appium-uiautomator2-driver 7.2.3 → 7.4.0

package/lib/driver.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-/* eslint-disable @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion */
 import type {
   DefaultCreateSessionResult,
   DriverData,
@@ -10,13 +9,12 @@ import type {
   StringRecord,
   SessionCapabilities,
 } from '@appium/types';
-import {DEFAULT_ADB_PORT} from 'appium-adb';
+import {DEFAULT_ADB_PORT, type ADB} from 'appium-adb';
 import {AndroidDriver, utils} from 'appium-android-driver';
 import {SETTINGS_HELPER_ID} from 'io.appium.settings';
 import {BaseDriver, DeviceSettings} from 'appium/driver';
 import {fs, mjpeg, util} from 'appium/support';
 import {retryInterval} from 'asyncbox';
-import _ from 'lodash';
 import os from 'node:os';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import {checkPortStatus, findAPortNotInUse} from 'portscanner';
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ import type {ExecError} from 'teen_process';
 import UIAUTOMATOR2_CONSTRAINTS, {type Uiautomator2Constraints} from './constraints';
 import {APKS_EXTENSION, APK_EXTENSION} from './extensions';
 import {newMethodMap} from './method-map';
-import {signApp} from './helpers';
+import {assignDefaults, memoize, signApp} from './utils';
 import type {
   Uiautomator2Settings,
   Uiautomator2DeviceDetails,
@@ -241,8 +239,6 @@ const CHROME_NO_PROXY: RouteMatcher[] = [
   ['POST', new RegExp('^/session/[^/]+/se/log$')],
 ];
 
-const MEMOIZED_FUNCTIONS = ['getStatusBarHeight', 'getDevicePixelRatio'] as const;
-
 class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   extends AndroidDriver
   implements ExternalDriver<Uiautomator2Constraints, string, StringRecord>
@@ -250,7 +246,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   static newMethodMap = newMethodMap;
   static executeMethodMap = executeMethodMap;
 
-  uiautomator2: UiAutomator2Server;
+  uiautomator2!: UiAutomator2Server;
 
   systemPort: number | undefined;
 
@@ -267,7 +263,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   mobileGetActionHistory = mobileGetActionHistory;
   mobileScheduleAction = mobileScheduleAction;
   mobileUnscheduleAction = mobileUnscheduleAction;
-  performActions = performActions;
+  performActions = performActions as AndroidDriver['performActions'];
   releaseActions = releaseActions;
 
   getAlertText = getAlertText;
@@ -281,23 +277,23 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   mobileGetBatteryInfo = mobileGetBatteryInfo;
 
   active = active;
-  getAttribute = getAttribute;
-  elementEnabled = elementEnabled;
-  elementDisplayed = elementDisplayed;
-  elementSelected = elementSelected;
-  getName = getName;
-  getLocation = getLocation;
-  getSize = getSize;
+  getAttribute = getAttribute as AndroidDriver['getAttribute'];
+  elementEnabled = elementEnabled as AndroidDriver['elementEnabled'];
+  elementDisplayed = elementDisplayed as AndroidDriver['elementDisplayed'];
+  elementSelected = elementSelected as AndroidDriver['elementSelected'];
+  getName = getName as AndroidDriver['getName'];
+  getLocation = getLocation as AndroidDriver['getLocation'];
+  getSize = getSize as AndroidDriver['getSize'];
   getElementRect = getElementRect;
   getElementScreenshot = getElementScreenshot;
-  getText = getText;
-  setValueImmediate = setValueImmediate;
-  doSetElementValue = doSetElementValue;
-  click = click;
+  getText = getText as AndroidDriver['getText'];
+  setValueImmediate = setValueImmediate as AndroidDriver['setValueImmediate'];
+  doSetElementValue = doSetElementValue as AndroidDriver['doSetElementValue'];
+  click = click as AndroidDriver['click'];
   clear = clear;
   mobileReplaceElementValue = mobileReplaceElementValue;
 
-  doFindElementOrEls = doFindElementOrEls;
+  doFindElementOrEls = doFindElementOrEls as AndroidDriver['doFindElementOrEls'];
 
   mobileClickGesture = mobileClickGesture;
   mobileDoubleClickGesture = mobileDoubleClickGesture;
@@ -311,18 +307,18 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   mobileScrollGesture = mobileScrollGesture;
   mobileSwipeGesture = mobileSwipeGesture;
 
