autotel 4.1.0 → 4.2.0

package/src/functional.ts

@@ -1,2539 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Functional API for non-class code
- *
- * Three approaches for different use cases:
- * 1. trace() - Zero-ceremony HOF for single functions
- * 2. withTracing() - Middleware-style composable wrapper
- * 3. instrument() - Batch auto-instrumentation for modules
- *
- * @example trace() - Single function
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace(ctx => async (data) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * ```
- *
- * @example withTracing() - Composable middleware
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = withTracing({
- *   name: 'user.create'
- * })(ctx => async (data) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * ```
- *
- * @example instrument() - Batch instrumentation
- * ```typescript
- * export default instrument({
- *   createUser: async (data) => { },
- *   updateUser: async (id, data) => { }
- * }, { serviceName: 'user' })
- * ```
- */
-
-import {
-  SpanStatusCode,
-  trace as otelTrace,
-  context,
-  propagation,
-  type Span,
-} from '@opentelemetry/api';
-import { getConfig } from './config';
-import { getConfig as getInitConfig, getSdk } from './init';
-import {
-  type Sampler,
-  type SamplingContext,
-  AlwaysSampler,
-  AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_KEEP,
-  AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_EVALUATED,
-} from './sampling';
-import { getEventQueue } from './track';
-import type { TraceContext } from './trace-context';
-import {
-  createTraceContext,
-  enterOrRun,
-  getActiveContextWithBaggage,
-  getContextStorage,
-} from './trace-context';
-import { setSpanName } from './trace-helpers';
-import { runInOperationContext } from './operation-context';
-import { inferVariableNameFromCallStack } from './variable-name-inference';
-
-/**
- * Complete trace context containing trace identifiers and span methods
- *
- * The ctx parameter in trace() functions provides:
- * - traceId, spanId, correlationId from the active span
- * - Span manipulation methods (setAttribute, setAttributes, setStatus, recordException)
- *
- * For custom context, access it directly in your functions (standard OpenTelemetry pattern).
- *
- * @example
- * ```typescript
- * import { trace } from 'autotel'
- *
- * export const createUser = trace(ctx => async (data: CreateUserData) => {
- *   // Get custom context directly (standard OTel approach)
- *   const userId = getCurrentUserId()
- *   const tenantId = getCurrentTenant()
- *
- *   // Use ctx for span operations and trace IDs
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.tenant', tenantId)
- *   console.log(ctx.traceId)  // Trace IDs available
- * })
- * ```
- */
-export type { TraceContext } from './trace-context';
-
-/**
- * Helper type to extract function signature from factory pattern
- * This helps TypeScript infer types correctly for factory functions
- */
-type ExtractFunctionSignature<T> = T extends (ctx: TraceContext) => infer F
-  ? F extends (...args: infer Args) => infer Return
-    ? (...args: Args) => Return
-    : never
-  : never;
-
-/**
- * Helper type to exclude functions that return functions from immediate execution overloads
- */
-type ExcludeFactoryReturn<T> = T extends (ctx: TraceContext) => infer F
-  ? // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-    F extends (...args: any[]) => any
-    ? never
-    : T
-  : T;
-
-type GenericFunction = (...args: unknown[]) => unknown;
-
-const FACTORY_NAME_HINTS = new Set([
-  'ctx',
-  '_ctx',
-  'context',
-  'tracecontext',
-  'tracectx',
-]);
-const TRACE_FACTORY_SET = new WeakSet<object>();
-
-const SINGLE_LINE_COMMENT_REGEX = /\/\/.*$/gm;
-const MULTI_LINE_COMMENT_REGEX = /\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//gm;
-const PARAM_TOKEN_SANITIZE_REGEX = new RegExp(String.raw`[{}\[\]\s]`, 'g');
-
-function markAsTraceFactory(fn: object): void {
-  TRACE_FACTORY_SET.add(fn);
-}
-
-function hasFactoryMark(fn: object): boolean {
-  return TRACE_FACTORY_SET.has(fn);
-}
-
-function sanitizeParameterToken(token: string): string {
-  const [firstToken] = token.split('=');
-  return (firstToken ?? '').replaceAll(PARAM_TOKEN_SANITIZE_REGEX, '').trim();
-}
-
-function getFirstParameterToken(fn: GenericFunction): string | null {
-  let source = Function.prototype.toString.call(fn);
-  source = source
-    .replaceAll(MULTI_LINE_COMMENT_REGEX, '')
-    .replaceAll(SINGLE_LINE_COMMENT_REGEX, '')
-    .trim();
-
-  // Arrow functions
-  const arrowMatch = source.match(
-    /^(?:async\s*)?(?:\(([^)]*)\)|([^=()]+))\s*=>/,
-  );
-  if (arrowMatch) {
-    const params = (arrowMatch[1] ?? arrowMatch[2] ?? '').split(',');
-    const first = params[0]?.trim();
-    if (first) {
-      return sanitizeParameterToken(first);
-    }
-    return null;
-  }
-
-  // Function declarations/expressions
-  const functionMatch = source.match(/^[^(]*\(([^)]*)\)/);
-  if (functionMatch) {
-    const params = functionMatch[1]?.split(',');
-    const first = params?.[0]?.trim();
-    if (first) {
-      return sanitizeParameterToken(first);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * Symbol that explicitly marks a function as immediate-execution-with-ctx
- * (`(ctx) => result`), bypassing parameter-name introspection. Library
- * authors who wrap user handlers — like `autotel-aws/lambda`'s `wrapHandler`
- * — should mark their inner trace function with this so dispatch survives
- * downstream bundlers that minify parameter names.
- */
-const IMMEDIATE_EXECUTION_SYMBOL = Symbol.for('autotel.immediate-execution');
-
-type ImmediateExecutionFlag = {
-  [IMMEDIATE_EXECUTION_SYMBOL]?: true;
-};
-
-function hasImmediateExecutionMark(fn: unknown): boolean {
-  return (
-    typeof fn === 'function' &&
-    (fn as ImmediateExecutionFlag)[IMMEDIATE_EXECUTION_SYMBOL] === true
-  );
-}
-
-/**
- * Mark a function as immediate-execution-with-ctx so `trace(name, fn)`
- * dispatch doesn't depend on the first parameter being named `ctx`.
- *
- * Necessary when the function will be bundled by a minifier (esbuild,
- * terser, etc.) that renames identifiers. The name-allowlist heuristic in
- * `looksLikeTraceFactory` cannot recover from that; the marker can.
- *
- * @example
- * ```ts
- * import { markAsImmediate, trace } from 'autotel';
- *
- * const inner = markAsImmediate(async (ctx) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', '123');
- *   return { ok: true };
- * });
- * const result = await trace('user.read', inner);
- * ```
- */
-export function markAsImmediate<F>(fn: F): F {
-  if (typeof fn === 'function') {
-    (fn as unknown as ImmediateExecutionFlag)[IMMEDIATE_EXECUTION_SYMBOL] =
-      true;
-  }
-  return fn;
-}
-
-function looksLikeTraceFactory(fn: GenericFunction): boolean {
-  if (hasFactoryMark(fn)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (hasImmediateExecutionMark(fn)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (fn.length === 0) {
-    if (!isAsyncFunction(fn)) {
-      try {
-        const result = fn();
-        return typeof result === 'function';
-      } catch {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const firstParam = getFirstParameterToken(fn);
-  if (!firstParam) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  const normalized = firstParam.toLowerCase();
-  if (
-    FACTORY_NAME_HINTS.has(normalized) ||
-    normalized.startsWith('ctx') ||
-    normalized.startsWith('_ctx') ||
-    normalized.startsWith('trace') ||
-    normalized.endsWith('ctx') || // Match baseCtx, spanCtx, etc.
-    normalized.includes('context') // Match traceContext, spanContext, etc.
-  ) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if a function that takes ctx returns another function (factory pattern)
- * vs returning a value directly (immediate execution pattern)
- *
- * IMPORTANT: For async functions, we skip probing entirely and assume immediate execution.
- * This is because:
- * - Factory pattern: `(ctx) => async (...args) => result` - outer function is SYNC
- * - Immediate execution: `async (ctx) => result` - function itself is ASYNC
- *
- * Probing async functions by executing them causes side effects (like creating orphan spans)
- * because the async function starts executing synchronously until the first await.
