for an empty tree, 0 for a single-node tree).
-   */
+    * Gets the maximum height of the tree (longest path from startNode to a leaf).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack (O(N) worst-case) or O(N) for iterative stack (storing node + depth).
+    *
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start measuring from.
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+    * @returns The height ( -1 for an empty tree, 0 for a single-node tree).
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Get tree height
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+  *     console.log(tree.getHeight()); // 2;
+    */
   getHeight(startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     startNode = this.ensureNode(startNode);
     if (!this.isRealNode(startNode)) return -1;
@@ -2239,24 +3172,95 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return ans;
   }
   /**
-   * Clones the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of nodes and M is the tree size during insertion (due to `bfs` + `set`, and `set` is O(M)). Space O(N) for the new tree and the BFS queue.
-   *
-   * @returns A new, cloned instance of the tree.
-   */
+    * Clones the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of nodes and M is the tree size during insertion (due to `bfs` + `set`, and `set` is O(M)). Space O(N) for the new tree and the BFS queue.
+    *
+    * @returns A new, cloned instance of the tree.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Deep copy
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     const copy = tree.clone();
+  *     copy.delete(1);
+  *     console.log(tree.has(1)); // true;
+    */
   clone() {
     const out = this._createInstance();
     this._clone(out);
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Creates a new tree containing only the entries that satisfy the predicate.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion (O(N) iteration + O(M) `set` for each item). Space O(N) for the new tree.
-   *
-   * @param predicate - A function to test each [key, value] pair.
-   * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the predicate.
-   * @returns A new, filtered tree.
-   */
+    * Creates a new tree containing only the entries that satisfy the predicate.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion (O(N) iteration + O(M) `set` for each item). Space O(N) for the new tree.
+    *
+    * @param predicate - A function to test each [key, value] pair.
+    * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the predicate.
+    * @returns A new, filtered tree.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Filter nodes by condition
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+  *     const result = tree.filter((_, key) => key > 2);
+  *     console.log(result.size); // 2;
+    */
   filter(predicate, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createInstance();
     let i = 0;
@@ -2264,17 +3268,52 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return out;
   }
   /**
-   * Creates a new tree by mapping each [key, value] pair to a new entry.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion. Space O(N) for the new tree.
-   *
-   * @template MK - New key type.
-   * @template MV - New value type.
-   * @template MR - New raw type.
-   * @param cb - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
-   * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
-   * @returns A new, mapped tree.
-   */
+    * Creates a new tree by mapping each [key, value] pair to a new entry.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion. Space O(N) for the new tree.
+    *
+    * @template MK - New key type.
+    * @template MV - New value type.
+    * @template MR - New raw type.
+    * @param cb - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+    * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
+    * @returns A new, mapped tree.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform to new tree
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number, number>([[1, 10], [2, 20]]);
+  *     const mapped = tree.map((v, key) => [key, (v ?? 0) + 1] as [number, number]);
+  *     console.log([...mapped.values()]); // contains 11;
+    */
   map(cb, options, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createLike([], options);
     let i = 0;
@@ -2312,12 +3351,46 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
     return output;
   }
   /**
-   * Prints a visual representation of the tree to the console.
-   * @remarks Time O(N) (via `toVisual`). Space O(N*H) or O(N^2) (via `toVisual`).
-   *
-   * @param [options] - Options to control the output.
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start printing from.
-   */
+    * Prints a visual representation of the tree to the console.
+    * @remarks Time O(N) (via `toVisual`). Space O(N*H) or O(N^2) (via `toVisual`).
+    *
+    * @param [options] - Options to control the output.
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start printing from.
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Display tree
+  *  const tree = new BinaryTree<number>([1, 2, 3]);
+  *     expect(() => tree.print()).not.toThrow();
+    */
   print(options, startNode = this._root) {
     console.log(this.toVisual(startNode, options));
   }
@@ -2556,7 +3629,6 @@ var BinaryTree = class _BinaryTree extends IterableEntryBase {
    * @returns Layout information for this subtree.
