avl-tree-typed 2.0.4 → 2.1.0

package/dist/data-structures/binary-tree/binary-tree.d.ts

@@ -5,46 +5,119 @@
  * @copyright Copyright (c) 2022 Pablo Zeng <zrwusa@gmail.com>
  * @license MIT License
  */
-import type { BinaryTreeDeleteResult, BinaryTreeOptions, BinaryTreePrintOptions, BTNEntry, DFSOrderPattern, EntryCallback, FamilyPosition, IterationType, NodeCallback, NodeDisplayLayout, NodePredicate, OptNodeOrNull, RBTNColor, ToEntryFn } from '../../types';
+import type { BinaryTreeDeleteResult, BinaryTreeOptions, BinaryTreePrintOptions, BTNEntry, DFSOrderPattern, EntryCallback, FamilyPosition, IterationType, NodeCallback, NodeDisplayLayout, NodePredicate, RBTNColor, ToEntryFn } from '../../types';
 import { IBinaryTree } from '../../interfaces';
 import { IterableEntryBase } from '../base';
 import { Range } from '../../common';
 /**
- * Represents a node in a binary tree.
- * @template V - The type of data stored in the node.
- * @template BinaryTreeNode<K, V> - The type of the family relationship in the binary tree.
+ * @template K - The type of the key.
+ * @template V - The type of the value.
  */
 export declare class BinaryTreeNode<K = any, V = any> {
     key: K;
     value?: V;
     parent?: BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
     /**
-     * The constructor function initializes an object with a key and an optional value in TypeScript.
-     * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter in the constructor function is used to store the key value
-     * for the key-value pair.
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the constructor is optional, meaning it does not
-     * have to be provided when creating an instance of the class. If a `value` is not provided, it will
-     * default to `undefined`.
+     * Creates an instance of BinaryTreeNode.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param key - The key of the node.
+     * @param [value] - The value associated with the key.
      */
     constructor(key: K, value?: V);
     _left?: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
+    /**
+     * Gets the left child of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The left child.
+     */
     get left(): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
+    /**
+     * Sets the left child of the node and updates its parent reference.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param v - The node to set as the left child.
+     */
     set left(v: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined);
     _right?: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
+    /**
+     * Gets the right child of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The right child.
+     */
     get right(): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
+    /**
+     * Sets the right child of the node and updates its parent reference.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param v - The node to set as the right child.
+     */
     set right(v: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined);
     _height: number;
+    /**
+     * Gets the height of the node (used in self-balancing trees).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The height.
+     */
     get height(): number;
+    /**
+     * Sets the height of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param value - The new height.
+     */
     set height(value: number);
     _color: RBTNColor;
+    /**
+     * Gets the color of the node (used in Red-Black trees).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The node's color.
+     */
     get color(): RBTNColor;
+    /**
+     * Sets the color of the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param value - The new color.
+     */
     set color(value: RBTNColor);
     _count: number;
+    /**
+     * Gets the count of nodes in the subtree rooted at this node (used in order-statistic trees).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The subtree node count.
+     */
     get count(): number;
+    /**
+     * Sets the count of nodes in the subtree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param value - The new count.
+     */
     set count(value: number);
+    /**
+     * Gets the position of the node relative to its parent.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The family position (e.g., 'ROOT', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT').
+     */
     get familyPosition(): FamilyPosition;
 }
 /**
+ * A general Binary Tree implementation.
+ *
+ * @remarks
+ * This class implements a basic Binary Tree, not a Binary Search Tree.
+ * The `add` operation inserts nodes level-by-level (BFS) into the first available slot.
+ *
+ * @template K - The type of the key.
+ * @template V - The type of the value.
+ * @template R - The type of the raw data object (if using `toEntryFn`).
  * 1. Two Children Maximum: Each node has at most two children.
  * 2. Left and Right Children: Nodes have distinct left and right children.
  * 3. Depth and Height: Depth is the number of edges from the root to a node; height is the maximum depth in the tree.
@@ -113,536 +186,368 @@ export declare class BinaryTreeNode<K = any, V = any> {
  *
  *     console.log(evaluate(expressionTree.root)); // -27
  */
-export declare class BinaryTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any, MR = object> extends IterableEntryBase<K, V | undefined> implements IBinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR> {
+export declare class BinaryTree<K = any, V = any, R extends object = object> extends IterableEntryBase<K, V | undefined> implements IBinaryTree<K, V, R> {
     iterationType: IterationType;
     /**
-     * This TypeScript constructor function initializes a binary tree with optional options and adds
-     * elements based on the provided input.
-     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - The `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter in the constructor is an
-     * iterable that can contain either objects of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. It
-     * is used to initialize the binary tree with keys, nodes, entries, or raw data.
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the constructor is an optional object that can
-     * contain the following properties:
+     * Creates an instance of BinaryTree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items in `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` and M is the tree size at insertion time (due to O(M) `add` operation). Space O(N) for storing the nodes.
+     *
+     * @param [keysNodesEntriesOrRaws=[]] - An iterable of items to add.
+     * @param [options] - Configuration options for the tree.
      */
     constructor(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws?: Iterable<K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | R>, options?: BinaryTreeOptions<K, V, R>);
     protected _isMapMode: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the tree is in Map mode.
+     * @remarks In Map mode (default), values are stored in an external Map, and nodes only hold keys. If false, values are stored directly on the nodes. Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns True if in Map mode, false otherwise.
+     */
     get isMapMode(): boolean;
     protected _isDuplicate: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Gets whether the tree allows duplicate keys.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns True if duplicates are allowed, false otherwise.
+     */
     get isDuplicate(): boolean;
     protected _store: Map<K, V | undefined>;
+    /**
+     * Gets the external value store (used in Map mode).
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The map storing key-value pairs.
+     */
     get store(): Map<K, V | undefined>;
     protected _root?: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
+    /**
+     * Gets the root node of the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The root node.
+     */
     get root(): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
     protected _size: number;
+    /**
+     * Gets the number of nodes in the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The size of the tree.
+     */
     get size(): number;
     protected _NIL: BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
+    /**
+     * Gets the sentinel NIL node (used in self-balancing trees like Red-Black Tree).
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The NIL node.
+     */
     get NIL(): BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
     protected _toEntryFn?: ToEntryFn<K, V, R>;
+    /**
+     * Gets the function used to convert raw data objects (R) into [key, value] entries.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @returns The conversion function.
+     */
     get toEntryFn(): ToEntryFn<K, V, R> | undefined;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The function creates a new binary tree node with a specified key and optional value.
-     * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is the key of the node being created in the binary tree.
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `createNode` function is optional, meaning it is
-     * not required to be provided when calling the function. If a `value` is provided, it should be of
-     * type `V`, which is the type of the value associated with the node.