-  pressKeyCode = pressKeyCode;
-  longPressKeyCode = longPressKeyCode;
+  pressKeyCode = pressKeyCode as AndroidDriver['pressKeyCode'];
+  longPressKeyCode = longPressKeyCode as AndroidDriver['longPressKeyCode'];
   mobilePressKey = mobilePressKey;
   mobileType = mobileType;
-  doSendKeys = doSendKeys;
+  doSendKeys = doSendKeys as AndroidDriver['doSendKeys'];
   keyevent = keyevent;
 
   getPageSource = getPageSource;
   getOrientation = getOrientation;
   setOrientation = setOrientation;
-  openNotifications = openNotifications;
-  suspendChromedriverProxy = suspendChromedriverProxy as any;
+  openNotifications = openNotifications as AndroidDriver['openNotifications'];
+  suspendChromedriverProxy = suspendChromedriverProxy as AndroidDriver['suspendChromedriverProxy'];
   mobileGetDeviceInfo = mobileGetDeviceInfo;
   mobileResetAccessibilityCache = mobileResetAccessibilityCache;
   mobileListWindows = mobileListWindows;
@@ -331,7 +327,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   getClipboard = getClipboard;
   setClipboard = setClipboard;
 
-  setUrl = setUrl;
+  setUrl = setUrl as AndroidDriver['setUrl'];
   mobileDeepLink = mobileDeepLink;
   back = back;
 
@@ -342,10 +338,10 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
 
   getStatusBarHeight = getStatusBarHeight;
   getDevicePixelRatio = getDevicePixelRatio;
-  getDisplayDensity = getDisplayDensity;
+  getDisplayDensity = getDisplayDensity as AndroidDriver['getDisplayDensity'];
   getViewPortRect = getViewPortRect;
-  getWindowRect = getWindowRect;
-  getWindowSize = getWindowSize;
+  getWindowRect = getWindowRect as AndroidDriver['getWindowRect'];
+  getWindowSize = getWindowSize as AndroidDriver['getWindowSize'];
   mobileViewPortRect = mobileViewPortRect;
 
   constructor(opts: InitialOpts = {} as InitialOpts, shouldValidateCaps = true) {
@@ -363,7 +359,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
       'css selector',
       '-android uiautomator',
     ];
-    this.desiredCapConstraints = _.cloneDeep(UIAUTOMATOR2_CONSTRAINTS);
+    this.desiredCapConstraints = structuredClone(UIAUTOMATOR2_CONSTRAINTS);
     this.jwpProxyActive = false;
     this.jwpProxyAvoid = NO_PROXY;
     this._originalIme = null;
@@ -378,9 +374,8 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
     this.caps = {} as Uiautomator2DriverCaps;
     this.opts = opts as Uiautomator2DriverOpts;
     // memoize functions here, so that they are done on a per-instance basis
-    for (const fn of MEMOIZED_FUNCTIONS) {
-      this[fn] = _.memoize(this[fn]) as any;
-    }
+    this.getStatusBarHeight = memoize(this.getStatusBarHeight);
+    this.getDevicePixelRatio = memoize(this.getDevicePixelRatio);
   }
 
   override get driverData() {
@@ -427,7 +422,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
         adbPort: DEFAULT_ADB_PORT,
         androidInstallTimeout: 90000,
       };
-      _.defaults(this.opts, defaultOpts);
+      assignDefaults(this.opts as Record<string, unknown>, defaultOpts);
 
       this.opts.adbPort = this.opts.adbPort || DEFAULT_ADB_PORT;
       // get device udid for this session
@@ -439,15 +434,15 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
       // ADB instance
       this.adb = await this.createADB();
 