    */
   _displayAux(node, options) {
-    const { isShowNull, isShowUndefined, isShowRedBlackNIL } = options;
     const emptyDisplayLayout = [["\u2500"], 1, 0, 0];
     const newFrame = /* @__PURE__ */ __name((n) => ({
       node: n,
@@ -2852,6 +3924,7 @@ var BSTNode = class {
    *
    * @returns The height.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- covered by AVLTree/RedBlackTree tests (subclass uses height) */
   get height() {
     return this._height;
   }
@@ -2861,6 +3934,7 @@ var BSTNode = class {
    *
    * @param value - The new height.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- covered by AVLTree/RedBlackTree tests (subclass uses height) */
   set height(value) {
     this._height = value;
   }
@@ -2871,6 +3945,7 @@ var BSTNode = class {
    *
    * @returns The node's color.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- covered by RedBlackTree tests (subclass uses color) */
   get color() {
     return this._color;
   }
@@ -2880,6 +3955,7 @@ var BSTNode = class {
    *
    * @param value - The new color.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- covered by RedBlackTree tests (subclass uses color) */
   set color(value) {
     this._color = value;
   }
@@ -2890,6 +3966,7 @@ var BSTNode = class {
    *
    * @returns The subtree node count.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- internal field used by subclasses */
   get count() {
     return this._count;
   }
@@ -2899,6 +3976,7 @@ var BSTNode = class {
    *
    * @param value - The new count.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- internal field used by subclasses */
   set count(value) {
     this._count = value;
   }
@@ -3053,14 +4131,81 @@ var BST = class extends BinaryTree {
     return super.listLevels(callback, startNode, iterationType, false);
   }
   /**
-   * Gets the first node matching a predicate.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N) if searching by key, O(N) if searching by predicate. Space O(log N) or O(N).
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
-   * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
-   * @returns The first matching node, or undefined if not found.
-   */
+    * Gets the first node matching a predicate.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N) if searching by key, O(N) if searching by predicate. Space O(log N) or O(N).
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+    * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+    * @returns The first matching node, or undefined if not found.
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Get node object by key
+  *  const bst = new BST<number, string>([[5, 'root'], [3, 'left'], [7, 'right']]);
+  *     const node = bst.getNode(3);
+  *     console.log(node?.key); // 3;
+  *     console.log(node?.value); // 'left';
+    */
   getNode(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate, startNode = this._root, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     if (keyNodeEntryOrPredicate === null || keyNodeEntryOrPredicate === void 0) return void 0;
     if (this._isPredicate(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate)) {
@@ -3209,13 +4354,107 @@ var BST = class extends BinaryTree {
     return this.search(searchRange, false, callback, startNode, iterationType);
   }
   /**
-   * Adds a new node to the BST based on key comparison.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N), where H is tree height. O(N) worst-case (unbalanced tree), O(log N) average. Space O(1).
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to set.
-   * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
-   * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Adds a new node to the BST based on key comparison.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N), where H is tree height. O(N) worst-case (unbalanced tree), O(log N) average. Space O(1).
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to set.
+    * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
+    * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Set a key-value pair
+  *  const bst = new BST<number, string>();
+  *     bst.set(1, 'one');
+  *     bst.set(2, 'two');
+  *     console.log(bst.get(1)); // 'one';
+    */
   set(keyNodeOrEntry, value) {
     const [newNode] = this._keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry, value);
     if (newNode === void 0) return false;
@@ -3252,17 +4491,76 @@ var BST = class extends BinaryTree {
     return false;
   }
   /**
-   * Adds multiple items to the tree.
-   * @remarks If `isBalanceAdd` is true, sorts the input and builds a balanced tree. Time O(N log N) (due to sort and balanced set).
-   * If false, adds items one by one. Time O(N * H), which is O(N^2) worst-case.
-   * Space O(N) for sorting and recursion/iteration stack.
-   *
-   * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to set.
-   * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
-   * @param [isBalanceAdd=true] - If true, builds a balanced tree from the items.
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method for balanced set (recursive or iterative).
-   * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `set` operation.
-   */
+    * Adds multiple items to the tree.
+    * @remarks If `isBalanceAdd` is true, sorts the input and builds a balanced tree. Time O(N log N) (due to sort and balanced set).
+    * If false, adds items one by one. Time O(N * H), which is O(N^2) worst-case.
+    * Space O(N) for sorting and recursion/iteration stack.
+    *
+    * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to set.
+    * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
+    * @param [isBalanceAdd=true] - If true, builds a balanced tree from the items.
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method for balanced set (recursive or iterative).
+    * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `set` operation.
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Set multiple key-value pairs
+  *  const bst = new BST<number, string>();
+  *     bst.setMany([[1, 'a'], [2, 'b'], [3, 'c']]);
+  *     console.log(bst.size); // 3;
+  *     console.log(bst.get(2)); // 'b';
+    */
   setMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws, values, isBalanceAdd = true, iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     const inserted = [];
     const valuesIterator = values?.[Symbol.iterator]();
@@ -3505,12 +4803,50 @@ var BST = class extends BinaryTree {
     }
   }
   /**
-   * Rebuilds the tree to be perfectly balanced.