-     * @returns A new BinaryTreeNode instance with the provided key and value is being returned, casted
-     * as BinaryTreeNode<K, V>.
-     */
-    createNode(key: K, value?: V): BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The function creates a binary tree with the specified options.
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the `createTree` function is an optional parameter
-     * that allows you to provide partial configuration options for creating a binary tree. It is of type
-     * `Partial<BinaryTreeOptions<K, V, R>>`, which means you can pass in an object containing a subset
-     * of properties
-     * @returns A new instance of a binary tree with the specified options is being returned.
-     */
-    createTree(options?: BinaryTreeOptions<K, V, R>): BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `ensureNode` in TypeScript checks if a given input is a node, entry, key, or raw
-     * value and returns the corresponding node or null.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the `ensureNode` function can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. It
-     * is used to determine whether the input is a key, node, entry, or raw data. The
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `ensureNode` function
-     * is used to specify the type of iteration to be performed. It has a default value of
-     * `this.iterationType` if not explicitly provided.
-     * @returns The `ensureNode` function returns either a node, `null`, or `undefined` based on the
-     * conditions specified in the code snippet.
+     * (Protected) Creates a new node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param key - The key for the new node.
+     * @param [value] - The value for the new node (used if not in Map mode).
+     * @returns The newly created node.
+     */
+    _createNode(key: K, value?: V): BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
+    /**
+     * Creates a new, empty tree of the same type and configuration.
+     * @remarks Time O(1) (excluding options cloning), Space O(1)
+     *
+     * @param [options] - Optional overrides for the new tree's options.
+     * @returns A new, empty tree instance.
+     */
+    createTree(options?: Partial<BinaryTreeOptions<K, V, R>>): this;
+    /**
+     * Ensures the input is a node. If it's a key or entry, it searches for the node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1) if a node is passed. O(N) if a key or entry is passed (due to `getNode` performing a full search). Space O(1) if iterative search, O(H) if recursive (where H is height, O(N) worst-case).
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to resolve to a node.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method to use if searching.
+     * @returns The resolved node, or null/undefined if not found or input is null/undefined.
      */
     ensureNode(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a `BinaryTreeNode` instance.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function isNode checks if the input is an instance of BinaryTreeNode.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be either a key, a node, an entry, or raw data. The function is
-     * checking if the input is an instance of a `BinaryTreeNode` and returning a boolean value
-     * accordingly.
-     * @returns The function `isNode` is checking if the input `keyNodeOrEntry` is an instance of
-     * `BinaryTreeNode`. If it is, the function returns `true`, indicating that the input is a node. If
-     * it is not an instance of `BinaryTreeNode`, the function returns `false`, indicating that the input
-     * is not a node.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a node, false otherwise.
      */
     isNode(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): keyNodeOrEntry is BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a raw data object (R) that needs conversion via `toEntryFn`.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isRaw` checks if the input parameter is of type `R` by verifying if it is an object.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | R} keyNodeEntryOrRaw - K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined
-     * @returns The function `isRaw` is checking if the `keyNodeEntryOrRaw` parameter is of type `R` by
-     * checking if it is an object. If the parameter is an object, the function will return `true`,
-     * indicating that it is of type `R`.
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrRaw - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a raw object, false otherwise.
      */
     isRaw(keyNodeEntryOrRaw: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | R): keyNodeEntryOrRaw is R;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a "real" node (i.e., not null, undefined, or NIL).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isRealNode` checks if a given input is a valid node in a binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the `isRealNode` function can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`.
-     * The function checks if the input parameter is a `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` type by verifying if it is not equal
-     * @returns The function `isRealNode` is checking if the input `keyNodeOrEntry` is a valid
-     * node by comparing it to `this._NIL`, `null`, and `undefined`. If the input is not one of these
-     * values, it then calls the `isNode` method to further determine if the input is a node. The
-     * function will return a boolean value indicating whether the
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a real node, false otherwise.
      */
     isRealNode(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): keyNodeOrEntry is BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is either a "real" node or null.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function checks if a given input is a valid node or null.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` in the `isRealNodeOrNull` function can be of type `BTNRep<K,
-     * V, BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>` or `R`. It is a union type that can either be a key, a node, an entry, or
-     * @returns The function `isRealNodeOrNull` is returning a boolean value. It checks if the input
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` is either `null` or a real node, and returns `true` if it is a node or
-     * `null`, and `false` otherwise.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a real node or null, false otherwise.
      */
     isRealNodeOrNull(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): keyNodeOrEntry is BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is the sentinel NIL node.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function isNIL checks if a given key, node, entry, or raw value is equal to the _NIL value.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - BTNRep<K, V,
-     * BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>
-     * @returns The function is checking if the `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter is equal to the `_NIL`
-     * property of the current object and returning a boolean value based on that comparison.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's the NIL node, false otherwise.
      */
     isNIL(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a `Range` object.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isRange` checks if the input parameter is an instance of the `Range` class.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>> | Range<K>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `isRange` function can be
-     * of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  `, `NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>`, or
-     * `Range<K>`. The function checks if the `keyNodeEntry
-     * @returns The `isRange` function is checking if the `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter is an
-     * instance of the `Range` class. If it is an instance of `Range`, the function will return `true`,
-     * indicating that the parameter is a `Range<K>`. If it is not an instance of `Range`, the function
-     * will return `false`.
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a Range, false otherwise.
      */
     isRange(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>> | Range<K>): keyNodeEntryOrPredicate is Range<K>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if a node is a leaf (has no real children).
+     * @remarks Time O(N) if a key/entry is passed (due to `ensureNode`). O(1) if a node is passed. Space O(1) or O(H) (from `ensureNode`).
      *
-     * The function determines whether a given key, node, entry, or raw data is a leaf node in a binary
-     * tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The parameter
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. It represents a
-     * key, node, entry, or raw data in a binary tree structure. The function `isLeaf` checks whether the
-     * provided
-     * @returns The function `isLeaf` returns a boolean value indicating whether the input
-     * `keyNodeOrEntry` is a leaf node in a binary tree.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The node to check.
+     * @returns True if the node is a leaf, false otherwise.
      */
     isLeaf(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the given item is a [key, value] entry pair.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isEntry` checks if the input is a BTNEntry object by verifying if it is an array
-     * with a length of 2.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the `isEntry` function can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or type `R`.
-     * The function checks if the provided `keyNodeOrEntry` is of type `BTN
-     * @returns The `isEntry` function is checking if the `keyNodeOrEntry` parameter is an array
-     * with a length of 2. If it is, then it returns `true`, indicating that the parameter is of type
-     * `BTNEntry<K, V>`. If the condition is not met, it returns `false`.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's an entry, false otherwise.