-      if (this.isChromeSession) {
+      if (this.isChromeSession && this.opts.browserName) {
         this.log.info(`We're going to run a Chrome-based session`);
-        const {pkg, activity: defaultActivity} = utils.getChromePkg(this.opts.browserName!);
+        const {pkg, activity: defaultActivity} = utils.getChromePkg(this.opts.browserName);
         let activity: string = defaultActivity;
         try {
           activity = await this.adb.resolveLaunchableActivity(pkg);
         } catch (e) {
           this.log.warn(
-            `Using the default ${pkg} activity ${activity}. Original error: ${e.message}`,
+            `Using the default ${pkg} activity ${activity}. Original error: ${(e as Error).message}`,
           );
         }
         this.opts.appPackage = this.caps.appPackage = pkg;
@@ -504,7 +499,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
       pixelRatio,
       statBarHeight,
       viewportRect,
-      deviceApiLevel: _.parseInt(apiVersion),
+      deviceApiLevel: Number.parseInt(String(apiVersion), 10),
       platformVersion,
       deviceManufacturer: manufacturer,
       deviceModel: model,
@@ -516,11 +511,16 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   override async getSession(): Promise<SingularSessionData<Uiautomator2Constraints>> {
     const sessionData = await BaseDriver.prototype.getSession.call(this);
     this.log.debug('Getting session details from server to mix in');
-    const uia2Data = (await this.uiautomator2!.jwproxy.command('/', 'GET', {})) as any;
+    const uia2Data = (await this.requireUiautomator2().jwproxy.command(
+      '/',
+      'GET',
+      {},
+    )) as StringRecord;
     return {...sessionData, ...uia2Data};
   }
 
   async allocateSystemPort() {
+    const adb = this.requireAdb();
     const forwardPort = async (localPort: number) => {
       this.log.debug(
         `Forwarding UiAutomator2 Server port ${DEVICE_PORT} to local port ${localPort}`,
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
             `old automation sessions on the same device must always be closed before starting new ones.`,
         );
       }
-      await this.adb!.forwardPort(localPort, DEVICE_PORT);
+      await adb.forwardPort(localPort, DEVICE_PORT);
     };
 
     if (this.opts.systemPort) {
@@ -558,34 +558,35 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   }
 
   async releaseSystemPort() {
-    if (!this.systemPort || !this.adb) {
+    const adb = this.adb;
+    const systemPort = this.systemPort;
+    if (!systemPort || !adb) {
       return;
     }
 
     if (this.opts.systemPort) {
       // We assume if the systemPort is provided manually then it must be unique,
       // so there is no need for the explicit synchronization
-      await this.adb.removePortForward(this.systemPort);
+      await adb.removePortForward(systemPort);
     } else {
-      await DEVICE_PORT_ALLOCATION_GUARD(
-        async () => await this.adb!.removePortForward(this.systemPort!),
-      );
+      await DEVICE_PORT_ALLOCATION_GUARD(async () => await adb.removePortForward(systemPort));
     }
   }
 
   async allocateMjpegServerPort() {
     if (this.opts.mjpegServerPort) {
+      const adb = this.requireAdb();
       this.log.debug(
         `MJPEG broadcasting requested, forwarding MJPEG server port ${MJPEG_SERVER_DEVICE_PORT} ` +
           `to local port ${this.opts.mjpegServerPort}`,
       );
-      await this.adb!.forwardPort(this.opts.mjpegServerPort, MJPEG_SERVER_DEVICE_PORT);
+      await adb.forwardPort(this.opts.mjpegServerPort, MJPEG_SERVER_DEVICE_PORT);
     }
   }
 
   async releaseMjpegServerPort() {
-    if (this.opts.mjpegServerPort) {
-      await this.adb!.removePortForward(this.opts.mjpegServerPort);
+    if (this.opts.mjpegServerPort && this.adb) {
+      await this.adb.removePortForward(this.opts.mjpegServerPort);
     }
   }
 
