appium-mac2-driver 4.4.0 → 4.5.1

package/WebDriverAgentMac/WebDriverAgentLib/Utilities/AMWindowUtils.m

@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional
+ * information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#import "AMWindowUtils.h"
+
+#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
+#import <ApplicationServices/ApplicationServices.h>
+
+#import "AMGeometryUtils.h"
+#import "AMScreenUtils.h"
+#import "AMSnapshotUtils.h"
+#import "AMXCTAccessibility.h"
+#import "XCUIApplication+AMHelpers.h"
+#import "XCUIElementQuery+AMHelpers.h"
+
+NSString *const AMWindowErrorDomain = @"AMWindowErrorDomain";
+NSString *const AMWindowStateNormal = @"normal";
+NSString *const AMWindowStateMinimized = @"minimized";
+NSString *const AMWindowStateMaximized = @"maximized";
+NSString *const AMWindowStateFullscreen = @"fullscreen";
+
+static const NSTimeInterval AM_WINDOW_STATE_TIMEOUT = 3.0;
+static NSString *const AM_GEOMETRY_ACCESS_DENIED_MESSAGE = @"Changing the window geometry requires the Accessibility API. "
+  @"Grant the Accessibility permission to the WebDriverAgentRunner app and restart it";
+static NSString *const AM_MINIMIZE_BUTTON_ID = @"_XCUI:MinimizeWindow";
+static NSString *const AM_FULLSCREEN_BUTTON_ID = @"_XCUI:FullScreenWindow";
+static NSString *const AM_DOCK_BUNDLE_ID = @"com.apple.dock";
+static NSString *const AM_MINIMIZED_DOCK_ITEM_SUBROLE = @"AXMinimizedWindowDockItem";
+
+static NSString *const AM_KEY_TITLE = @"title";
+static NSString *const AM_KEY_RECT = @"rect";
+static NSString *const AM_KEY_MAIN = @"main";
+static NSString *const AM_KEY_FOCUSED = @"focused";
+static NSString *const AM_KEY_MINIMIZED = @"minimized";
+static NSString *const AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN = @"fullscreen";
+
+static BOOL gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes = YES;
+
+static void AMAssignError(NSError **error, NSError *value)
+{
+  if (NULL != error) {
+    *error = value;
+  }
+}
+
+// The display with the biggest intersection with the rect. Falls back to the main one
+static AMScreenProperties *_Nullable AMDisplayForRect(CGRect rect)
+{
+  AMScreenProperties *result = nil;
+  CGFloat maxArea = 0;
+  for (AMScreenProperties *screen in AMListScreens()) {
+    CGRect intersection = CGRectIntersection(screen.bounds, rect);
+    CGFloat area = CGRectIsNull(intersection) ? 0 : intersection.size.width * intersection.size.height;
+    if (area > maxArea) {
+      maxArea = area;
+      result = screen;
+    }
+  }
+  if (nil == result) {
+    for (AMScreenProperties *screen in AMListScreens()) {
+      if (screen.isMain) {
+        return screen;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+static id _Nullable AMCopyAXAttribute(AXUIElementRef element, CFStringRef name)
+{
+  CFTypeRef value = NULL;
+  if (kAXErrorSuccess != AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(element, name, &value) || NULL == value) {
+    return nil;
+  }
+  return CFBridgingRelease(value);
+}
+
+static NSNumber *_Nullable AMAXBool(AXUIElementRef element, CFStringRef name)
+{
+  id value = AMCopyAXAttribute(element, name);
+  return [value isKindOfClass:NSNumber.class] ? value : nil;
+}
+
+static BOOL AMAXSetBool(AXUIElementRef element, CFStringRef name, BOOL value)
+{
+  return kAXErrorSuccess == AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(element, name, value ? kCFBooleanTrue : kCFBooleanFalse);