- */
-function isFactoryReturningFunction(
-  fnWithCtx: (ctx: TraceContext) => unknown,
-): boolean {
-  // Async functions with ctx parameter are always immediate execution
-  // because factory patterns have a sync outer function that returns the async inner
-  if (isAsyncFunction(fnWithCtx)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    const result = fnWithCtx(createDummyCtx());
-    return typeof result === 'function';
-  } catch {
-    // If the function throws when called with dummy ctx, assume it's immediate execution
-    // since factory functions typically just return a function and don't execute logic
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-function isTraceFactoryFunction<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  fn:
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => TReturn)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn),
-): fn is (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn {
-  if (typeof fn !== 'function') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (hasFactoryMark(fn)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (looksLikeTraceFactory(fn as GenericFunction)) {
-    markAsTraceFactory(fn);
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-function ensureTraceFactory<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  fnOrFactory:
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>),
-): (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn> {
-  if (isTraceFactoryFunction(fnOrFactory)) {
-    return fnOrFactory;
-  }
-
-  const plainFn = fnOrFactory as (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>;
-  const factory = (ctx: TraceContext) => {
-    void ctx;
-    return plainFn;
-  };
-  markAsTraceFactory(factory);
-  return factory;
-}
-
-type WrappedFunction<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn> = (
-  ...args: TArgs
-) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>;
-
-function wrapFactoryWithTracing<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  fnOrFactory:
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>),
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  variableName?: string,
-): WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn> {
-  const factory = ensureTraceFactory(fnOrFactory);
-
-  // Get the inner function (the actual function being traced)
-  const sampleFn = factory(createDummyCtx());
-
-  // Infer function name with priority:
-  // 1. Explicit variable name (from instrument() or explicit name parameter)
-  // 2. Inner function name (named function expressions - e.g., "async function createUser")
-  // 3. Variable name from call stack (inferred from const assignment, for arrow functions)
-  // 4. Factory function name (for cases where factory itself is named)
-  const innerFunctionName = inferFunctionName(
-    sampleFn as InstrumentableFunction,
-  );
-  const callStackVariableName = innerFunctionName
-    ? undefined
-    : inferVariableNameFromCallStack(); // Only infer from call stack if no inner function name
-  const factoryName = inferFunctionName(factory as InstrumentableFunction);
-  const effectiveVariableName =
-    variableName || innerFunctionName || callStackVariableName || factoryName;
-
-  const useAsyncWrapper = isAsyncFunction(sampleFn);
-
-  if (useAsyncWrapper) {
-    return wrapWithTracing(
-      factory as (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-      options,
-      effectiveVariableName,
-    ) as WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn>;
-  }
-
-  return wrapWithTracingSync(
-    factory as (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-    options,
-    effectiveVariableName,
-  ) as WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn>;
-}
-
-/**
- * Common options for functional tracing
- */
-export interface TracingOptions<
-  TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[],
-  TReturn = unknown,
-> {
-  /**
-   * Span name (highest priority)
-   * If provided, this is used as the span name
-   */
-  name?: string;
-
-  /**
-   * Service name (used to compose final span name)
-   * If name not provided, span name becomes: ${serviceName}.${functionName}
-   */
-  serviceName?: string;
-
-  /**
-   * Sampling strategy
-   * @default AlwaysSampler
-   */
-  sampler?: Sampler;
-
-  /**
-   * Enable metrics collection (counter, histogram)
-   * @default false
-   */
-  withMetrics?: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Extract attributes from function arguments
-   */
-  attributesFromArgs?: (args: TArgs) => Record<string, unknown>;
-
-  /**
-   * Extract attributes from function result
-   */
-  attributesFromResult?: (result: TReturn) => Record<string, unknown>;
-
-  /**
-   * Capture the function arguments onto the span as `autotel.input`
-   * (JSON, truncated). One arg is captured directly; multiple are captured as
-   * an array. Off by default — opt in per call. Tools (visualizers, devtools)
-   * read this alongside `ai.toolCall.args` to show function I/O uniformly.
-   * Avoid on args with secrets/PII, or pair with a redacting processor.
-   */
-  captureInput?: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Capture the function return value onto the span as `autotel.output`
-   * (JSON, truncated). Off by default. Same caveats as {@link captureInput}.
-   */
-  captureOutput?: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Start a new root span instead of creating a child
-   * Useful for serverless entry points
-   * @default false
-   */
-  startNewRoot?: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Flush events queue when span ends
-   * Only flushes on root spans (to avoid excessive flushing)
-   * @default true
-   */
-  flushOnRootSpanEnd?: boolean;
-
-  /**
-   * Span kind for semantic convention compliance
-   * Used for messaging (PRODUCER/CONSUMER), HTTP (CLIENT/SERVER), etc.
-   * @default SpanKind.INTERNAL
-   */
-  spanKind?: import('@opentelemetry/api').SpanKind;
-}
-
-/**
- * Options for instrument() batch instrumentation
- */
-export interface InstrumentOptions<
-  T extends Record<string, InstrumentableFunction> = Record<
-    string,
-    InstrumentableFunction
-  >,
-> extends TracingOptions {
-  /** Functions to instrument */
-  functions: T;
-  /**
-   * Per-function configuration overrides
-   */
-  overrides?: Record<string, Partial<TracingOptions>>;
-
-  /**
-   * Functions to skip (won't be instrumented)
-   * Supports:
-   * - String keys: 'functionName'
-   * - RegExp: /^_internal/
-   * - Predicate: (key, fn) => boolean
-   *
-   * By default, functions starting with _ are skipped
-   */
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-function-type
-  skip?: (string | RegExp | ((key: string, fn: Function) => boolean))[];
-}
-
-// Maximum error message length to prevent span bloat
-const MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 500;
-
-function createDummyCtx<
-  TBaggage extends Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined,
->(): TraceContext<TBaggage> {
-  // `recordException` / `addEvent` are no-op shims kept for the same
-  // compatibility window as `createTraceContext` (see trace-context.ts).
-  return {
-    traceId: '',
-    spanId: '',
-    correlationId: '',
-    setAttribute: () => {},
-    setAttributes: () => {},
-    setStatus: () => {},
-    recordException: () => {},
-    addEvent: () => {},
-    addLink: () => {},
-    addLinks: () => {},
-    updateName: () => {},
-    isRecording: () => false,
-    getBaggage: () => {},
-    setBaggage: () => '',
-    deleteBaggage: () => {},
-    getAllBaggage: () => new Map(),
-  } as unknown as TraceContext<TBaggage>;
-}
-
-/** Attribute keys for opt-in function I/O capture (see TracingOptions). */
-const AUTOTEL_INPUT_ATTR = 'autotel.input';
-const AUTOTEL_OUTPUT_ATTR = 'autotel.output';
-const CAPTURE_MAX_CHARS = 4096;
-
-/** JSON-serialize a captured value, defensively (truncate, swallow cycles). */
-function serializeCapture(value: unknown): string | undefined {
-  if (value === undefined) return undefined;
-  try {
-    const json = typeof value === 'string' ? value : JSON.stringify(value);
-    if (json === undefined) return undefined;
-    return json.length > CAPTURE_MAX_CHARS
-      ? `${json.slice(0, CAPTURE_MAX_CHARS)}…[truncated]`
-      : json;
-  } catch {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-}
-
-/** `autotel.input` from args (single arg captured directly, else the array). */
-function captureInputAttrs(
-  args: unknown[],
-  enabled?: boolean,
-): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (!enabled) return {};
-  const s = serializeCapture(args.length === 1 ? args[0] : args);
-  return s === undefined ? {} : { [AUTOTEL_INPUT_ATTR]: s };
-}
-
-/** `autotel.output` from the return value. */
-function captureOutputAttrs(
-  result: unknown,
-  enabled?: boolean,
-): Record<string, unknown> {
-  if (!enabled) return {};
-  const s = serializeCapture(result);
-  return s === undefined ? {} : { [AUTOTEL_OUTPUT_ATTR]: s };
-}
-
-function isAsyncFunction(fn: unknown): boolean {
-  return typeof fn === 'function' && fn.constructor?.name === 'AsyncFunction';
-}
-
-// Symbol to prevent double-instrumentation (idempotency flag)
-const INSTRUMENTED_SYMBOL = Symbol.for('autotel.functional.instrumented');
-
-type InstrumentedFlag = {
-  [INSTRUMENTED_SYMBOL]?: true;
-};
-
-function hasInstrumentationFlag(value: unknown): value is InstrumentedFlag {
-  return (
-    (typeof value === 'function' || typeof value === 'object') &&
-    value !== null &&
-    Boolean((value as InstrumentedFlag)[INSTRUMENTED_SYMBOL])
-  );
-}
-
-/**
- * Truncate error message to prevent span bloat
- */
-function truncateErrorMessage(message: string): string {
-  if (message.length <= MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH) {
-    return message;
-  }
-  return `${message.slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH)}... (truncated)`;
-}
-
-type InstrumentableFunction<
-  TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[],
-  TReturn = unknown,
-> = ((...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>) & {
-  displayName?: string;
-  name?: string;
-};
-
-/**
- * Try to infer function name from function properties
- * Checks for displayName, name, or other metadata that might be set
- */
-function inferFunctionName<
-  TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[],
-  TReturn = unknown,
->(fn: InstrumentableFunction<TArgs, TReturn>): string | undefined {
-  // Check for displayName property (sometimes set by bundlers)
-  const displayName = (fn as { displayName?: string }).displayName;
-  if (displayName) {
-    return displayName;
-  }
-
-  // Check function.name (works for named functions and modern arrow function assignment)
-  // Note: Empty string is falsy, so this handles both undefined and ''
-  if (fn.name && fn.name !== 'anonymous' && fn.name !== '') {
-    return fn.name;
-  }
-
-  // Try to extract name from function source (for function declarations)
-  const source = Function.prototype.toString.call(fn);
-  const match = source.match(/function\s+([^(\s]+)/);
-  if (match && match[1] && match[1] !== 'anonymous') {
-    return match[1];
-  }
-
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-/**
- * Determine span name using priority:
- * 1. Explicit name option
- * 2. serviceName + functionName
- * 3. Inferred from function/variable name (including stack trace fallback)
- * 4. Fallback to 'unknown'
- */
-function getSpanName<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fn: InstrumentableFunction<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  variableName?: string,
-): string {
-  // 1. Explicit name
-  if (options.name) {
-    return options.name;
-  }
-
-  // 2. Try variable name, function name, or function properties
-  let fnName = variableName || inferFunctionName(fn);
-
-  // Default to 'anonymous' if still no name
-  fnName = fnName || 'anonymous';
-
-  // 2. serviceName + functionName
-  if (options.serviceName) {
-    return `${options.serviceName}.${fnName}`;
-  }
-
-  // 3. Inferred from function name
-  if (fnName && fnName !== 'anonymous') {
-    return fnName;
-  }
-
-  // 4. Fallback
-  return 'unknown';
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if function should be skipped
- */
-function shouldSkip(
-  key: string,
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-function-type
-  fn: Function,
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-function-type
-  skip?: (string | RegExp | ((key: string, fn: Function) => boolean))[],
-): boolean {
-  // Default: skip functions starting with _
-  if (key.startsWith('_')) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (!skip || skip.length === 0) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  for (const rule of skip) {
-    if (typeof rule === 'string' && key === rule) {
-      return true;
-    } else if (rule instanceof RegExp && rule.test(key)) {
-      return true;
-    } else if (typeof rule === 'function' && rule(key, fn)) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * Get current trace context value (internal helper)
- *
- * Returns base context (trace IDs) + span methods from the active span.