      */
     isEntry(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): keyNodeOrEntry is BTNEntry<K, V>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity O(1)
-     * Space Complexity O(1)
+     * Checks if the given key is valid (comparable or null).
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The function `isValidKey` checks if a given key is comparable.
-     * @param {any} key - The `key` parameter is of type `any`, which means it can be any data type in
-     * TypeScript.
-     * @returns The function `isValidKey` is checking if the `key` parameter is `null` or if it is comparable.
-     * If the `key` is `null`, the function returns `true`. Otherwise, it returns the result of the
-     * `isComparable` function, which is not provided in the code snippet.
+     * @param key - The key to validate.
+     * @returns True if the key is valid, false otherwise.
      */
     isValidKey(key: any): key is K;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity O(n)
-     * Space Complexity O(1)
-     *
-     * The `add` function in TypeScript adds a new node to a binary tree while handling duplicate keys
-     * and finding the correct insertion position.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `add` method you provided
-     * seems to be for adding a new node to a binary tree structure. The `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter in the method can accept different types of values:
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `add` method represents the value associated
-     * with the key that you want to add to the binary tree. When adding a key-value pair to the binary
-     * tree, you provide the key and its corresponding value. The `add` method then creates a new node
-     * with this
-     * @returns The `add` method returns a boolean value. It returns `true` if the insertion of the new
-     * node was successful, and `false` if the insertion position could not be found or if a duplicate
-     * key was found and the node was replaced instead of inserted.
+     * Adds a new node to the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation adds the node at the first available position in a level-order (BFS) traversal. This is NOT a Binary Search Tree insertion. Time O(N), where N is the number of nodes. It must traverse level-by-level to find an empty slot. Space O(N) in the worst case for the BFS queue (e.g., a full last level).
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The key, node, or entry to add.
+     * @param [value] - The value, if providing just a key.
+     * @returns True if the addition was successful, false otherwise.
      */
     add(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, value?: V): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(k * n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(k)
-     *
-     * The `addMany` function takes in multiple keys or nodes or entries or raw values along with
-     * optional values, and adds them to a data structure while returning an array indicating whether
-     * each insertion was successful.
-     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` is an iterable that can contain a
-     * mix of keys, nodes, entries, or raw values. Each element in this iterable can be of type
-     * `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`.
-     * @param [values] - The `values` parameter in the `addMany` function is an optional parameter that
-     * accepts an iterable of values. These values correspond to the keys or nodes being added in the
-     * `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter. If provided, the function will iterate over the values and
-     * assign them
-     * @returns The `addMany` method returns an array of boolean values indicating whether each key,
-     * node, entry, or raw value was successfully added to the data structure. Each boolean value
-     * corresponds to the success of adding the corresponding key or value in the input iterable.
+     * Adds multiple items to the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of items to add and M is the size of the tree at insertion (due to O(M) `add` operation). Space O(M) (from `add`) + O(N) (for the `inserted` array).
+     *
+     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to add.
+     * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
+     * @returns An array of booleans indicating the success of each individual `add` operation.
      */
     addMany(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | R>, values?: Iterable<V | undefined>): boolean[];
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(k * n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Merges another tree into this one by adding all its nodes.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), same as `addMany`, where N is the size of `anotherTree` and M is the size of this tree. Space O(M) (from `add`).
      *
-     * The `merge` function in TypeScript merges another binary tree into the current tree by adding all
-     * elements from the other tree.
-     * @param anotherTree - BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>
+     * @param anotherTree - The tree to merge.
      */
-    merge(anotherTree: BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>): void;
+    merge(anotherTree: BinaryTree<K, V, R>): void;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(k * n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Clears the tree and refills it with new items.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (for `clear`) + O(N * M) (for `addMany`) = O(N * M). Space O(M) (from `addMany`).
      *
-     * The `refill` function clears the existing data structure and then adds new key-value pairs based
-     * on the provided input.
-     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - The `keysNodesEntriesOrRaws` parameter in the `refill`
-     * method can accept an iterable containing a mix of `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` objects or `R`
-     * objects.
-     * @param [values] - The `values` parameter in the `refill` method is an optional parameter that
-     * accepts an iterable of values of type `V` or `undefined`.
+     * @param keysNodesEntriesOrRaws - An iterable of items to add.
+     * @param [values] - An optional parallel iterable of values.
      */
     refill(keysNodesEntriesOrRaws: Iterable<K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | R>, values?: Iterable<V | undefined>): void;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Deletes a node from the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). This implementation finds the node, and if it has two children, swaps it with the rightmost node of its left subtree (in-order predecessor) before deleting. Time O(N) in the worst case. O(N) to find the node (`getNode`) and O(H) (which is O(N) worst-case) to find the rightmost node. Space O(1) (if `getNode` is iterative, which it is).
      *
-     * The function `delete` in TypeScript implements the deletion of a node in a binary tree and returns
-     * the deleted node along with information for tree balancing.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry
-     * - The `delete` method you provided is used to delete a node from a binary tree based on the key,
-     * node, entry or raw data. The method returns an array of
-     * `BinaryTreeDeleteResult` objects containing information about the deleted node and whether
-     * balancing is needed.
-     * @returns The `delete` method returns an array of `BinaryTreeDeleteResult` objects. Each object in
-     * the array contains information about the node that was deleted (`deleted`) and the node that may
-     * need to be balanced (`needBalanced`).
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The node to delete.
+     * @returns An array containing deletion results (for compatibility with self-balancing trees).
      */
     delete(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): BinaryTreeDeleteResult<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>[];
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(k + log n)
-     *
-     * The `search` function in TypeScript performs a depth-first or breadth-first search on a tree
-     * structure based on a given predicate or key, with options to return multiple results or just one.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The
-     * `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `search` function can accept three types of values:
-     * @param [onlyOne=false] - The `onlyOne` parameter in the `search` function is a boolean flag that
-     * determines whether the search should stop after finding the first matching node. If `onlyOne` is
-     * set to `true`, the search will return as soon as a matching node is found. If `onlyOne` is
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter in the `search` function is a callback function
-     * that will be called on each node that matches the search criteria. It is of type `C`, which
-     * extends `NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>`. The default value for `callback` is `this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK` if
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `search` function is
-     * used to specify the node from which the search operation should begin. It represents the starting
-     * point in the binary tree where the search will be performed. If no specific `startNode` is
-     * provided, the search operation will start from the root
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `search` function
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be used when searching for nodes in a binary tree. It can have
-     * two possible values:
-     * @returns The `search` function returns an array of values that match the provided criteria based
-     * on the search algorithm implemented within the function.
+     * Searches the tree for nodes matching a predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Performs a full DFS (pre-order) scan of the tree. Time O(N), as it may visit every node. Space O(H) for the call stack (recursive) or explicit stack (iterative), where H is the tree height (O(N) worst-case).