+}
+
+static BOOL AMAXIsSettable(AXUIElementRef element, CFStringRef name)
+{
+  Boolean settable = false;
+  return kAXErrorSuccess == AXUIElementIsAttributeSettable(element, name, &settable) && settable;
+}
+
+static BOOL AMAXSetGeometry(AXUIElementRef element, CFStringRef name, AXValueType type, const void *geometry)
+{
+  AXValueRef value = AXValueCreate(type, geometry);
+  if (NULL == value) {
+    return NO;
+  }
+  AXError err = AXUIElementSetAttributeValue(element, name, value);
+  CFRelease(value);
+  return kAXErrorSuccess == err;
+}
+
+static BOOL AMAXReadRect(AXUIElementRef element, CGRect *rect)
+{
+  CGPoint origin = CGPointZero;
+  CGSize size = CGSizeZero;
+  id position = AMCopyAXAttribute(element, kAXPositionAttribute);
+  id dimensions = AMCopyAXAttribute(element, kAXSizeAttribute);
+  if (nil == position || nil == dimensions
+      || !AXValueGetValue((__bridge AXValueRef)position, kAXValueTypeCGPoint, &origin)
+      || !AXValueGetValue((__bridge AXValueRef)dimensions, kAXValueTypeCGSize, &size)) {
+    return NO;
+  }
+  *rect = CGRectMake(origin.x, origin.y, size.width, size.height);
+  return YES;
+}
+
+static BOOL AMWaitUntil(BOOL (^condition)(void))
+{
+  NSDate *deadline = [NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSinceNow:AM_WINDOW_STATE_TIMEOUT];
+  while (!condition()) {
+    if ([deadline timeIntervalSinceNow] <= 0) {
+      return NO;
+    }
+    [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.1];
+  }
+  return YES;
+}
+
+static CGPoint AMPointFromAXDict(NSDictionary *dict)
+{
+  return CGPointMake([dict[@"X"] doubleValue], [dict[@"Y"] doubleValue]);
+}
+
+static CGSize AMSizeFromAXDict(NSDictionary *dict)
+{
+  return CGSizeMake([dict[@"Width"] doubleValue], [dict[@"Height"] doubleValue]);
+}
+
+/**
+ Identifies a window by its XCTest accessibility element. Minimized windows have no
+ XCUIElement, because they are not a part of the element hierarchy.
+ */
+@interface AMWindowHandle : NSObject
+@property (nonatomic, nullable) XCUIElement *element;
+@property (nonatomic, nullable) id accessibilityElement;
+@property (nonatomic, copy, nullable) NSString *fallbackTitle;
+@property (nonatomic) CGRect fallbackFrame;
+
+/** Takes the ownership of the AX element. Used if XCTest accessibility elements are not available */
+- (void)adoptAXElement:(AXUIElementRef CF_RELEASES_ARGUMENT)ref;
+/** The AX element is owned by the handle. NULL if the Accessibility permission is not granted */
+- (nullable AXUIElementRef)axElement;
+@end
+
+@implementation AMWindowHandle {
+  AXUIElementRef _axElement;
+}
+
+- (void)adoptAXElement:(AXUIElementRef CF_RELEASES_ARGUMENT)ref
+{
+  if (NULL != _axElement) {
+    CFRelease(_axElement);
+  }
+  _axElement = ref;
+}
+
+- (nullable AXUIElementRef)axElement
+{
+  if (NULL == _axElement && nil != self.accessibilityElement) {
+    _axElement = [AMSnapshotUtils createAXElementWithAccessibilityElement:self.accessibilityElement];
+  }
+  return _axElement;
+}
+
+- (void)dealloc
+{
+  if (NULL != _axElement) {
+    CFRelease(_axElement);
+  }
+}
+
+@end
+
+/**
+ Reads the window attributes (title, rect, main, focused, minimized, fullscreen). XCTest accessibility
+ is used first, because it does not need the Accessibility permission. Returns nil if the window cannot be read.