- */
-function getCtxValue<
-  TBaggage extends Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined,
->(): TraceContext<TBaggage> | null {
-  const activeSpan = otelTrace.getActiveSpan();
-  if (!activeSpan) return null;
-
-  // Use shared utility to create trace context
-  return createTraceContext<TBaggage>(activeSpan);
-}
-
-/**
- * Context object that lazily evaluates the active span on property access
- *
- * Access trace context directly without function call syntax.
- *
- * @example
- * ```typescript
- * import { trace, ctx } from 'autotel'
- *
- * export const createUser = trace(async (data) => {
- *   // Direct property access - no function call!
- *   if (ctx.traceId) {
- *     ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *     console.log('Trace:', ctx.traceId)
- *   }
- * })
- * ```
- */
-export const ctx = new Proxy(
-  {},
-  {
-    get(_target, prop) {
-      const ctxValue = getCtxValue();
-      if (!ctxValue) {
-        return;
-      }
-      return ctxValue[prop as keyof typeof ctxValue];
-    },
-
-    has(_target, prop) {
-      const ctxValue = getCtxValue();
-      if (!ctxValue) {
-        return false;
-      }
-      return prop in ctxValue;
-    },
-
-    ownKeys() {
-      const ctxValue = getCtxValue();
-      if (!ctxValue) {
-        return [];
-      }
-      return Object.keys(ctxValue);
-    },
-
-    getOwnPropertyDescriptor(_target, prop) {
-      const ctxValue = getCtxValue();
-      if (!ctxValue) {
-        return;
-      }
-      return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(ctxValue, prop);
-    },
-  },
-);
-
-/**
- * Core tracing wrapper for async functions (internal implementation)
- */
-function wrapWithTracing<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  fnFactory: (
-    ctx: TraceContext,
-  ) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  variableName?: string,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn> {
-  // Idempotency check: if already instrumented, return as-is
-  if (hasInstrumentationFlag(fnFactory)) {
-    // Already instrumented - proceed
-  }
-
-  const config = getConfig();
-  const tracer = config.tracer;
-  const meter = config.meter;
-  const sampler = options.sampler || new AlwaysSampler();
-
-  const tempFn = fnFactory(createDummyCtx());
-  const spanName = getSpanName(options, tempFn, variableName);
-
-  const callCounter = options.withMetrics
-    ? meter.createCounter(`${spanName}.calls`, {
-        description: `Call count for ${spanName}`,
-        unit: '1',
-      })
-    : undefined;
-
-  const durationHistogram = options.withMetrics
-    ? meter.createHistogram(`${spanName}.duration`, {
-        description: `Duration for ${spanName}`,
-        unit: 'ms',
-      })
-    : undefined;
-
-  const wrappedFunction = async function wrappedFunction(
-    this: unknown,
-    ...args: TArgs
-  ): Promise<TReturn> {
-    const samplingContext: SamplingContext = {
-      operationName: spanName,
-      args,
-      metadata: {},
-    };
-
-    const shouldSample = sampler.shouldSample(samplingContext);
-    const needsTailSampling =
-      'needsTailSampling' in sampler &&
-      typeof sampler.needsTailSampling === 'function'
-        ? sampler.needsTailSampling()
-        : false;
-
-    if (!shouldSample && !needsTailSampling) {
-      const fn = fnFactory(createDummyCtx());
-      return await fn.call(this, ...args);
-    }
-
-    const startTime = performance.now();
-    const isRootSpan =
-      options.startNewRoot || otelTrace.getActiveSpan() === undefined;
-    const shouldAutoFlush =
-      options.flushOnRootSpanEnd ?? getInitConfig()?.flushOnRootSpanEnd ?? true;
-    const shouldAutoFlushSpans = getInitConfig()?.forceFlushOnShutdown ?? false;
-
-    const flushIfNeeded = async () => {
-      if (!shouldAutoFlush || !isRootSpan) return;
-
-      try {
-        // Flush events queue
-        const queue = getEventQueue();
-        if (queue && queue.size() > 0) {
-          await queue.flush();
-        }
-
-        // Flush OpenTelemetry spans if enabled
-        if (shouldAutoFlushSpans) {
-          const sdk = getSdk();
-          if (sdk) {
-            try {
-              // Type assertion needed as getTracerProvider is not in the public NodeSDK interface
-              // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-              const sdkAny = sdk as any;
-              if (typeof sdkAny.getTracerProvider === 'function') {
-                const tracerProvider = sdkAny.getTracerProvider();
-                if (
-                  tracerProvider &&
-                  typeof tracerProvider.forceFlush === 'function'
-                ) {
-                  await tracerProvider.forceFlush();
-                }
-              }
-            } catch {
-              // Ignore errors when accessing tracer provider (may not be available in test mocks)
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      } catch (error) {
-        const initConfig = getInitConfig();
-        const logger = initConfig?.logger;
-        if (logger?.error) {
-          logger.error(
-            {
-              err: error instanceof Error ? error : undefined,
-            },
-            `[autotel] Auto-flush failed${error instanceof Error ? '' : `: ${String(error)}`}`,
-          );
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    // Build span options including root and kind
-    const spanOptions: import('@opentelemetry/api').SpanOptions = {};
-    if (options.startNewRoot) {
-      spanOptions.root = true;
-    }
-    if (options.spanKind !== undefined) {
-      spanOptions.kind = options.spanKind;
-    }
-
-    const parentContext = getActiveContextWithBaggage();
-    return tracer.startActiveSpan(
-      spanName,
-      spanOptions,
-      parentContext,
-      async (span) => {
-        // Run within operation context so events can auto-capture operation.name
-        return runInOperationContext(spanName, async () => {
-          let shouldKeepSpan = true;
-
-          setSpanName(span, spanName);
-
-          // Initialize context storage with the active context BEFORE creating trace context
-          const initialContext = context.active();
-          const contextStorage = getContextStorage();
-          if (!contextStorage.getStore()) {
-            enterOrRun(contextStorage, initialContext);
-          }
-
-          const ctxValue = createTraceContext(span);
-          const fn = fnFactory(ctxValue);
-          const argsAttributes = {
-            ...captureInputAttrs(args, options.captureInput),
-            ...(options.attributesFromArgs
-              ? options.attributesFromArgs(args)
-              : {}),
-          };
-
-          const handleTailSampling = (
-            success: boolean,
-            duration: number,
-            error?: unknown,
-          ) => {
-            if (
-              needsTailSampling &&
-              'shouldKeepTrace' in sampler &&
-              typeof sampler.shouldKeepTrace === 'function'
-            ) {
-              shouldKeepSpan = sampler.shouldKeepTrace(samplingContext, {
-                success,
-                duration,
-                error,
-              });
-              span.setAttribute(AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_KEEP, shouldKeepSpan);