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+     * @param [onlyOne=false] - If true, stops after finding the first match.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on matching nodes.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - Whether to use 'RECURSIVE' or 'ITERATIVE' search.
+     * @returns An array of results from the callback function for each matching node.
      */
     search<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>>(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>, onlyOne?: boolean, callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>[];
+    /**
+     * Gets all nodes matching a predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (via `search`). Space O(H) or O(N) (via `search`).
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+     * @param [onlyOne=false] - If true, stops after finding the first match.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns An array of matching nodes.
+     */
     getNodes(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>, onlyOne?: boolean, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): BinaryTreeNode<K, V>[];
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The `getNode` function retrieves a node based on the provided key, node, entry, raw data, or
-     * predicate.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `getNode` function can accept a key,
-     * node, entry, raw data, or a predicate function.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getNode` function is used to specify the starting point for searching for a node in a binary
-     * tree. If no specific starting point is provided, the default value is set to `this._root`, which
-     * is typically the root node of the binary tree.
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getNode` method is
-     * used to specify the type of iteration to be performed when searching for a node. It has a default
-     * value of `this.iterationType`, which means it will use the iteration type defined in the current
-     * context if no specific value is provided
-     * @returns The `getNode` function is returning the first node that matches the specified criteria,
-     * or `null` if no matching node is found.
+     * Gets the first node matching a predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(N) in the worst case (via `search`). Space O(H) or O(N) (via `search`).
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, entry, or predicate function to search for.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start the search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The first matching node, or undefined if not found.
      */
     getNode(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * This function overrides the `get` method to retrieve the value associated with a specified key,
-     * node, entry, raw data, or predicate in a data structure.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined   | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>} keyNodeEntryOrPredicate
-     * - The `keyNodeEntryOrPredicate` parameter in the `get` method can accept one of the
-     * following types:
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `get`
-     * method is used to specify the starting point for searching for a key or node in the binary tree.
-     * If no specific starting point is provided, the default starting point is the root of the binary
-     * tree (`this._root`).
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `get` method is used
-     * to specify the type of iteration to be performed when searching for a key in the binary tree. It
-     * is an optional parameter with a default value of `this.iterationType`, which means it will use the
-     * iteration type defined in the
-     * @returns The `get` method is returning the value associated with the specified key, node, entry,
-     * raw data, or predicate in the binary tree map. If the specified key or node is found in the tree,
-     * the method returns the corresponding value. If the key or node is not found, it returns
-     * `undefined`.
+     * Gets the value associated with a key.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(1) if in Map mode. O(N) if not in Map mode (uses `getNode`). Space O(1) if in Map mode. O(H) or O(N) otherwise.
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The key, node, or entry to get the value for.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start searching from (if not in Map mode).
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method (if not in Map mode).
+     * @returns The associated value, or undefined.
      */
     get(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): V | undefined;
-    has(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if a node matching the predicate exists in the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(log N), For BST, Red-Black Tree, and AVL Tree subclasses, the worst-case time is O(log N). Time O(N) in the worst case (via `search`). Space O(H) or O(N) (via `search`).
      *
-     * The clear function removes nodes and values in map mode.
+     * @param [keyNodeEntryOrPredicate] - The key, node, entry, or predicate to check for.
+     * @param [startNode] - The node to start the search from.
+     * @param [iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns True if a matching node exists, false otherwise.
+     */
+    has(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): boolean;
+    /**
+     * Clears the tree of all nodes and values.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) if in Map mode (due to `_store.clear()`), O(1) otherwise. Space O(1)
      */
     clear(): void;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * Checks if the tree is empty.
+     * @remarks Time O(1), Space O(1)
      *
-     * The `isEmpty` function in TypeScript checks if a data structure has no elements and returns a
-     * boolean value.
-     * @returns The `isEmpty()` method is returning a boolean value, specifically `true` if the `_size`
-     * property is equal to 0, indicating that the data structure is empty, and `false` otherwise.
+     * @returns True if the tree has no nodes, false otherwise.
      */
     isEmpty(): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Checks if the tree is perfectly balanced.
+     * @remarks A tree is perfectly balanced if the difference between min and max height is at most 1. Time O(N), as it requires two full traversals (`getMinHeight` and `getHeight`). Space O(H) or O(N) (from height calculation).
      *
-     * The function checks if a binary tree is perfectly balanced by comparing its minimum height with
-     * its height.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter is the starting
-     * point for checking if the binary tree is perfectly balanced. It represents the root node of the
-     * binary tree or a specific node from which the balance check should begin.
-     * @returns The method `isPerfectlyBalanced` is returning a boolean value, which indicates whether
-     * the tree starting from the `startNode` node is perfectly balanced or not. The return value is
-     * determined by comparing the minimum height of the tree with the height of the tree. If the minimum
-     * height plus 1 is greater than or equal to the height of the tree, then it is considered perfectly
-     * balanced and
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start checking from.
+     * @returns True if perfectly balanced, false otherwise.
      */
     isPerfectlyBalanced(startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `isBST` in TypeScript checks if a binary search tree is valid using either recursive
-     * or iterative methods.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `isBST`
-     * function represents the starting point for checking whether a binary search tree (BST) is valid.
-     * It can be a node in the BST or a reference to the root of the BST. If no specific node is
-     * provided, the function will default to
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `isBST` function
-     * determines whether the function should use a recursive approach or an iterative approach to check
-     * if the binary search tree (BST) is valid.
-     * @returns The `isBST` method is returning a boolean value, which indicates whether the binary
-     * search tree (BST) represented by the given root node is a valid BST or not. The method checks if
-     * the tree satisfies the BST property, where for every node, all nodes in its left subtree have keys
-     * less than the node's key, and all nodes in its right subtree have keys greater than the node's
+     * Checks if the tree is a valid Binary Search Tree (BST).
+     * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for the call stack (recursive) or explicit stack (iterative), where H is the tree height (O(N) worst-case).
+     *
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start checking from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns True if it's a valid BST, false otherwise.
      */
     isBST(startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): boolean;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The `getDepth` function calculates the depth between two nodes in a binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } dist - The `dist` parameter in the `getDepth`
-     * function represents the node or entry in a binary tree map, or a reference to a node in the tree.
-     * It is the target node for which you want to calculate the depth from the `startNode` node.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getDepth` function represents the starting point from which you want to calculate the depth of a
-     * given node or entry in a binary tree. If no specific starting point is provided, the default value
-     * for `startNode` is set to the root of the binary
-     * @returns The `getDepth` method returns the depth of a given node `dist` relative to the
-     * `startNode` node in a binary tree. If the `dist` node is not found in the path to the `startNode`
-     * node, it returns the depth of the `dist` node from the root of the tree.
+     * Gets the depth of a node (distance from `startNode`).