+ */
+static NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *_Nullable AMReadWindow(AMWindowHandle *handle)
+{
+  NSMutableDictionary<NSString *, id> *result = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
+  if (gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes && nil != handle.accessibilityElement) {
+    NSDictionary *attrs = [AMXCTAccessibility attributes:@[@"AXTitle", @"AXPosition", @"AXSize", @"AXMinimized",
+                                                           @"AXFullScreen", @"AXMain", @"AXFocused"]
+                                               ofElement:handle.accessibilityElement];
+    if (attrs.count > 0) {
+      if ([attrs[@"AXTitle"] isKindOfClass:NSString.class]) {
+        result[AM_KEY_TITLE] = attrs[@"AXTitle"];
+      }
+      if ([attrs[@"AXPosition"] isKindOfClass:NSDictionary.class] && [attrs[@"AXSize"] isKindOfClass:NSDictionary.class]) {
+        CGPoint origin = AMPointFromAXDict(attrs[@"AXPosition"]);
+        CGSize size = AMSizeFromAXDict(attrs[@"AXSize"]);
+        result[AM_KEY_RECT] = [NSValue valueWithRect:CGRectMake(origin.x, origin.y, size.width, size.height)];
+      }
+      NSDictionary *keys = @{AM_KEY_MINIMIZED: @"AXMinimized", AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN: @"AXFullScreen",
+                             AM_KEY_MAIN: @"AXMain", AM_KEY_FOCUSED: @"AXFocused"};
+      for (NSString *key in keys) {
+        if ([attrs[keys[key]] isKindOfClass:NSNumber.class]) {
+          result[key] = attrs[keys[key]];
+        }
+      }
+      return result.copy;
+    }
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  if (NULL == ref) {
+    return nil;
+  }
+  id title = AMCopyAXAttribute(ref, kAXTitleAttribute);
+  if ([title isKindOfClass:NSString.class]) {
+    result[AM_KEY_TITLE] = title;
+  }
+  CGRect rect;
+  if (AMAXReadRect(ref, &rect)) {
+    result[AM_KEY_RECT] = [NSValue valueWithRect:rect];
+  }
+  NSDictionary *keys = @{AM_KEY_MINIMIZED: (__bridge NSString *)kAXMinimizedAttribute, AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN: @"AXFullScreen",
+                         AM_KEY_MAIN: (__bridge NSString *)kAXMainAttribute, AM_KEY_FOCUSED: (__bridge NSString *)kAXFocusedAttribute};
+  for (NSString *key in keys) {
+    NSNumber *value = AMAXBool(ref, (__bridge CFStringRef)keys[key]);
+    if (nil != value) {
+      result[key] = value;
+    }
+  }
+  return result.copy;
+}
+
+static BOOL AMWindowFlag(AMWindowHandle *handle, NSString *key)
+{
+  return [AMReadWindow(handle)[key] boolValue];
+}
+
+static BOOL AMWaitForWindowFlag(AMWindowHandle *handle, NSString *key, BOOL expected)
+{
+  return AMWaitUntil(^BOOL{ return AMWindowFlag(handle, key) == expected; });
+}
+
+@implementation AMWindowUtils
+
++ (BOOL)usesUnprivilegedRoutes
+{
+  return gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes;
+}
+
++ (void)setUsesUnprivilegedRoutes:(BOOL)value
+{
+  gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes = value;
+}
+
++ (NSArray<XCUIElement *> *)windowsOfApplication:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  return [application.windows am_allMatches];
+}
+
++ (nullable AMWindowHandle *)handleWithWindow:(XCUIElement *)window
+{
+  id<XCUIElementSnapshot> snapshot = [window snapshotWithError:nil];
+  if (nil == snapshot) {
+    return nil;
+  }
+  AMWindowHandle *handle = [AMWindowHandle new];
+  handle.element = window;
+  handle.accessibilityElement = [AMXCTAccessibility accessibilityElementWithSnapshot:snapshot];
+  handle.fallbackTitle = snapshot.title;
+  handle.fallbackFrame = snapshot.frame;
+  if (nil == handle.accessibilityElement) {
+    // XCTest accessibility elements are not available, so AX has to be used
+    [handle adoptAXElement:[AMSnapshotUtils createAXElementWithSnapshot:snapshot]];
+  }
+  return handle;
+}
+
++ (nullable XCUIElement *)mainWindowOfApplication:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  NSArray<XCUIElement *> *windows = [self windowsOfApplication:application];
+  XCUIElement *focused = nil;
+  for (XCUIElement *window in windows) {
+    AMWindowHandle *handle = [self handleWithWindow:window];
+    NSDictionary *attrs = nil == handle ? nil : AMReadWindow(handle);
+    if (nil == attrs) {
+      break;
+    }
+    if ([attrs[AM_KEY_MAIN] boolValue]) {
+      return window;
+    }
+    if ([attrs[AM_KEY_FOCUSED] boolValue] && nil == focused) {
+      focused = window;
+    }
+  }
+  return focused ?: windows.firstObject;
+}
+