@@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
                 'Please check https://github.com/appium/appium/issues/13802 for more details. ' +
                 'You could also set the "appium:ignoreHiddenApiPolicyError" capability to true in order to ' +
                 'ignore this error, which might later lead to unexpected crashes or behavior of ' +
-                `the automation server. Original error: ${err.message}`,
+                `the automation server. Original error: ${(err as Error).message}`,
             );
           }
         })(),
@@ -732,9 +733,19 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   ): Promise<Uiautomator2SessionCaps> {
     const appInfo = await this.performSessionPreExecSetup();
     // set actual device name, udid, platform version, screen size, screen density, model and manufacturer details
+    const deviceName = this.adb?.curDeviceId;
+    const deviceUDID = this.opts.udid;
+    if (!deviceName) {
+      throw this.log.errorWithException(
+        'Could not determine device name (ADB curDeviceId is empty)',
+      );
+    }
+    if (!deviceUDID) {
+      throw this.log.errorWithException('Device UDID is not set in session options');
+    }
     const sessionInfo: Uiautomator2SessionInfo = {
-      deviceName: this.adb.curDeviceId!,
-      deviceUDID: this.opts.udid!,
+      deviceName,
+      deviceUDID,
     };
     const capsWithSessionInfo = {
       ...caps,
@@ -742,9 +753,9 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
     };
     // Adding AUT info in the capabilities if it does not exist in caps
     if (appInfo) {
-      for (const capName of ['appPackage', 'appActivity']) {
-        if (!capsWithSessionInfo[capName] && appInfo[capName]) {
-          capsWithSessionInfo[capName] = appInfo[capName];
+      for (const capName of ['appPackage', 'appActivity'] as const) {
+        if (!(capsWithSessionInfo as StringRecord)[capName] && appInfo[capName]) {
+          (capsWithSessionInfo as StringRecord)[capName] = appInfo[capName];
         }
       }
     }
@@ -755,7 +766,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
       try {
         return await this.getDeviceDetails();
       } catch (e) {
-        this.log.warn(`Cannot fetch device details. Original error: ${e.message}`);
+        this.log.warn(`Cannot fetch device details. Original error: ${(e as Error).message}`);
         return {};
       }
     })();
@@ -786,7 +797,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
     } else {
       await this.uiautomator2.installServerApk(this.opts.uiautomator2ServerInstallTimeout);
       try {
-        await this.adb!.addToDeviceIdleWhitelist(
+        await this.requireAdb().addToDeviceIdleWhitelist(
           SETTINGS_HELPER_ID,
           SERVER_PACKAGE_ID,
           SERVER_TEST_PACKAGE_ID,
@@ -829,21 +840,20 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
       await this.installOtherApks(otherApps);
     }
 
-    if (this.opts.app) {
-      if (
-        (this.opts.noReset && !(await this.adb!.isAppInstalled(this.opts.appPackage!))) ||
-        !this.opts.noReset
-      ) {
+    if (this.opts.app && this.opts.appPackage) {
+      const adb = this.requireAdb();
+      const appPackage = this.opts.appPackage;
+      if ((this.opts.noReset && !(await adb.isAppInstalled(appPackage))) || !this.opts.noReset) {
         if (
           !this.opts.noSign &&
-          !(await this.adb!.checkApkCert(this.opts.app, this.opts.appPackage!, {
+          !(await adb.checkApkCert(this.opts.app, appPackage, {
             requireDefaultCert: false,
           }))
         ) {
-          await signApp(this.adb!, this.opts.app);
+          await signApp(adb, this.opts.app);
         }
         if (!this.opts.skipUninstall) {
-          await this.adb!.uninstallApk(this.opts.appPackage!);
+          await adb.uninstallApk(appPackage);
         }
         await this.installAUT();
       } else {
@@ -865,28 +875,32 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
   }
 
   async ensureAppStarts() {
+    const adb = this.requireAdb();
+    const appPackage = this.opts.appPackage;
+    const appActivity = this.opts.appActivity;
+    if (!appPackage) {
+      throw this.log.errorWithException(
+        'appPackage capability is required to start the application',
+      );
+    }
     // make sure we have an activity and package to wait for
-    const appWaitPackage = this.opts.appWaitPackage || this.opts.appPackage;
-    const appWaitActivity = this.opts.appWaitActivity || this.opts.appActivity;
+    const appWaitPackage = this.opts.appWaitPackage || appPackage;
+    const appWaitActivity = this.opts.appWaitActivity || appActivity;
     this.log.info(
-      `Starting '${this.opts.appPackage}/${this.opts.appActivity}' ` +
-        `and waiting for '${appWaitPackage}/${appWaitActivity}'`,
+      `Starting '${appPackage}${appActivity ? '/' + appActivity : ''}` +
+        `and waiting for '${appWaitPackage}${appWaitActivity ? '/' + appWaitActivity : ''}'`,
     );
 