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the depth of the `dist` node relative to `startNode`. O(N) worst-case. Space O(1).
+     *
+     * @param dist - The node to find the depth of.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to measure depth from (defaults to root).
+     * @returns The depth (0 if `dist` is `startNode`).
      */
     getDepth(dist: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): number;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The `getHeight` function calculates the maximum height of a binary tree using either a recursive
-     * or iterative approach in TypeScript.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter is the starting
-     * point from which the height of the binary tree will be calculated. It can be a node in the binary
-     * tree or a reference to the root of the tree. If not provided, it defaults to the root of the
-     * binary tree data structure.
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter is used to determine the type
-     * of iteration to be performed while calculating the height of the binary tree. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @returns The `getHeight` method returns the height of the binary tree starting from the specified
-     * root node. The height is calculated based on the maximum depth of the tree, considering either a
-     * recursive approach or an iterative approach depending on the `iterationType` parameter.
+     * Gets the maximum height of the tree (longest path from startNode to a leaf).
+     * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack (O(N) worst-case) or O(N) for iterative stack (storing node + depth).
+     *
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start measuring from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The height ( -1 for an empty tree, 0 for a single-node tree).
      */
     getHeight(startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): number;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The `getMinHeight` function calculates the minimum height of a binary tree using either a
-     * recursive or iterative approach in TypeScript.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getMinHeight` function represents the starting node from which the minimum height of the binary
-     * tree will be calculated. It is either a node in the binary tree or a reference to the root of the
-     * tree. If not provided, the default value is the root
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getMinHeight` method
-     * specifies the type of iteration to use when calculating the minimum height of a binary tree. It
-     * can have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `getMinHeight` method returns the minimum height of the binary tree starting from the
-     * specified root node. The height is calculated based on the shortest path from the root node to a
-     * leaf node in the tree. The method uses either a recursive approach or an iterative approach (using
-     * a stack) based on the `iterationType` parameter.
+     * Gets the minimum height of the tree (shortest path from startNode to a leaf).
+     * @remarks Time O(N), as it must visit every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack (O(N) worst-case) or O(N) for iterative (due to `depths` Map).
+     *
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start measuring from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The minimum height (-1 for empty, 0 for single node).
      */
     getMinHeight(startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): number;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getPathToRoot` in TypeScript retrieves the path from a given node to the root of a
-     * tree structure, applying a specified callback function along the way.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that is used to process each node in
-     * the path to the root. It is expected to be a function that takes a node as an argument and returns
-     * a value based on that node. The return type of the callback function is determined by the generic
-     * type `C
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } beginNode - The `beginNode` parameter in the
-     * `getPathToRoot` function can be either a key, a node, an entry, or any other value of type `R`.
-     * @param [isReverse=true] - The `isReverse` parameter in the `getPathToRoot` function determines
-     * whether the resulting path from the given `beginNode` to the root should be in reverse order or
-     * not. If `isReverse` is set to `true`, the path will be reversed before being returned. If `is
-     * @returns The function `getPathToRoot` returns an array of the return values of the callback
-     * function `callback` applied to each node in the path from the `beginNode` to the root node. The
-     * array is either in reverse order or in the original order based on the value of the `isReverse`
-     * parameter.
-     */
-    getPathToRoot<C extends NodeCallback<OptNodeOrNull<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>>(beginNode: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, callback?: C, isReverse?: boolean): ReturnType<C>[];
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getLeftMost` retrieves the leftmost node in a binary tree using either recursive or
-     * tail-recursive iteration.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called with the leftmost
-     * node of a binary tree or with `undefined` if the tree is empty. It is provided with a default
-     * value of `_DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK` if not specified.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getLeftMost` function represents the starting point for finding the leftmost node in a binary
-     * tree. It can be either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree structure. If no specific
-     * starting point is provided, the function will default
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getLeftMost` function
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be used when traversing the binary tree nodes. It can have two
-     * possible values:
-     * @returns The `getLeftMost` function returns the result of the callback function `C` applied to the
-     * leftmost node in the binary tree starting from the `startNode` node. If the `startNode` node is
-     * `NIL`, it returns the result of the callback function applied to `undefined`. If the `startNode`
-     * node is not a real node, it returns the result of the callback
-     */
-    getLeftMost<C extends NodeCallback<OptNodeOrNull<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getRightMost` retrieves the rightmost node in a binary tree using either recursive
-     * or iterative traversal methods.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called with the result
-     * of finding the rightmost node in a binary tree. It is of type `NodeCallback<OptNodeOrNull<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>`,
-     * which means it is a callback function that can accept either an optional binary tree node or null
-     * as
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `getRightMost` function represents the starting point for finding the rightmost node in a binary
-     * tree. It can be either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree structure. If no specific
-     * starting point is provided, the function will default
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `getRightMost`
-     * function specifies the type of iteration to be used when traversing the binary tree nodes. It can
-     * have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `getRightMost` function returns the result of the callback function `C`, which is
-     * passed as a parameter to the function. The callback function is called with the rightmost node in
-     * the binary tree structure, determined based on the specified iteration type ('RECURSIVE' or
-     * other).
-     */
-    getRightMost<C extends NodeCallback<OptNodeOrNull<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
-     *
-     * The function `getPredecessor` in TypeScript returns the predecessor node of a given node in a
-     * binary tree.
-     * @param {BinaryTreeNode<K, V>} node - The `getPredecessor` function you provided seems to be attempting to find the
-     * predecessor of a given node in a binary tree. However, there seems to be a logical issue in the
-     * while loop condition that might cause an infinite loop.
-     * @returns The `getPredecessor` function returns the predecessor node of the input `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` parameter.
-     * If the left child of the input node exists, it traverses to the rightmost node of the left subtree
-     * to find the predecessor. If the left child does not exist, it returns the input node itself.
+     * Gets the path from a given node up to the root.
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the depth of the `beginNode`. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) for the result array.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param beginNode - The node to start the path from.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on each node in the path.
+     * @param [isReverse=false] - If true, returns the path from root-to-node.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
+     */
+    getPathToRoot<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | undefined>>(beginNode: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, callback?: C, isReverse?: boolean): ReturnType<C>[];
+    /**
+     * Finds the leftmost node in a subtree (the node with the smallest key in a BST).
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the height of the left spine. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) for recursive/trampoline stack.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on the leftmost node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The subtree root to search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The callback result for the leftmost node.
+     */
+    getLeftMost<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | undefined>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>;
+    /**
+     * Finds the rightmost node in a subtree (the node with the largest key in a BST).
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the height of the right spine. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) for recursive/trampoline stack.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - A function to call on the rightmost node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The subtree root to search from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns The callback result for the rightmost node.