++ (nullable NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)infoForWindow:(XCUIElement *)window
+{
+  AMWindowHandle *handle = [self handleWithWindow:window];
+  return nil == handle ? nil : [self infoForHandle:handle];
+}
+
++ (NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)infoForHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle
+{
+  NSDictionary *attrs = AMReadWindow(handle);
+  NSString *title = attrs[AM_KEY_TITLE] ?: handle.fallbackTitle;
+  CGRect frame = nil != attrs[AM_KEY_RECT] ? [attrs[AM_KEY_RECT] rectValue] : handle.fallbackFrame;
+  NSNumber *null = (NSNumber *)NSNull.null;
+  // Whether the window is movable/resizable can only be asked through the Accessibility API
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  NSMutableDictionary<NSString *, id> *info = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:@{
+    @"title": title ?: @"",
+    @"isMain": attrs[AM_KEY_MAIN] ?: null,
+    @"isFocused": attrs[AM_KEY_FOCUSED] ?: null,
+    @"isMinimized": attrs[AM_KEY_MINIMIZED] ?: null,
+    @"isFullscreen": attrs[AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN] ?: null,
+    @"isMovable": NULL == ref ? null : @(AMAXIsSettable(ref, kAXPositionAttribute)),
+    @"isResizable": NULL == ref ? null : @(AMAXIsSettable(ref, kAXSizeAttribute)),
+    @"rect": AMCGRectToDict(frame),
+  }];
+  AMScreenProperties *display = AMDisplayForRect(frame);
+  info[@"displayId"] = nil == display ? NSNull.null : @(display.identifier);
+  return info.copy;
+}
+
++ (nullable NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)adjustWindow:(XCUIElement *)window
+                                          inApplication:(XCUIApplication *)application
+                                          withArguments:(NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)arguments
+                                                  error:(NSError **)error
+{
+  NSString *state = nil;
+  NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *rect = nil;
+  AMScreenProperties *display = nil;
+  if (![self parseArguments:arguments state:&state rect:&rect display:&display error:error]) {
+    return nil;
+  }
+  id<XCUIElementSnapshot> snapshot = [window snapshotWithError:nil];
+  if (nil == snapshot) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorNotFound
+                                            format:@"The window is not available anymore. It might have been closed or minimized"]);
+    return nil;
+  }
+  if (XCUIElementTypeWindow != snapshot.elementType) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument format:@"The element is not a window"]);
+    return nil;
+  }
+  AMWindowHandle *handle = [self handleWithWindow:window];
+  return [self adjustHandle:handle application:application state:state rect:rect display:display error:error];
+}
+
++ (nullable NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)adjustMinimizedWindowOfApplication:(XCUIApplication *)application
+                                                                withArguments:(NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)arguments
+                                                                        error:(NSError **)error
+{
+  NSString *state = nil;
+  NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *rect = nil;
+  AMScreenProperties *display = nil;
+  if (![self parseArguments:arguments state:&state rect:&rect display:&display error:error]) {
+    return nil;
+  }
+  AMWindowHandle *handle = [self minimizedWindowsOfApplication:application].firstObject;
+  if (nil == handle) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorNotFound format:@"The application has no minimized windows"]);
+    return nil;
+  }
+  return [self adjustHandle:handle application:application state:state rect:rect display:display error:error];
+}
+
++ (NSUInteger)minimizedWindowsCountOfApplication:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  return [self minimizedWindowsOfApplication:application].count;
+}
+
+#pragma mark - Private
+
++ (NSError *)windowErrorWithCode:(AMWindowErrorCode)code format:(NSString *)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(2,3)
+{
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, format);
+  NSString *message = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:format arguments:args];
+  va_end(args);
+  return [NSError errorWithDomain:AMWindowErrorDomain code:code userInfo:@{NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: message}];
+}
+