-    if (
-      this.opts.noReset &&
-      !this.opts.forceAppLaunch &&
-      (await this.adb!.processExists(this.opts.appPackage!))
-    ) {
+    if (this.opts.noReset && !this.opts.forceAppLaunch && (await adb.processExists(appPackage))) {
       this.log.info(
-        `'${this.opts.appPackage}' is already running and noReset is enabled. ` +
+        `'${appPackage}' is already running and noReset is enabled. ` +
           `Set forceAppLaunch capability to true if the app must be forcefully restarted on session startup.`,
       );
       return;
     }
-    await this.adb!.startApp({
-      pkg: this.opts.appPackage!,
-      activity: this.opts.appActivity,
+    await adb.startApp({
+      pkg: appPackage,
+      activity: appActivity,
       action: this.opts.intentAction || 'android.intent.action.MAIN',
       category: this.opts.intentCategory || 'android.intent.category.LAUNCHER',
       flags: this.opts.intentFlags || '0x10200000', // FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK | FLAG_ACTIVITY_RESET_TASK_IF_NEEDED
@@ -906,7 +920,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
 
     const screenRecordingStopTasks = [
       async () => {
-        if (!_.isEmpty(this._screenRecordingProperties)) {
+        if (this._screenRecordingProperties) {
           await this.stopRecordingScreen();
         }
       },
@@ -916,7 +930,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
         }
       },
       async () => {
-        if (!_.isEmpty(this._screenStreamingProps)) {
+        if (this._screenStreamingProps) {
           await this.mobileStopScreenStreaming();
         }
       },
@@ -980,7 +994,7 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
         try {
           await this.adb.setIME(this._originalIme);
         } catch (e) {
-          this.log.warn(`Cannot restore the original IME: ${e.message}`);
+          this.log.warn(`Cannot restore the original IME: ${(e as Error).message}`);
         }
       }
       try {
@@ -1023,19 +1037,19 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
     // settings to the uiauto2 server already
   }
 
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-  proxyActive(sessionId: string): boolean {
+  override proxyActive(sessionId: string): boolean {
+    void sessionId;
     // we always have an active proxy to the UiAutomator2 server
     return true;
   }
 
-  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
-  canProxy(sessionId: string): boolean {
+  override canProxy(sessionId: string): boolean {
+    void sessionId;
     // we can always proxy to the uiautomator2 server
     return true;
   }
 
-  getProxyAvoidList(): RouteMatcher[] {
+  override getProxyAvoidList(): RouteMatcher[] {
     // we are maintaining two sets of NO_PROXY lists, one for chromedriver(CHROME_NO_PROXY)
     // and one for uiautomator2(NO_PROXY), based on current context will return related NO_PROXY list
     if (util.hasValue(this.chromedriver)) {
@@ -1054,24 +1068,43 @@ class AndroidUiautomator2Driver
     return this.jwpProxyAvoid;
   }
 
-  async updateSettings(settings: Uiautomator2Settings) {
+  // @ts-expect-error narrower parameter type than the base class override allows
+  override async updateSettings(settings: Uiautomator2Settings) {
     await this.settings.update(settings);
-    await this.uiautomator2!.jwproxy.command('/appium/settings', 'POST', {settings});
+    await this.requireUiautomator2().jwproxy.command('/appium/settings', 'POST', {settings});
   }
 
-  async getSettings() {
+  override async getSettings(): Promise<StringRecord> {
     const driverSettings = this.settings.getSettings();
-    const serverSettings = (await this.uiautomator2!.jwproxy.command(
+    const serverSettings = (await this.requireUiautomator2().jwproxy.command(
       '/appium/settings',
       'GET',
     )) as Partial<Uiautomator2Settings>;
-    return {...driverSettings, ...serverSettings} as any;
+    return {...driverSettings, ...serverSettings};
   }
 
   // needed to make the typechecker happy
-  async getAppiumSessionCapabilities(): Promise<SessionCapabilities<Uiautomator2Constraints>> {
+  override async getAppiumSessionCapabilities(): Promise<
+    SessionCapabilities<Uiautomator2Constraints>
+  > {
     return (await super.getAppiumSessionCapabilities()) as SessionCapabilities<Uiautomator2Constraints>;
   }
+
+  private requireAdb(): ADB {
+    const adb = this.adb;
+    if (!adb) {
+      throw this.log.errorWithException('ADB must be initialized before this operation');
+    }
+    return adb;
+  }
+
+  private requireUiautomator2(): UiAutomator2Server {
+    const server = this.uiautomator2;
+    if (!server) {
+      throw this.log.errorWithException('UiAutomator2 server is not initialized');
+    }
+    return server;
+  }
 }
 