-   * @remarks Time O(N) (O(N) for DFS, O(N) for sorted build). Space O(N) for node array and recursion stack.
-   *
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method for the initial node export.
-   * @returns True if successful, false if the tree was empty.
-   */
+    * Rebuilds the tree to be perfectly balanced.
+    * @remarks Time O(N) (O(N) for DFS, O(N) for sorted build). Space O(N) for node array and recursion stack.
+    *
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method for the initial node export.
+    * @returns True if successful, false if the tree was empty.
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Rebalance the tree
+  *  const bst = new BST<number>();
+  *     // Insert in sorted order (worst case for BST)
+  *     for (let i = 1; i <= 7; i++) bst.add(i);
+  *     console.log(bst.isAVLBalanced()); // false;
+  *     bst.perfectlyBalance();
+  *     console.log(bst.isAVLBalanced()); // true;
+    */
   perfectlyBalance(iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     const nodes = this.dfs((node) => node, "IN", false, this._root, iterationType);
     const n = nodes.length;
@@ -3533,12 +4869,46 @@ var BST = class extends BinaryTree {
     return true;
   }
   /**
-   * Checks if the tree meets the AVL balance condition (height difference <= 1).
-   * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node to compute height. Space O(log N) for recursion or O(N) for iterative map.
-   *
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
-   * @returns True if the tree is AVL balanced, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Checks if the tree meets the AVL balance condition (height difference <= 1).
+    * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node to compute height. Space O(log N) for recursion or O(N) for iterative map.
+    *
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+    * @returns True if the tree is AVL balanced, false otherwise.
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Check if tree is height-balanced
+  *  const bst = new BST<number>([3, 1, 5, 2, 4]);
+  *     console.log(bst.isAVLBalanced()); // true;
+    */
   isAVLBalanced(iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     if (!this._root) return true;
     let balanced = true;
@@ -3578,18 +4948,84 @@ var BST = class extends BinaryTree {
     return balanced;
   }
   /**
-   * Creates a new BST by mapping each [key, value] pair to a new entry.
-   * @remarks Time O(N * H), where N is nodes in this tree, and H is height of the new tree during insertion.
-   * Space O(N) for the new tree.
-   *
-   * @template MK - New key type.
-   * @template MV - New value type.
-   * @template MR - New raw type.
-   * @param callback - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the new BST.
-   * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
-   * @returns A new, mapped BST.
-   */
+    * Creates a new BST by mapping each [key, value] pair to a new entry.
+    * @remarks Time O(N * H), where N is nodes in this tree, and H is height of the new tree during insertion.
+    * Space O(N) for the new tree.
+    *
+    * @template MK - New key type.
+    * @template MV - New value type.
+    * @template MR - New raw type.
+    * @param callback - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the new BST.
+    * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
+    * @returns A new, mapped BST.
+    
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+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform to new tree
+  *  const bst = new BST<number, number>([[1, 10], [2, 20], [3, 30]]);
+  *     const doubled = bst.map((value, key) => [key, (value ?? 0) * 2] as [number, number]);
+  *     console.log([...doubled.values()]); // [20, 40, 60];
+    */
   map(callback, options, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createLike([], options);
     let index = 0;
@@ -4160,15 +5596,12 @@ var AVLTreeNode = class {
    *
    * @returns The node's color.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- inherited field, used by RedBlackTree subclass */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- inherited field, not used by AVLTree */
   get color() {
     return this._color;
   }
-  /**
-   * Sets the color of the node.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   *
-   * @param value - The new color.
-   */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- inherited field, not used by AVLTree */
   set color(value) {
     this._color = value;
   }
@@ -4179,15 +5612,11 @@ var AVLTreeNode = class {
    *
    * @returns The subtree node count.
    */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- inherited field, not used by AVLTree */
   get count() {
     return this._count;
   }
-  /**
-   * Sets the count of nodes in the subtree.
-   * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
-   *
-   * @param value - The new count.
-   */
+  /* istanbul ignore next -- inherited field, not used by AVLTree */
   set count(value) {
     this._count = value;
   }
@@ -4246,13 +5675,139 @@ var AVLTree = class extends BST {
     return keyNodeOrEntry instanceof AVLTreeNode;
   }
   /**
-   * Sets a new node to the AVL tree and balances the tree path.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N) (O(H) for BST set + O(H) for `_balancePath`). Space O(H) for path/recursion.
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to set.
-   * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
-   * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
-   */
+    * Sets a new node to the AVL tree and balances the tree path.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N) (O(H) for BST set + O(H) for `_balancePath`). Space O(H) for path/recursion.