+     */
+    getRightMost<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | undefined>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>;
+    /**
+     * Gets the Morris traversal predecessor (rightmost node in the left subtree, or node itself).
+     * @remarks This is primarily a helper for Morris traversal. Time O(H), where H is the height of the left subtree. O(N) worst-case. Space O(1).
+     *
+     * @param node - The node to find the predecessor for.
+     * @returns The Morris predecessor.
      */
     getPredecessor(node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V>): BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(log n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(log n)
+     * Gets the in-order successor of a node in a BST.
+     * @remarks Time O(H), where H is the tree height. O(N) worst-case. Space O(H) (due to `getLeftMost` stack).
      *
-     * The function `getSuccessor` in TypeScript returns the next node in an in-order traversal of a
-     * binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null} [x] - The `getSuccessor` function takes a parameter `x`, which can be of
-     * type `K`, `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>`, or `null`.
-     * @returns The `getSuccessor` function returns the successor node of the input node `x`. If `x` has
-     * a right child, the function returns the leftmost node in the right subtree of `x`. If `x` does not
-     * have a right child, the function traverses up the parent nodes until it finds a node that is not
-     * the right child of its parent, and returns that node
+     * @param [x] - The node to find the successor of.
+     * @returns The successor node, or null/undefined if none exists.
      */
     getSuccessor(x?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined;
     dfs<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>(callback?: C, pattern?: DFSOrderPattern, onlyOne?: boolean, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>[];
@@ -650,261 +555,200 @@ export declare class BinaryTree<K = any, V = any, R = object, MK = any, MV = any
     bfs<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType, includeNull?: false): ReturnType<C>[];
     bfs<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType, includeNull?: true): ReturnType<C>[];
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `leaves` function in TypeScript returns an array of values from leaf nodes in a binary tree
-     * structure based on a specified callback and iteration type.
-     * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be called on each leaf node
-     * in the binary tree. It is optional and defaults to a default callback function if not provided.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `leaves`
-     * method is used to specify the starting point for finding and processing the leaves of a binary
-     * tree. It can be provided as either a key, a node, or an entry in the binary tree structure. If not
-     * explicitly provided, the default value
-     * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `leaves` method
-     * specifies the type of iteration to be performed when collecting the leaves of a binary tree. It
-     * can have two possible values:
-     * @returns The `leaves` method returns an array of values that are the result of applying the
-     * provided callback function to each leaf node in the binary tree.
+     * Finds all leaf nodes in the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(H) for recursive stack or O(N) for iterative queue.
+     *
+     * @template C - The type of the callback function.
+     * @param [callback=this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK] - Function to call on each leaf node.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start from.
+     * @param [iterationType=this.iterationType] - The traversal method.
+     * @returns An array of callback results.
      */
     leaves<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType): ReturnType<C>[];
     listLevels<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType, includeNull?: false): ReturnType<C>[][];
     listLevels<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null>>(callback?: C, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType, includeNull?: true): ReturnType<C>[][];
     morris<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>(callback?: C, pattern?: DFSOrderPattern, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): ReturnType<C>[];
     /**
-     * Time complexity: O(n)
-     * Space complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `clone` function creates a deep copy of a tree structure by traversing it using breadth-first
-     * search.
-     * @returns The `clone()` method is returning a cloned copy of the tree with the same structure and
-     * values as the original tree. The method creates a new tree, iterates over the nodes of the
-     * original tree using breadth-first search (bfs), and adds the nodes to the new tree. If a node in
-     * the original tree is null, a null node is added to the cloned tree. If a node
-     */
-    clone(): BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `filter` function iterates over key-value pairs in a tree data structure and creates a new
-     * tree with elements that satisfy a given predicate.
-     * @param predicate - The `predicate` parameter in the `filter` method is a function that will be
-     * called with four arguments: the `value` of the current entry, the `key` of the current entry, the
-     * `index` of the current entry in the iteration, and the reference to the tree itself (`
-     * @param {any} [thisArg] - The `thisArg` parameter in the `filter` method allows you to specify the
-     * value of `this` that should be used when executing the `predicate` function. This is useful when
-     * the `predicate` function relies on the context of a specific object or value. By providing a
-     * `thisArg
-     * @returns The `filter` method is returning a new tree that contains entries that pass the provided
-     * predicate function.
-     */
-    filter(predicate: EntryCallback<K, V | undefined, boolean>, thisArg?: any): BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The `map` function in TypeScript creates a new BinaryTree by applying a callback function to each
-     * entry in the original BinaryTree.
-     * @param callback - A function that will be called for each entry in the current binary tree. It
-     * takes the key, value (which can be undefined), and an array containing the mapped key and value as
-     * arguments.
-     * @param [options] - The `options` parameter in the `map` method is of type `BinaryTreeOptions<MK,
-     * MV, MR>`. It is an optional parameter that allows you to specify additional options for the binary
-     * tree being created during the mapping process. These options could include things like custom
-     * comparators, initial
-     * @param {any} [thisArg] - The `thisArg` parameter in the `map` method is used to specify the value
-     * of `this` when executing the `callback` function. It allows you to set the context (value of
-     * `this`) within the callback function. If `thisArg` is provided, it will be passed
-     * @returns The `map` function is returning a new `BinaryTree` instance filled with entries that are
-     * the result of applying the provided `callback` function to each entry in the original tree.
-     */
-    map(callback: EntryCallback<K, V | undefined, [MK, MV]>, options?: BinaryTreeOptions<MK, MV, MR>, thisArg?: any): BinaryTree<MK, MV, MR>;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
-     *
-     * The function `toVisual` in TypeScript overrides the visual representation of a binary tree with
-     * customizable options for displaying undefined, null, and sentinel nodes.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `toVisual` method is used to specify the starting point for visualizing the binary tree structure.
-     * It can be a node, key, entry, or the root of the tree. If no specific starting point is provided,
-     * the default is set to the root
-     * @param {BinaryTreePrintOptions} [options] - The `options` parameter in the `toVisual` method is an
-     * object that contains the following properties:
-     * @returns The `override toVisual` method returns a string that represents the visual display of the
-     * binary tree based on the provided options for showing undefined, null, and Red-Black NIL nodes.
-     * The method constructs the visual representation by calling the `_displayAux` method and appending
-     * the lines to the output string. The final output string contains the visual representation of the
-     * binary tree with the specified options.
+     * Clones the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is the number of nodes and M is the tree size during insertion (due to `bfs` + `add`, and `add` is O(M)). Space O(N) for the new tree and the BFS queue.
+     *
+     * @returns A new, cloned instance of the tree.
+     */
+    clone(): this;
+    /**
+     * Creates a new tree containing only the entries that satisfy the predicate.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion (O(N) iteration + O(M) `add` for each item). Space O(N) for the new tree.