-              span.setAttribute(AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_EVALUATED, true);
-            }
-          };
-
-          const onSuccess = async (result: TReturn) => {
-            const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-            callCounter?.add(1, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'success',
-            });
-
-            durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'success',
-            });
-
-            const resultAttributes = {
-              ...captureOutputAttrs(result, options.captureOutput),
-              ...(options.attributesFromResult
-                ? options.attributesFromResult(result)
-                : {}),
-            };
-
-            span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-            span.setAttributes({
-              ...argsAttributes,
-              ...resultAttributes,
-              'operation.name': spanName,
-              'code.function': spanName,
-              'operation.duration': duration,
-              'operation.success': true,
-            });
-
-            handleTailSampling(true, duration);
-
-            span.end();
-            await flushIfNeeded();
-            return result;
-          };
-
-          const onError = async (error: unknown): Promise<never> => {
-            const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-            callCounter?.add(1, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'error',
-            });
-
-            durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'error',
-            });
-
-            const errorMessage =
-              error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
-            const truncatedMessage = truncateErrorMessage(errorMessage);
-
-            span.setStatus({
-              code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
-              message: truncatedMessage,
-            });
-
-            span.setAttributes({
-              ...argsAttributes,
-              'operation.name': spanName,
-              'code.function': spanName,
-              'operation.duration': duration,
-              'operation.success': false,
-              error: true,
-              'exception.type':
-                error instanceof Error ? error.constructor.name : 'Error',
-              'exception.message': truncatedMessage,
-            });
-
-            if (error instanceof Error && error.stack) {
-              span.setAttribute(
-                'exception.stack',
-                error.stack.slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH),
-              );
-            }
-
-            span.recordException(
-              error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-            );
-
-            handleTailSampling(false, duration, error);
-
-            span.end();
-            await flushIfNeeded();
-            throw error;
-          };
-
-          try {
-            callCounter?.add(1, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'started',
-            });
-
-            // Execute the user's function with the updated context
-            // This ensures ctx.setBaggage() changes are visible to OpenTelemetry operations
-            // (like BaggageSpanProcessor, child spans, etc.)
-            // We use getActiveContextWithBaggage() which checks the stored context,
-            // so if baggage is set during execution, it will be picked up
-            const executeWithContext = async () => {
-              // Get the current context (may have been updated by ctx.setBaggage())
-              const currentContext = getActiveContextWithBaggage();
-              // Establish the context in OpenTelemetry's context manager
-              return context.with(currentContext, async () => {
-                return fn.call(this, ...args);
-              });
-            };
-            const result = await executeWithContext();
-
-            return await onSuccess(result);
-          } catch (error) {
-            await onError(error);
-            throw error;
-          }
-        });
-      },
-    );
-  };
-
-  // Mark as instrumented to prevent double-wrapping
-  (wrappedFunction as InstrumentedFlag)[INSTRUMENTED_SYMBOL] = true;
-
-  Object.defineProperty(wrappedFunction, 'name', {
-    value: tempFn.name || 'trace',
-    configurable: true,
-  });
-
-  return wrappedFunction;
-}
-
-/**
- * Core tracing wrapper for sync functions (internal implementation)
- */
-function wrapWithTracingSync<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  variableName?: string,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn {
-  // Idempotency check: if already instrumented, return as-is
-  if (hasInstrumentationFlag(fnFactory)) {
-    // If already instrumented, we need to extract the original factory
-    // For now, we'll just proceed - this edge case is handled by the wrapped function check
-  }
-
-  const config = getConfig();
-  const tracer = config.tracer;
-  const meter = config.meter;
-  const sampler = options.sampler || new AlwaysSampler();
-
-  // We need to get a reference function name for span naming
-  // Create a minimal dummy context just for extracting the function name
-  // This won't affect actual tracing - we use the real context inside the span
-  const tempFn = fnFactory(createDummyCtx());
-  const spanName = getSpanName(options, tempFn, variableName);
-
-  // Metrics setup (if enabled)
-  const callCounter = options.withMetrics
-    ? meter.createCounter(`${spanName}.calls`, {
-        description: `Call count for ${spanName}`,
-        unit: '1',
-      })
-    : undefined;
-
-  const durationHistogram = options.withMetrics
-    ? meter.createHistogram(`${spanName}.duration`, {
-        description: `Duration for ${spanName}`,
-        unit: 'ms',
-      })
-    : undefined;
-
-  // Return wrapped function
-  function wrappedFunction(
-    this: unknown,
-    ...args: TArgs
-  ): TReturn | Promise<TReturn> {
-    const samplingContext: SamplingContext = {
-      operationName: spanName,
-      args,
-      metadata: {},
-    };
-
-    const shouldSample = sampler.shouldSample(samplingContext);
-    const needsTailSampling =
-      'needsTailSampling' in sampler &&
-      typeof sampler.needsTailSampling === 'function'
-        ? sampler.needsTailSampling()
-        : false;
-
-    // If not sampling and no tail sampling, execute without tracing
-    if (!shouldSample && !needsTailSampling) {
-      const fn = fnFactory(createDummyCtx());
-      return fn.call(this, ...args);
-    }
-
-    const startTime = performance.now();
-
-    // Track if this is a root span for auto-flush
-    const isRootSpan =
-      options.startNewRoot || otelTrace.getActiveSpan() === undefined;
-    const shouldAutoFlush =
-      options.flushOnRootSpanEnd ?? getInitConfig()?.flushOnRootSpanEnd ?? true;
-    const shouldAutoFlushSpans = getInitConfig()?.forceFlushOnShutdown ?? false;
-
-    // Note: This is intentionally fire-and-forget (void) for synchronous functions.
-    // Synchronous functions cannot await flush completion without blocking execution.
-    // The forceFlushOnShutdown guarantee only applies to async functions.