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to set.
+    * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
+    * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
+    
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+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Set a key-value pair
+  *  const avl = new AVLTree<number, string>();
+  *     avl.set(1, 'one');
+  *     avl.set(2, 'two');
+  *     console.log(avl.get(1)); // 'one';
+    */
   set(keyNodeOrEntry, value) {
     if (keyNodeOrEntry === null) return false;
     const inserted = super.set(keyNodeOrEntry, value);
@@ -4260,12 +5815,114 @@ var AVLTree = class extends BST {
     return inserted;
   }
   /**
-   * Deletes a node from the AVL tree and re-balances the tree.
-   * @remarks Time O(log N) (O(H) for BST delete + O(H) for `_balancePath`). Space O(H) for path/recursion.
-   *
-   * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The node to delete.
-   * @returns An array containing deletion results.
-   */
+    * Deletes a node from the AVL tree and re-balances the tree.
+    * @remarks Time O(log N) (O(H) for BST delete + O(H) for `_balancePath`). Space O(H) for path/recursion.
+    *
+    * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The node to delete.
+    * @returns An array containing deletion results.
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Remove nodes and verify structure
+  *  const avl = new AVLTree<number>([5, 3, 7, 1, 4, 6, 8]);
+  *     avl.delete(3);
+  *     console.log(avl.has(3)); // false;
+  *     console.log(avl.size); // 6;
+    */
   delete(keyNodeOrEntry) {
     const deletedResults = super.delete(keyNodeOrEntry);
     for (const { needBalanced } of deletedResults) {
@@ -4276,13 +5933,75 @@ var AVLTree = class extends BST {
     return deletedResults;
   }
   /**
-   * Rebuilds the tree to be perfectly balanced.
-   * @remarks AVL trees are already height-balanced, but this makes them *perfectly* balanced (minimal height and all leaves at N or N-1).
-   * Time O(N) (O(N) for DFS, O(N) for sorted build). Space O(N) for node array and recursion stack.
-   *
-   * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method for the initial node export.
-   * @returns True if successful, false if the tree was empty.
-   */
+    * Rebuilds the tree to be perfectly balanced.
+    * @remarks AVL trees are already height-balanced, but this makes them *perfectly* balanced (minimal height and all leaves at N or N-1).
+    * Time O(N) (O(N) for DFS, O(N) for sorted build). Space O(N) for node array and recursion stack.
+    *
+    * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method for the initial node export.
+    * @returns True if successful, false if the tree was empty.
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Rebalance the tree
+  *  const avl = new AVLTree<number>();
+  *     // Insert in sorted order (worst case for BST)
+  *     for (let i = 1; i <= 7; i++) avl.add(i);
+  *     console.log(avl.isAVLBalanced()); // false;
+  *     avl.perfectlyBalance();
+  *     console.log(avl.isAVLBalanced()); // true;
+    */
   perfectlyBalance(iterationType = this.iterationType) {
     const nodes = this.dfs((node) => node, "IN", false, this._root, iterationType);
     const n = nodes.length;
@@ -4306,17 +6025,107 @@ var AVLTree = class extends BST {
     return true;
   }
   /**
-   * Creates a new AVLTree by mapping each [key, value] pair.
-   * @remarks Time O(N log N) (O(N) iteration + O(log M) `set` for each item into the new tree). Space O(N) for the new tree.
-   *
-   * @template MK - New key type.
-   * @template MV - New value type.
-   * @template MR - New raw type.
-   * @param callback - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
-   * @param [options] - Options for the new AVLTree.
-   * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
-   * @returns A new, mapped AVLTree.
-   */
+    * Creates a new AVLTree by mapping each [key, value] pair.
+    * @remarks Time O(N log N) (O(N) iteration + O(log M) `set` for each item into the new tree). Space O(N) for the new tree.
+    *
+    * @template MK - New key type.
+    * @template MV - New value type.
+    * @template MR - New raw type.
+    * @param callback - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
+    * @param [options] - Options for the new AVLTree.
+    * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
+    * @returns A new, mapped AVLTree.
+    
+    
+    
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+    
+    
+    
+    
+     * @example
+  * // Transform to new tree
+  *  const avl = new AVLTree<number, number>([[1, 10], [2, 20], [3, 30]]);
+  *     const doubled = avl.map((value, key) => [key, (value ?? 0) * 2] as [number, number]);
+  *     console.log([...doubled.values()]); // [20, 40, 60];
+    */
   map(callback, options, thisArg) {
     const out = this._createLike([], options);
     let index = 0;