+     *
+     * @param predicate - A function to test each [key, value] pair.
+     * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the predicate.
+     * @returns A new, filtered tree.
+     */
+    filter(predicate: EntryCallback<K, V | undefined, boolean>, thisArg?: unknown): this;
+    /**
+     * Creates a new tree by mapping each [key, value] pair to a new entry.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M), where N is nodes in this tree, and M is size of the new tree during insertion. Space O(N) for the new tree.
+     *
+     * @template MK - New key type.
+     * @template MV - New value type.
+     * @template MR - New raw type.
+     * @param cb - A function to map each [key, value] pair.
+     * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+     * @param [thisArg] - `this` context for the callback.
+     * @returns A new, mapped tree.
+     */
+    map<MK = K, MV = V, MR extends object = object>(cb: EntryCallback<K, V | undefined, [MK, MV]>, options?: Partial<BinaryTreeOptions<MK, MV, MR>>, thisArg?: unknown): BinaryTree<MK, MV, MR>;
+    /**
+     * Generates a string representation of the tree for visualization.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), visits every node. Space O(N*H) or O(N^2) in the worst case, as the string width can grow significantly.
+     *
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start printing from.
+     * @param [options] - Options to control the output (e.g., show nulls).
+     * @returns The string representation of the tree.
      */
     toVisual(startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, options?: BinaryTreePrintOptions): string;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
+     * Prints a visual representation of the tree to the console.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (via `toVisual`). Space O(N*H) or O(N^2) (via `toVisual`).
      *
-     * The function `print` in TypeScript overrides the default print behavior to log a visual
-     * representation of the binary tree to the console.
-     * @param {BinaryTreePrintOptions} [options] - The `options` parameter is used to specify the
-     * printing options for the binary tree. It is an optional parameter that allows you to customize how
-     * the binary tree is printed, such as choosing between different traversal orders or formatting
-     * options.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the
-     * `override print` method is used to specify the starting point for printing the binary tree. It can
-     * be either a key, a node, an entry, or the root of the tree. If no specific starting point is
-     * provided, the default value is set to
+     * @param [options] - Options to control the output.
+     * @param [startNode=this._root] - The node to start printing from.
      */
     print(options?: BinaryTreePrintOptions, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): void;
-    protected _clone(cloned: BinaryTree<K, V, R, MK, MV, MR>): void;
-    /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The function `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` converts various input types into a node object
-     * or returns null.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The
-     * `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` function takes in a parameter `keyNodeOrEntry`, which
-     * can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. This parameter represents either a key, a
-     * node, an entry
-     * @param {V} [value] - The `value` parameter in the `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` function is
-     * an optional parameter of type `V`. It represents the value associated with the key in the node
-     * being created. If a `value` is provided, it will be used when creating the node. If
-     * @returns The `keyValueNodeEntryRawToNodeAndValue` function returns an optional node
-     * (`BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined`) based on the input parameters provided. The function checks the type of the
-     * input parameter (`keyNodeOrEntry`) and processes it accordingly to return a node or null
-     * value.
-     */
-    protected _keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, value?: V): [BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined, V | undefined];
     protected _dfs<C extends NodeCallback<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>>(callback: C, pattern?: DFSOrderPattern, onlyOne?: boolean, startNode?: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, iterationType?: IterationType, includeNull?: boolean, shouldVisitLeft?: (node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) => boolean, shouldVisitRight?: (node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) => boolean, shouldVisitRoot?: (node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) => boolean, shouldProcessRoot?: (node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) => boolean): ReturnType<C>[];
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Gets the iterator for the tree (default in-order).
+     * @remarks Time O(N) for full iteration. O(H) to get the first element. Space O(H) for the iterative stack. O(H) for recursive stack.
      *
-     * The function `_getIterator` returns an iterable iterator for a binary tree data structure, either
-     * using an iterative approach or a recursive approach based on the specified iteration type.
-     * @param node - The `node` parameter in the `_getIterator` method represents the current node being
-     * processed during iteration. It is initially set to the root node of the data structure (or the
-     * node passed as an argument), and then it is traversed through the data structure based on the
-     * iteration type specified (`ITER
-     * @returns The `_getIterator` method returns an IterableIterator containing key-value pairs of nodes
-     * in a binary tree structure. The method uses an iterative approach to traverse the tree based on
-     * the `iterationType` property. If the `iterationType` is set to 'ITERATIVE', the method uses a
-     * stack to perform an in-order traversal of the tree. If the `iterationType` is not 'ITERATIVE
+     * @param [node=this._root] - The node to start iteration from.
+     * @returns An iterator for [key, value] pairs.
      */
     protected _getIterator(node?: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined): IterableIterator<[K, V | undefined]>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(n)
-     * Space Complexity: O(n)
+     * (Protected) Default callback function, returns the node's key.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_displayAux` in TypeScript is responsible for generating the display layout of nodes
-     * in a binary tree based on specified options.
-     * @param node - The `node` parameter in the `_displayAux` function represents a node in a binary
-     * tree. It can be either a valid node containing a key or a special type of node like null,
-     * undefined, or a Red-Black tree NIL node. The function checks the type of the node and its
-     * @param {BinaryTreePrintOptions} options - The `options` parameter in the `_displayAux` function
-     * contains the following properties:
-     * @returns The `_displayAux` function returns a `NodeDisplayLayout`, which is an array containing
-     * information about how to display a node in a binary tree. The `NodeDisplayLayout` consists of four
-     * elements:
+     * @param node - The node.
+     * @returns The node's key or undefined.
      */
-    protected _displayAux(node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined, options: BinaryTreePrintOptions): NodeDisplayLayout;
     protected _DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK: (node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined) => K | undefined;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Snapshots the current tree's configuration options.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @template TK, TV, TR - Generic types for the options.
+     * @returns The options object.
+     */
+    protected _snapshotOptions<TK = K, TV = V, TR extends object = R>(): BinaryTreeOptions<TK, TV, TR>;
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Creates a new, empty instance of the same tree constructor.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @template TK, TV, TR - Generic types for the new instance.
+     * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+     * @returns A new, empty tree.
+     */
+    protected _createInstance<TK = K, TV = V, TR extends object = R>(options?: Partial<BinaryTreeOptions<TK, TV, TR>>): this;
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Creates a new instance of the same tree constructor, potentially with different generic types.
+     * @remarks Time O(N) (or as per constructor) due to processing the iterable.
+     *
+     * @template TK, TV, TR - Generic types for the new instance.
+     * @param [iter=[]] - An iterable to populate the new tree.
+     * @param [options] - Options for the new tree.
+     * @returns A new tree.