-    const flushIfNeeded = () => {
-      if (!shouldAutoFlush || !isRootSpan) return;
-
-      // Flush events queue
-      const queue = getEventQueue();
-      if (queue && queue.size() > 0) {
-        void queue.flush().catch((error) => {
-          const initConfig = getInitConfig();
-          const logger = initConfig?.logger;
-          if (logger?.error) {
-            logger.error(
-              {
-                err: error instanceof Error ? error : undefined,
-              },
-              `[autotel] Auto-flush failed${error instanceof Error ? '' : `: ${String(error)}`}`,
-            );
-          }
-        });
-      }
-
-      // Flush OpenTelemetry spans if enabled
-      if (shouldAutoFlushSpans) {
-        const sdk = getSdk();
-        if (sdk) {
-          try {
-            // Type assertion needed as getTracerProvider is not in the public NodeSDK interface
-            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-            const sdkAny = sdk as any;
-            if (typeof sdkAny.getTracerProvider === 'function') {
-              const tracerProvider = sdkAny.getTracerProvider();
-              if (
-                tracerProvider &&
-                typeof tracerProvider.forceFlush === 'function'
-              ) {
-                void tracerProvider.forceFlush().catch((error: unknown) => {
-                  const initConfig = getInitConfig();
-                  const logger = initConfig?.logger;
-                  if (logger?.error) {
-                    logger.error(
-                      {
-                        err: error instanceof Error ? error : undefined,
-                      },
-                      `[autotel] Span flush failed${error instanceof Error ? '' : `: ${String(error)}`}`,
-                    );
-                  }
-                });
-              }
-            }
-          } catch {
-            // Ignore errors when accessing tracer provider (may not be available in test mocks)
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    };
-
-    // Build span options including root and kind
-    const spanOptions: import('@opentelemetry/api').SpanOptions = {};
-    if (options.startNewRoot) {
-      spanOptions.root = true;
-    }
-    if (options.spanKind !== undefined) {
-      spanOptions.kind = options.spanKind;
-    }
-
-    const parentContext = getActiveContextWithBaggage();
-    return tracer.startActiveSpan(
-      spanName,
-      spanOptions,
-      parentContext,
-      (span) => {
-        // Run within operation context so events can auto-capture operation.name
-        return runInOperationContext(spanName, () => {
-          let shouldKeepSpan = true;
-
-          // Store span name for trace context helpers
-          setSpanName(span, spanName);
-
-          // Create trace context for this span using shared utility
-          const ctxValue = createTraceContext(span);
-
-          // Get the actual function from the factory
-          const fn = fnFactory(ctxValue);
-
-          // Extract attributes only when actually tracing
-          // This avoids expensive preprocessing when sampling rejects the trace
-          const argsAttributes = {
-            ...captureInputAttrs(args, options.captureInput),
-            ...(options.attributesFromArgs
-              ? options.attributesFromArgs(args)
-              : {}),
-          };
-
-          const handleTailSampling = (
-            success: boolean,
-            duration: number,
-            error?: unknown,
-          ) => {
-            if (
-              needsTailSampling &&
-              'shouldKeepTrace' in sampler &&
-              typeof sampler.shouldKeepTrace === 'function'
-            ) {
-              shouldKeepSpan = sampler.shouldKeepTrace(samplingContext, {
-                success,
-                duration,
-                error,
-              });
-              span.setAttribute(AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_KEEP, shouldKeepSpan);
-              span.setAttribute(AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_EVALUATED, true);
-            }
-          };
-
-          const onSuccess = (result: TReturn) => {
-            const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-            callCounter?.add(1, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'success',
-            });
-
-            durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'success',
-            });
-
-            const resultAttributes = {
-              ...captureOutputAttrs(result, options.captureOutput),
-              ...(options.attributesFromResult
-                ? options.attributesFromResult(result)
-                : {}),
-            };
-
-            span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-            span.setAttributes({
-              ...argsAttributes,
-              ...resultAttributes,
-              'operation.name': spanName,
-              'code.function': spanName,
-              'operation.duration': duration,
-              'operation.success': true,
-            });
-
-            handleTailSampling(true, duration);
-
-            span.end();
-            void flushIfNeeded();
-            return result;
-          };
-
-          const onError = (error: unknown): never => {
-            const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-            callCounter?.add(1, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'error',
-            });
-
-            durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'error',
-            });
-
-            const errorMessage =
-              error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
-            const truncatedMessage = truncateErrorMessage(errorMessage);
-
-            span.setStatus({
-              code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
-              message: truncatedMessage,
-            });
-
-            span.setAttributes({
-              ...argsAttributes,
-              'operation.name': spanName,
-              'code.function': spanName,
-              'operation.duration': duration,
-              'operation.success': false,
-              error: true,
-              'exception.type':
-                error instanceof Error ? error.constructor.name : 'Error',
-              'exception.message': truncatedMessage,
-            });
-
-            span.recordException(
-              error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-            );
-
-            handleTailSampling(false, duration, error);
-
-            span.end();
-            void flushIfNeeded();
-            throw error;
-          };
-
-          try {
-            callCounter?.add(1, {
-              operation: spanName,
-              status: 'started',
-            });
-
-            const result = fn.call(this, ...args);
-
-            if (result instanceof Promise) {
-              return result.then(onSuccess, onError);
-            }
-
-            return onSuccess(result);
-          } catch (error) {
-            return onError(error);
-          }
-        });
-      },
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Mark as instrumented to prevent double-wrapping
-  (wrappedFunction as InstrumentedFlag)[INSTRUMENTED_SYMBOL] = true;
-
-  // Preserve function name for better debugging
-  // Use the same tempFn we created earlier for span naming
-  Object.defineProperty(wrappedFunction, 'name', {
-    value: tempFn.name || 'trace',
-    configurable: true,
-  });
-
-  return wrappedFunction as unknown as (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-}
-
-/**
- * Execute a function immediately within a trace span
- * Used for the immediate execution pattern: trace((ctx) => result)
- */
-function executeImmediately<TReturn = unknown>(
-  fn: (ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-  options: TracingOptions<unknown[], unknown>,
-): TReturn | Promise<TReturn> {
-  const config = getConfig();
-  const tracer = config.tracer;
-  const meter = config.meter;
-  const sampler = options.sampler || new AlwaysSampler();
-
-  // Get span name from options or use 'anonymous'
-  const spanName = options.name || 'anonymous';
-
-  const samplingContext: SamplingContext = {
-    operationName: spanName,
-    args: [],
-    metadata: {},
-  };
-
-  const shouldSample = sampler.shouldSample(samplingContext);
-  const needsTailSampling =
-    'needsTailSampling' in sampler &&
-    typeof sampler.needsTailSampling === 'function'
-      ? sampler.needsTailSampling()
-      : false;
-
-  if (!shouldSample && !needsTailSampling) {
-    return fn(createDummyCtx());
-  }
-
-  const startTime = performance.now();
-  const isRootSpan =
-    options.startNewRoot || otelTrace.getActiveSpan() === undefined;
-  const shouldAutoFlush =
-    options.flushOnRootSpanEnd ?? getInitConfig()?.flushOnRootSpanEnd ?? true;
-  const shouldAutoFlushSpans = getInitConfig()?.forceFlushOnShutdown ?? false;
-
-  const callCounter = options.withMetrics
-    ? meter.createCounter(`${spanName}.calls`, {
-        description: `Call count for ${spanName}`,
-        unit: '1',
-      })
-    : undefined;
-
-  const durationHistogram = options.withMetrics
-    ? meter.createHistogram(`${spanName}.duration`, {
-        description: `Duration for ${spanName}`,
-        unit: 'ms',
-      })
-    : undefined;
-
-  const flushIfNeeded = async () => {
-    if (!shouldAutoFlush || !isRootSpan) return;
-
-    try {
-      // Flush events queue
-      const queue = getEventQueue();
-      if (queue && queue.size() > 0) {
-        await queue.flush();
-      }
-
-      // Flush OpenTelemetry spans if enabled
-      if (shouldAutoFlushSpans) {
-        const sdk = getSdk();
-        if (sdk) {
-          try {
-            // Type assertion needed as getTracerProvider is not in the public NodeSDK interface
-            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
-            const sdkAny = sdk as any;
-            if (typeof sdkAny.getTracerProvider === 'function') {
-              const tracerProvider = sdkAny.getTracerProvider();
-              if (
-                tracerProvider &&
-                typeof tracerProvider.forceFlush === 'function'
-              ) {
-                await tracerProvider.forceFlush();
-              }
-            }
-          } catch {
-            // Ignore errors when accessing tracer provider (may not be available in test mocks)
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    } catch (error) {
-      const initConfig = getInitConfig();
-      const logger = initConfig?.logger;
-      if (logger?.error) {
-        logger.error(
-          {
-            err: error instanceof Error ? error : undefined,
-          },
-          `[autotel] Auto-flush failed${error instanceof Error ? '' : `: ${String(error)}`}`,
-        );
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Build span options including root and kind
-  const spanOptions: import('@opentelemetry/api').SpanOptions = {};
-  if (options.startNewRoot) {
-    spanOptions.root = true;
-  }
-  if (options.spanKind !== undefined) {
-    spanOptions.kind = options.spanKind;
-  }
-
-  const parentContext = getActiveContextWithBaggage();
-  return tracer.startActiveSpan(
-    spanName,
-    spanOptions,
-    parentContext,
-    (span) => {
-      return runInOperationContext(spanName, () => {
-        let shouldKeepSpan = true;
-
-        setSpanName(span, spanName);
-        const ctxValue = createTraceContext(span);
-
-        const handleTailSampling = (
-          success: boolean,
-          duration: number,
-          error?: unknown,
-        ) => {
-          if (
-            needsTailSampling &&
-            'shouldKeepTrace' in sampler &&
-            typeof sampler.shouldKeepTrace === 'function'
-          ) {
-            shouldKeepSpan = sampler.shouldKeepTrace(samplingContext, {
-              success,
-              duration,
-              error,
-            });
-            span.setAttribute(AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_KEEP, shouldKeepSpan);
-            span.setAttribute(AUTOTEL_SAMPLING_TAIL_EVALUATED, true);
-          }
-        };
-
-        // Sync handlers for synchronous results (can't await)
-        // NOTE: forceFlushOnShutdown will NOT block for synchronous trace() calls
-        // Flush is fire-and-forget, so spans may be dropped if process exits immediately