+// Validates the arguments and extracts the geometry, the state and the target display
++ (BOOL)parseArguments:(NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)arguments
+                 state:(NSString * _Nullable *)outState
+                  rect:(NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> * _Nullable *)outRect
+               display:(AMScreenProperties * _Nullable *)outDisplay
+                 error:(NSError **)error
+{
+  NSMutableDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *rect = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
+  for (NSString *key in @[@"x", @"y", @"width", @"height"]) {
+    id value = arguments[key];
+    if (nil == value || [value isKindOfClass:NSNull.class]) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (![value isKindOfClass:NSNumber.class]
+        || (([key hasPrefix:@"w"] || [key hasPrefix:@"h"]) && [value doubleValue] <= 0)) {
+      AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument
+                                  format:@"'%@' must be a valid number, got '%@'", key, value]);
+      return NO;
+    }
+    rect[key] = value;
+  }
+  id rawDisplayId = arguments[@"displayId"];
+  if (nil != rawDisplayId && ![rawDisplayId isKindOfClass:NSNull.class] && ![rawDisplayId isKindOfClass:NSNumber.class]) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument
+                                format:@"'displayId' must be a number, got '%@'", rawDisplayId]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  NSNumber *displayId = [rawDisplayId isKindOfClass:NSNumber.class] ? rawDisplayId : nil;
+  NSString *state = arguments[@"state"];
+  if ([state isKindOfClass:NSNull.class]) {
+    state = nil;
+  }
+  NSArray<NSString *> *states = @[AMWindowStateNormal, AMWindowStateMinimized, AMWindowStateMaximized, AMWindowStateFullscreen];
+  if (nil != state && ![states containsObject:state]) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument
+                                format:@"'state' must be one of: %@. Got '%@'", [states componentsJoinedByString:@", "], state]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  if (nil == state && 0 == rect.count && nil == displayId) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument
+                                format:@"At least one of 'state', 'x', 'y', 'width', 'height' or 'displayId' must be provided"]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  BOOL isGeometryFree = [state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateMinimized] || [state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateFullscreen];
+  if ((isGeometryFree && (rect.count > 0 || nil != displayId))
+      || ([state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateMaximized] && rect.count > 0)) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument
+                                format:@"The '%@' state cannot be combined with the explicit window geometry", state]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  AMScreenProperties *targetDisplay = nil;
+  if (nil != displayId) {
+    NSMutableArray<NSNumber *> *available = [NSMutableArray array];
+    for (AMScreenProperties *screen in AMListScreens()) {
+      [available addObject:@(screen.identifier)];
+      if (screen.identifier == displayId.longLongValue) {
+        targetDisplay = screen;
+      }
+    }
+    if (nil == targetDisplay) {
+      AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorInvalidArgument
+                                  format:@"The display '%@' is unknown. Available identifiers: %@",
+                displayId, [available componentsJoinedByString:@","]]);
+      return NO;
+    }
+  }
+  *outState = state;
+  *outRect = rect.copy;
+  *outDisplay = targetDisplay;
+  return YES;
+}
+
+// Minimized windows are not in the XCUIElement hierarchy, but the accessibility application keeps them
++ (NSArray<AMWindowHandle *> *)minimizedWindowsOfApplication:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  NSMutableArray<AMWindowHandle *> *result = [NSMutableArray array];
+  if (gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes) {
+    id appElement = [AMXCTAccessibility accessibilityElementWithApplication:application];
+    NSArray *windows = [AMXCTAccessibility attributes:@[@"AXWindows"] ofElement:appElement][@"AXWindows"];
+    if ([windows isKindOfClass:NSArray.class]) {
+      for (id element in windows) {
+        AMWindowHandle *handle = [AMWindowHandle new];
+        handle.accessibilityElement = element;