 export {AndroidUiautomator2Driver};

package/lib/execute-method-map.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import {ExecuteMethodMap} from '@appium/types';
+import type {ExecuteMethodMap} from '@appium/types';
 import {AndroidDriver} from 'appium-android-driver';
 
 export const executeMethodMap = {

package/lib/uiautomator2.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import _ from 'lodash';
 import {JWProxy, errors} from 'appium/driver';
 import {sleep, waitForCondition} from 'asyncbox';
 import {
@@ -88,10 +87,10 @@ export class UiAutomator2Server {
   public readonly proxyReqRes: typeof UIA2Proxy.prototype.proxyReqRes;
   public readonly proxyCommand: typeof UIA2Proxy.prototype.command;
 
-  private readonly host: string;
-  private readonly systemPort: number;
-  private readonly adb: ADB;
-  private readonly disableWindowAnimation: boolean;
+  private readonly host!: string;
+  private readonly systemPort!: number;
+  private readonly adb!: ADB;
+  private readonly disableWindowAnimation!: boolean;
   private readonly disableSuppressAccessibilityService?: boolean;
   private readonly log: AppiumLogger;
   private instrumentationProcess: SubProcess | null = null;
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ export class UiAutomator2Server {
     if (this.disableWindowAnimation) {
       cmd.push('--no-window-animation');
     }
-    if (_.isBoolean(this.disableSuppressAccessibilityService)) {
+    if (typeof this.disableSuppressAccessibilityService === 'boolean') {
       cmd.push(
         '-e',
         'DISABLE_SUPPRESS_ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICES',

package/lib/utils/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+export * from './app';
+export * from './lang';
+export * from './memoize';
+export * from './object';

package/lib/utils/lang.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// TODO(appium server 3.4.1+): Replace local `isEmpty` / `escapeRegExp` with imports from `appium/support`
+// once this driver declares that minimum server version.
+
+/**
+ * Returns true when the value has no elements/properties.
+ *
+ * @param value - Value to check
+ * @returns `true` if the value is empty
+ */
+export function isEmpty(value: unknown): boolean {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === 'string' || Array.isArray(value) || Buffer.isBuffer(value)) {
+    return value.length === 0;
+  }
+  if (value instanceof Map || value instanceof Set) {
+    return value.size === 0;
+  }
+  if (typeof value === 'object' || typeof value === 'function') {
+    return Object.keys(value).length === 0;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Escapes RegExp special characters in a string.
+ *
+ * @param value - Input string
+ * @returns Escaped string safe for RegExp source
+ */
+export function escapeRegExp(value: string): string {
+  return value.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
+}

package/lib/utils/memoize.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+// TODO(appium server 3.4.1+): Replace local `memoize` with imports from `appium/support`
+// once this driver declares that minimum server version.
+
+/**
+ * Creates a memoized version of a function.
+ *
+ * @param fn - Function to memoize
+ * @param resolver - Optional cache key resolver. If omitted, the first argument is used as the cache key.
+ * @returns Memoized function with a mutable `.cache` map (compatible with lodash-style cache resets in tests).
+ */
+export function memoize<Fn extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
+  fn: Fn,
+  resolver?: (...args: Parameters<Fn>) => unknown,
+): Fn & {cache: Map<unknown, ReturnType<Fn>>} {
+  const memoizedFn = function (this: unknown, ...args: Parameters<Fn>) {
+    const key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, args) : args[0];
+    if (memoizedFn.cache.has(key)) {
+      return memoizedFn.cache.get(key) as ReturnType<Fn>;
+    }
+    const result = fn.apply(this, args);
+    memoizedFn.cache.set(key, result);
+    return result;
+  } as unknown as Fn & {cache: Map<unknown, ReturnType<Fn>>};
+  memoizedFn.cache = new Map<unknown, ReturnType<Fn>>();
+  return memoizedFn;
+}

package/lib/utils/object.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/**
+ * Assigns own enumerable properties of `source` onto `target` only where `target[key] === undefined`
+ * (lodash `defaults` semantics).
+ */
+export function assignDefaults<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(
+  target: T,
+  source: Record<string, unknown>,
+): void {
+  for (const key of Object.keys(source)) {
+    if (target[key] === undefined) {
+      (target as Record<string, unknown>)[key] = source[key];
+    }
+  }
+}