-        const onSuccessSync = (result: TReturn) => {
-          const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-          callCounter?.add(1, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'success',
-          });
-
-          durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'success',
-          });
-
-          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-          span.setAttributes({
-            'operation.name': spanName,
-            'code.function': spanName,
-            'operation.duration': duration,
-            'operation.success': true,
-          });
-
-          handleTailSampling(true, duration);
-
-          span.end();
-          void flushIfNeeded();
-          return result;
-        };
-
-        const onErrorSync = (error: unknown): never => {
-          const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-          callCounter?.add(1, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'error',
-          });
-
-          durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'error',
-          });
-
-          const errorMessage =
-            error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
-          const truncatedMessage = truncateErrorMessage(errorMessage);
-
-          span.setStatus({
-            code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
-            message: truncatedMessage,
-          });
-
-          span.setAttributes({
-            'operation.name': spanName,
-            'code.function': spanName,
-            'operation.duration': duration,
-            'operation.success': false,
-            error: true,
-            'exception.type':
-              error instanceof Error ? error.constructor.name : 'Error',
-            'exception.message': truncatedMessage,
-          });
-
-          if (error instanceof Error && error.stack) {
-            span.setAttribute(
-              'exception.stack',
-              error.stack.slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH),
-            );
-          }
-
-          span.recordException(
-            error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-          );
-
-          handleTailSampling(false, duration, error);
-
-          span.end();
-          void flushIfNeeded();
-          throw error;
-        };
-
-        // Async handlers for Promise results (await flush)
-        const onSuccessAsync = async (result: TReturn) => {
-          const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-          callCounter?.add(1, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'success',
-          });
-
-          durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'success',
-          });
-
-          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-          span.setAttributes({
-            'operation.name': spanName,
-            'code.function': spanName,
-            'operation.duration': duration,
-            'operation.success': true,
-          });
-
-          handleTailSampling(true, duration);
-
-          span.end();
-          await flushIfNeeded();
-          return result;
-        };
-
-        const onErrorAsync = async (error: unknown): Promise<never> => {
-          const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
-
-          callCounter?.add(1, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'error',
-          });
-
-          durationHistogram?.record(duration, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'error',
-          });
-
-          const errorMessage =
-            error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error';
-          const truncatedMessage = truncateErrorMessage(errorMessage);
-
-          span.setStatus({
-            code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
-            message: truncatedMessage,
-          });
-
-          span.setAttributes({
-            'operation.name': spanName,
-            'code.function': spanName,
-            'operation.duration': duration,
-            'operation.success': false,
-            error: true,
-            'exception.type':
-              error instanceof Error ? error.constructor.name : 'Error',
-            'exception.message': truncatedMessage,
-          });
-
-          if (error instanceof Error && error.stack) {
-            span.setAttribute(
-              'exception.stack',
-              error.stack.slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH),
-            );
-          }
-
-          span.recordException(
-            error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-          );
-
-          handleTailSampling(false, duration, error);
-
-          span.end();
-          await flushIfNeeded();
-          throw error;
-        };
-
-        try {
-          callCounter?.add(1, {
-            operation: spanName,
-            status: 'started',
-          });
-
-          const result = fn(ctxValue);
-
-          // Check if result is a Promise - use async handlers to await flush
-          if (result instanceof Promise) {
-            return result.then(onSuccessAsync, onErrorAsync);
-          }
-
-          // Synchronous result - use sync handlers
-          return onSuccessSync(result);
-        } catch (error) {
-          return onErrorSync(error);
-        }
-      });
-    },
-  );
-}
-
-/**
- * Approach 1: trace() - Zero-ceremony HOF
- *
- * Wrap a single function with automatic tracing.
- * The function receives a context object as the first parameter.
- *
- * Supports two patterns:
- * 1. **Factory pattern** - Returns a traced function: `trace(ctx => (...args) => result)`
- * 2. **Immediate execution** - Executes immediately with tracing: `trace(ctx => result)`
- *
- * @example Auto-inferred name - Plain function
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace(async (data) => {
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * // → Traced as "createUser"
- * ```
- *
- * @example Auto-inferred name - Factory pattern (with ctx access)
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace(ctx => async (data) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * // → Traced as "createUser", returns wrapped function
- * ```
- *
- * @example Immediate execution - Execute once with tracing
- * ```typescript
- * // Wraps an existing function and executes immediately
- * function timed<T>(fn: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
- *   return trace(async (ctx) => {
- *     ctx.setAttribute('operation', 'timed')
- *     return await fn()
- *   })
- * }
- * // → Executes immediately, returns result directly
- * ```
- *
- * @example Custom name - Plain function
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace('user.create', async (data) => {
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * // → Traced as "user.create"
- * ```
- *
- * @example Custom name - Factory pattern
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace('user.create', ctx => async (data) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * // → Traced as "user.create"
- * ```
- *
- * @example Custom name - Immediate execution
- * ```typescript
- * const result = trace('fetch.user', async (ctx) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('userId', '123')
- *   return await fetchUser('123')
- * })
- * // → Executes immediately with span name "fetch.user"
- * ```
- *
- * @example Full options - Plain function
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace({
- *   name: 'user.create',
- *   sampler: new AdaptiveSampler(),
- *   withMetrics: true
- * }, async (data) => {
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * ```
- *
- * @example Full options - Factory pattern
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = trace({
- *   name: 'user.create',
- *   sampler: new AdaptiveSampler(),
- *   withMetrics: true
- * }, ctx => async (data) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * ```
- */
-// Sync overloads - Ordered from most specific to most generic for better type inference
-
-// Single argument - Specific overloads with TraceContext first
-// Overload 1a: Immediate execution - sync function with context
-export function trace<
-  TBaggage extends Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined,
-  TReturn = unknown,
->(fn: (ctx: TraceContext<TBaggage>) => TReturn): TReturn;
-// Overload 1b: Factory sync function with no args - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<
-  TBaggage extends Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined,
->(fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext<TBaggage>) => () => unknown): () => unknown;
-// Overload 1c: Factory sync function - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<
-  TBaggage extends Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined,
-  TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[],
-  TReturn = unknown,
->(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext<TBaggage>) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-// Overload 1d: Factory sync function with no args returning explicit type (typed generic)
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => TReturn,
-): () => TReturn;
-// Overload 1e: Factory sync function - use conditional type to extract signature
-// This overload is more specific and helps TypeScript infer types from factory functions
-export function trace<
-  TFactory extends (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: unknown[]) => unknown,
->(fnFactory: TFactory): ExtractFunctionSignature<TFactory>;
-// Overload 1f: Generic factory sync function (fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-
-// Single argument - Plain function overloads (no ctx parameter)
-// Overload 1g: Plain sync function with no args
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(fn: () => TReturn): () => TReturn;
-// Overload 1h: Plain sync function (generic fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  fn: (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-
-// Two arguments - name + function - Specific overloads with TraceContext first
-// Overload 2a: Name + immediate execution sync with context
-// This overload only matches functions that DON'T return functions (factories)
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fn: ExcludeFactoryReturn<(ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn>,
-): TReturn;
-// Overload 2b: Name + factory sync function with no args
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => TReturn,
-): () => TReturn;
-// Overload 2c: Name + factory sync function - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  name: string,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-// Overload 2d: Name + factory sync function - use conditional type to extract signature
-// This overload allows TypeScript to infer types from the factory function parameter
-export function trace<
-  TFactory extends (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: unknown[]) => unknown,
->(name: string, fnFactory: TFactory): ExtractFunctionSignature<TFactory>;
-// Overload 2e: Name + factory sync function (fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-
-// Two arguments - name + function - Plain function overloads
-// Overload 2f: Name + plain sync function
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fn: (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-
-// Two arguments - options + function - Specific overloads with TraceContext first
-// Overload 3a: Options + immediate execution sync with context
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<[], TReturn>,
-  fn: (ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn,
-): TReturn;
-// Overload 3b: Options + factory sync function with no args
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<[], TReturn>,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => TReturn,
-): () => TReturn;
-// Overload 3c: Options + factory sync function - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-// Overload 3d: Options + factory sync function (fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-
-// Two arguments - options + function - Plain function overloads
-// Overload 3e: Options + plain sync function
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fn: (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-): (...args: TArgs) => TReturn;
-