+        if (AMWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_MINIMIZED)) {
+          [result addObject:handle];
+        }
+      }
+      return result.copy;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!AMSnapshotUtils.isAccessibilityTrusted) {
+    return @[];
+  }
+  NSRunningApplication *runningApp = [NSRunningApplication runningApplicationsWithBundleIdentifier:application.am_bundleID].firstObject;
+  if (nil == runningApp) {
+    return @[];
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef appRef = AXUIElementCreateApplication(runningApp.processIdentifier);
+  id windows = AMCopyAXAttribute(appRef, kAXWindowsAttribute);
+  CFRelease(appRef);
+  for (id window in [windows isKindOfClass:NSArray.class] ? windows : @[]) {
+    AMWindowHandle *handle = [AMWindowHandle new];
+    [handle adoptAXElement:(AXUIElementRef)CFRetain((__bridge CFTypeRef)window)];
+    if (AMWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_MINIMIZED)) {
+      [result addObject:handle];
+    }
+  }
+  return result.copy;
+}
+
+// The XCUIElement of the window, which is not available while the window is minimized
++ (nullable XCUIElement *)elementOfHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  if (nil != handle.element && nil != [handle.element snapshotWithError:nil]) {
+    return handle.element;
+  }
+  if (nil == handle.accessibilityElement) {
+    return nil;
+  }
+  for (XCUIElement *window in [self windowsOfApplication:application]) {
+    id element = [AMXCTAccessibility accessibilityElementWithSnapshot:[window snapshotWithError:nil]];
+    if ([element isEqual:handle.accessibilityElement]) {
+      handle.element = window;
+      return window;
+    }
+  }
+  return nil;
+}
+
+// Presses the button of the window without moving the mouse
++ (BOOL)pressButton:(NSString *)identifier ofHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  XCUIElement *window = [self elementOfHandle:handle application:application];
+  XCUIElement *button = [[window descendantsMatchingType:XCUIElementTypeButton] matchingIdentifier:identifier].firstMatch;
+  id element = nil == window || !button.exists
+    ? nil
+    : [AMXCTAccessibility accessibilityElementWithSnapshot:[button snapshotWithError:nil]];
+  return nil != element && [AMXCTAccessibility pressElement:element error:nil];
+}
+
+// Restores the window by its Dock item. It is only done if the item can be identified unambiguously
++ (BOOL)restoreHandleThroughDock:(AMWindowHandle *)handle
+{
+  NSString *title = AMReadWindow(handle)[AM_KEY_TITLE] ?: handle.fallbackTitle;
+  if (0 == title.length) {
+    return NO;
+  }
+  XCUIApplication *dock = [[XCUIApplication alloc] initWithBundleIdentifier:AM_DOCK_BUNDLE_ID];
+  NSPredicate *predicate = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"title == %@", title];
+  NSMutableArray<XCUIElement *> *candidates = [NSMutableArray array];
+  NSMutableArray *elements = [NSMutableArray array];
+  for (XCUIElement *item in [[dock descendantsMatchingType:XCUIElementTypeDockItem] matchingPredicate:predicate].allElementsBoundByIndex) {
+    id element = [AMXCTAccessibility accessibilityElementWithSnapshot:[item snapshotWithError:nil]];
+    NSDictionary *attrs = [AMXCTAccessibility attributes:@[@"AXSubrole"] ofElement:element];
+    if (nil != element && [attrs[@"AXSubrole"] isEqual:AM_MINIMIZED_DOCK_ITEM_SUBROLE]) {
+      [candidates addObject:item];
+      [elements addObject:element];
+    }
+  }
+  if (1 != candidates.count) {
+    // Another minimized window with the same title could be restored by mistake
+    return NO;
+  }
+  // An auto-hidden Dock item is not hittable, so it is pressed without the mouse
+  if (![AMXCTAccessibility pressElement:elements.firstObject error:nil]) {
+    if (!candidates.firstObject.hittable) {
+      return NO;
+    }
+    [candidates.firstObject click];
+  }
+  return AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_MINIMIZED, NO);
+}
+
++ (BOOL)minimizeHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  if (gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes
+      && [self pressButton:AM_MINIMIZE_BUTTON_ID ofHandle:handle application:application]
+      && AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_MINIMIZED, YES)) {
+    return YES;
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  return NULL != ref
+    && AMAXSetBool(ref, kAXMinimizedAttribute, YES)
+    && AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_MINIMIZED, YES);
+}
+