+     */
+    protected _createLike<TK = K, TV = V, TR extends object = R>(iter?: Iterable<TK | BinaryTreeNode<TK, TV> | [TK | null | undefined, TV | undefined] | null | undefined | TR>, options?: Partial<BinaryTreeOptions<TK, TV, TR>>): BinaryTree<TK, TV, TR>;
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Converts a key, node, or entry into a standardized [node, value] tuple.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The _swapProperties function swaps key and value properties between two nodes in a binary tree.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } srcNode - The `srcNode` parameter in the
-     * `_swapProperties` method can be either a BTNRep object containing key and value
-     * properties, or it can be of type R.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } destNode - The `destNode` parameter in the
-     * `_swapProperties` method represents the node or entry where the properties will be swapped with
-     * the `srcNode`. It can be of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  ` or `R`. The method ensures that
-     * both `srcNode
-     * @returns The `_swapProperties` method returns either the `destNode` with its key and value swapped
-     * with the `srcNode`, or `undefined` if either `srcNode` or `destNode` is falsy.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The input item.
+     * @param [value] - An optional value (used if input is just a key).
+     * @returns A tuple of [node, value].
+     */
+    protected _keyValueNodeOrEntryToNodeAndValue(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, value?: V): [BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined, V | undefined];
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Helper for cloning. Performs a BFS and adds all nodes to the new tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(N * M) (O(N) BFS + O(M) `add` for each node).
+     *
+     * @param cloned - The new, empty tree instance to populate.
+     */
+    protected _clone(cloned: BinaryTree<K, V, R>): void;
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Recursive helper for `toVisual`.
+     * @remarks Time O(N), Space O(N*H) or O(N^2)
+     *
+     * @param node - The current node.
+     * @param options - Print options.
+     * @returns Layout information for this subtree.
+     */
+    protected _displayAux(node: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined, options: BinaryTreePrintOptions): NodeDisplayLayout;
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Swaps the key/value properties of two nodes.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @param srcNode - The source node.
+     * @param destNode - The destination node.
+     * @returns The `destNode` (now holding `srcNode`'s properties).
      */
     protected _swapProperties(srcNode: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined, destNode: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | undefined;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Replaces a node in the tree with a new node, maintaining children and parent links.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The _replaceNode function replaces an old node with a new node in a binary tree structure.
-     * @param {BinaryTreeNode<K, V>} oldNode - The `oldNode` parameter represents the node that you want to replace in a
-     * tree data structure.
-     * @param {BinaryTreeNode<K, V>} newNode - The `newNode` parameter in the `_replaceNode` function represents the node
-     * that will replace the `oldNode` in a tree data structure. This function is responsible for
-     * updating the parent, left child, right child, and root (if necessary) references when replacing a
-     * node in the tree.
-     * @returns The method `_replaceNode` is returning the `newNode` that was passed as a parameter after
-     * replacing the `oldNode` with it in the binary tree structure.
+     * @param oldNode - The node to be replaced.
+     * @param newNode - The node to insert.
+     * @returns The `newNode`.
      */
     protected _replaceNode(oldNode: BinaryTreeNode<K, V>, newNode: BinaryTreeNode<K, V>): BinaryTreeNode<K, V>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Sets the root node and clears its parent reference.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function _setRoot sets the root node of a data structure while updating the parent reference
-     * of the previous root node.
-     * @param v - The parameter `v` in the `_setRoot` method is of type `BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined`, which means
-     * it can either be an optional `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>` type or `null`.
+     * @param v - The node to set as root.
      */
     protected _setRoot(v: BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | null | undefined): void;
+    /**
+     * (Protected) Converts a key, node, entry, or predicate into a standardized predicate function.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
+     *
+     * @param keyNodeEntryOrPredicate - The item to convert.
+     * @returns A predicate function.
+     */
     protected _ensurePredicate(keyNodeEntryOrPredicate: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined | NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>): NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Checks if an item is a predicate function.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_isPredicate` checks if a given parameter is a function.
-     * @param {any} p - The parameter `p` is a variable of type `any`, which means it can hold any type
-     * of value. In this context, the function `_isPredicate` is checking if `p` is a function that
-     * satisfies the type `NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>`.
-     * @returns The function is checking if the input `p` is a function and returning a boolean value
-     * based on that check. If `p` is a function, it will return `true`, indicating that `p` is a
-     * predicate function for a binary tree node. If `p` is not a function, it will return `false`.
+     * @param p - The item to check.
+     * @returns True if it's a function.
      */
     protected _isPredicate(p: any): p is NodePredicate<BinaryTreeNode<K, V>>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Extracts the key from a key, node, or entry.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      *
-     * The function `_extractKey` in TypeScript returns the key from a given input, which can be a node,
-     * entry, raw data, or null/undefined.
-     * @param {K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  } keyNodeOrEntry - The `_extractKey` method you provided is a
-     * TypeScript method that takes in a parameter `keyNodeOrEntry` of type `K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined  `,
-     * where `BTNRep` is a generic type with keys `K`, `V`, and `BinaryTreeNode<K, V>`, and `
-     * @returns The `_extractKey` method returns the key value extracted from the `keyNodeOrEntry`
-     * parameter. The return value can be a key value of type `K`, `null`, or `undefined`, depending on
-     * the conditions checked in the method.
+     * @param keyNodeOrEntry - The item.
+     * @returns The extracted key.
      */
     protected _extractKey(keyNodeOrEntry: K | BinaryTreeNode<K, V> | [K | null | undefined, V | undefined] | null | undefined): K | null | undefined;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
+     * (Protected) Sets a value in the external store (Map mode).
+     * @remarks Time O(1) (average for Map.set).
      *
-     * The function `_setValue` sets a value in a store based on a key, handling cases where the key or
-     * value is null or undefined.
-     * @param {K | null | undefined} key - The `key` parameter can be of type `K`, `null`, or
-     * `undefined`.
-     * @param {V | undefined} value - The `value` parameter in the `_setValue` method can be of type `V`
-     * or `undefined`.
-     * @returns The method `_setValue` returns `false` if either the `key` is `null` or `undefined`, or
-     * if the `value` is `undefined`. Otherwise, it returns the result of calling the `set` method on the
-     * `_store` object with the `key` and `value` arguments.
+     * @param key - The key.
+     * @param value - The value.
+     * @returns True if successful.
      */
     protected _setValue(key: K | null | undefined, value: V | undefined): false | Map<K, V | undefined>;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The _clearNodes function sets the root node to undefined and resets the size to 0.
+     * (Protected) Clears all nodes from the tree.
+     * @remarks Time O(1)
      */
     protected _clearNodes(): void;
     /**
-     * Time Complexity: O(1)
-     * Space Complexity: O(1)
-     *
-     * The _clearValues function clears all values stored in the _store object.
+     * (Protected) Clears all values from the external store.
+     * @remarks Time O(N)
      */
     protected _clearValues(): void;
 }