-// Async overloads - Ordered from most specific to most generic
-
-// Single argument - Specific async overloads with TraceContext first
-// Overload 4a: Immediate execution - async function with context
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  fn: (ctx: TraceContext) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 4b: Factory async function with no args - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => Promise<unknown>,
-): () => Promise<unknown>;
-// Overload 4c: Factory async function - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 4d: Factory async function with no args (typed generic)
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => Promise<TReturn>,
-): () => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 4e: Factory async function - use conditional type to extract signature
-export function trace<
-  TFactory extends (
-    ctx: TraceContext,
-  ) => (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>,
->(fnFactory: TFactory): ExtractFunctionSignature<TFactory>;
-// Overload 4f: Generic factory async function (fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-
-// Single argument - Plain async function overloads (no ctx parameter)
-// Overload 4g: Plain async function with no args
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  fn: () => Promise<TReturn>,
-): () => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 4h: Plain async function (generic fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  fn: (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-
-// Two arguments - name + async function - Specific overloads with TraceContext first
-// Overload 5a: Name + immediate execution async with context
-// This overload only matches functions that DON'T return functions (factories)
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fn: ExcludeFactoryReturn<(ctx: TraceContext) => Promise<TReturn>>,
-): Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 5b: Name + factory async function with no args
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => Promise<TReturn>,
-): () => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 5c: Name + factory async function - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  name: string,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 5d: Name + factory async function - use conditional type to extract signature
-// This overload allows TypeScript to infer types from the factory function parameter
-export function trace<
-  TFactory extends (
-    ctx: TraceContext,
-  ) => (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>,
->(name: string, fnFactory: TFactory): ExtractFunctionSignature<TFactory>;
-// Overload 5e: Name + factory async function (fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-
-// Two arguments - name + async function - Plain function overloads
-// Overload 5f: Name + plain async function
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fn: (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-
-// Two arguments - options + async function - Specific overloads with TraceContext first
-// Overload 6a: Options + immediate execution async with context
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<[], TReturn>,
-  fn: (ctx: TraceContext) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 6b: Options + factory async function with no args
-export function trace<TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<[], TReturn>,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => () => Promise<TReturn>,
-): () => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 6c: Options + factory async function - non-generic for type inference
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[], TReturn>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-// Overload 6d: Options + factory async function (fallback)
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fnFactory: (ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-
-// Two arguments - options + async function - Plain function overloads
-// Overload 6e: Options + plain async function
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  fn: (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>,
-): (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>;
-
-// Implementation
-export function trace<TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[], TReturn = unknown>(
-  fnOrNameOrOptions:
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => TReturn)
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => Promise<TReturn>)
-    | string
-    | TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  maybeFn?:
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => TReturn)
-    | ((...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => (...args: TArgs) => Promise<TReturn>)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn)
-    | ((ctx: TraceContext) => Promise<TReturn>),
-): WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn> | TReturn | Promise<TReturn> {
-  // Handle: trace(fn) - single argument
-  if (typeof fnOrNameOrOptions === 'function') {
-    // Check if it's immediate execution pattern: (ctx) => result
-    if (
-      looksLikeTraceFactory(fnOrNameOrOptions as GenericFunction) &&
-      !isFactoryReturningFunction(
-        fnOrNameOrOptions as (ctx: TraceContext) => unknown,
-      )
-    ) {
-      // Immediate execution pattern
-      return executeImmediately(
-        fnOrNameOrOptions as (ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-        {},
-      ) as WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn> | TReturn | Promise<TReturn>;
-    }
-    // Factory pattern or plain function
-    return wrapFactoryWithTracing(
-      fnOrNameOrOptions as (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-      {} as TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Handle: trace(name, fn) or trace(options, fn) - two arguments
-  if (typeof fnOrNameOrOptions === 'string') {
-    if (!maybeFn) {
-      throw new Error('trace(name, fn): fn is required');
-    }
-    // Check if it's immediate execution pattern
-    if (
-      looksLikeTraceFactory(maybeFn as GenericFunction) &&
-      !isFactoryReturningFunction(maybeFn as (ctx: TraceContext) => unknown)
-    ) {
-      // Immediate execution pattern with name
-      return executeImmediately(
-        maybeFn as (ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-        { name: fnOrNameOrOptions },
-      ) as WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn> | TReturn | Promise<TReturn>;
-    }
-    return wrapFactoryWithTracing(
-      maybeFn as (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-      { name: fnOrNameOrOptions } as TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Handle: trace(options, fn)
-  if (!maybeFn) {
-    throw new Error('trace(options, fn): fn is required');
-  }
-
-  // Check if it's immediate execution pattern
-  if (
-    looksLikeTraceFactory(maybeFn as GenericFunction) &&
-    !isFactoryReturningFunction(maybeFn as (ctx: TraceContext) => unknown)
-  ) {
-    // Immediate execution pattern with options
-    return executeImmediately(
-      maybeFn as (ctx: TraceContext) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-      fnOrNameOrOptions as TracingOptions<unknown[], unknown>,
-    ) as WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn> | TReturn | Promise<TReturn>;
-  }
-
-  return wrapFactoryWithTracing(
-    maybeFn as (...args: TArgs) => TReturn,
-    fnOrNameOrOptions as TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn>,
-  );
-}
-
-/**
- * Approach 2: withTracing() - Middleware-style composable wrapper
- *
- * Returns a HOF that wraps functions with tracing.
- * Perfect for composition and reusable configuration.
- *
- * @example Standard usage
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = withTracing({
- *   name: 'user.create'
- * })(ctx => async (data) => {
- *   ctx.setAttribute('user.id', data.id)
- *   return await db.users.create(data)
- * })
- * ```
- *
- * @example Composable
- * ```typescript
- * const trace = withTracing({ serviceName: 'user' })
- *
- * export const createUser = trace(ctx => async (data) => { })
- * export const updateUser = trace(ctx => async (id, data) => { })
- * ```
- *
- * @example With other middleware
- * ```typescript
- * export const createUser = compose(
- *   withAuth({ role: 'admin' }),
- *   withTracing({ name: 'user.create' }),
- *   withRateLimit({ max: 100 })
- * )(ctx => async (data) => { })
- * ```
- */
-export function withTracing<
-  TArgs extends unknown[] = unknown[],
-  TReturn = unknown,
->(
-  options: TracingOptions<TArgs, TReturn> = {},
-): (
-  fnFactory: (
-    ctx: TraceContext,
-  ) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn> {
-  return (
-    fnFactory: (
-      ctx: TraceContext,
-    ) => (...args: TArgs) => TReturn | Promise<TReturn>,
-  ): WrappedFunction<TArgs, TReturn> =>
-    wrapFactoryWithTracing<TArgs, TReturn>(fnFactory, options);
-}
-
-/**
- * Approach 3: instrument() - Batch auto-instrumentation
- *
- * Instrument an entire module/object at once.
- * Closest to @Instrumented decorator pattern.
- *
- * @example Basic usage
- * ```typescript
- * export default instrument({
- *   functions: {
- *     createUser: async (data) => { },
- *     updateUser: async (id, data) => { },
- *     deleteUser: async (id) => { }
- *   },
- *   serviceName: 'user',
- *   sampler: new AdaptiveSampler()
- * })
- * // → Traced as "user.createUser", "user.updateUser", "user.deleteUser"
- * ```
- *
- * @example Per-function overrides
- * ```typescript
- * export default instrument({
- *   functions: {
- *     createUser: async (data) => { },
- *     deleteUser: async (id) => { }
- *   },
- *   serviceName: 'user',
- *   overrides: {
- *     deleteUser: {
- *       sampler: new AlwaysSampler(),
- *       withMetrics: true
- *     }
- *   }
- * })
- * ```
- *
- * @example Skip functions
- * ```typescript
- * export default instrument({
- *   functions: {
- *     createUser: async (data) => { },
- *     _internal: async () => { }, // Auto-skipped (_-prefix)
- *     deleteUser: async (id) => { }
- *   },
- *   serviceName: 'user',
- *   skip: [/^test/, (key) => key.includes('debug')]
- * })
- * ```
- */
-export function instrument<T extends Record<string, InstrumentableFunction>>(
-  options: InstrumentOptions<T>,
-): T {
-  const { functions, ...tracingOptions } = options;
-  const instrumented: Partial<T> = {};
-
-  for (const key of Object.keys(functions)) {
-    const typedKey = key as keyof T;
-    const fn = functions[typedKey];
-
-    // Skip if not a function or undefined - just pass through the value
-    if (!fn || typeof fn !== 'function') {
-      instrumented[typedKey] = fn as T[typeof typedKey];
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Only instrument own enumerable async functions
-    // Check if should skip
-    if (shouldSkip(key, fn, tracingOptions.skip)) {
-      instrumented[typedKey] = fn as T[typeof typedKey];
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Merge base options with per-function overrides
-    const fnOptions: TracingOptions = {
-      ...tracingOptions,
-      ...tracingOptions.overrides?.[key],
-      // If no explicit name, use key as function name
-      name: tracingOptions.overrides?.[key]?.name,
-    };
-
-    // Bind function to original object to preserve 'this' context
-    // This ensures methods can access state on the original object
-    const boundFn = fn.bind(functions);
-
-    // Convert plain function to factory pattern for trace()
-    // For instrument(), we create a factory that ignores ctx and returns the original function
-    const fnFactory = (ctx: TraceContext) => {
-      void ctx;
-      return boundFn;
-    };
-
-    // Wrap with tracing (sync or async based on implementation)
-    instrumented[typedKey] = wrapFactoryWithTracing(
-      fnFactory,
-      fnOptions,
-      key,
-    ) as T[typeof typedKey];
-  }
-
-  return instrumented as T;
-}
-
-/**
- * Options for span() function
- */
-export interface SpanOptions {
-  /** Span name */
-  name: string;
-  /** Attributes to set on the span */
-  attributes?: Record<string, string | number | boolean>;
-}
-
-/**
- * Execute a function within a named span
- *
- * Useful for adding tracing to specific code blocks without wrapping
- * the entire function. Supports both synchronous and asynchronous functions.