++ (BOOL)restoreHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle
+{
+  if (gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes && [self restoreHandleThroughDock:handle]) {
+    return YES;
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  return NULL != ref
+    && AMAXSetBool(ref, kAXMinimizedAttribute, NO)
+    && AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_MINIMIZED, NO);
+}
+
++ (BOOL)enterFullscreenHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  if (gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes
+      && [self pressButton:AM_FULLSCREEN_BUTTON_ID ofHandle:handle application:application]
+      && AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN, YES)) {
+    return YES;
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  return NULL != ref
+    && AMAXSetBool(ref, CFSTR("AXFullScreen"), YES)
+    && AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN, YES);
+}
+
++ (BOOL)focusHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  [application activate];
+  if (AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_FOCUSED, YES)) {
+    return YES;
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  if (NULL == ref) {
+    return NO;
+  }
+  AXUIElementPerformAction(ref, kAXRaiseAction);
+  return AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_FOCUSED, YES);
+}
+
++ (BOOL)leaveFullscreenHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+{
+  if (gUsesUnprivilegedRoutes) {
+    // The window buttons are hidden in the fullscreen mode, so the standard shortcut is used.
+    // It toggles the focused window, so the shortcut is skipped if the target cannot be focused
+    if ([self focusHandle:handle application:application]) {
+      [application typeKey:@"f" modifierFlags:XCUIKeyModifierControl | XCUIKeyModifierCommand];
+      if (AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN, NO)) {
+        return YES;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+  return NULL != ref
+    && AMAXSetBool(ref, CFSTR("AXFullScreen"), NO)
+    && AMWaitForWindowFlag(handle, AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN, NO);
+}
+
+// Applies the change and describes the result
++ (nullable NSDictionary<NSString *, id> *)adjustHandle:(AMWindowHandle *)handle
+                                            application:(XCUIApplication *)application
+                                                  state:(nullable NSString *)state
+                                                   rect:(NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *)rect
+                                                display:(nullable AMScreenProperties *)targetDisplay
+                                                  error:(NSError **)error
+{
+  NSDictionary *attrs = AMReadWindow(handle);
+  if (nil == attrs) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure
+                                            format:@"Cannot read the window state. The XCTest accessibility interface is not available. "
+                          @"Grant the Accessibility permission to the WebDriverAgentRunner app and restart it"]);
+    return nil;
+  }
+
+  BOOL wantsMinimized = [state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateMinimized];
+  BOOL isMinimized = [attrs[AM_KEY_MINIMIZED] boolValue];
+  if (isMinimized && wantsMinimized) {
+    return [self infoForHandle:handle];
+  }
+  // Every other change needs a regular window
+  if (isMinimized && ![self restoreHandle:handle]) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure
+                                            format:@"The minimized window cannot be restored. Make sure there are no other minimized windows "
+                          @"with the same title or grant the Accessibility permission to the WebDriverAgentRunner app"]);
+    return nil;
+  }
+  BOOL isFullscreen = [AMReadWindow(handle)[AM_KEY_FULLSCREEN] boolValue];
+  BOOL wantsFullscreen = [state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateFullscreen];
+  if (isFullscreen && !wantsFullscreen && ![self leaveFullscreenHandle:handle application:application]) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure
+                                            format:@"The window did not leave the fullscreen mode in %.0f seconds", AM_WINDOW_STATE_TIMEOUT]);
+    return nil;
+  }
+  if (wantsMinimized) {
+    if (![self minimizeHandle:handle application:application]) {
+      AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"The window cannot be minimized"]);