- *
- * Mirrors `trace()`: pass a span name as the first argument for the common
- * case, or full `SpanOptions` when you need to attach attributes.
- *
- * @example
- * ```typescript
- * // Name shorthand
- * await span('payment.charge', async (span) => {
- *   await chargeCustomer(order);
- * })
- *
- * // Full options when attributes are needed
- * await span(
- *   { name: 'payment.charge', attributes: { amount: order.total } },
- *   async (span) => {
- *     await chargeCustomer(order);
- *   },
- * )
- *
- * // Sync
- * const total = span('calculateTotal', (span) => {
- *   return items.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0);
- * })
- * ```
- */
-// Overloads — sync first (more specific match), then async.
-// Each shape is offered with a string name OR a full SpanOptions object so
-// span() aligns with trace()'s argument flexibility.
-export function span<T = unknown>(name: string, fn: (span: Span) => T): T;
-export function span<T = unknown>(
-  name: string,
-  fn: (span: Span) => Promise<T>,
-): Promise<T>;
-export function span<T = unknown>(
-  options: SpanOptions,
-  fn: (span: Span) => T,
-): T;
-export function span<T = unknown>(
-  options: SpanOptions,
-  fn: (span: Span) => Promise<T>,
-): Promise<T>;
-// Implementation
-export function span<T = unknown>(
-  nameOrOptions: string | SpanOptions,
-  fn: (span: Span) => T | Promise<T>,
-): T | Promise<T> {
-  const options: SpanOptions =
-    typeof nameOrOptions === 'string' ? { name: nameOrOptions } : nameOrOptions;
-  const config = getConfig();
-  const tracer = config.tracer;
-  const { name, attributes } = options;
-
-  const executeSpan = (span: Span) => {
-    // Run within operation context so events can auto-capture operation.name
-    return runInOperationContext(name, () => {
-      try {
-        // Set attributes
-        if (attributes) {
-          for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
-            span.setAttribute(key, value);
-          }
-        }
-
-        const result = fn(span);
-
-        // Check if result is a Promise
-        if (result instanceof Promise) {
-          return result
-            .then((resolved) => {
-              span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-              span.end();
-              return resolved;
-            })
-            .catch((error) => {
-              const errorMessage =
-                error instanceof Error
-                  ? error.message.slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH)
-                  : String(error).slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH);
-
-              span.setAttribute('error.message', errorMessage);
-              span.setStatus({
-                code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
-                message: errorMessage,
-              });
-
-              span.recordException(
-                error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-              );
-              span.end();
-              throw error;
-            });
-        } else {
-          // Synchronous function
-          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-          span.end();
-          return result;
-        }
-      } catch (error) {
-        // Synchronous error handling
-        const errorMessage =
-          error instanceof Error
-            ? error.message.slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH)
-            : String(error).slice(0, MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LENGTH);
-
-        span.setAttribute('error.message', errorMessage);
-        span.setStatus({
-          code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
-          message: errorMessage,
-        });
-
-        span.recordException(
-          error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-        );
-        span.end();
-        throw error;
-      }
-    });
-  };
-
-  const parentContext = getActiveContextWithBaggage();
-  const result = tracer.startActiveSpan(name, {}, parentContext, executeSpan);
-
-  // tracer.startActiveSpan might return a Promise even for sync callbacks
-  // Check if it's a Promise and handle accordingly
-  if (result instanceof Promise) {
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  return result as T;
-}
-
-/**
- * Options for withNewContext() function
- */
-export interface WithNewContextOptions<T = unknown> {
-  /** Function to execute in new root context */
-  fn: () => Promise<T>;
-}
-
-/**
- * Execute a function in a new root context (prevents span propagation)
- *
- * Useful when you want to start a completely new trace without
- * parent-child relationships.
- *
- * @example
- * ```typescript
- * async function handleWebhook(payload: WebhookPayload) {
- *   // This creates a new root trace, not connected to the HTTP request trace
- *   await withNewContext({
- *     fn: async () => {
- *       await trace(ctx => async () => {
- *         await processWebhookPayload(payload)
- *       })()
- *     }
- *   })
- * }
- * ```
- */
-export async function withNewContext<T = unknown>(
-  options: WithNewContextOptions<T>,
-): Promise<T> {
-  const { fn } = options;
-  const config = getConfig();
-  const tracer = config.tracer;
-
-  // Start a new root span (breaks trace propagation)
-  return tracer.startActiveSpan('root', { root: true }, async (span) => {
-    try {
-      const result = await fn();
-      span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.OK });
-      return result;
-    } catch (error) {
-      span.recordException(
-        error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error)),
-      );
-      span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR });
-      throw error;
-    } finally {
-      span.end();
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * Options for withBaggage() function
- */
-export interface WithBaggageOptions<T = unknown> {
-  /** Baggage entries to set (key-value pairs) */
-  baggage: Record<string, string>;
-  /** Function to execute with the updated baggage */
-  fn: () => T | Promise<T>;
-}
-
-/**
- * Execute a function with updated baggage entries
- *
- * Baggage is immutable in OpenTelemetry, so this helper creates a new context
- * with the specified baggage entries and runs the function within that context.
- * All child spans created within the function will inherit the baggage.
- *
- * @example Setting baggage for downstream services
- * ```typescript
- * import { trace, withBaggage } from 'autotel';
- *
- * export const createOrder = trace((ctx) => async (order: Order) => {
- *   // Set baggage that will be propagated to downstream HTTP calls
- *   return await withBaggage({
- *     baggage: {
- *       'tenant.id': order.tenantId,
- *       'user.id': order.userId,
- *     },
- *     fn: async () => {
- *       // This HTTP call will include the baggage in headers
- *       await fetch('/api/charge', {
- *         method: 'POST',
- *         body: JSON.stringify(order),
- *       });
- *     },
- *   });
- * });
- * ```
- *
- * @example Using with existing baggage
- * ```typescript
- * export const processOrder = trace((ctx) => async (order: Order) => {
- *   // Read existing baggage
- *   const tenantId = ctx.getBaggage('tenant.id');
- *
- *   // Add additional baggage entries
- *   return await withBaggage({
- *     baggage: {
- *       'order.id': order.id,
- *       'order.amount': String(order.amount),
- *     },
- *     fn: async () => {
- *       await charge(order);
- *     },
- *   });
- * });
- * ```
- */
-export function withBaggage<T = unknown>(
-  options: WithBaggageOptions<T>,
-): T | Promise<T> {
-  const { baggage: baggageEntries, fn } = options;
-  const currentContext = context.active();
-
-  // Get existing baggage or create new
-  let updatedBaggage =
-    propagation.getBaggage(currentContext) ?? propagation.createBaggage();
-
-  // Set all baggage entries
-  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(baggageEntries)) {
-    updatedBaggage = updatedBaggage.setEntry(key, { value });
-  }
-
-  // Create new context with updated baggage
-  const newContext = propagation.setBaggage(currentContext, updatedBaggage);
-
-  // Sync contextStorage so nested traces (via getActiveContextWithBaggage) see the baggage.
-  // Use run() instead of enterWith() to properly scope the context changes.
-  const ctxStorage = getContextStorage();
-  const previousStored = ctxStorage.getStore();
-  const baggageEnrichedStored = previousStored
-    ? { value: propagation.setBaggage(previousStored.value, updatedBaggage) }
-    : { value: newContext };
-
-  // Run the function within the new context, scoped properly
-  const result = previousStored
-    ? ctxStorage.run(baggageEnrichedStored, () => context.with(newContext, fn))
-    : context.with(newContext, fn);
-
-  if (result instanceof Promise) {
-    // For async operations, ensure context is restored after the promise settles
-    return result.then(
-      (value) => {
-        // Restore original context before resolving
-        if (previousStored) {
-          return ctxStorage.run(previousStored, () => value);
-        }
-        return value;
-      },
-      (error) => {
-        // Restore original context before rejecting
-        if (previousStored) {
-          return ctxStorage.run(previousStored, () => {
-            throw error;
-          });
-        }
-        throw error;
-      },
-    );
-  }
-
-  // Sync function - context automatically restored when scope exits
-  return result;
-}