+      return nil;
+    }
+    return [self infoForHandle:handle];
+  }
+  if (wantsFullscreen) {
+    if (!isFullscreen && ![self enterFullscreenHandle:handle application:application]) {
+      AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"The window cannot be put into the fullscreen mode"]);
+      return nil;
+    }
+    return [self infoForHandle:handle];
+  }
+
+  if ([state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateMaximized] || rect.count > 0 || nil != targetDisplay) {
+    AXUIElementRef ref = [handle axElement];
+    if (NULL == ref) {
+      AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"%@", AM_GEOMETRY_ACCESS_DENIED_MESSAGE]);
+      return nil;
+    }
+    if (![self applyGeometryToAXWindow:ref state:state rect:rect display:targetDisplay error:error]) {
+      return nil;
+    }
+  }
+  return [self infoForHandle:handle];
+}
+
++ (BOOL)applyGeometryToAXWindow:(AXUIElementRef)ref
+                          state:(nullable NSString *)state
+                           rect:(NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *)rect
+                        display:(nullable AMScreenProperties *)targetDisplay
+                          error:(NSError **)error
+{
+  CGRect current;
+  if (!AMAXReadRect(ref, &current)) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"Cannot read the current window rect"]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  if ([state isEqualToString:AMWindowStateMaximized]) {
+    // Fills the visible area of the display, which is also deterministic when repeated
+    AMScreenProperties *display = targetDisplay ?: AMDisplayForRect(current);
+    if (nil == display) {
+      AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"Cannot determine the display to maximize the window on"]);
+      return NO;
+    }
+    CGRect visible = display.visibleBounds;
+    return [self applyRect:@{@"x": @(visible.origin.x), @"y": @(visible.origin.y),
+                             @"width": @(visible.size.width), @"height": @(visible.size.height)}
+                   current:current ref:ref display:nil error:error];
+  }
+  return [self applyRect:rect current:current ref:ref display:targetDisplay error:error];
+}
+
+// Coordinates are global unless a display is given
++ (BOOL)applyRect:(NSDictionary<NSString *, NSNumber *> *)rect
+          current:(CGRect)current
+              ref:(AXUIElementRef)ref
+          display:(nullable AMScreenProperties *)targetDisplay
+            error:(NSError **)error
+{
+  CGSize size = CGSizeMake(nil != rect[@"width"] ? rect[@"width"].doubleValue : current.size.width,
+                           nil != rect[@"height"] ? rect[@"height"].doubleValue : current.size.height);
+  CGPoint origin = current.origin;
+  if (nil != targetDisplay) {
+    CGRect bounds = targetDisplay.bounds;
+    AMScreenProperties *sourceDisplay = AMDisplayForRect(current);
+    CGPoint sourceOrigin = nil == sourceDisplay ? CGPointZero : sourceDisplay.bounds.origin;
+    // x/y are relative to the target display; the relative position is kept if they are omitted
+    origin.x = bounds.origin.x + (nil != rect[@"x"] ? rect[@"x"].doubleValue : current.origin.x - sourceOrigin.x);
+    origin.y = bounds.origin.y + (nil != rect[@"y"] ? rect[@"y"].doubleValue : current.origin.y - sourceOrigin.y);
+    // Keep the window within the display
+    origin.x = MAX(bounds.origin.x, MIN(origin.x, CGRectGetMaxX(bounds) - size.width));
+    origin.y = MAX(bounds.origin.y, MIN(origin.y, CGRectGetMaxY(bounds) - size.height));
+  } else {
+    origin.x = nil != rect[@"x"] ? rect[@"x"].doubleValue : origin.x;
+    origin.y = nil != rect[@"y"] ? rect[@"y"].doubleValue : origin.y;
+  }
+
+  BOOL moves = !CGPointEqualToPoint(origin, current.origin);
+  BOOL resizes = !CGSizeEqualToSize(size, current.size);
+  if (moves && !AMAXSetGeometry(ref, kAXPositionAttribute, kAXValueTypeCGPoint, &origin)) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"The window cannot be moved"]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  if (resizes && !AMAXSetGeometry(ref, kAXSizeAttribute, kAXValueTypeCGSize, &size)) {
+    AMAssignError(error, [self windowErrorWithCode:AMWindowErrorFailure format:@"The window cannot be resized"]);
+    return NO;
+  }
+  // The size may have been adjusted for the new display, which can shift the window
+  if (moves && resizes) {
+    AMAXSetGeometry(ref, kAXPositionAttribute, kAXValueTypeCGPoint, &origin);
+  }
+  return YES;
+}
+
+@end